Article(id=1322961476620792606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.260171, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1776009600000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-13, revisedDate=1780329600000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348195461, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789488000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348195461, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348195461, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348195461, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322961355078246774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='9', pageStart='3075', pageEnd='3440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789488000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348166484, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348617535, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963246994555810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963246998750115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3293, endPage=3307, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322961476805341984, articleId=1322961476620792606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Bi-temporal feature enhancement-guided multi-relational difference coupling for remote sensing change captioning, columnId=1322961355891941751, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=The intelligent empowerment of large models in the aviation field, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Remote sensing change captioning (RSCC) aims to automatically generate natural language descriptions for changes that occur between remote sensing images acquired over the same geographic region. Unlike traditional change detection,which mainly focuses on determining whether changes occur and where they are located,RSCC further requires the model to understand the semantic category,spatial position,and transformation relationship of changed objects. As a result,RSCC becomes a challenging task that integrates visual change perception,bitemporal feature interaction,and language generation. Thus far,existing methods have made considerable progress by introducing attention mechanisms,Transformer-based structures,and generative modeling strategies. However,several problems remain. First,the deep features extracted by visual backbones usually contain a large amount of unchanged background information,while the truly changed regions occupy only a small portion of the image. As a result,key changed regions and discriminative semantic channels may not be sufficiently highlighted before difference modeling. Second,the relationship between bitemporal features is not limited to simple subtraction. The original pre- and post-change features,change magnitudes,multiplicative interactions,and semantic similarities may all contribute to change understanding. Directly relying on a single difference representation or simple feature concatenation may be insufficient to describe complex changes. Third,some recent methods have been shown to achieve better performance by increasing model complexity,but the balance between captioning performance and model size remains important for practical remote sensing applications. To address the abovementioned problems,this paper proposes an RSCC framework guided by bitemporal feature enhancement and multirelation difference coupling.
Method The proposed framework follows an encoder-decoder structure. RemoteCLIP-RN50,which is a RemoteCLIP with a residual network-50 backbone,is adopted as the shared visual feature extractor to encode pre- and post-change remote sensing images. The two temporal images are processed by the same backbone to ensure that their visual features are represented in a unified semantic space. After feature extraction,a bitemporal spatial-channel enhancement (BSCE) strategy is introduced before difference modeling. The BSCE strategy then performs channel enhancement and spatial enhancement on the features of both temporal images. Channel enhancement uses global contextual information to recalibrate semantic channels,thereby allowing channels related to changed objects to obtain stronger responses. Spatial enhancement further emphasizes local regions with change potential and suppresses irrelevant background responses. In this way,the enhanced bitemporal features provide clearer and more discriminative inputs for subsequent difference modeling. On this basis,a multirelation difference coupling (MRDC) unit is constructed. Instead of using only simple subtraction,MRDC jointly models the original bitemporal features,absolute difference,multiplicative interaction,and cosine similarity. Here,absolute difference represents local change magnitude between the two temporal features. Multiplicative interaction captures coresponse and feature interaction between the two temporal images. Cosine similarity describes semantic consistency between corresponding spatial positions. These complementary relationships are concatenated and compressed through feature fusion layers to obtain a compact visual change representation. The fused feature map is then flattened into a visual memory sequence. Finally,a Transformer-based text decoder is employed to generate change captions autoregressively. During training,the model is optimized using cross-entropy loss under the teacher-forcing strategy. During inference,greedy search is adopted to generate the final change description.
Result Experiments on the LEVIR-CC dataset reveal that the proposed method achieves 83.62% in BLEU-1,60.22% in BLEU-4,64.94% in ROUGE-L,and 128.58% in CIDEr,with BLEU-1 and CIDEr outperforming the comparison methods. Meanwhile,the proposed method contains 41.50 M parameters—a value that is lower than several classic and recent representative methods,demonstrating a favorable balance between performance and model complexity. Additional experiments on the DUBAI-CC dataset show that the proposed method achieves 63.75% in BLEU-1,34.14% in BLEU-4,56.62% in ROUGE-L,and 90.09% in CIDEr. The best performance is obtained in BLEU-4,ROUGE-L,and CIDEr,thus indicating its applicability across different datasets. Ablation studies demonstrate that both the bitemporal feature enhancement strategy and the MRDC unit improve change captioning performance. Further relation synergy experiments reveal that,after bitemporal feature enhancement,complete multirelation coupling achieves the best performance in BLEU-1,ROUGE-L,and CIDEr,thus indicating that feature enhancement helps improve the complementary representation of different difference relations.
