Article(id=1322963004404408430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250422, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758470400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-22, revisedDate=1772726400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348559714, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1792080000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348559714, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348559714, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348559714, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322962941087195876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='10', pageStart='3441', pageEnd='3818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1792080000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348544618, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348641113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3704, endPage=3721, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322963004605735023, articleId=1322963004404408430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Multi-stage spatial-aware network for road damage detection, columnId=1249044019595125147, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Image Analysis and Recognition, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Road damage detection is a fundamental component of the intelligent maintenance and management of transportation infrastructure. As global transportation systems continue to modernize and road networks expand rapidly,pavements inevitably deteriorate because of a range of external and internal factors. Traditional inspection methods,including manual surveys and existing automated approaches,still face major challenges in scalability,efficiency,and accuracy,which limits their suitability for large-scale deployment. There is therefore an urgent need for a high-performance,accurate,and robust framework for road damage detection and maintenance. In practical scenarios,road-surface damage often exhibits elongated geometries with high aspect ratios,low texture,low contrast,and strong heterogeneity. These characteristics pose fundamental challenges to existing algorithms,which tend to focus on local texture or semantic cues while overlooking the intrinsic physical properties of road damage. In particular,such models fail to capture the directional feature coupling inherent in the continuous spatial distribution of cracks and the edge attenuation of blurred potholes. The lack of direction-aware features and precise positional cues weakens long-range dependency modeling and reduces responsiveness to targets with indistinct boundaries. In addition,the hierarchical convolution and downsampling operations in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) progressively degrade cross-scale features,causing the loss of critical detail from high-resolution shallow feature maps.
Method To address these limitations,this study proposes a novel multi-stage spatial-aware detection network (MSANet) built on the YOLOv11 framework. The design follows a progressive feature enhancement-fusion-optimization strategy tailored to the physical characteristics of elongated cracks and blurred-edge potholes. In the direction-sensitive feature enhancement stage,a hybrid Manhattan self-attention and coordinate attention (MCA) mechanism is introduced. Manhattan self-attention models the spatial continuity of crack axes,while coordinate attention improves the localization of blurred-edge defects. Together,these components create a dual-driven enhancement scheme that strengthens both directionality and detail representation,enabling the model to capture long-range spatial dependencies more precisely. To mitigate feature degradation caused by repeated downsampling,a cross-scale feature concat (CFC) module is incorporated into the neck. By cascading feature maps across resolutions,the CFC module balances semantic completeness at larger scales with detail richness at smaller scales,thereby compensating for the loss of fine-grained information. Finally,in the detection head,a coordinate-aware convolution kernel (C3K2_CAC) is embedded within the C3K2 block. This module jointly optimizes spatial position and channel response through direction-aware spatial attention and dynamic channel reweighting,producing anisotropic representation enhancement in high-dimensional feature space. While maintaining computational efficiency,it significantly improves edge clarity,detection robustness,and global discriminative capability. During training,experiments were conducted on a standardized platform using Ubuntu 20.04 and PyTorch. YOLOv11s served as the baseline for comparative and ablation studies. Across all experiments,the same hyperparameters were used: a batch size of 32,a learning rate decayed from 0.01 to 0.000 1,an image resolution of 640 × 640,stochastic gradient descent (SGD) as the optimizer,and a training schedule of 300 epochs. All other settings followed the default network configuration to ensure fairness and reproducibility.
