Article(id=1322961572603232940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250447, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758729600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-25, revisedDate=1766764800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348218346, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789488000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348218346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348218346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348218346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322961355078246774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='9', pageStart='3075', pageEnd='3440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789488000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348166484, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348617535, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963246994555810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963246998750115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3427, endPage=3440, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322961573425316525, articleId=1322961572603232940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Oriented object detection in remote sensing images with joint angle continuous representation and perceptual balance, columnId=1249044020433985953, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Remote Sensing Image Processing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Remote sensing image object detection is fundamental to the automatic interpretation of aerial and satellite imagery. It aims to identify objects of predefined categories from given images and regress the localization information for each object. Remote sensing image object detection technology has broad applications in practical scenarios,such as intelligent surveillance,urban planning,port management,and military surveys. In contrast to natural images,where objects are typically horizontally aligned and backgrounds are relatively simple,remote sensing images are captured from a top-down perspective using spaceborne or airborne sensors,offering a much broader field of view. Consequently,objects in remote sensing images are often distributed in arbitrary orientations,and the background information is more complex and diverse. Although some horizontal object detectors perform well on natural images,horizontal bounding boxes (HBB) cannot describe the orientation of objects and often introduce unnecessary background redundancy. Moreover,in densely arranged scenes,the overlap between HBBs and neighboring boxes can be substantial,which may lead to missed or false detections. By contrast,oriented bounding boxes (OBB) can represent objects more accurately and are better suited for object detection in dense scenes. However,during regression,the skew intersection over union (SkewIoU) is difficult to compute and nondifferentiable,preventing the model from optimizing its predicted OBB parameters via backpropagation. To address this,current mainstream methods convert oriented bounding boxes into 2D Gaussian distribution and compute the distance between these distributions as the regression loss. This approach approximates the calculation of SkewIoU while remaining differentiable,and such methods are collectively referred to as Gaussian distance loss (GDL). However,given the periodic nature of angles,GDL-based methods exhibit discontinuities in angle regression. Furthermore,they suffer from imbalanced angle perception across targets with varying aspect ratios. The interplay between these issues considerably degrades the detection performance of the model. In this study,a detection algorithm named joint angle continuous representation and perceptual balance (JCPB) is proposed to mitigate the mentioned challenges.
Method To address the angle boundary discontinuity problem in oriented object detection,this study proposes an angular vector decomposition method (AVDM),which decomposes angle parameters into an angle vector representation. To eliminate discontinuous regions inherent in traditional angular representations,this vector representation is further extended to encompass the entire unit circle plane,ensuring continuous variation of the angular vector during OBB regression. Aiming at the periodic discrepancy issue in angle loss calculation between rectangular and square targets,this study introduces an innovative shape aware coefficient method. Without increasing the encoding length of the angular vector,a shape-aware coefficient dynamically adjusts its value on the basis of the target’s aspect ratio,thereby modulating the change period of the angular loss function. To address the problem of imbalanced angle perception,we proposed the angle perceptual balance strategy,which adaptively calculates loss weighting coefficients based on the aspect ratio of targets and adjusts their application timing according to the SkewIoU value. This enhances the model’s angle perception capability for low-aspect-ratio targets during the later stages of training. Finally,on the basis of a 2D Gaussian distribution representation method,we further enhance the model’s detection performance by joint angle continuous representation and perceptual balance.
Result This study conducted comparative experiments using FCOS and RetinaNet detectors on the DOTA,DIOR-R,and HRSC2016 datasets to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Furthermore,comparisons with current mainstream models on the DOTA dataset demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model. Evaluation metrics include average precision at 75% (AP₇₅) intersection over union threshold,mean average precision (mAP),and parameters. On the DOTA dataset,incorporating AVDM improves AP₇₅ and mAP by 2.47% and 1.03% on average compared with the baseline model. Further incorporating APBS resulted in additional average improvements of 0.84% and 0.43% for AP75 and mAP,respectively. On the DIOR dataset,integrating AVDM achieved average gains of 1.37% and 0.95% for AP75 and mAP. Further incorporating APBS resulted in additional improvements of 0.82% and 0.36% for AP75 and mAP,respectively. On the HRSC dataset,the AVDM method achieved average gains of 5.63% and 3.86% for AP75 and mAP,respectively. After incorporating APBS,AP75 and mAP improved by 0.44% and 0.49% on average. Experimental results across multiple datasets demonstrate that APBS effectively enhances the model’s angular learning capability for small aspect ratio targets,while AVDM achieves continuous angular representation,effectively resolving boundary discontinuity issues. Compared with other encoding methods,AVDM introduces only 0.04 M additional parameters,achieving continuous angular representation and periodic adaptation to angular losses for rectangular and square targets at minimal parametric cost. Experiments on the HRSC dataset show that detection accuracy for slender objects is highly susceptible to boundary discontinuity issues,while angle perceptual imbalance has a relatively weaker impact. Finally,comprehensive comparisons with current mainstream remote sensing image orientation object detection methods on the DOTA dataset demonstrate that our approach achieves an mAP of 73.78%,outperforming other methods. Moreover,it achieves optimal accuracy on small vehicles,ships,tennis courts,storage tanks,and roundabouts categories. Additionally,when using Swin-Transformer as the backbone network,the model’s performance is further improved,reaching an mAP of 74.71%.
