Article(id=1322962941867339890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250624, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765987200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-18, revisedDate=1768924800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348544803, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1792080000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348544803, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348544803, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348544803, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322962941087195876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='10', pageStart='3441', pageEnd='3818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1792080000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348544618, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348641113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3523, endPage=3544, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322962942077055091, articleId=1322962941867339890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Dual learning paradigms for AI-generated image detection and forensics: a survey, columnId=1249044010699002654, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AI-generated image detection technology aims to distinguish synthetic content from authentic imagery to safeguard media integrity and facilitate the subsequent forensic tasks further. In recent years,it has been a concern in the field of information security,especially in artificial intelligence-related industries such as judicial evidence verification,social media moderation,identity authentication,news broadcasting,and political security surveillance. Moreover,the growth of generative models has been promoting deep learning-based detection algorithms. In particular,the emergence of advanced techniques,such as the variational autoencoder,generative adversarial network,and denoising diffusion probabilistic model,has led to a qualitative leap in synthesis quality. However,a comprehensive review and analysis of state-of-the-art deep learning-based detection algorithms for different generative attacks are required to be realized to address the current theoretical fragmentation. Thus,we develop a systematic and critical review to explore the developments of AI-generated image detection in recent years. First,a comprehensive and systematic introduction of the detection field is presented from the following three aspects: 1) the evolution of forensic technology from handcrafted features to deep representations,2) the prevailing deepfake datasets,and 3) the common evaluation metrics. Then,more extensive qualitative experiments,quantitative experiments,and generalization evaluations of representative detection methods are conducted on the public datasets to compare their performance. Finally,the summary and challenges in the forensic community are highlighted. In particular,some prospects are recommended further in the field of digital forensics. First,from the perspective of learning paradigms,the existing image detection methods can be divided into two fundamental categories,i.e.,the disproof paradigm aimed at identifying falsity,and the truth-preserving paradigm aimed at modeling reality. Specifically,the disproof paradigm focuses on extracting specific forgery traces including frequency domain artifacts and spatial inconsistencies,while the truth-preserving paradigm targets the modeling of intrinsic real image distributions to detect anomalies. In addition,the domain of deep learning-based detection algorithms can be classified into the convolutional neural network-based fusion framework and vision transformer-based framework from the aspect of network architectures. The disproof-based framework achieves the feature extraction of manipulation signatures by supervised binary classification and accomplishes deep feature discrimination via learning distinguishable boundaries between real and fake domains. To clarify the transition of methodologies,the truth-preserving framework is originated from one-class classification and reconstruction principles. From the perspective of the supervision paradigm,the deep learning detection methods can also be categorized into three classes,i.e.,supervised learning,unsupervised learning,and self-supervised learning. The supervised methods leverage labeled synthetic data to guide the training processes,and the unsupervised approaches construct loss functions via constraining the similarity between the input and the learned manifold of natural images. The self-supervised algorithms are associated with the masked image modeling framework in common. Our critical review is focused on the main concepts and discussions of the characteristics of each method for different forensic scenarios from the perspectives of the network architecture and learning paradigm. First,we summarize the limitations of different algorithms,such as the generalization failure of disproof methods and the modeling complexity of truth-preserving methods,and provide some recommendations for further research. Second,we briefly introduce the popular public datasets such as FaceForensics++ and Wilddeepfake and provide the interfaces related to download them for each specific detection scenario. Then,we present the common evaluation metrics in the forensic field from two aspects: classification-based evaluation metrics and robustness-based metrics designed for cross-generator settings. The generic metrics can be utilized to evaluate the precision and sensitivity of algorithms of those are accuracy-based,error rate-based,receiver operating characteristic-based,and area under the curve-based metrics in total. Some of the generic metrics,such as accuracy (ACC),area under the curve (AUC),equal error rate (EER),and true positive rate (TPR),are also used for the quantitative assessment of generalization. The specific metrics designed for localization consist of pixel-level intersection over union and bounding box precision that employ the pixel-wise masks as the reference ground truth. Third,we present the qualitative and quantitative results,and average inference times of representative alternatives for various forensic missions. Finally,this review critically analyzes the conclusion,highlights the challenges in the detection community,and conducts forecasting analysis,such as cross-domain image detection,high-level semantic consistency-driven detection,antiforensic robust detection,real-time mobile detection,explainable forensics based on physical imaging principles,detection under extreme compression,and comprehensive evaluation benchmarks. The methods,datasets,and evaluation metrics mentioned are linked at https://github.com/qqqqwddw/wesome-image-Detection and https://www.scidb.cn/detail?dataSetId=d6427185d9ff4c43bb6b190a117d723b.