Result Experiments were conducted on the publicly available RDD2022 Chinese subset,which contains multiple road-damage categories,including longitudinal cracks (D10),transverse cracks (D10),alligator cracks (D20),potholes (D40),and repaired regions. Performance was evaluated using seven standard metrics: precision (P),recall (R),mAP@0.5,mAP@0.5:0.95,F1-score,frames per second (FPS),and GFLOPs. The results show that MSANet significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art detectors. Compared with mainstream models,MSANet achieves an mAP@0.5 of 0.877 and a comprehensive performance score of 0.845 (Recall: 0.811,Precision: 0.883,F1-score: 0.845),surpassing YOLOv8s (0.824) and RT-DETR (0.801). Its mAP@0.5:0.95 improves by 4.8% over the baseline,confirming the robustness of the proposed design. In fine-grained damage detection,MSANet further demonstrates strong adaptability,achieving a 4.15% increase in mAP@0.5 (to 0.878),a 3.18% increase in mAP@0.5:0.95 (to 0.649),and a 2.69% gain in F1-score (to 0.840). Importantly,the model maintains a high inference speed of 142 frame/s,representing only a 6% reduction from the baseline while still substantially outperforming real-time detectors such as RT-DETR. This balance between accuracy and efficiency supports practical deployment in real engineering settings,where rapid decision-making and reliable predictions are both essential. Ablation studies further validate the contribution of each proposed module. The MCA module improves performance without significant computational overhead. The CFC module effectively fuses low-level detail with high-level semantics across network stages,introducing cross-scale contextual information that yields stable gains of 0.5% in mAP@0.5 and 2.3% in mAP@0.5:0.95. The C3K2_CAC module introduces only a modest increase in computational cost while enhancing the spatial awareness of neck features and supplying the detection head with more discriminative representations. Detection heatmaps further confirm that MSANet provides better focus on target regions,stronger suppression of background noise and irrelevant activations,and more complete coverage of damage areas. To assess generalization and deployment potential,experiments were also performed on additional public datasets and field-collected road images,where MSANet achieved consistently promising results,demonstrating strong robustness and scalability across diverse environments.
Conclusion Efficient and accurate road damage detection is crucial for the intelligent maintenance of transportation infrastructure. By combining spatial-awareness enhancement with detail preservation,the proposed MSANet framework addresses long-standing challenges in directional modeling and fine-grained feature retention. The model achieves substantial improvements in detection accuracy while preserving real-time inference capability,offering both theoretical novelty and engineering practicality. MSANet therefore represents a promising solution for intelligent road infrastructure management and provides useful insights for the design of next-generation detection frameworks that seek to balance efficiency,accuracy,and scalability. With its strong adaptability to both benchmark datasets and real-world imagery,MSANet also lays a foundation for future integration into large-scale intelligent transportation systems and smart-city applications. The code for this paper will be available at https://www.scidb.cn/s/RZBnIz.
, authors=Yusheng Wang1, Junlong Feng2, Ming Fang2
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目的 道路损伤检测是道路基础设施智能养护与交通管理的核心环节。传统检测方法易受环境干扰且泛化能力不足,而当前深度学习方法多聚焦于目标提取能力等单维度优化,忽视损伤目标存在细长拓扑结构、形态不规则性及低对比度等复杂物理特性,无法实现高效检测。为解决上述问题,提出了多阶段空间感知与细节增强道路损伤检测模型。
方法 设计空间感知与细节增强的混合注意力模块,通过全局方向感知与细节强化的协同机制,构建长程空间依赖关系,同时显著提升对弱纹理、边缘模糊损伤的细节表征能力。构建跨尺度特征交叉融合模块,优化网络颈部架构以实现跨尺度特征的异构级联融合,有效平衡局部空间细节与全局语义信息的协同表达。此外,改进的C3K2(CSP three-convolution kernel)模块嵌入坐标感知卷积,通过空间信息增强有效优化高维特征的空间耦合建模效能。
结果 在RDD2022(road damage dataset)基准数据集上的系统实验表明,本文模型有效识别各类道路损伤,在保持142 帧/s实时推理速度的同时,mAP@0.5(mean average precision)、mAP@0.5:0.95和F1-Score较现有最优方法分别提高了1.9%、4.8%和1.8%,其中mAP@0.5达到87.7%,消融实验验证了各模块的贡献度。跨数据集测试与泛化测试进一步证实该模型具备优异的检测鲁棒性与工程适用性。
, authors=汪裕盛1, 冯俊龙2, 方明2