Conclusion Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed AVDM achieves continuous angular representation,while APBS effectively enhances the model’s perceptual capability for small aspect ratio targets. Building upon this foundation,JCPB remarkably improves the overall performance of the detection model in complex remote sensing scenarios by integrating continuous angular representation with perceptual balance.
, authors=Zhaoyang Wang, Yun Ge
*, Mengqi Wu, Jinliang Chen, authorsList=Zhaoyang Wang, Yun Ge, Mengqi Wu, Jinliang Chen, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yun Ge, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322961587354600130, articleId=1322961572603232940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=联合角度连续表示与感知平衡的遥感图像定向目标检测, columnId=1249044022690521515, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=遥感图像处理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 遥感图像定向目标检测在环境监测、城市规划等领域发挥着重要作用,基于二维高斯分布的定向边界框表示方法实现了对旋转交并比(skew intersection over union,SkewIoU)的近似计算,因此受到了广泛关注。但二维高斯分布表示方法中存在角度边界不连续问题,且对不同宽高比目标角度感知不平衡,导致定位不准确。因此,提出了一种联合角度连续表示与感知平衡的检测算法(joint angle continuous representation and perceptual balance,JCPB)。
方法 首先,提出角度向量分解法(angular vector decomposition method,AVDM),通过在二维空间内将角度参数分解为向量编码,使得角度在边界和非边界位置处均能连续表示。并提出形状感知系数方法,根据目标宽高比动态调整系数值,在不增加编码长度的前提下调节角度损失函数的变化周期。其次,提出角度感知平衡策略(angle perceptual balance strategy,APBS),动态调节损失权重强化模型对小宽高比目标的方向判别能力。最后,基于二维高斯分布表示方法,通过联合角度连续表示和角度感知平衡策略,增强模型对目标方向的学习能力。
结果 在DOTA(dataset for object detection in aerial images)、DIOR-R(dataset for object detection in aerial images)和HRSC2016(high-resolution ship collections)数据集上进行大量实验测试。结果表明,在DOTA、DIOR-R和HRSC2016数据集上,与基准方法相比,所提方法在平均精度均值(mean average precision,mAP)上平均提升分别为1.46%、1.31%和4.35%,在SkewIoU阈值为0.75时,平均精准率(average precision,AP)平均提升分别为3.31%、2.19%和6.07%,实验结果验证了所提算法的有效性。
结论 本文算法通过将角度参数分解为连续的向量表示,并平衡模型对不同宽高比目标的感知能力,实现了遥感图像定向目标的高精度检测。
, authors=王朝阳, 葛芸
*, 吴梦奇, 陈金梁, authorsList=王朝阳, 葛芸, 吴梦奇, 陈金梁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=葛芸, authorNote=
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1 Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition,Nanchang 330063,China
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1 图像处理与模式识别江西省重点实验室,南昌 330063
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王朝阳,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为遥感目标检测。E-mail: 2316085405023@stu.nchu.edu.cn
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1 Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition,Nanchang 330063,China
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1 图像处理与模式识别江西省重点实验室,南昌 330063
2 南昌航空大学软件学院,南昌 330063, bio={"content":"
葛芸,通信作者,女,副教授,主要研究方向为人工智能、计算机视觉和遥感图像智能解译。E-mail: geyun@nchu.edu.cn
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葛芸,通信作者,女,副教授,主要研究方向为人工智能、计算机视觉和遥感图像智能解译。E-mail: geyun@nchu.edu.cn
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1 Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition,Nanchang 330063,China
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1 图像处理与模式识别江西省重点实验室,南昌 330063
2 南昌航空大学软件学院,南昌 330063, bio={"content":"
吴梦奇,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为遥感目标检测。E-mail: 2316085405008@stu.nchu.edu.cn
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1 Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition,Nanchang 330063,China
2 School of Software,Nanchang Hangkong University,Nanchang 330063,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322961592400347873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, authorId=1322961591989306076, language=CN, stringName=陈金梁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=
1 图像处理与模式识别江西省重点实验室,南昌 330063