, authors=Jiaye Li1
, 2, Minqing Zhang1
, 2
, *, Siyuan Huang1
, 2, Pei Feng3, Lang Liu1
, 2, authorsList=Jiaye Li, Minqing Zhang, Siyuan Huang, Pei Feng, Lang Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Minqing Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322962953737220240, articleId=1322962941867339890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=双学习范式AI生成图像检测取证技术综述, columnId=1249044010992603937, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)生成内容技术的爆发增长引发了严重的信任危机,AI生成图像检测已成为多媒体取证领域的核心议题。为破解当前检测技术研究视角碎片化、理论体系割裂的困境,本文提出一种从“学习范式”切入的统一分析框架,对AI生成图像检测技术进行系统性综述。首先,本文构建了包含“证伪”与“存真”两大根本性类别的双学习范式分析体系,并对各类方法的基本思想进行全面阐述。其中,“证伪”范式侧重于挖掘生成过程中残留的频域异常、空间不一致等伪造痕迹;而“存真”范式旨在通过单类分类或物理一致性约束,对真实图像的固有分布进行建模以识别异常。其次,通过梳理理论分析与技术演进路径,本文揭示了检测技术由被动识别特定痕迹的“证伪”向主动建模真实分布的“存真”演进的趋势,并深入剖析了“证伪”范式在跨域泛化能力上的局限性,以及“存真”范式在建模高维复杂分布时的核心挑战。此外,本文构建了包含库内性能、跨模态泛化性、鲁棒性及可解释性等多维度的评估体系,对比了代表性算法的优劣。最后,本文探讨了范式融合、基于基础模型的检测及反取证防御等未来研究方向,为构建高鲁棒、可解释的AI生成图像检测体系提供理论参考。本文将相关开源论文及代码链接汇总至GitHub仓库(https://github.com/qqqqwddw/wesome-image-Detection),并将整理后的数据集与分析数据上传至ScienceDB社区(https://www.scidb.cn/detail?dataSetId=d6427185d9ff4c43bb6b190a117d723b),以供后续研究参考。
, authors=李佳业1
, 2, 张敏情1
, 2
, *, 黄思远1
, 2, 冯佩3, 刘浪1
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2024. SemGIR: semantic-guided image regeneration based method for AI-generated image detection and attribution//Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia. Melbourne,Australia: ACM: 8480-8488 [DOI:
10.1145/3664647.3680776], articleTitle=SemGIR: semantic-guided image regeneration based method for AI-generated image detection and attribution, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322962963052769511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China (62272478), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322962963111489768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(62272478), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322962954001461393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962954014044306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, companyId=1322962954001461393, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 College of Cryptography Engineering,Engineering University of PAP,Xi’an 710086,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962954026627219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, companyId=1322962954001461393, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 武警工程大学密码工程学院,西安 710086)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322962954118901908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962954127290517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, companyId=1322962954118901908, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Key Laboratory of Network and Information Security Under the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (Engineering University of PAP),Xi’an 710086,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962954135679126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, companyId=1322962954118901908, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 网络与信息安全武警部队重点实验室,西安 710086)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322962954198593687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962954211176600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, companyId=1322962954198593687, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 College of Equipment Management and Support,Engineering University of PAP,Xi’an 710086,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962954219565209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, companyId=1322962954198593687, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 武警工程大学装备管理与保障学院,西安 710086)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322962958422257859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Theoretical framework of AI-generated image detection based on dual learning paradigms, figureFileSmall=b2+xlRT8ZMRYt04q3/9OMA==, figureFileBig=Oo6ZxKrBXh6OthsbskX5YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962958531309764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
