Article(id=1322960951045137026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250458, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760198400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-12, revisedDate=1764086400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348070155, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348070155, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348070155, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348070155, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322960856543273127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='8', pageStart='2687', pageEnd='3074', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348047624, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348605344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963195874378645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963195874378646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2844, endPage=2867, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322960952878047875, articleId=1322960951045137026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Review of damage detection methods for wind turbine blades, columnId=1249044010699002654, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With the accelerating transition of the global energy landscape toward renewables,wind power has been widely promoted as a vital component of clean energy. Alongside the rapid expansion of wind turbine installed capacity,the structural health of wind turbine blades (WTBs),which are among the critical power-generating components,directly influences the safety and efficiency of wind power systems. In recent years,unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been equipped with high-resolution imaging devices for blade image acquisition. By combining advanced image processing and object detection techniques,they have achieved automated,noncontact defect detection,which not only enhances detection efficiency and coverage but also reduces the risks and costs of traditional manual inspections. Therefore,this approach has become a mainstream methodology in the industry and a focal point of research. However,images captured by UAVs often suffer from poor quality (primarily manifested as noise,motion blur,and low resolution),posing critical challenges to defect detection. Moreover,defect features,such as erosion marks,stains,or manufacturing traces,frequently exhibit high visual similarity to blade surface textures and present multiscale and diverse morphological characteristics. This visual ambiguity further complicates accurate localization and classification. In addition,the lack of standardized annotation protocols and the heavy reliance on manual labeling hinder the construction of high-quality datasets. These issues collectively constrain the detection accuracy and generalization performance of deep learning-based object detection models. Existing survey literature on WTB defect detection has primarily emphasized nondestructive testing methods,with a noticeable scarcity of comprehensive reviews dedicated exclusively to image-based detection approaches. Current surveys in this field focus `on architectural advancements within deep learning models,including the integration of lightweight modules,attention mechanisms,and multiscale feature extraction techniques. Although these architectural improvements have enhanced detection accuracy,they often overlook essential aspects,including image preprocessing methods and learning strategies,both of which play a crucial role in determining overall model performance. In this review,we systematically incorporate perspectives on image preprocessing and learning strategies to analyze defect detection methods for WTBs. The main contributions of this review are as follows. 1) From the perspective of defect manifestation in WTBs,defects can be broadly categorized into internal and surface types. We systematically present and analyze the causes,formation mechanisms,and visual characteristics of these defect categories with respect to their structural properties. We also summarize the most frequently observed defect types in datasets. These datasets provide valuable data support for the design and optimization of subsequent defect detection models. 2) This review summarizes the characteristics of defects in detection tasks across various power system components,such as foreign object recognition on transmission lines and insulator defect detection. Through a comparative analysis,this review demonstrates that WTB defect detection uniquely encompasses all the aforementioned challenges and variabilities. Consequently,WTB defect detection necessitates simultaneously addressing a spectrum of challenges,including poor image quality,multiscale defect manifestations,class imbalance,lack of standardized annotation protocols,and the need for lightweight deployable models. Such a problem-driven perspective provides a foundation for inspiring future methodological advancements. 3) We conduct an in-depth investigation into the key components of deep learning-based image-driven WTB defect detection. Three critical aspects,namely,image preprocessing,model architecture,and dominant learning strategies,are presented. With respect to image preprocessing,task-driven methodologies are categorized into image quality enhancement,geometric correction,and structural feature extraction. Each of them is examined for its critical role in improving the saliency of defects and bolstering the robustness of detection models. At the architectural level,the enhancement strategies across mainstream detection frameworks,including two-stage,one-stage,and Transformer-based models,are presented. In terms of learning strategies,structured analyses of the practical effectiveness and potential of approaches,including transfer learning,ensemble learning,cascade strategies,and unsupervised/semisupervised learning,are presented. These strategies are evaluated in terms of their capability to address limited data availability,class imbalance,and label uncertainty in defect detections. 4) This review also provides an overview of publicly available datasets released in recent years,examining their data types,annotation protocols,and defect categories,thereby offering guidance for researchers in selecting appropriate research sources. A summary of commonly used evaluation metrics is provided,underscoring the necessity of image quality assessment in diverse application scenarios. 5) This review outlines critical challenges in image-based WTB defect detection,including imbalanced defect distributions,heavy reliance on manual annotations,limited model generalization under environmental variations,insufficient data modality diversity,and lack of innovation in model architectures. In light of these challenges,several promising research directions are proposed; these include the effective integration of multimodal data,creative design of model structures,and in-depth adoption of weakly or self-supervised learning strategies,with the aim of inspiring and guiding future advancements in WTB defect detection.