2 南昌航空大学软件学院,南昌 330063, bio={"content":"
陈金梁,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为遥感目标检测。E-mail: 2420085405335@stu.nchu.edu.cn
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陈金梁,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为遥感目标检测。E-mail: 2420085405335@stu.nchu.edu.cn
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1 Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition,Nanchang 330063,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961588239598277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, companyId=1322961588222821059, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 图像处理与模式识别江西省重点实验室,南昌 330063)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322961588587725510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961588596114119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, companyId=1322961588587725510, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 School of Software,Nanchang Hangkong University,Nanchang 330063,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961588612891336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, companyId=1322961588587725510, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 南昌航空大学软件学院,南昌 330063)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322961596556903151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Angle boundary discontinuity problem ((a) predicted bounding box at the boundary position;, figureFileSmall=L9EZ4gnzypU5jkz+cVk0Fg==, figureFileBig=NY19/RYGV2JJSAc3Mob0mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961596930196208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
角度边界不连续问题(b) predicted bounding box at a non-boundary position)
, figureFileSmall=L9EZ4gnzypU5jkz+cVk0Fg==, figureFileBig=NY19/RYGV2JJSAc3Mob0mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961599560024820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Comparison of targets with different aspect ratios on GDL, figureFileSmall=0G1qKGEnzPt6xxZr6LZ/6A==, figureFileBig=FYsKkJLu/9P2sS+NmRwDPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961599933317878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
不同宽高比目标在GDL上的对比, figureFileSmall=0G1qKGEnzPt6xxZr6LZ/6A==, figureFileBig=FYsKkJLu/9P2sS+NmRwDPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961600323388151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Oriented object detection framework with angular vector representation, figureFileSmall=6dJawwPZjcIxGM4Kiw4gnw==, figureFileBig=VZvt0jOJhuLT1Zo/+Im4DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961600403079929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
角度向量表示的定向目标检测框架, figureFileSmall=6dJawwPZjcIxGM4Kiw4gnw==, figureFileBig=VZvt0jOJhuLT1Zo/+Im4DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961600759595770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
The process of swapping the long side and the short side, figureFileSmall=tWEQAFUVfqd1q3fbL7X27g==, figureFileBig=Siez07mS9Pg9XL+iHwTceA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961600843481851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
长短边交换过程, figureFileSmall=tWEQAFUVfqd1q3fbL7X27g==, figureFileBig=Siez07mS9Pg9XL+iHwTceA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961601204191996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Comparison between discontinuous and continuous angular representation values, figureFileSmall=HI5ytWgaXCP8b85sOLyAFA==, figureFileBig=aq+YWA44pMEitVLgPgUhSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961603225846526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