Conclusion The proposed method designs a targeted bitemporal change representation process for RSCC. By introducing BSCE before difference modeling and constructing MRDC to jointly represent multiple change relations,the method improves the discriminability of visual change features and provides more effective visual cues for language generation. Furthermore,experimental results on LEVIR-CC and DUBAI-CC demonstrate that the proposed method not only achieves a favorable balance between captioning performance and model complexity but also shows good applicability across different datasets. The ablation,relation decomposition,synergy,and visualization analyses further confirm that the performance gain is achieved from the cooperation between bitemporal feature enhancement and MRDC. Although the proposed method still has room for improvement in fine-grained word-level matching and complex scene description,it provides a practical and relatively simple framework for RSCC. Future works will explore stronger language decoding strategies,cross-dataset semantic alignment,multidataset joint training,and lightweight deployment to further improve the robustness and generalization ability of RSCC models.
, authors=Jiexiao Yu, Yujie Fu, Jing Liu
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目的 针对遥感变化字幕(remote sensing change captioning,RSCC)生成任务中关键变化区域表征不足、双时相差异关系建模不充分以及模型复杂度较高等问题,提出一种双时相特征增强引导的多关系差异耦合遥感变化字幕生成方法。
方法 采用基于ResNet-50(residual network)的RemoteCLIP(remote sensing constrastive language-image pre-training),即RemoteCLIP-RN50,提取双时相遥感影像深层语义特征,在此基础上,通过双时相特征增强策略对关键变化区域和重要语义通道进行自适应强化;随后构建多关系差异耦合框架,对双时相原始特征、绝对差异、乘积交互和相似性信息进行关系建模,以增强变化语义表达能力,最后利用文本解码器实现变化描述语句生成。
结果 在LEVIR-CC数据集的实验结果表明,所提方法的双语评估替补指标BLEU-1为83.62%,BLEU-4为60.22%,基于最长公共子序列的面向召回摘要评估指标ROUGE-L(recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation-longest common subsequence)为64.94%,基于共识的图像描述评估指标CIDEr(consensus-based image description evaluation)为128.58%。其中BLEU-1和CIDEr优于对比方法;同时,本文方法参数量为41.50 M,低于多种经典及近年代表方法,体现出较好的性能—复杂度平衡。在DUBAI-CC数据集的补充实验中,本文方法取得的BLEU-1为63.75%、BLEU-4为34.14%、ROUGE-L为56.62%、CIDEr为90.09%,其中BLEU-4、ROUGE-L和CIDEr均取得最优结果,说明所提方法具有一定跨数据集适用性。消融实验表明,双时相特征增强策略和多关系差异耦合单元均能有效提升变化描述性能;进一步的关系项协同实验表明,在双时相特征增强后,完整多关系耦合在BLEU-1、ROUGE-L和CIDEr上取得最佳效果,说明特征增强有助于提升不同差异关系信息之间的互补表达能力。
结论 本文方法围绕双时相变化表征过程开展针对性设计,在保持模型结构相对简洁的前提下有效提升了遥感变化字幕生成性能,并在不同数据集上表现出较好的适用性。
, authors=于洁潇, 付雨杰, 刘婧
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Overall framework diagram, figureFileSmall=++Z8Wd8oyw5SDVAX5Hi2qA==, figureFileBig=oH6gmps19AnsFj6Yf9sYJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961481779786565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
整体框架图, figureFileSmall=++Z8Wd8oyw5SDVAX5Hi2qA==, figureFileBig=oH6gmps19AnsFj6Yf9sYJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961485416248134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Comparison of change captions and attention visualizations on typical samples, figureFileSmall=FEIm/BZuM1qPUua2JV3FHQ==, figureFileBig=DArPFdgrs89c63TBJxixtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961485500134215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