双学习范式AI生成图像检测原理框架图, figureFileSmall=b2+xlRT8ZMRYt04q3/9OMA==, figureFileBig=Oo6ZxKrBXh6OthsbskX5YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962958749413573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
The evolutionary course of image generation techniques, figureFileSmall=xmWc6K4o8O20/z7k5k86nw==, figureFileBig=0/PZYLSSywuxfGIGjWCQew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962958858465478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
图像生成技术发展历程, figureFileSmall=xmWc6K4o8O20/z7k5k86nw==, figureFileBig=0/PZYLSSywuxfGIGjWCQew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962958938157255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Word cloud analysis chart ((a) research hotspots;, figureFileSmall=2fcatnea4U+yBsCG9lIecA==, figureFileBig=BGi7UJnk6fZOsjtAU6bs+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959001071816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
词云分析图(b) technology hotspots)
, figureFileSmall=2fcatnea4U+yBsCG9lIecA==, figureFileBig=BGi7UJnk6fZOsjtAU6bs+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959080763593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Technical classification framework, figureFileSmall=WsnffrAurhvnH/IBOqE5uA==, figureFileBig=SskbriGA+/CceW0XIsaL+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959139483850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
技术分类框架, figureFileSmall=WsnffrAurhvnH/IBOqE5uA==, figureFileBig=SskbriGA+/CceW0XIsaL+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959252730059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Upsampling spectral difference (Durall et al.,2020) ((a) original; (b) output; (c) residual), figureFileSmall=HpKXpfxcNmIHy2dJqlwQEg==, figureFileBig=GC4ao+Ra8FM+WA6EIlzANA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959332421836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
上采样频谱差异(Durall等,2020), figureFileSmall=HpKXpfxcNmIHy2dJqlwQEg==, figureFileBig=GC4ao+Ra8FM+WA6EIlzANA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959403725005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Learning detection of simulated artifacts, figureFileSmall=7OmSA7dwS2QKe53YVbKWiQ==, figureFileBig=T/zTwiJ8TXBQnBkBecYeHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959491805390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
模拟伪影学习检测, figureFileSmall=7OmSA7dwS2QKe53YVbKWiQ==, figureFileBig=T/zTwiJ8TXBQnBkBecYeHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959550525647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Schematic diagram of identity feature disentanglement based on contrastive learning, figureFileSmall=B2ROhGs+nPdNyFbG+DwYpg==, figureFileBig=aoUeCTfTeu75THe8dGNnDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959621828816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
基于对比学习的身份特征解耦示意图, figureFileSmall=B2ROhGs+nPdNyFbG+DwYpg==, figureFileBig=aoUeCTfTeu75THe8dGNnDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959697326289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Multi-task learning framework, figureFileSmall=cLhHqLK3yKh8wL9qFm5Luw==, figureFileBig=7+FFGSf+LtuKiP5JqVFSPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959785406674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
多任务学习框架, figureFileSmall=cLhHqLK3yKh8wL9qFm5Luw==, figureFileBig=7+FFGSf+LtuKiP5JqVFSPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959852515539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Topological structure of facial key point set, figureFileSmall=zd6tMSWUfhyZM78VpOmeXA==, figureFileBig=KajDuqKP40G9J4CHDznwag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959919624404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