角度非连续表示与连续表示值的比较, figureFileSmall=HI5ytWgaXCP8b85sOLyAFA==, figureFileBig=aq+YWA44pMEitVLgPgUhSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961603632694015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Continuous angular vector representation, figureFileSmall=TPdnOYyfk0XKTHIpaOdRmA==, figureFileBig=479Fl4gX0XjiawsipjEGgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961603729163008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
连续的角度向量表示, figureFileSmall=TPdnOYyfk0XKTHIpaOdRmA==, figureFileBig=479Fl4gX0XjiawsipjEGgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961604177953537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Comparison of detection accuracy for targets with different aspect ratios, figureFileSmall=G2NAJZwSTYC5OW6avgN7Ig==, figureFileBig=6SyEnkdtCzbGZoReGmiqww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961604517692162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
不同宽高比目标的检测精度比较, figureFileSmall=G2NAJZwSTYC5OW6avgN7Ig==, figureFileBig=6SyEnkdtCzbGZoReGmiqww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961604895179523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Comparison of detection results on the DOTA dataset, figureFileSmall=AhJbMij1Lfs1MWPnwKTDMA==, figureFileBig=wf38aq9Uz10JexVeRA1+Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961605289444100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
在DOTA数据集上检测结果的比较, figureFileSmall=AhJbMij1Lfs1MWPnwKTDMA==, figureFileBig=wf38aq9Uz10JexVeRA1+Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961605381718789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Ablation experiments of parameters wcir andwangle on the HRSC2016 dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| (wcir, wangle) | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| (0.05,0.05) | 86.20 | 70.60 | 58.39 |
| (0.05,0.10) | 87.30 | 70.80 | 59.94 |
| (0.05,0.15) | 86.50 | 70.40 | 58.52 |
| (0.05,0.20) | 86.10 | 70.50 | 57.60 |
| (0.10,0.10) | 86.70 | 71.60 | 59.40 |
| (0.15,0.10) | 86.20 | 69.90 | 57.29 |
| (-,0.10) | 86.90 | 71.50 | 57.81 |
| (0.05,-) | 86.90 | 71.00 | 58.97 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961605717263110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
HRSC2016数据集上参数wcir和wangle消融实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| (wcir, wangle) | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| (0.05,0.05) | 86.20 | 70.60 | 58.39 |
| (0.05,0.10) | 87.30 | 70.80 | 59.94 |
| (0.05,0.15) | 86.50 | 70.40 | 58.52 |
| (0.05,0.20) | 86.10 | 70.50 | 57.60 |
| (0.10,0.10) | 86.70 | 71.60 | 59.40 |
| (0.15,0.10) | 86.20 | 69.90 | 57.29 |
| (-,0.10) | 86.90 | 71.50 | 57.81 |
| (0.05,-) | 86.90 | 71.00 | 58.97 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961607415956232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Ablation experiments of aspect ratio thresholds ε on the DIOR-R dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| | AP50/% | AP75/% | mAP/% |
|---|
| 0.00 | 56.90 | 35.30 | 34.95 |
| 1.00 | 56.50 | 35.10 | 34.94 |
| 1.10 | 57.00 | 35.50 | 35.34 |
| 1.20 | 55.80 | 35.70 | 35.28 |
| 1.30 | 55.40 | 34.70 | 34.61 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961607499842313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
DIOR-R数据集上宽高比阈值消融实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| | AP50/% | AP75/% | mAP/% |
|---|
| 0.00 | 56.90 | 35.30 | 34.95 |
| 1.00 | 56.50 | 35.10 | 34.94 |
| 1.10 | 57.00 | 35.50 | 35.34 |
| 1.20 | 55.80 | 35.70 | 35.28 |
| 1.30 | 55.40 | 34.70 | 34.61 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961607944438538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Ablation experiments of hyperparameter β on the DIOR-R dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| β | AP50/% | AP75/% | mAP/% |