典型样本的变化描述与注意力可视化对比结果, figureFileSmall=FEIm/BZuM1qPUua2JV3FHQ==, figureFileBig=DArPFdgrs89c63TBJxixtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961485563048776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Experimental results and parameter comparison of different methods on the LEVIR-CC dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1/% | BLEU-4/% | ROUGE-L/% | CIDEr/% | 参数量/M |
|---|
| Capt-Rep-Diff | 72.90 | 47.41 | 65.64 | 110.57 | 73.21 |
| Capt-Att | 77.64 | 53.15 | 69.73 | 121.22 | 73.60 |
| Capt-Dual-Att | 79.51 | 57.46 | 70.69 | 124.42 | 75.58 |
| DUDA | 81.44 | 57.79 | 71.04 | 124.32 | 80.31 |
| MCCFormer-S | 79.90 | 56.68 | 69.46 | 120.39 | 162.55 |
| MCCFormer-D | 80.42 | 56.38 | 70.32 | 124.44 | 162.55 |
| Diffusion-RSCC | 83.58 | 60.90 | 71.50 | 125.60 | - |
| RSICRC | 79.55 | 55.76 | 62.15 | 117.14 | - |
| 本文 | 83.62 | 60.22 | 64.94 | 128.58 | 41.50 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961485634351945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同方法在LEVIR-CC数据集上的实验结果与参数量比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1/% | BLEU-4/% | ROUGE-L/% | CIDEr/% | 参数量/M |
|---|
| Capt-Rep-Diff | 72.90 | 47.41 | 65.64 | 110.57 | 73.21 |
| Capt-Att | 77.64 | 53.15 | 69.73 | 121.22 | 73.60 |
| Capt-Dual-Att | 79.51 | 57.46 | 70.69 | 124.42 | 75.58 |
| DUDA | 81.44 | 57.79 | 71.04 | 124.32 | 80.31 |
| MCCFormer-S | 79.90 | 56.68 | 69.46 | 120.39 | 162.55 |
| MCCFormer-D | 80.42 | 56.38 | 70.32 | 124.44 | 162.55 |
| Diffusion-RSCC | 83.58 | 60.90 | 71.50 | 125.60 | - |
| RSICRC | 79.55 | 55.76 | 62.15 | 117.14 | - |
| 本文 | 83.62 | 60.22 | 64.94 | 128.58 | 41.50 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961485881815882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Experimental results of different methods on the DUBAI-CC dataset /%, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1 | BLEU-4 | ROUGE-L | CIDEr |
|---|
| RSICCFormer | 67.92 | 31.28 | 51.96 | 66.54 |
| DUDA | 58.82 | 25.39 | 48.34 | 62.78 |
| MCCFormer-S | 52.97 | 22.57 | 43.29 | 53.81 |
| MCCFormer-D | 64.65 | 29.48 | 51.27 | 66.51 |
| Diffusion-RSCC | 69.20 | 33.30 | 56.50 | 88.70 |
| 本文 | 63.75 | 34.14 | 56.62 | 90.09 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961486263497547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同方法在DUBAI-CC数据集上的实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1 | BLEU-4 | ROUGE-L | CIDEr |
|---|
| RSICCFormer | 67.92 | 31.28 | 51.96 | 66.54 |
| DUDA | 58.82 | 25.39 | 48.34 | 62.78 |
| MCCFormer-S | 52.97 | 22.57 | 43.29 | 53.81 |
| MCCFormer-D | 64.65 | 29.48 | 51.27 | 66.51 |
| Diffusion-RSCC | 69.20 | 33.30 | 56.50 | 88.70 |
| 本文 | 63.75 | 34.14 | 56.62 | 90.09 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961486376743756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Ablation results under different module configurations /%, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1 | BLEU-4 | ROUGE-L | CIDEr |
|---|
| Baseline | 79.55 | 55.76 | 62.15 | 117.14 |
