Article(id=1322961495847477628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.260214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1776268800000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-16, revisedDate=1779120000000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348200046, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789488000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348200046, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348200046, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348200046, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322961355078246774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='9', pageStart='3075', pageEnd='3440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789488000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348166484, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348617535, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963246994555810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963246998750115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3266, endPage=3277, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322961499542659453, articleId=1322961495847477628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Time-difference-guided network for hyperspectral image change detection, columnId=1322961355891941751, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=The intelligent empowerment of large models in the aviation field, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Hyperspectral images (HSIs) capture reflectance values across hundreds of contiguous spectral bands at each spatial location,thus facilitating the precise discrimination of materials with subtle spectral differences by generating rich spectral-spatial information. This high spectral resolution makes HSIs particularly valuable for many application,such as environmental monitoring,land cover mapping,precision agriculture,and change detection (CD) applications. CD in multitemporal HSIs aims to identify meaningful surface alterations by comparing images of the same scene acquired at different times. Nowadays,accurate HSI-CD plays a critical role in ecological monitoring,urban expansion analysis,and disaster assessment. However,this task faces significant challenges,including high dimensionality,spectral redundancy,spatial heterogeneity,and the difficulty of effectively integrating spatial,spectral,and temporal features. Traditional methods like change vector analysis (CVA),principal component analysis (PCA),and multivariate alteration detection (MAD),rely on hand-crafted features and empirical thresholding. Despite being computationally efficient,these approaches are sensitive to noise,illumination variations,and atmospheric effects. Deep learning methods,particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs),have demonstrated superior performance by automatically learning hierarchical features. While most CNN-based frameworks adopt dual-branch Siamese architectures,they still struggle to capture long-range dependencies and explicit temporal dynamics.
Method To address the abovementioned limitations,a novel time-difference-guided network (TDG-Net) is introduced in this paper. The proposed method employs a Siamese architecture with Vision Mamba as the feature extraction backbone to efficiently capture long-range spatial dependencies with linear computational complexity. Two core components are integrated: the time storage module (TSM) and the temporal difference guidance strategy. Bitemporal HSIs are first fed into the dual-branch Vision Mamba backbone to extract multilevel spatial-spectral features. Then,the TSM performs sequential temporal modeling on these features,using a simplified long short-term memory (sLSTM). To reduce computational cost,spectral compression via 1 × 1 convolution and spatial down-sampling via max pooling are applied before feeding features into the sLSTM. The sLSTM generates explicit temporal difference representations. The temporal difference guidance strategy then converts these low-resolution difference features into spatial attention weights through bilinear up-sampling and ReLU activation. These weights are then fed back to the dual-branch network via residual connections,adaptively emphasizing change-relevant regions and suppressing unchanged areas at each hierarchical level. Finally,to produce the binary change detection map,the enhanced multilevel features are fused and passed to the classification head. To mitigate severe class imbalance,Dice loss is employed instead of conventional cross-entropy loss,directly optimizing the overlap between predicted and ground-truth change regions. Compared with recent Mamba-based methods,the core distinction of TDG-Net lies in its explicit modeling and hierarchical guidance of temporal differences across multiple feature levels via a lightweight TSM and residual feedback,rather than relying primarily on high-level implicit fusion.
Result Comprehensive experiments are conducted on three widely used benchmark hyperspectral datasets: River,Farmland,and Hermiston. All experiments are implemented on an NVIDIA RTX 3090 GPU using TensorFlow-GPU 2.5.0. Performance is then evaluated using overall accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient,with results averaged over 10 independent runs. Ablation studies confirm the significant contributions of the TSM and temporal difference guidance strategy. Comparative experiments against state-of-the-art methods demonstrate that TDG-Net consistently outperforms all competitors. On the River dataset,TDG-Net achieves an OA of 96.54% and a Kappa of 78.51%. On the Hermiston dataset,it reaches an OA of 98.21% and a Kappa of 91.79%. On the Farmland dataset,it attains an OA of 95.87% and a Kappa of 90.11%. Additional analyses on model complexity show that TDG-Net maintains competitive parameter count,floating point operations (FLOPs),and inference time while achieving superior accuracy.