|---|
| 0 | 57.00 | 35.50 | 35.34 |
| 2 | 54.90 | 35.20 | 34.71 |
| 3 | 56.10 | 36.20 | 35.59 |
| 4 | 56.00 | 36.00 | 35.73 |
| 5 | 57.00 | 36.50 | 36.01 |
| 6 | 55.70 | 35.70 | 35.40 |
| 7 | 56.10 | 35.80 | 35.36 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961608355480331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
DIOR-R数据集上超参数β消融实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| β | AP50/% | AP75/% | mAP/% |
|---|
| 0 | 57.00 | 35.50 | 35.34 |
| 2 | 54.90 | 35.20 | 34.71 |
| 3 | 56.10 | 36.20 | 35.59 |
| 4 | 56.00 | 36.00 | 35.73 |
| 5 | 57.00 | 36.50 | 36.01 |
| 6 | 55.70 | 35.70 | 35.40 |
| 7 | 56.10 | 35.80 | 35.36 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961608745550604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Ablation experiments of shape awareness coefficient on the DIOR-R dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| 基准方法 | 56.47 | 34.40 | 34.72 |
| λ = 1.0 | 56.90 | 35.20 | 35.17 |
| λ = 1.5 | 56.50 | 35.40 | 34.87 |
| λ = 2.0 | 56.90 | 35.50 | 35.00 |
| 形状感知系数 | 57.00 | 35.50 | 35.34 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961609064317709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
DIOR-R数据集上形状感知系数消融实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| 基准方法 | 56.47 | 34.40 | 34.72 |
| λ = 1.0 | 56.90 | 35.20 | 35.17 |
| λ = 1.5 | 56.50 | 35.40 | 34.87 |
| λ = 2.0 | 56.90 | 35.50 | 35.00 |
| 形状感知系数 | 57.00 | 35.50 | 35.34 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961609139815182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Performance comparison of different GDL methods with AVDM and APBS on DOTA dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 损失 函数 | 基准方法 | AVDM(vs基准) | AVDM + APBS(vs AVDM) |
|---|
| AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| RetinaNet | GWD | 72.14 | 42.85 | 42.73 | 72.56(+0.42) | 45.94(+3.09) | 43.88(+1.15) | 71.97(-0.59) | 47.25(+1.31) | 44.33(+0.45) |
| KLD | 72.68 | 42.61 | 42.41 | 72.80(+0.12) | 44.65(+2.04) | 43.37(+0.96) | 72.13(-0.67) | 45.61(+0.96) | 43.45(+0.08) |
| KFIoU | 71.59 | 37.31 | 39.68 | 71.34(-0.25) | 41.01(+3.70) | 41.03(+1.35) | 71.03(-0.31) | 42.30(+1.29) | 41.40(+0.37) |
| FCOS | GWD | 71.99 | 44.42 | 43.32 | 72.51(+0.52) | 45.21(+0.79) | 43.91(+0.59) | 73.05(+0.54) | 44.55(-0.66) | 44.11(+0.20) |
| KLD | 71.41 | 41.71 | 41.41 | 73.17(+1.76) | 43.50(+1.79) | 42.90(+1.49) | 73.78(+0.61) | 44.25(+0.75) | 43.74(+0.84) |
| KFIoU | 72.23 | 36.08 | 40.06 | 72.77(+0.54) | 39.48(+3.40) | 40.68(+0.62) | 72.77(+0.00) | 40.90(+1.42) | 41.33(+0.65) |
| 平均值 | GDL | 72.01 | 40.83 | 41.60 | 72.53(+0.52) | 43.30(+2.47) | 42.63(+1.03) | 72.46(-0.07) | 44.14(+0.84) | 43.06(+0.43) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961609483748111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
不同GDL方法在DOTA数据集上应用AVDM和APBS的性能比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 损失 函数 | 基准方法 | AVDM(vs基准) | AVDM + APBS(vs AVDM) |
|---|
| AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| RetinaNet | GWD | 72.14 | 42.85 | 42.73 | 72.56(+0.42) | 45.94(+3.09) | 43.88(+1.15) | 71.97(-0.59) | 47.25(+1.31) | 44.33(+0.45) |
| KLD | 72.68 | 42.61 | 42.41 | 72.80(+0.12) | 44.65(+2.04) | 43.37(+0.96) | 72.13(-0.67) | 45.61(+0.96) | 43.45(+0.08) |
| KFIoU | 71.59 | 37.31 | 39.68 | 71.34(-0.25) | 41.01(+3.70) | 41.03(+1.35) | 71.03(-0.31) | 42.30(+1.29) | 41.40(+0.37) |
| FCOS | GWD | 71.99 | 44.42 | 43.32 | 72.51(+0.52) | 45.21(+0.79) | 43.91(+0.59) | 73.05(+0.54) | 44.55(-0.66) | 44.11(+0.20) |
| KLD | 71.41 | 41.71 | 41.41 | 73.17(+1.76) | 43.50(+1.79) | 42.90(+1.49) | 73.78(+0.61) | 44.25(+0.75) | 43.74(+0.84) |