面部关键点拓扑结构, figureFileSmall=zd6tMSWUfhyZM78VpOmeXA==, figureFileBig=KajDuqKP40G9J4CHDznwag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962959995121877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Schematic diagram of multi-source feature fusion, figureFileSmall=GGL4NZjOGSKSE8plaVcfxA==, figureFileBig=rwcAaWW6MHv4IvzETH5Orw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962960058036438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
多源特征融合原理图, figureFileSmall=GGL4NZjOGSKSE8plaVcfxA==, figureFileBig=rwcAaWW6MHv4IvzETH5Orw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962960137728215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Training optimization, figureFileSmall=H253Yp/fn1gRjybf2YPaqw==, figureFileBig=lG3XJN8eBkVmoZnd5EEb9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962960204837080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
训练优化, figureFileSmall=H253Yp/fn1gRjybf2YPaqw==, figureFileBig=lG3XJN8eBkVmoZnd5EEb9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962960284528857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Foundation model-based detection, figureFileSmall=Xddkzg85UVlFrsoZuLrn4Q==, figureFileBig=8DbIWTanAy5j/jw5FXRa8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962961945473242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
基础模型检测架构图, figureFileSmall=Xddkzg85UVlFrsoZuLrn4Q==, figureFileBig=8DbIWTanAy5j/jw5FXRa8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962962025165019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
Reconstruction-contrastive detection (Wang et al,2023), figureFileSmall=gvBqKhyOEoZ7XSAi5u9T9w==, figureFileBig=K9tQTu2AASi8nGqJpzGhXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962962113245404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
重建对比检测 (Wang等,2023), figureFileSmall=gvBqKhyOEoZ7XSAi5u9T9w==, figureFileBig=K9tQTu2AASi8nGqJpzGhXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962962192937181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=
Performance radar chart of representative algorithms, figureFileSmall=mvqBzrj1VdBmdzgaYIx37w==, figureFileBig=xakUh7hgApk96BAy4CEjoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962962251657438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
代表性算法的性能雷达图, figureFileSmall=mvqBzrj1VdBmdzgaYIx37w==, figureFileBig=xakUh7hgApk96BAy4CEjoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962962327154911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Compared with other existing literature reviews, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参考文献 | 学习范 式分析 | 算法 比较 | 局限 分析 | 未来 方向 |
|---|
| 王任颖等人(2022) | × | √ | × | √ |
| Mahara和Rishe(2025) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| 谢天圻等人(2024) | × | √ | × | × |
| Khan等人(2024) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| Cogranne(2025) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| Sharm等人(2024) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| Alrashoud(2025) | × | × | √ | √ |
| Liu等人(2024b) | × | × | √ | √ |
| Sunil等人(2025) | × | √ | × | × |
| 李美玲等人(2026) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| 本文 | √ | √ | √ | √ |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962962415235296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
与其他综述对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参考文献 | 学习范 式分析 | 算法 比较 | 局限 分析 | 未来 方向 |
|---|
| 王任颖等人(2022) | × | √ | × | √ |
| Mahara和Rishe(2025) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| 谢天圻等人(2024) | × | √ | × | × |
| Khan等人(2024) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| Cogranne(2025) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| Sharm等人(2024) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| Alrashoud(2025) | × | × | √ | √ |
| Liu等人(2024b) | × | × | √ | √ |
| Sunil等人(2025) | × | √ | × | × |
| 李美玲等人(2026) | × | √ | √ | √ |