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10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103991], articleTitle=Pavement distress detection using convolutional neural networks with images captured via UAV, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322963022783848668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=Zhongshan Science and Technology Bureau Introduces Research and Innovation Team Project(CXTD2023005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322963022846763229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=中山市科技局引进科研创新团队项目(CXTD2023005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322963011681525895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322963011689914504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, companyId=1322963011681525895, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1 长春理工大学计算机科学技术学院,长春 130022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322963011970932874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322963011979321483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, companyId=1322963011970932874, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2 长春理工大学人工智能学院,长春 130022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322963012079984781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322963012084179086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, companyId=1322963012079984781, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 Zhongshan Institute,Changchun University of Science and Technology,Zhongshan 528437,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322963012092567695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, companyId=1322963012079984781, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 长春理工大学中山研究院,中山 528437)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322963017381585070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Overall architecture diagram of the MSANet model, figureFileSmall=r0GDlBP+r6cSSEhXdD3/9A==, figureFileBig=GmYmkGqiu9BjmEQ+h7Y57A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963017444499631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
MSANet模型总体结构图, figureFileSmall=r0GDlBP+r6cSSEhXdD3/9A==, figureFileBig=GmYmkGqiu9BjmEQ+h7Y57A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963017612271792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Principle of the CA coordinate attention mechanism, figureFileSmall=CE3Zb1sVWFbRVrsodY/SwA==, figureFileBig=IDmlolTY0UTMNvJhqAcI1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963017851347121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
CA坐标注意力机制原理, figureFileSmall=CE3Zb1sVWFbRVrsodY/SwA==, figureFileBig=IDmlolTY0UTMNvJhqAcI1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963017914261682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Structure diagram of the directional awareness and detail enhancement module (MCA), figureFileSmall=fT13B+Zg9KHJsrxUEHsvuw==, figureFileBig=qwMZiuF177wg7B/IqnmgDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963017985564851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
方向感知与细节增强模块(MCA)结构图, figureFileSmall=fT13B+Zg9KHJsrxUEHsvuw==, figureFileBig=qwMZiuF177wg7B/IqnmgDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963018052673716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Comparison of different feature fusion network structures((a)FPN;(b)PANet;(c)CFC), figureFileSmall=VceRL2j++LaZLzamlR1xhA==, figureFileBig=BGJ91fyPggWTG+B2mnGWmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963018132365493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同特征融合网络结构对比, figureFileSmall=VceRL2j++LaZLzamlR1xhA==, figureFileBig=BGJ91fyPggWTG+B2mnGWmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963018312720566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Structure diagram of the cross-scale feature fusion (CFC) module, figureFileSmall=/OPFrF9UsQPStKndD6q1oQ==, figureFileBig=WefLs6EUAPzcOaO94EsxxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963018396606647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
跨尺度特征融合(CFC)模块结构图, figureFileSmall=/OPFrF9UsQPStKndD6q1oQ==, figureFileBig=WefLs6EUAPzcOaO94EsxxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963018459521208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Spatial enhancement module structure diagram (C3K2_CAC), figureFileSmall=0UiWzABOtW4fT7JX7AI2kA==, figureFileBig=RfDX88Lzw+8GIKVEkfR4CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020133048505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