| KFIoU | 72.23 | 36.08 | 40.06 | 72.77(+0.54) | 39.48(+3.40) | 40.68(+0.62) | 72.77(+0.00) | 40.90(+1.42) | 41.33(+0.65) |
| 平均值 | GDL | 72.01 | 40.83 | 41.60 | 72.53(+0.52) | 43.30(+2.47) | 42.63(+1.03) | 72.46(-0.07) | 44.14(+0.84) | 43.06(+0.43) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961609559245584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Performance comparison of different GDL methods with AVDM and APBS on DIOR-R dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 损失 函数 | 基准方法 | AVDM | AVDM + APBS |
|---|
| AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| RetinaNet | GWD | 56.48 | 35.49 | 35.61 | 56.20(-0.28) | 36.40(+0.91) | 36.05(+0.44) | 56.10(-0.10) | 37.10(+0.70) | 36.50(+0.45) |
| KLD | 56.47 | 34.40 | 34.72 | 57.00(+0.53) | 35.50(+1.10) | 35.34(+0.62) | 57.00(+0.00) | 36.50(+1.00) | 36.01(+0.67) |
| KFIoU | 58.74 | 31.13 | 32.86 | 59.60(+0.86) | 33.50(+2.37) | 34.09(+1.23) | 59.60(+0.00) | 33.90(+0.40) | 34.25(+0.16) |
| FCOS | GWD | 62.05 | 39.40 | 38.81 | 63.00(+0.95) | 40.70(+1.30) | 39.85(+1.04) | 62.70(-0.30) | 41.00(+0.30) | 39.92(+0.07) |
| KLD | 61.42 | 38.15 | 37.67 | 63.40(+1.98) | 39.10(+0.95) | 38.62(+0.95) | 63.20(-0.20) | 40.00(+0.90) | 38.87(+0.25) |
| KFIoU | 61.90 | 34.90 | 35.80 | 62.80(+0.90) | 36.50(+1.60) | 37.24(+1.44) | 63.10(+0.30) | 38.10(+1.60) | 37.84(+0.60) |
| 平均值 | GDL | 59.51 | 35.58 | 35.91 | 60.33(+0.82) | 36.95(+1.37) | 36.87(+0.95) | 60.28(-0.05) | 37.77(+0.82) | 37.23(+0.36) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961609911567121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
不同GDL方法在DIOR-R数据集上应用AVDM和APBS的性能比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 损失 函数 | 基准方法 | AVDM | AVDM + APBS |
|---|
| AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| RetinaNet | GWD | 56.48 | 35.49 | 35.61 | 56.20(-0.28) | 36.40(+0.91) | 36.05(+0.44) | 56.10(-0.10) | 37.10(+0.70) | 36.50(+0.45) |
| KLD | 56.47 | 34.40 | 34.72 | 57.00(+0.53) | 35.50(+1.10) | 35.34(+0.62) | 57.00(+0.00) | 36.50(+1.00) | 36.01(+0.67) |
| KFIoU | 58.74 | 31.13 | 32.86 | 59.60(+0.86) | 33.50(+2.37) | 34.09(+1.23) | 59.60(+0.00) | 33.90(+0.40) | 34.25(+0.16) |
| FCOS | GWD | 62.05 | 39.40 | 38.81 | 63.00(+0.95) | 40.70(+1.30) | 39.85(+1.04) | 62.70(-0.30) | 41.00(+0.30) | 39.92(+0.07) |
| KLD | 61.42 | 38.15 | 37.67 | 63.40(+1.98) | 39.10(+0.95) | 38.62(+0.95) | 63.20(-0.20) | 40.00(+0.90) | 38.87(+0.25) |
| KFIoU | 61.90 | 34.90 | 35.80 | 62.80(+0.90) | 36.50(+1.60) | 37.24(+1.44) | 63.10(+0.30) | 38.10(+1.60) | 37.84(+0.60) |
| 平均值 | GDL | 59.51 | 35.58 | 35.91 | 60.33(+0.82) | 36.95(+1.37) | 36.87(+0.95) | 60.28(-0.05) | 37.77(+0.82) | 37.23(+0.36) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961610347774738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Performance comparison of different GDL methods with AVDM and APBS on HRSC2016 dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 损失 函数 | 基准方法 | AVDM | AVDM + APBS |
|---|
| AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| RetinaNet | GWD | 85.74 | 62.27 | 55.96 | 86.30(+0.56) | 69.70(+7.43) | 57.49(+1.53) | 87.10(+0.80) | 69.10(-0.60) | 58.94(+1.45) |
| KLD | 86.39 | 62.90 | 56.14 | 87.30(+0.91) | 70.80(+7.90) | 59.94(+3.80) | 87.40(+0.10) | 71.60(+0.80) | 59.59(-0.35) |
| KFIoU | 84.64 | 61.38 | 54.52 | 86.00(+1.36) | 69.40(+8.02) | 57.39(+2.87) | 85.90(-0.10) | 70.40(+1.00) | 58.29(+0.90) |
| FCOS | GWD | 88.68 | 74.63 | 61.41 | 89.90(+1.22) | 78.30(+3.67) | 67.71(+6.30) | 89.90(+0.00) | 78.50(+0.20) | 67.59(-0.12) |
| KLD | 89.16 | 73.51 | 61.18 | 90.00(+0.84) | 77.90(+4.39) | 66.95(+5.77) | 90.00(+0.00) | 78.60(+0.70) | 67.49(+0.54) |