Conclusion The proposed TDG-Net effectively addresses the key limitations of existing HIS CD methods by explicitly modeling temporal differences at multiple hierarchical levels and guiding feature learning with adaptive attention. Furthermore,by integrating a lightweight TSM based on simplified LSTM and a temporal difference guidance strategy within a Vision Mamba backbone,the method captures rich spatial-spectral-temporal dynamics while effectively suppressing pseudo-changes. The introduction of Dice loss further alleviates the severe class imbalance problem. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate that TDG-Net achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of quantitative metrics and visual quality,exhibiting strong robustness and generalization in complex scenarios. Additionally,compared with existing Mamba-based methods,such as SAVDGN and CDMamba,which primarily rely on implicit high-level fusion,TDG-Net explicitly models and hierarchically guides temporal differences across multiple feature levels through a lightweight TSM and residual feedback mechanism,thus achieving more fine-grained change representation.
, authors=Chen Ding1
, *, Jingbo Zhang1, Xiaofeng Hao1, Sirui Zheng1, Song Yan2, authorsList=Chen Ding, Jingbo Zhang, Xiaofeng Hao, Sirui Zheng, Song Yan, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chen Ding, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322961507553780105, articleId=1322961495847477628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=时间差引导的高光谱图像变化检测网络, columnId=1322961356168765817, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=大模型在航空领域的智慧赋能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 高光谱图像变化检测在环境监测、土地利用分析及灾害评估等领域具有重要应用价值。然而,现有深度学习方法多在高层或决策阶段进行特征比较,难以充分利用多层级时间差异信息,导致细微变化难以准确捕获,限制检测精度。针对上述问题,本文提出时间差引导网络(time-difference-guided network,TDG-Net)。
方法 以Vision Mamba为主干构建孪生架构,设计时间存储器模块(time storage module,TSM),基于简化长短期记忆网络(simplified long short-term memory,sLSTM)对双时相高光谱图像多层特征进行时序建模,提取显式时间差特征;进一步通过时域差引导策略将时间差信息转化为空间注意力权重,并以残差方式反馈至多层特征提取网络,实现对变化区域的强化与未变化区域的抑制。同时引入Dice损失函数缓解类别不平衡问题。与近年Mamba-based方法相比,本文核心区别在于通过轻量LSTM在多层级显式建模并引导时间差,而非仅在高层隐式融合。
结果 在River、Farmland和Hermiston数据集上,所提方法在总体精度(overall accuracy,OA)和Kappa系数上均优于CVA(change vector analysis)及自监督高光谱空间—光谱特征方法。其中,在River数据集上OA为96.54%、Kappa为78.51%;在Farmland数据集上分别为95.87%、90.11%;在Hermiston数据集上分别为98.21%、91.79%。消融实验表明TSM与时域差引导策略均带来性能的显著提升。
结论 本文通过显式多层级时间差建模与层次化引导,有效提升高光谱变化检测精度与鲁棒性,在复杂场景下具备良好泛化能力。
, authors=丁晨1
, *, 张景博1, 郝小锋1, 郑思睿1, 闫松2, authorsList=丁晨, 张景博, 郝小锋, 郑思睿, 闫松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=丁晨, authorNote=
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1 School of Computer Science and Technology,Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications,Xi’an 710121,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322961509151809941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, authorId=1322961508845625745, language=CN, stringName=丁晨, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1
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丁晨,男,副教授,主要研究方向为图像处理、机器学习和模式识别。E-mail:dingchen@xupt.edu.cn
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张景博,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为遥感图像处理。E-mail:zjb@stu.xupt.edu.cn
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闫松,男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为计算机视觉与光学故障诊断研究。E-mail:ys060599@126.com