| 本文 | √ | √ | √ | √ |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962962494927073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=
Key literature on deepfake detection technologies, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 参考文献 | 原理 | 训练数据集 | 是否 开源 | 开源/论文链接 |
|---|
| 2020 | Durall等人(2020) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/cc-hpc-itwm/UpConv |
| Li等人(2020a) | 单类学习 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.13458v1.pdf |
| Qian等人(2020) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.09355v2.pdf |
| 2021 | Liu等人(2021) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.01856×.pdf |
| Luo等人(2021) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.12376.pdf |
| Li等人(2021) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.09096.pdf |
| 2022 | Chen等人(2022) | 特征解耦、边界伪影 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/liangchen527/SLADD |
| Shiohara和Yamasaki(2022) | 边界伪影 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/mapooon/SelfBlendedImages |
| Cao等人(2022) | 单类学习 | FF++ | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9878441 |
| Han等人(2023) | 单类学习 | FF++ | × | https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3591106.3592282 |
| Korshunov和Marcel(2022) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | √ | https://gitlab.idiap.ch/bob/bob.paper.deepfakes_generalization |
| 2023 | Yan等人(2023) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.13949.pdf |
| Larue等人(2023) | 单类学习 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/anonymous-author-sub/seeable |
| Huang等人(2023) | 单类学习 | FF++ | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10204862 |
| Dong等人(2023b) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/megvii-research/CADDM |
| Ke和Wang(2023) | 特征解耦 | Celeb-DF等 | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0893608023000011 |
| Dong等人(2023a) | 特征解耦、频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.03.005 |
| 2024 | Usmani等人(2024) | 特征解耦 | DFDC等 | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3702250.3702258 |
| Jiang等人(2024) | 特征解耦、边界伪影 | FF++ | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10565921 |
| Yin等人(2024) | 物生一致 | Celeb-DF DFD等 | √ | https://github.com/Yzx835/InvariantDomainorientedDeepfakeDetection |
| Guan等人(2024) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10516609 |
| Xiao等人(2024) | 物生一致 | Celeb-DF | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10141892 |
| Gao等人(2024) | 边界伪影 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952197624006080 |
| 2025 | Fu等人(2025b) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | × | https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/32312 |
| Kashiani等人(2025) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.22412.pdf |
| Wang等人(2025c) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/wangzhiyuan120/idcnet |
| Wang等人(2025a) | 物生一致 | VGGFace2 | √ | https://github.com/Mark-Dou/Forensics |
| Li等人(2025a) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031320325002821 |
| Shi等人(2025) | 物生一致 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031320324010501 |
| Gao等人(2025) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031320325001888 |
| Batagelj等人(2025) | 单类分类 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240595952500027X |
| Bai等人(2025) | 物生一致 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0893608024008384 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962962583007458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
deepfake主要检测技术文献
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 参考文献 | 原理 | 训练数据集 | 是否 开源 | 开源/论文链接 |
|---|
| 2020 | Durall等人(2020) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/cc-hpc-itwm/UpConv |
| Li等人(2020a) | 单类学习 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.13458v1.pdf |
| Qian等人(2020) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.09355v2.pdf |
| 2021 | Liu等人(2021) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.01856×.pdf |