, authors=Jinghong Zhang1
, 2, Pan Su2
, 3
, *, Qingyuan Zhu2
, 4, Chaogang Zhang2
, 4, Bing Li1
, 2, Wangbin Cao1
, 5, authorsList=Jinghong Zhang, Pan Su, Qingyuan Zhu, Chaogang Zhang, Bing Li, Wangbin Cao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pan Su, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322960962004853393, articleId=1322960951045137026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=风力发电机叶片缺陷目标检测研究综述, columnId=1249044010992603937, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
全球能源转型推动了风力发电机的大规模部署,基于无人机图像采集的风机叶片(wind turbine black,WTB)缺陷目标检测技术已成为研究热点。风力发电机叶片的无人机图像存在质量低、缺陷与背景纹理相似、缺陷特征多尺度等问题,且标注缺乏统一标准并高度依赖人工,这些因素显著增加了缺陷检测的难度。当前关于风力发电机叶片缺陷检测的综述主要聚焦于无损检测方法,针对图像检测技术的系统性综述仍然不足,且多集中于模型架构的优化,而忽略了图像预处理和学习策略对检测性能的重要影响。因此,本文将图像预处理和学习策略纳入视角,系统综述了风力发电机叶片缺陷目标检测的研究进展:1)详细列举叶片缺陷类型及特征。2)与电力系统其他检测任务进行对比研究并总结主要问题。3)从图像预处理、网络改进和学习策略3个维度总结现有风力发电机叶片缺陷目标检测方法。在图像预处理方面,基于任务导向将现有方法归纳为3类:图像质量增强、几何校正以及结构特征提取;在网络优化方面,沿目标检测模型发展脉络,梳理了各类架构的改进策略;最后,总结了该领域常用的学习策略。4)对近年来数据集与常用评估指标进行汇总。5)对风机叶片缺陷目标检测方法面临的挑战及未来研究方向进行总结和展望。
, authors=张弪弘1
, 2, 苏攀2
, 3
, *, 朱清源2
, 4, 张超刚2
, 4, 李冰1
, 2, 曹旺斌1
, 5, authorsList=张弪弘, 苏攀, 朱清源, 张超刚, 李冰, 曹旺斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=苏攀, authorNote=
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1 Yanzhao Electric Power Laboratory of North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China
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1 华北电力大学燕赵电力实验室,保定 071003
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, 3
, *, address=
2 School of Control and Computer Engineering,North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China
3 Hebei Key Laboratory of Knowledge Computing for Energy and Power,Baoding 071003,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322960963066012332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, authorId=1322960962910823080, language=CN, stringName=苏攀, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2
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2 华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,保定 071003
3 河北省能源电力知识计算重点实验室,保定 071003, bio={"content":"
苏攀,通信作者,男,副教授,主要研究方向为机器学习与医学图像处理。E-mail: supan@ncepu.edu.cn
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苏攀,通信作者,男,副教授,主要研究方向为机器学习与医学图像处理。E-mail: supan@ncepu.edu.cn
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2 School of Control and Computer Engineering,North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China
4 Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Computing for Complex Energy Systems,Ministry of Education,Baoding 071003,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322960963296699058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, authorId=1322960963128926894, language=CN, stringName=朱清源, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2
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2 华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,保定 071003
4 复杂能源系统智能计算教育部工程研究中心,保定 071003, bio={"content":"
朱清源,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为人工智能与新能源。E-mail: 18957139414@163.com