空间增强模块结构图(C3K2_CAC), figureFileSmall=0UiWzABOtW4fT7JX7AI2kA==, figureFileBig=RfDX88Lzw+8GIKVEkfR4CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020216934586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Examples of different defect images in the dataset, figureFileSmall=cQ3h/dlKB1GKmolCIW0o2Q==, figureFileBig=O4RaYFZ5XT/bgV+6Bqlqyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020325986491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
数据集不同缺陷图像示例((a) transverse cracks; (b) longitudinal cracks;
(c) repair areas; (d) pits; (e) reticular cracks)
, figureFileSmall=cQ3h/dlKB1GKmolCIW0o2Q==, figureFileBig=O4RaYFZ5XT/bgV+6Bqlqyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020401483964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Distribution of target label positions and aspect ratios in the dataset, figureFileSmall=XP2/sjgc4XmMi+sZriAAHA==, figureFileBig=Mfi2U0bBqnhQr8EaAYtIuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020476981437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
数据集中目标标签位置分布与长宽比分布, figureFileSmall=XP2/sjgc4XmMi+sZriAAHA==, figureFileBig=Mfi2U0bBqnhQr8EaAYtIuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020548284606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Heatmap comparison of different models, figureFileSmall=KNObJ2YA4dbvVMt7swebNw==, figureFileBig=QoKCYw8d5lGerFe3cMBq6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020623782079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
不同模型热力图比较, figureFileSmall=KNObJ2YA4dbvVMt7swebNw==, figureFileBig=QoKCYw8d5lGerFe3cMBq6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020682502336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Network structure diagrams of different fusion, figureFileSmall=ZSbGZIt+5Yew/TESoxhbVw==, figureFileBig=iGfzezji7Yjq7lUAtWNZfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020741222593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
不同融合策略网络结构图strategies ((a) MGC; (b) CTM; (c) MTC; (d) MWC)
, figureFileSmall=ZSbGZIt+5Yew/TESoxhbVw==, figureFileBig=iGfzezji7Yjq7lUAtWNZfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020804137154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Detection results on the self-collected dataset, figureFileSmall=VFSWmDLz055hit7Y2Xw3yQ==, figureFileBig=yMWtb0DOGcHkpJWa6t2PxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020867051715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
自收集数据检测结果, figureFileSmall=VFSWmDLz055hit7Y2Xw3yQ==, figureFileBig=yMWtb0DOGcHkpJWa6t2PxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963020913189060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Details of experimental settings and hyperparameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 实验设置 | 超参数 |
|---|
| 操作系统 | Ubuntu 20.04 |
| 深度学习框架 | PyTorch2.2.2 |
| 编程语言 | Python3.10 |
| CPU | Intel i7-7900X CPU |
| GPU | NVIDIA TITAN V |
| 运行内存 | 64 GB |
| 学习率 | 0.01~0.000 1 |
| 图像尺寸 | 640640像素 |
| 优化器 | SGD |
| 批处理大小 | 32 |
| 随机种子 | 42 |
| 权重衰减 | 0.000 5 |
| 训练轮次 | 300 |
| 其他超参数 | 默认 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963020971909317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
实验设置与超参数详情
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 实验设置 | 超参数 |
|---|
| 操作系统 | Ubuntu 20.04 |
| 深度学习框架 | PyTorch2.2.2 |
| 编程语言 | Python3.10 |
| CPU | Intel i7-7900X CPU |
| GPU | NVIDIA TITAN V |
| 运行内存 | 64 GB |
| 学习率 | 0.01~0.000 1 |
| 图像尺寸 | 640640像素 |
| 优化器 | SGD |
| 批处理大小 | 32 |
| 随机种子 | 42 |
| 权重衰减 | 0.000 5 |
| 训练轮次 | 300 |
| 其他超参数 | 默认 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021039018182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Categories and classification of datasets, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 危险等级代码 | 训练集数量 | 验证集数量 |
|---|
| 纵向裂缝 | D00 | 3 686 | 416 |
| 横向裂缝 | D10 | 2 106 | 251 |
| 网状裂缝 | D20 | 851 | 82 |
| 坑洞 | D40 | 289 | 32 |
| 修补区域 | / | 945 | 100 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021106127047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
数据集类别与划分
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 危险等级代码 | 训练集数量 | 验证集数量 |
|---|
| 纵向裂缝 | D00 | 3 686 | 416 |