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10.1080/01431161.2024.2321469], articleTitle=Hyperspectral image change detection based on an improved multi-scale and spectral-wise transformer, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322961521336263118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(62472350), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322961521399177679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(62472350), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322961508388446602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961508401029515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, companyId=1322961508388446602, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 School of Computer Science and Technology,Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications,Xi’an 710121,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961508409418124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, companyId=1322961508388446602, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 西安邮电大学计算机学院,西安 710121)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322961508740768141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961508749156750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, companyId=1322961508740768141, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute,Xi’an 710100,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961508753351055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, companyId=1322961508740768141, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 西安航天动力研究所,西安 710100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322961516357624246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Overall framework of the proposed time-difference-guided network (TDG-Net), figureFileSmall=4KFCK9K6G2gk9C6ENwlxbA==, figureFileBig=SEV0Zevo/j+PCXa8TT5ySg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961516412150199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
时间差异引导网络整体框架图, figureFileSmall=4KFCK9K6G2gk9C6ENwlxbA==, figureFileBig=SEV0Zevo/j+PCXa8TT5ySg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961516818997688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic diagram of the time storage module((a)input bitemporal features;, figureFileSmall=xk0vh5d53wUxoghRxfUmEQ==, figureFileBig=sGkqlF0oo92ICyQEBLcWqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961516873523641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
时间存储器模块示意图(b)preprocessing layer;(c)sLSTM subnetwork;(d)output layer)
, figureFileSmall=xk0vh5d53wUxoghRxfUmEQ==, figureFileBig=sGkqlF0oo92ICyQEBLcWqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961517112598970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Binary classification maps of different methods on the River dataset ((a) CVA;(b) SSMIF;(c) HyperNet;(d) 2DCNN;, figureFileSmall=OVfr9RoeAb3hujXTYnIyQg==, figureFileBig=We1Jc3ueEZQSVPHooSpycw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961517175513531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
在River数据集上不同方法的二分类图(e) GETNET;(f) ML-EDAN;(g) CSANet;(h) SST-Former;(i) TDG-Net (ours);(j) ground truth)
, figureFileSmall=OVfr9RoeAb3hujXTYnIyQg==, figureFileBig=We1Jc3ueEZQSVPHooSpycw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961517242622396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Binary classification maps of different methods on the Hermiston dataset ((a) CVA;(b) SSMIF;(c) HyperNet;(d) 2DCNN;(e) GETNET;(f) ML-EDAN;(g) CSANet;(h) SST-Former;(i) TDG-Net (ours);(j) ground truth), figureFileSmall=XT21/Vj4cUFSdFzxF9NpPA==, figureFileBig=4h5TatoihufqAyMatSFzXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961517536223677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