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朱清源,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为人工智能与新能源。E-mail: 18957139414@163.com
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, 4, address=
2 School of Control and Computer Engineering,North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China
4 Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Computing for Complex Energy Systems,Ministry of Education,Baoding 071003,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322960963506414264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, authorId=1322960963388973748, language=CN, stringName=张超刚, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2
, 4, address=
2 华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,保定 071003
4 复杂能源系统智能计算教育部工程研究中心,保定 071003, bio={"content":"
张超刚,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为基于轻量化模型的风机叶片缺陷检测。E-mail: 18231204373@163.com
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
张超刚,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为基于轻量化模型的风机叶片缺陷检测。E-mail: 18231204373@163.com
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5 河北省电力物联网技术重点实验室,保定 071003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322960966400484047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Common NDT techniques for WTB defect detection, figureFileSmall=d93LU6IJ9B3BgCh01nAnJQ==, figureFileBig=76Xkm2q+QfLthlax0eB85g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960966463398608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
常见WTB缺陷的NDT技术, figureFileSmall=d93LU6IJ9B3BgCh01nAnJQ==, figureFileBig=76Xkm2q+QfLthlax0eB85g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960966618587857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic of the paper structure, figureFileSmall=lwWKRQLvWRYBYy163L6QpA==, figureFileBig=YoV74Et0AjxzEq17DJYAzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960966681502418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
整体研究结构示意, figureFileSmall=lwWKRQLvWRYBYy163L6QpA==, figureFileBig=YoV74Et0AjxzEq17DJYAzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960966752805587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Typical defects in wind turbine blades ((a) crack;, figureFileSmall=+16NHK19MJQSBqzd0ctVlg==, figureFileBig=v9pFcs8i6zUz0NMaxqTlwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960966824108756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
典型风机叶片缺陷(b) erosion;(c) pinholes;(d) coat peeling;(e) icing;
(f) lightning damage;(g) gelcoat peeling;(h) blistering)
, figureFileSmall=+16NHK19MJQSBqzd0ctVlg==, figureFileBig=v9pFcs8i6zUz0NMaxqTlwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960966928966357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Employ SRCNN for image quality improvement (Sarkar and Gunturi,2021), figureFileSmall=I5vX0tmWc9aiXY05E3dPuQ==, figureFileBig=528hU97/hCOy3k+lTLym7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960967021241046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