| Luo等人(2021) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.12376.pdf |
| Li等人(2021) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.09096.pdf |
| 2022 | Chen等人(2022) | 特征解耦、边界伪影 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/liangchen527/SLADD |
| Shiohara和Yamasaki(2022) | 边界伪影 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/mapooon/SelfBlendedImages |
| Cao等人(2022) | 单类学习 | FF++ | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9878441 |
| Han等人(2023) | 单类学习 | FF++ | × | https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3591106.3592282 |
| Korshunov和Marcel(2022) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | √ | https://gitlab.idiap.ch/bob/bob.paper.deepfakes_generalization |
| 2023 | Yan等人(2023) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.13949.pdf |
| Larue等人(2023) | 单类学习 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/anonymous-author-sub/seeable |
| Huang等人(2023) | 单类学习 | FF++ | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10204862 |
| Dong等人(2023b) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/megvii-research/CADDM |
| Ke和Wang(2023) | 特征解耦 | Celeb-DF等 | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0893608023000011 |
| Dong等人(2023a) | 特征解耦、频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.03.005 |
| 2024 | Usmani等人(2024) | 特征解耦 | DFDC等 | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3702250.3702258 |
| Jiang等人(2024) | 特征解耦、边界伪影 | FF++ | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10565921 |
| Yin等人(2024) | 物生一致 | Celeb-DF DFD等 | √ | https://github.com/Yzx835/InvariantDomainorientedDeepfakeDetection |
| Guan等人(2024) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10516609 |
| Xiao等人(2024) | 物生一致 | Celeb-DF | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10141892 |
| Gao等人(2024) | 边界伪影 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952197624006080 |
| 2025 | Fu等人(2025b) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | × | https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/32312 |
| Kashiani等人(2025) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.22412.pdf |
| Wang等人(2025c) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | √ | https://github.com/wangzhiyuan120/idcnet |
| Wang等人(2025a) | 物生一致 | VGGFace2 | √ | https://github.com/Mark-Dou/Forensics |
| Li等人(2025a) | 频谱伪影 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031320325002821 |
| Shi等人(2025) | 物生一致 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031320324010501 |
| Gao等人(2025) | 特征解耦 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031320325001888 |
| Batagelj等人(2025) | 单类分类 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240595952500027X |
| Bai等人(2025) | 物生一致 | FF++ | × | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0893608024008384 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962962675282147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Performance evaluation of representative deepfake detection algorithms in intra-domain and cross-domain scenarios, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 范式 | 技术子类 | 参考文献 | AUC/% |
|---|
| FF++ | CelebDF | DFDC | 平均跨库 |
|---|
“证伪” 范式 | 频率伪影 | Kashiani等人(2025) | 97.5 | 83.6 | 74.1 | 82.88 |
| 边界伪影 | Chen等人(2022) | 98.4 | 79.7 | 76.05 | 76.9 |
| 边界伪影 | Shiohara和Yamasaki(2022) | 99.64 | 93.18 | 72.42 | 87.33 |
| 频率伪影 | Liu等人(2021) | 95.32 | 76.88 | 66.16 | - |
| 特征解耦 | Yan等人(2023) | 99.6 | 82.4 | 80.5 | 82.8 |
| “存真”范式 | 生理信号 | Ciftci等人(2022) | 94.65(ACC) | 91.50(ACC) | - | 86.48(ACC) |
| 单类学习 | Larue等人(2023) | 98.5 | 87.3 | 75.9 | 83.2 |
| 单类学习 | Cao等人(2022) | 95.02 | 99.94 | 91.33 | 74.47 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962962763362532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
代表性deepfake检测算法在同源与跨域场景下的性能对比评估
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 范式 | 技术子类 | 参考文献 | AUC/% |
|---|
| FF++ | CelebDF | DFDC | 平均跨库 |
|---|