| +BSCE | 82.07 | 58.17 | 63.38 | 121.73 |
| +MRDC | 81.07 | 57.06 | 63.03 | 121.38 |
| +MRDC + BSCE | 83.62 | 60.22 | 64.94 | 128.58 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961486657762125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同模块配置下的消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1 | BLEU-4 | ROUGE-L | CIDEr |
|---|
| Baseline | 79.55 | 55.76 | 62.15 | 117.14 |
| +BSCE | 82.07 | 58.17 | 63.38 | 121.73 |
| +MRDC | 81.07 | 57.06 | 63.03 | 121.38 |
| +MRDC + BSCE | 83.62 | 60.22 | 64.94 | 128.58 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961486800368462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Decomposition results of different relation terms in MRDC /%, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1 | BLEU-4 | ROUGE-L | CIDEr |
|---|
| Pair-only | 81.59 | 57.87 | 62.60 | 119.57 |
| Abs-only | 82.31 | 58.85 | 63.41 | 122.94 |
| Prod-only | 83.31 | 60.07 | 63.93 | 123.88 |
| Cos-only | 81.02 | 55.81 | 62.27 | 119.61 |
| w/o abs | 82.36 | 58.66 | 63.38 | 123.21 |
| w/o prod | 82.35 | 58.60 | 63.45 | 123.18 |
| w/o cos | 82.31 | 58.89 | 63.36 | 123.29 |
| Full MRDC | 81.07 | 57.06 | 63.03 | 121.38 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961487064609615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
多关系差异项拆解实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1 | BLEU-4 | ROUGE-L | CIDEr |
|---|
| Pair-only | 81.59 | 57.87 | 62.60 | 119.57 |
| Abs-only | 82.31 | 58.85 | 63.41 | 122.94 |
| Prod-only | 83.31 | 60.07 | 63.93 | 123.88 |
| Cos-only | 81.02 | 55.81 | 62.27 | 119.61 |
| w/o abs | 82.36 | 58.66 | 63.38 | 123.21 |
| w/o prod | 82.35 | 58.60 | 63.45 | 123.18 |
| w/o cos | 82.31 | 58.89 | 63.36 | 123.29 |
| Full MRDC | 81.07 | 57.06 | 63.03 | 121.38 |
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Experimental results of the synergy between BSCE and different relation terms in MRDC /%, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1 | BLEU-4 | ROUGE-L | CIDEr |
|---|
| BSCE + Abs-only | 82.03 | 58.61 | 63.49 | 124.08 |
| BSCE + Prod-only | 81.07 | 57.75 | 63.15 | 122.82 |
| BSCE + Cos-only | 80.97 | 56.73 | 62.43 | 121.08 |
| BSCE + w/o abs | 82.89 | 58.30 | 62.93 | 121.50 |
| BSCE + w/o prod | 82.77 | 58.55 | 64.44 | 125.74 |
| BSCE + w/o cos | 83.07 | 60.51 | 64.44 | 127.69 |
| BSCE + Full | 83.62 | 60.22 | 64.94 | 128.58 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961488872354642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961476620792606, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
BSCE与MRDC中多关系项的协同作用实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | BLEU-1 | BLEU-4 | ROUGE-L | CIDEr |
|---|
| BSCE + Abs-only | 82.03 | 58.61 | 63.49 | 124.08 |
| BSCE + Prod-only | 81.07 | 57.75 | 63.15 | 122.82 |
| BSCE + Cos-only | 80.97 | 56.73 | 62.43 | 121.08 |
| BSCE + w/o abs | 82.89 | 58.30 | 62.93 | 121.50 |
| BSCE + w/o prod | 82.77 | 58.55 | 64.44 | 125.74 |
| BSCE + w/o cos | 83.07 | 60.51 | 64.44 | 127.69 |
| BSCE + Full | 83.62 | 60.22 | 64.94 | 128.58 |
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