在Hermiston数据集上不同方法的二分类图, figureFileSmall=XT21/Vj4cUFSdFzxF9NpPA==, figureFileBig=4h5TatoihufqAyMatSFzXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961517603332542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Binary classification maps of different methods on the Farmland dataset ((a) CVA;(b) SSMIF;(c) HyperNet;(d) 2DCNN;(e) GETNET;(f) ML-EDAN;(g) CSANet;(h) SST-Former;(i) TDG-Net (ours);(j) ground truth), figureFileSmall=z6pXYvFVK6V+QcWK+Kd+JA==, figureFileBig=2XpZXbiN38q49AhpLF92vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961517666247103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
在Farmland数据集上不同方法的二分类图, figureFileSmall=z6pXYvFVK6V+QcWK+Kd+JA==, figureFileBig=2XpZXbiN38q49AhpLF92vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961517964042688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Quantitative comparison of different methods on three datasets, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | River | Hermiston | Farmland |
|---|
| OA | Kappa | OA | Kappa | OA | Kappa |
|---|
| CVA | 85.73 | 42.72 | 94.54 | 83.86 | 75.23 | 45.62 |
| SSMIF | 95.83 | 75.68 | 96.32 | 86.89 | 94.58 | 87.01 |
| HyperNet | 94.97 | 70.95 | 93.96 | 82.21 | 90.70 | 76.83 |
| 2DCNN | 95.17 | 73.17 | 96.00 | 88.27 | 92.54 | 83.20 |
| GETNET | 95.34 | 74.28 | 96.56 | 90.18 | 93.97 | 86.37 |
| ML-EDAN | 95.55 | 73.51 | 96.03 | 90.21 | 93.37 | 85.06 |
| CSANet | 95.76 | 74.49 | 95.92 | 88.03 | 93.82 | 83.25 |
| SST-Former | 96.14 | 77.50 | 97.41 | 91.76 | 94.02 | 85.20 |
| 本文 | 96.54 | 78.51 | 98.21 | 91.79 | 95.87 | 90.11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961518031151553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同方法在3个数据集上的检测精度对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | River | Hermiston | Farmland |
|---|
| OA | Kappa | OA | Kappa | OA | Kappa |
|---|
| CVA | 85.73 | 42.72 | 94.54 | 83.86 | 75.23 | 45.62 |
| SSMIF | 95.83 | 75.68 | 96.32 | 86.89 | 94.58 | 87.01 |
| HyperNet | 94.97 | 70.95 | 93.96 | 82.21 | 90.70 | 76.83 |
| 2DCNN | 95.17 | 73.17 | 96.00 | 88.27 | 92.54 | 83.20 |
| GETNET | 95.34 | 74.28 | 96.56 | 90.18 | 93.97 | 86.37 |
| ML-EDAN | 95.55 | 73.51 | 96.03 | 90.21 | 93.37 | 85.06 |
| CSANet | 95.76 | 74.49 | 95.92 | 88.03 | 93.82 | 83.25 |
| SST-Former | 96.14 | 77.50 | 97.41 | 91.76 | 94.02 | 85.20 |
| 本文 | 96.54 | 78.51 | 98.21 | 91.79 | 95.87 | 90.11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961518106649026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Results of ablation experiments on three datasets, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 时间存储器模块 | 时域差引导策略 | River | Farmland | Hermiston |
|---|
| OA | Kappa | OA | Kappa | OA | Kappa |
|---|
| 1 | × | × | 93.13 | 50.21 | 91.14 | 81.66 | 95.32 | 78.21 |
| 2 | √ | × | 95.31 | 70.92 | 94.67 | 86.55 | 97.52 | 90.42 |
| 3 | × | √ | 94.87 | 65.35 | 93.21 | 84.29 | 96.32 | 85.31 |
| 4 | √ | √ | 96.54 | 78.51 | 95.87 | 90.11 | 98.21 | 91.79 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961518362501571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
3个数据集上消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 时间存储器模块 | 时域差引导策略 | River | Farmland | Hermiston |
|---|
| OA | Kappa | OA | Kappa | OA | Kappa |
|---|
| 1 | × | × | 93.13 | 50.21 | 91.14 | 81.66 | 95.32 | 78.21 |
| 2 | √ | × | 95.31 | 70.92 | 94.67 | 86.55 | 97.52 | 90.42 |
| 3 | × | √ | 94.87 | 65.35 | 93.21 | 84.29 | 96.32 | 85.31 |
| 4 | √ | √ | 96.54 | 78.51 | 95.87 | 90.11 | 98.21 | 91.79 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961520044417476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of model complexity and inference efficiency of different methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | Params/M | FLOPs/G | 推理时间/ms |
|---|
| CVA | - | - | 3.2 |
| SSMIF | 2.15 | 5.84 | 14.7 |
| HyperNet | 3.42 | 8.63 | 19.5 |
| 2DCNN | 1.87 | 4.25 | 11.8 |