| 横向裂缝 | D10 | 2 106 | 251 |
| 网状裂缝 | D20 | 851 | 82 |
| 坑洞 | D40 | 289 | 32 |
| 修补区域 | / | 945 | 100 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021177430216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparative experimental results of different models, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | P | R | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | FLOPs/G | 检测速度(帧/s) |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | | | +1.9 | +4.8 | +1.8 | | |
| Faster R-CNN(Ren等,2017) | 0.701 | 0.783 | 0.732 | 0.453 | 0.740 | 940.7 | 11 |
| YOLOv5s(Khanam和Hussain,2024a) | 0.867 | 0.800 | 0.860 | 0.603 | 0.832 | 24.1 | 307 |
| YOLOv6s(Li等,2022) | 0.862 | 0.760 | 0.823 | 0.561 | 0.808 | 44.2 | 278 |
| YOLOv8s(Swathi和Challa,2024) | 0.835 | 0.813 | 0.861 | 0.599 | 0.824 | 28.4 | 273 |
| YOLOv8-Ghost(Han等,2020) | 0.848 | 0.803 | 0.855 | 0.600 | 0.825 | 16.3 | 341 |
| YOLOv8-RTDETR | 0.823 | 0.743 | 0.790 | 0.489 | 0.781 | 32.4 | 77 |
| YOLOv9s(Wang等,2024b) | 0.841 | 0.770 | 0.843 | 0.578 | 0.804 | 27.4 | 188 |
| YOLOv10s(Wang等,2024a) | 0.872 | 0.752 | 0.845 | 0.602 | 0.807 | 24.8 | 158 |
| YOLOv11s(Khanam和Hussain,2024b) | 0.870 | 0.795 | 0.861 | 0.601 | 0.830 | 21.7 | 151 |
| YOLOv11s-RTDETR | 0.742 | 0.747 | 0.770 | 0.488 | 0.744 | 30.4 | 134 |
| YOLOv12s(Tian等,2025) | 0.846 | 0.823 | 0.857 | 0.603 | 0.834 | 21.2 | 122 |
| YOLOv13s(Lei等,2025) | 0.875 | 0.787 | 0.848 | 0.597 | 0.828 | 21.3 | 113 |
| RT-DETR(Zhao等,2024) | 0.830 | 0.773 | 0.816 | 0.531 | 0.801 | 108.0 | 45 |
| D-FINE(Peng等,2025) | 0.834 | 0.782 | 0.844 | 0.599 | 0.807 | 72.6 | 71 |
| MSANet (本文) | 0.883 | 0.811 | 0.877 | 0.630 | 0.845 | 32.0 | 142 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021265510601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同模型对比实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | P | R | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | FLOPs/G | 检测速度(帧/s) |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | | | +1.9 | +4.8 | +1.8 | | |
| Faster R-CNN(Ren等,2017) | 0.701 | 0.783 | 0.732 | 0.453 | 0.740 | 940.7 | 11 |
| YOLOv5s(Khanam和Hussain,2024a) | 0.867 | 0.800 | 0.860 | 0.603 | 0.832 | 24.1 | 307 |
| YOLOv6s(Li等,2022) | 0.862 | 0.760 | 0.823 | 0.561 | 0.808 | 44.2 | 278 |
| YOLOv8s(Swathi和Challa,2024) | 0.835 | 0.813 | 0.861 | 0.599 | 0.824 | 28.4 | 273 |
| YOLOv8-Ghost(Han等,2020) | 0.848 | 0.803 | 0.855 | 0.600 | 0.825 | 16.3 | 341 |
| YOLOv8-RTDETR | 0.823 | 0.743 | 0.790 | 0.489 | 0.781 | 32.4 | 77 |
| YOLOv9s(Wang等,2024b) | 0.841 | 0.770 | 0.843 | 0.578 | 0.804 | 27.4 | 188 |
| YOLOv10s(Wang等,2024a) | 0.872 | 0.752 | 0.845 | 0.602 | 0.807 | 24.8 | 158 |
| YOLOv11s(Khanam和Hussain,2024b) | 0.870 | 0.795 | 0.861 | 0.601 | 0.830 | 21.7 | 151 |
| YOLOv11s-RTDETR | 0.742 | 0.747 | 0.770 | 0.488 | 0.744 | 30.4 | 134 |
| YOLOv12s(Tian等,2025) | 0.846 | 0.823 | 0.857 | 0.603 | 0.834 | 21.2 | 122 |
| YOLOv13s(Lei等,2025) | 0.875 | 0.787 | 0.848 | 0.597 | 0.828 | 21.3 | 113 |
| RT-DETR(Zhao等,2024) | 0.830 | 0.773 | 0.816 | 0.531 | 0.801 | 108.0 | 45 |
| D-FINE(Peng等,2025) | 0.834 | 0.782 | 0.844 | 0.599 | 0.807 | 72.6 | 71 |
| MSANet (本文) | 0.883 | 0.811 | 0.877 | 0.630 | 0.845 | 32.0 | 142 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021361979594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparative experimental results on fine-grained tasks, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
全部 类别 | 裂缝类 | 坑洞 | 修补 | 全部 类别 | 裂缝类 | 坑洞 | 修补 | 全部 类别 | 裂缝类 | 坑洞 | 修补 |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +4.15 | +2.70 | +7.13 | +2.71 | +3.18 | +3.98 | +4.99 | +2.52 | +2.69 | +2.22 | +7.78 | +2.01 |
| 基准模型 | 0.843 | 0.853 | 0.827 | 0.850 | 0.629 | 0.578 | 0.521 | 0.595 | 0.818 | 0.811 | 0.810 | 0.845 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.878 | 0.876 | 0.886 | 0.873 | 0.649 | 0.601 | 0.547 | 0.610 | 0.840 | 0.829 | 0.873 | 0.862 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021445865675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
细粒度任务对比实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
全部 类别 | 裂缝类 | 坑洞 | 修补 | 全部 类别 | 裂缝类 | 坑洞 | 修补 | 全部 类别 | 裂缝类 | 坑洞 | 修补 |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +4.15 | +2.70 | +7.13 | +2.71 | +3.18 | +3.98 | +4.99 | +2.52 | +2.69 | +2.22 | +7.78 | +2.01 |