“证伪” 范式 | 频率伪影 | Kashiani等人(2025) | 97.5 | 83.6 | 74.1 | 82.88 |
| 边界伪影 | Chen等人(2022) | 98.4 | 79.7 | 76.05 | 76.9 |
| 边界伪影 | Shiohara和Yamasaki(2022) | 99.64 | 93.18 | 72.42 | 87.33 |
| 频率伪影 | Liu等人(2021) | 95.32 | 76.88 | 66.16 | - |
| 特征解耦 | Yan等人(2023) | 99.6 | 82.4 | 80.5 | 82.8 |
| “存真”范式 | 生理信号 | Ciftci等人(2022) | 94.65(ACC) | 91.50(ACC) | - | 86.48(ACC) |
| 单类学习 | Larue等人(2023) | 98.5 | 87.3 | 75.9 | 83.2 |
| 单类学习 | Cao等人(2022) | 95.02 | 99.94 | 91.33 | 74.47 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962962859831525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Key detection technologies for general-purpose generated images, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 参考文献 | 原理 | 训练数据集 | 是否 开源 | 开源/论文链接 |
|---|
| 2020 | Dzanic等人(2020) | 通用伪影 | FFHQ等 | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.06465v2.pdf |
| Mi等人(2020) | 通用伪影 | PGGAN | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9093190 |
| 2022 | Jeong等人(2022) | 通用伪影 | ProGAN等 | √ | https://github.com/SamsungSDS-Team9/BiHPF |
| Dong等人(2022) | 通用伪影 | BigGAN | × | www.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~csajaykr/deepdeepfake.htm |
| Chandrasegaran等人(2022) | 通用伪影 | ForenSynths | √ | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11342.pdf |
| 2023 | Epstein等人(2023) | 训练优化 | Midjourney等 | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.15150.pdf |
| Ojha等人(2023) | 基础模型 | ProGAN | √ | https://github.com/Yuheng-Li/UniversalFakeDetect |
| Ma等人(2023) | 统计先验 | CelebA等 | × | https://icml.cc/virtual/2023/26129 |
| Sha等人(2023) | 基础模型 | MSCOCO | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3576915.3616588 |
| 2024 | He等人(2024) | 统计先验 | 无训练 | √ | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.20112.pdf |
| Yu等人(2024) | 训练优化 | Midjourney等 | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3664647.3680776 |
| Sarkar等人(2024) | 统计先验 | Kandinsky-v3 | √ | https://projective-geometry.github.io/ |
| Sinitsa和Fried(2024) | 通用伪影 | Midjourney等 | √ | https://sergo2020.github.io/DIF/ |
| Alam等人(2024) | 通用伪影 | Diffusion | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3627673.3680085 |
| Ricker等人(2024) | 重建一致 | Kandinsky 2.1等 | √ | https://github.com/jonasricker/aeroblade |
| Liu等人(2024a) | 基础模型 | ProGAN | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10657197 |
| Li等人(2024b) | 通用伪影 | PolarDiffShield | √ | https://github.com/li-yanhao/masksim |
| Tan等人(2024) | 通用伪影 | ForenSynths | √ | github.com/chuangchuangtan/NPR-DeepfakeDetection |
| Li等人(2024a) | 通用伪影 | GenImage等 | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3664647.3689003 |
| Wang和Kalogeiton(2025) | 重建一致 | GenImage | √ | lix.polytechnique.fr/vista/projects/2024_detector_wang |
| Fu(2024) | 通用伪影、训练优化 | GenImage等 | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3664647.3689002 |
| 2025 | Shen等人(2025) | 重建一致 | GenImage | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10890455 |
| Huang等人(2025) | 基础模型 | SID-Set等 | √ | https://hzlsaber.github.io/projects/SIDA/ |
| Wang等人(2025b) | 基础模型 | SD1.5等 | √ | https://github.com/iamwangyabin/OpenSDI |
| Fu等人(2025a) | 统计先验 | SDv1.4等 | × | https://icml.cc/virtual/2025/poster/44442 |
| Karageorgiou等人(2025) | 统计先验 | LatentDiffusion | √ | https://mever-team.github.io/spai |
| Li等人(2025b) | 训练优化 | ProGAN | √ | https://github.com/Ouxiang-Li/SAFE |
| Chu等人(2025) | 重建一致 | Diffusion、 Forensics | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.07140.pdf |
| Yang(2025) | 通用伪影 | COCO | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.02995.pdf |
| Choi等人(2025) | 训练优化、基础模型 | A-GenImage | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.02995.pdf |
| Guillaro等人(2025) | 重建一致 | SD1.5 | √ | github.com/grip-unina/B-Free |
| Tao等人(2025) | 训练优化 | ForenSynths等 | √ | https://github.com/rstao-bjtu/SAGNet/ |
| Jia等人(2025) | 通用伪影 | ProGAN等 | × | ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11093000/media#media |