| GETNET | 2.96 | 7.41 | 16.2 |
| ML-EDAN | 5.28 | 13.76 | 27.4 |
| CSANet | 6.14 | 15.83 | 29.1 |
| SST-Former | 8.37 | 22.45 | 36.8 |
| 本文 | 4.12 | 10.37 | 18.6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961520111526341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同方法的模型复杂度与推理效率对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | Params/M | FLOPs/G | 推理时间/ms |
|---|
| CVA | - | - | 3.2 |
| SSMIF | 2.15 | 5.84 | 14.7 |
| HyperNet | 3.42 | 8.63 | 19.5 |
| 2DCNN | 1.87 | 4.25 | 11.8 |
| GETNET | 2.96 | 7.41 | 16.2 |
| ML-EDAN | 5.28 | 13.76 | 27.4 |
| CSANet | 6.14 | 15.83 | 29.1 |
| SST-Former | 8.37 | 22.45 | 36.8 |
| 本文 | 4.12 | 10.37 | 18.6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961520182829510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Sensitivity analysis under different learning rates, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 学习率 | OA/% | Kappa/% |
|---|
| 1 × 10⁻³ | 96.84 | 88.21 |
| 5 × 10⁻⁴ | 97.56 | 89.74 |
| 1 × 10⁻⁴ | 98.21 | 91.79 |
| 1 × 10⁻⁵ | 97.31 | 89.18 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961520463847879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
不同学习率下的敏感性分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 学习率 | OA/% | Kappa/% |
|---|
| 1 × 10⁻³ | 96.84 | 88.21 |
| 5 × 10⁻⁴ | 97.56 | 89.74 |
| 1 × 10⁻⁴ | 98.21 | 91.79 |
| 1 × 10⁻⁵ | 97.31 | 89.18 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961520526762440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Sensitivity analysis under different pooling sizes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 池化大小 | OA/% | Kappa/% |
|---|
| 1 × 1 | 97.42 | 89.63 |
| 2 × 2 | 98.21 | 91.79 |
| 3 × 3 | 97.68 | 90.12 |
| 4 × 4 | 96.95 | 88.57 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961520577094089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
不同池化大小下的敏感性分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 池化大小 | OA/% | Kappa/% |
|---|
| 1 × 1 | 97.42 | 89.63 |
| 2 × 2 | 98.21 | 91.79 |
| 3 × 3 | 97.68 | 90.12 |
| 4 × 4 | 96.95 | 88.57 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961520644202954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Sensitivity analysis under different channel configurations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 通道数配置 | Params/M | FLOPs/G | OA/% | Kappa/% |
|---|
| 4/8/16/32 | 2.31 | 6.42 | 97.26 | 89.04 |
| 8/16/32/64 | 4.12 | 10.37 | 98.21 | 91.79 |
| 16/32/64/128 | 8.35 | 21.64 | 98.34 | 91.96 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961520929415627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
不同通道数配置下的敏感性分析
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 通道数配置 | Params/M | FLOPs/G | OA/% | Kappa/% |
|---|
| 4/8/16/32 | 2.31 | 6.42 | 97.26 | 89.04 |
| 8/16/32/64 | 4.12 | 10.37 | 98.21 | 91.79 |
| 16/32/64/128 | 8.35 | 21.64 | 98.34 | 91.96 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961521000718796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Robustness analysis under different noise levels, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 高斯噪声方差 | OA/% | Kappa/% |
|---|
| 0 | 98.21 | 91.79 |
| 0.01 | 97.84 | 91.02 |
| 0.03 | 97.26 | 89.85 |
| 0.05 | 96.71 | 88.63 |
| 0.1 | 95.88 | 86.94 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961521063633357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961495847477628, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
不同噪声水平下的鲁棒性分析
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| 高斯噪声方差 | OA/% | Kappa/% |
|---|
| 0 | 98.21 | 91.79 |
| 0.01 | 97.84 | 91.02 |
| 0.03 | 97.26 | 89.85 |
| 0.05 | 96.71 | 88.63 |
| 0.1 | 95.88 | 86.94 |
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