| 基准模型 | 0.843 | 0.853 | 0.827 | 0.850 | 0.629 | 0.578 | 0.521 | 0.595 | 0.818 | 0.811 | 0.810 | 0.845 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.878 | 0.876 | 0.886 | 0.873 | 0.649 | 0.601 | 0.547 | 0.610 | 0.840 | 0.829 | 0.873 | 0.862 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021525557452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Ablation study results of different modules, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| MCA | CFC | C3K2_CAC | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | FLOPs/G |
|---|
| - | - | - | 0.861 | 0.601 | 0.830 | 21.3 |
| √ | - | - | 0.858 | 0.614 | 0.831 | 22.6 |
| - | √ | - | 0.865 | 0.615 | 0.835 | 22.6 |
| - | - | √ | 0.867 | 0.608 | 0.832 | 29.4 |
| √ | √ | - | 0.873 | 0.617 | 0.837 | 30.4 |
| √ | - | √ | 0.857 | 0.601 | 0.829 | 28.3 |
| - | √ | √ | 0.875 | 0.614 | 0.841 | 34.8 |
| √ | √ | √ | 0.877 | 0.630 | 0.845 | 31.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021592666317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
模块消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| MCA | CFC | C3K2_CAC | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | FLOPs/G |
|---|
| - | - | - | 0.861 | 0.601 | 0.830 | 21.3 |
| √ | - | - | 0.858 | 0.614 | 0.831 | 22.6 |
| - | √ | - | 0.865 | 0.615 | 0.835 | 22.6 |
| - | - | √ | 0.867 | 0.608 | 0.832 | 29.4 |
| √ | √ | - | 0.873 | 0.617 | 0.837 | 30.4 |
| √ | - | √ | 0.857 | 0.601 | 0.829 | 28.3 |
| - | √ | √ | 0.875 | 0.614 | 0.841 | 34.8 |
| √ | √ | √ | 0.877 | 0.630 | 0.845 | 31.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021642997966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Ablation study of the MCA module, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块 | 权重 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | FLOPs/G |
|---|
| CA | - | 0.871 | 0.611 | 0.835 | 23.2 |
| MaSA | - | 0.869 | 0.622 | 0.840 | 22.4 |
| MGC | - | 0.866 | 0.605 | 0.838 | 22.2 |
| MTC | - | 0.867 | 0.623 | 0.828 | 22.6 |
| CTM | - | 0.858 | 0.614 | 0.830 | 22.6 |
| CWM | 0.4 | 0.866 | 0.616 | 0.839 | 22.6 |
| 0.5 | 0.869 | 0.616 | 0.837 | 22.6 |
| 0.55 | 0.867 | 0.613 | 0.835 | 22.6 |
| 0.6 | 0.877 | 0.626 | 0.853 | 22.6 |
| 0.7 | 0.859 | 0.610 | 0.825 | 22.6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021705912527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
MCA模块消融实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块 | 权重 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | FLOPs/G |
|---|
| CA | - | 0.871 | 0.611 | 0.835 | 23.2 |
| MaSA | - | 0.869 | 0.622 | 0.840 | 22.4 |
| MGC | - | 0.866 | 0.605 | 0.838 | 22.2 |
| MTC | - | 0.867 | 0.623 | 0.828 | 22.6 |
| CTM | - | 0.858 | 0.614 | 0.830 | 22.6 |
| CWM | 0.4 | 0.866 | 0.616 | 0.839 | 22.6 |
| 0.5 | 0.869 | 0.616 | 0.837 | 22.6 |
| 0.55 | 0.867 | 0.613 | 0.835 | 22.6 |
| 0.6 | 0.877 | 0.626 | 0.853 | 22.6 |
| 0.7 | 0.859 | 0.610 | 0.825 | 22.6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021773021392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Ablation study results of the CFC module, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 12层 | 15层 | 18层 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | FLOPs/G |
|---|
| √ | | | 0.867 | 0.604 | 0.833 | 24.9 |
| √ | | 0.865 | 0.611 | 0.820 | 25.5 |
| | √ | 0.851 | 0.598 | 0.836 | 23.8 |
| √ | √ | | 0.865 | 0.615 | 0.825 | 22.4 |
| √ | √ | 0.862 | 0.606 | 0.838 | 28.0 |
| √ | | √ | 0.879 | 0.612 | 0.841 | 27.1 |
| √ | √ | √ | 0.859 | 0.611 | 0.829 | 32.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021835935953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
CFC模块消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 12层 | 15层 | 18层 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | FLOPs/G |
|---|
| √ | | | 0.867 | 0.604 | 0.833 | 24.9 |
| √ | | 0.865 | 0.611 | 0.820 | 25.5 |
| | √ | 0.851 | 0.598 | 0.836 | 23.8 |
| √ | √ | | 0.865 | 0.615 | 0.825 | 22.4 |
| √ | √ | 0.862 | 0.606 | 0.838 | 28.0 |
| √ | | √ | 0.879 | 0.612 | 0.841 | 27.1 |
| √ | √ | √ | 0.859 | 0.611 | 0.829 | 32.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963021894656210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=
Experimental results of the RDD2022 global dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +2.83 | +3.26 | +1.61 |
| YOLOv5s | 0.799 | 0.571 | 0.772 |