| Deng等人(2025) | 通用伪影 | CASIA等 | × | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111325 |
| Tan等人(2025) | 通用伪影 | ForenSynths | × | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2025.113873 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962962947911910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962941867339890, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
通用生成图像主要检测技术
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 年份 | 参考文献 | 原理 | 训练数据集 | 是否 开源 | 开源/论文链接 |
|---|
| 2020 | Dzanic等人(2020) | 通用伪影 | FFHQ等 | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.06465v2.pdf |
| Mi等人(2020) | 通用伪影 | PGGAN | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9093190 |
| 2022 | Jeong等人(2022) | 通用伪影 | ProGAN等 | √ | https://github.com/SamsungSDS-Team9/BiHPF |
| Dong等人(2022) | 通用伪影 | BigGAN | × | www.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~csajaykr/deepdeepfake.htm |
| Chandrasegaran等人(2022) | 通用伪影 | ForenSynths | √ | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11342.pdf |
| 2023 | Epstein等人(2023) | 训练优化 | Midjourney等 | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.15150.pdf |
| Ojha等人(2023) | 基础模型 | ProGAN | √ | https://github.com/Yuheng-Li/UniversalFakeDetect |
| Ma等人(2023) | 统计先验 | CelebA等 | × | https://icml.cc/virtual/2023/26129 |
| Sha等人(2023) | 基础模型 | MSCOCO | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3576915.3616588 |
| 2024 | He等人(2024) | 统计先验 | 无训练 | √ | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.20112.pdf |
| Yu等人(2024) | 训练优化 | Midjourney等 | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3664647.3680776 |
| Sarkar等人(2024) | 统计先验 | Kandinsky-v3 | √ | https://projective-geometry.github.io/ |
| Sinitsa和Fried(2024) | 通用伪影 | Midjourney等 | √ | https://sergo2020.github.io/DIF/ |
| Alam等人(2024) | 通用伪影 | Diffusion | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3627673.3680085 |
| Ricker等人(2024) | 重建一致 | Kandinsky 2.1等 | √ | https://github.com/jonasricker/aeroblade |
| Liu等人(2024a) | 基础模型 | ProGAN | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10657197 |
| Li等人(2024b) | 通用伪影 | PolarDiffShield | √ | https://github.com/li-yanhao/masksim |
| Tan等人(2024) | 通用伪影 | ForenSynths | √ | github.com/chuangchuangtan/NPR-DeepfakeDetection |
| Li等人(2024a) | 通用伪影 | GenImage等 | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3664647.3689003 |
| Wang和Kalogeiton(2025) | 重建一致 | GenImage | √ | lix.polytechnique.fr/vista/projects/2024_detector_wang |
| Fu(2024) | 通用伪影、训练优化 | GenImage等 | × | https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3664647.3689002 |
| 2025 | Shen等人(2025) | 重建一致 | GenImage | × | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10890455 |
| Huang等人(2025) | 基础模型 | SID-Set等 | √ | https://hzlsaber.github.io/projects/SIDA/ |
| Wang等人(2025b) | 基础模型 | SD1.5等 | √ | https://github.com/iamwangyabin/OpenSDI |
| Fu等人(2025a) | 统计先验 | SDv1.4等 | × | https://icml.cc/virtual/2025/poster/44442 |
| Karageorgiou等人(2025) | 统计先验 | LatentDiffusion | √ | https://mever-team.github.io/spai |
| Li等人(2025b) | 训练优化 | ProGAN | √ | https://github.com/Ouxiang-Li/SAFE |
| Chu等人(2025) | 重建一致 | Diffusion、 Forensics | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.07140.pdf |
| Yang(2025) | 通用伪影 | COCO | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.02995.pdf |
| Choi等人(2025) | 训练优化、基础模型 | A-GenImage | × | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.02995.pdf |
| Guillaro等人(2025) | 重建一致 | SD1.5 | √ | github.com/grip-unina/B-Free |
| Tao等人(2025) | 训练优化 | ForenSynths等 | √ | https://github.com/rstao-bjtu/SAGNet/ |
| Jia等人(2025) | 通用伪影 | ProGAN等 | × | ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11093000/media#media |
| Deng等人(2025) | 通用伪影 | CASIA等 | × | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111325 |
| Tan等人(2025) | 通用伪影 | ForenSynths | × | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2025.113873 |
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