| KFIoU | 89.20 | 75.10 | 62.33 | 89.80(+0.60) | 77.50(+2.40) | 65.21(+2.88) | 89.80(+0.00) | 78.00(+0.50) | 65.74(+0.53) |
| 平均值 | GDL | 87.30 | 68.30 | 58.59 | 88.22(+0.92) | 73.93(+5.63) | 62.45(+3.86) | 88.35(+0.13) | 74.37(+0.44) | 62.94(+0.49) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961612042273555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
不同GDL方法在HRSC2016数据集上应用AVDM和APBS的性能比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 损失 函数 | 基准方法 | AVDM | AVDM + APBS |
|---|
| AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| RetinaNet | GWD | 85.74 | 62.27 | 55.96 | 86.30(+0.56) | 69.70(+7.43) | 57.49(+1.53) | 87.10(+0.80) | 69.10(-0.60) | 58.94(+1.45) |
| KLD | 86.39 | 62.90 | 56.14 | 87.30(+0.91) | 70.80(+7.90) | 59.94(+3.80) | 87.40(+0.10) | 71.60(+0.80) | 59.59(-0.35) |
| KFIoU | 84.64 | 61.38 | 54.52 | 86.00(+1.36) | 69.40(+8.02) | 57.39(+2.87) | 85.90(-0.10) | 70.40(+1.00) | 58.29(+0.90) |
| FCOS | GWD | 88.68 | 74.63 | 61.41 | 89.90(+1.22) | 78.30(+3.67) | 67.71(+6.30) | 89.90(+0.00) | 78.50(+0.20) | 67.59(-0.12) |
| KLD | 89.16 | 73.51 | 61.18 | 90.00(+0.84) | 77.90(+4.39) | 66.95(+5.77) | 90.00(+0.00) | 78.60(+0.70) | 67.49(+0.54) |
| KFIoU | 89.20 | 75.10 | 62.33 | 89.80(+0.60) | 77.50(+2.40) | 65.21(+2.88) | 89.80(+0.00) | 78.00(+0.50) | 65.74(+0.53) |
| 平均值 | GDL | 87.30 | 68.30 | 58.59 | 88.22(+0.92) | 73.93(+5.63) | 62.45(+3.86) | 88.35(+0.13) | 74.37(+0.44) | 62.94(+0.49) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961612470092564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=
Experimental results of RotatedIoU loss on DIOR-R dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| 基准方法 | 56.30 | 35.70 | 35.75 |
| AVDM | 56.60(+0.30) | 36.50(+0.80) | 36.46(+0.71) |
| AVDM + APBS | 56.40(-0.20) | 36.40(-0.10) | 36.48(+0.02) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961613258621717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
RotatedIoU损失在DIOR-R数据集上的实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | AP50 | AP75 | mAP |
|---|
| 基准方法 | 56.30 | 35.70 | 35.75 |
| AVDM | 56.60(+0.30) | 36.50(+0.80) | 36.46(+0.71) |
| AVDM + APBS | 56.40(-0.20) | 36.40(-0.10) | 36.48(+0.02) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961613342507798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=
Accuracy comparison with current state-of-the-art methods on DOTA dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 网络 | AP50/% |
|---|
| 飞机 | 棒球场 | 桥梁 | 田径场 | 小型车辆 | 大型车辆 | 船舶 | 网球场 |
|---|
| Mask OBB | R-50-FPN | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| PSCD-KLD | R-50-FPN | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| PSCD | R-50-FPN | 88.04 | 73.95 | 48.83 | 63.44 | 80.01 | 80.75 | 87.58 | 90.88 |
| RsDet | R-50-FPN | 89.30 | 82.70 | 47.70 | 63.90 | 66.80 | 62.00 | 67.30 | 90.80 |
| CSL | R-50-FPN | 88.24 | 74.87 | 41.27 | 61.03 | 79.52 | 78.35 | 87.19 | 90.88 |
| CenterMap | R-50-FPN | 88.88 | 81.24 | 53.15 | 60.65 | 78.62 | 66.55 | 78.10 | 88.83 |
| CTFC | R-50-FPN | 88.52 | 78.24 | 50.68 | 60.97 | 80.32 | 80.40 | 87.57 | 90.90 |
| ABFL | R-50-FPN | 89.05 | 83.09 | 48.20 | 63.38 | 79.06 | 77.48 | 86.06 | 90.89 |
| JCPB(本文) | R-50-FPN | 88.77 | 78.37 | 49.65 | 61.24 | 80.24 | 79.79 | 87.67 | 90.90 |
| JCPB(本文) | SwinT-FPN | 88.65 | 81.90 | 50.48 | 62.15 | 80.58 | 81.86 | 87.67 | 90.88 |
| 方法 | 网络 | AP50/% | |
|---|
| 篮球场 | 储罐 | 足球场 | 环岛 | 港口 | 游泳池 | 直升机 | mAP |
|---|
| Mask OBB | R-50-FPN | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 71.43 |
| PSCD-KLD | R-50-FPN | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 72.32 |
| PSCD | R-50-FPN | 81.69 | 67.23 | 58.70 | 60.26 | 65.67 | 71.11 | 53.06 | 71.41 |