| YOLOv8s | 0.801 | 0.572 | 0.791 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.812 | 0.582 | 0.806 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.835 | 0.601 | 0.819 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963022028873939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
RDD2022全球数据集实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +2.83 | +3.26 | +1.61 |
| YOLOv5s | 0.799 | 0.571 | 0.772 |
| YOLOv8s | 0.801 | 0.572 | 0.791 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.812 | 0.582 | 0.806 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.835 | 0.601 | 0.819 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963022116954324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=
Experimental results of the CNRDD dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +3.83 | +6.40 | +3.71 |
| YOLOv5s | 0.280 | 0.124 | 0.536 |
| YOLOv8s | 0.281 | 0.126 | 0.325 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.287 | 0.125 | 0.350 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.298 | 0.133 | 0.363 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963022192451797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表9, caption=
CNRDD数据集实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +3.83 | +6.40 | +3.71 |
| YOLOv5s | 0.280 | 0.124 | 0.536 |
| YOLOv8s | 0.281 | 0.126 | 0.325 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.287 | 0.125 | 0.350 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.298 | 0.133 | 0.363 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963022284726486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=
Experimental results of the UAV-PDD2023 dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +2.66 | +8.18 | +3.59 |
| YOLOv5s | 0.918 | 0.657 | 0.886 |
| YOLOv8s | 0.924 | 0.671 | 0.899 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.940 | 0.746 | 0.920 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.965 | 0.807 | 0.953 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963022351835351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表10, caption=
UAV-PDD2023数据集实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +2.66 | +8.18 | +3.59 |
| YOLOv5s | 0.918 | 0.657 | 0.886 |
| YOLOv8s | 0.924 | 0.671 | 0.899 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.940 | 0.746 | 0.920 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.965 | 0.807 | 0.953 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963022423138520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=
Experimental results of the UAPD dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +2.71 | +10.23 | +2.69 |
| YOLOv5s | 0.247 | 0.179 | 0.290 |
| YOLOv8s | 0.251 | 0.182 | 0.268 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.258 | 0.176 | 0.260 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.265 | 0.194 | 0.267 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963022494441689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表11, caption=
UAPD数据集实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +2.71 | +10.23 | +2.69 |
| YOLOv5s | 0.247 | 0.179 | 0.290 |
| YOLOv8s | 0.251 | 0.182 | 0.268 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.258 | 0.176 | 0.260 |
| MSANet(本文) | 0.265 | 0.194 | 0.267 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963022561550554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=
Generalization experiments on the Crack-seg dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | Box | Mask |
|---|
| mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +0.12 | +2.16 | +0.50 | +1.38 | +1.51 | +0.42 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.832 | 0.649 | 0.805 | 0.650 | 0.199 | 0.717 |
| 本文方法 | 0.833 | 0.663 | 0.809 | 0.659 | 0.202 | 0.720 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963022637048027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963004404408430, language=CN, label=表12, caption=
在Crack-seg数据集上泛化实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | Box | Mask |
|---|
| mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5:0.95 | F1-Score |
|---|
| 相对提升率/% | +0.12 | +2.16 | +0.50 | +1.38 | +1.51 | +0.42 |
| YOLOv11s | 0.832 | 0.649 | 0.805 | 0.650 | 0.199 | 0.717 |
| 本文方法 | 0.833 | 0.663 | 0.809 | 0.659 | 0.202 | 0.720 |
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