| RsDet | R-50-FPN | 85.30 | 82.40 | 62.30 | 62.40 | 65.70 | 68.60 | 64.60 | 70.80 |
| CSL | R-50-FPN | 81.50 | 84.53 | 54.70 | 62.65 | 62.84 | 68.45 | 46.50 | 70.83 |
| CenterMap | R-50-FPN | 77.80 | 83.61 | 49.36 | 66.19 | 72.10 | 72.36 | 58.70 | 71.74 |
| CTFC | R-50-FPN | 83.66 | 76.13 | 56.23 | 60.11 | 66.29 | 69.80 | 50.78 | 72.40 |
| ABFL | R-50-FPN | 82.24 | 84.60 | 56.66 | 66.13 | 64.75 | 69.82 | 54.33 | 73.01 |
| JCPB(本文) | R-50-FPN | 84.79 | 84.99 | 58.57 | 67.97 | 66.18 | 70.55 | 57.06 | 73.78 |
| JCPB(本文) | SwinT-FPN | 86.80 | 86.65 | 60.98 | 65.62 | 68.88 | 73.64 | 54.93 | 74.71 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961613745160983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表9, caption=
在DOTA数据集上与当前主流方法的精度对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 网络 | AP50/% |
|---|
| 飞机 | 棒球场 | 桥梁 | 田径场 | 小型车辆 | 大型车辆 | 船舶 | 网球场 |
|---|
| Mask OBB | R-50-FPN | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| PSCD-KLD | R-50-FPN | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| PSCD | R-50-FPN | 88.04 | 73.95 | 48.83 | 63.44 | 80.01 | 80.75 | 87.58 | 90.88 |
| RsDet | R-50-FPN | 89.30 | 82.70 | 47.70 | 63.90 | 66.80 | 62.00 | 67.30 | 90.80 |
| CSL | R-50-FPN | 88.24 | 74.87 | 41.27 | 61.03 | 79.52 | 78.35 | 87.19 | 90.88 |
| CenterMap | R-50-FPN | 88.88 | 81.24 | 53.15 | 60.65 | 78.62 | 66.55 | 78.10 | 88.83 |
| CTFC | R-50-FPN | 88.52 | 78.24 | 50.68 | 60.97 | 80.32 | 80.40 | 87.57 | 90.90 |
| ABFL | R-50-FPN | 89.05 | 83.09 | 48.20 | 63.38 | 79.06 | 77.48 | 86.06 | 90.89 |
| JCPB(本文) | R-50-FPN | 88.77 | 78.37 | 49.65 | 61.24 | 80.24 | 79.79 | 87.67 | 90.90 |
| JCPB(本文) | SwinT-FPN | 88.65 | 81.90 | 50.48 | 62.15 | 80.58 | 81.86 | 87.67 | 90.88 |
| 方法 | 网络 | AP50/% | |
|---|
| 篮球场 | 储罐 | 足球场 | 环岛 | 港口 | 游泳池 | 直升机 | mAP |
|---|
| Mask OBB | R-50-FPN | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 71.43 |
| PSCD-KLD | R-50-FPN | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 72.32 |
| PSCD | R-50-FPN | 81.69 | 67.23 | 58.70 | 60.26 | 65.67 | 71.11 | 53.06 | 71.41 |
| RsDet | R-50-FPN | 85.30 | 82.40 | 62.30 | 62.40 | 65.70 | 68.60 | 64.60 | 70.80 |
| CSL | R-50-FPN | 81.50 | 84.53 | 54.70 | 62.65 | 62.84 | 68.45 | 46.50 | 70.83 |
| CenterMap | R-50-FPN | 77.80 | 83.61 | 49.36 | 66.19 | 72.10 | 72.36 | 58.70 | 71.74 |
| CTFC | R-50-FPN | 83.66 | 76.13 | 56.23 | 60.11 | 66.29 | 69.80 | 50.78 | 72.40 |
| ABFL | R-50-FPN | 82.24 | 84.60 | 56.66 | 66.13 | 64.75 | 69.82 | 54.33 | 73.01 |
| JCPB(本文) | R-50-FPN | 84.79 | 84.99 | 58.57 | 67.97 | 66.18 | 70.55 | 57.06 | 73.78 |
| JCPB(本文) | SwinT-FPN | 86.80 | 86.65 | 60.98 | 65.62 | 68.88 | 73.64 | 54.93 | 74.71 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961614122648344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=
Comparison of GFLOPs and parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | GFLOPs | 参数量/M |
|---|
| RetinaNet | 215.92 | 36.42 |
| +CSL(ω = 4) | 236.29(+20.37) | 37.35(+0.93) |
| +CSL(ω = 1) | 297.41(+81.49) | 40.15(+3.73) |
| +PSC | 217.27(+1.35) | 36.48(+0.06) |
| +PSCD | 218.63(+2.71) | 36.54(+0.12) |
| +AVDM | 216.82(+0.90) | 36.46(+0.04) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961614521107225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961572603232940, language=CN, label=表10, caption=
计算复杂度和参数量的比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | GFLOPs | 参数量/M |
|---|
| RetinaNet | 215.92 | 36.42 |
| +CSL(ω = 4) | 236.29(+20.37) | 37.35(+0.93) |
| +CSL(ω = 1) | 297.41(+81.49) | 40.15(+3.73) |
| +PSC | 217.27(+1.35) | 36.48(+0.06) |
| +PSCD | 218.63(+2.71) | 36.54(+0.12) |
| +AVDM | 216.82(+0.90) | 36.46(+0.04) |
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