利用SRCNN提高图像质量(Sarkar和Gunturi,2021), figureFileSmall=I5vX0tmWc9aiXY05E3dPuQ==, figureFileBig=528hU97/hCOy3k+lTLym7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960967105127127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Milestones in the development of object detection networks, figureFileSmall=bU8GwtxTrxNucR1xo5rLdQ==, figureFileBig=eQWQPhlEuaS14CXJy6orOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960967176430296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
目标检测网络发展脉络, figureFileSmall=bU8GwtxTrxNucR1xo5rLdQ==, figureFileBig=eQWQPhlEuaS14CXJy6orOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960967264510681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Representative learning strategies for wind turbine blade defect detection ((a) transfer learning;, figureFileSmall=JXVO+fWZs34HJjwQIqVc6w==, figureFileBig=mn/eDVYvtmZQeBpco/50Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960967335813850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
WTB缺陷检测中常见学习策略(b) ensemble learning;(c) cascade strategy;(d) unsupervised learning;(e) semi-supervised learning)
, figureFileSmall=JXVO+fWZs34HJjwQIqVc6w==, figureFileBig=mn/eDVYvtmZQeBpco/50Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960967407117019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of recent reviews on wind turbine blade defect detection, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 涉及到的检测技术 | 优点 | 不足 |
|---|
| Du等人(2020) | 传感器技术、信号处理与数据融合 | 强调数据融合和信号处理技术,关注多源数据结合与智能化处理 | 深度学习和无人机检测方法覆盖有限 |
| Nijssen和Manrique(2020) | 综合多种传感和检测技术 | 分类明确,区分结构与非结构损伤 | 以理论研究为主,缺少具体应用案例指导 |
| Katsaprakakis等人(2021) | 声学传感器、振动、应变传感器等 | 系统分析各种叶片损伤类型及其机理,涵盖多种检测方法 | 主要聚焦传统检测技术,缺少对基于深度学习等智能检测技术的详细探讨;对最新传感器融合技术关注有限 |
| Wang等人(2022) | 传感器融合、图像处理 | 关注大型风机叶片,结合最新传感技术与图像分析 | 缺少对算法性能指标的量化比较,且对智能检测方法的深入研究不足 |
| Zhang和Shu(2024) | UAV视觉检测、图像处理 | 结合最新视觉算法,覆盖应用场景广泛 | 主要集中于表面视觉检测,对深层结构损伤和多模态传感融合关注较少 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960967474225884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
WTB缺陷检测文献综述对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 涉及到的检测技术 | 优点 | 不足 |
|---|
| Du等人(2020) | 传感器技术、信号处理与数据融合 | 强调数据融合和信号处理技术,关注多源数据结合与智能化处理 | 深度学习和无人机检测方法覆盖有限 |
| Nijssen和Manrique(2020) | 综合多种传感和检测技术 | 分类明确,区分结构与非结构损伤 | 以理论研究为主,缺少具体应用案例指导 |
| Katsaprakakis等人(2021) | 声学传感器、振动、应变传感器等 | 系统分析各种叶片损伤类型及其机理,涵盖多种检测方法 | 主要聚焦传统检测技术,缺少对基于深度学习等智能检测技术的详细探讨;对最新传感器融合技术关注有限 |
| Wang等人(2022) | 传感器融合、图像处理 | 关注大型风机叶片,结合最新传感技术与图像分析 | 缺少对算法性能指标的量化比较,且对智能检测方法的深入研究不足 |
| Zhang和Shu(2024) | UAV视觉检测、图像处理 | 结合最新视觉算法,覆盖应用场景广泛 | 主要集中于表面视觉检测,对深层结构损伤和多模态传感融合关注较少 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960967549723357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Typical defects in wind turbine blades, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 损伤名称 | 位置 | 形态学特征 | 产生原因 | 对应内部损伤 | 对风机的影响 |
|---|
| 裂纹 | 前缘、后缘或表面 | 线性或网状,尖端延伸方向与所受应力有关 | 机械应力、环境因素 | 制造缺陷、疲劳损伤、应力损伤、载荷损伤 | 结构受损,影响捕风能力 |
| 侵蚀 | 表面材料磨损或剥落,常见于前缘 | 不规则鳞片状,从微小点状剥落逐渐扩大,边缘部分可能翘起 | 长期暴露于风沙、盐雾等侵蚀环境 | - | 捕风能力下降 |
| 砂眼 | 表面出现小砂眼,可能分布于整个叶片表面 | 圆形或近似圆形的小孔,继续发展易导致胶层大范围脱落 | 制造过程中的缺陷或长期风沙侵蚀 | 制造缺陷 | 捕风能力下降 |
| 白斑 | 表面出现白色斑点,可能分布于整个叶片表面 | 圆形、椭圆形、雪花状,易导致涂层的局部脱落 | 材料老化、气流冲击、紫外线照射或表面微小损伤 | 腐蚀损伤 | 表层强度下降、微小裂纹形成 |
| 积冰 | 表面积冰,常见于低温环境下的叶片前缘 | 透明或半透明,片状、层状 | 湿冷气候,水汽冷凝冻结 | - | 增重失衡,风能转化效率下降 |
| 雷击损伤 | - | 表面黑灰化、裂纹、断裂等 | 雷击 | - | 结构受损,影响捕风能力 |
| 脱胶损伤 | 粘接区域脱胶,见于叶片上下壳体、壳体与梁的粘接区域 | 表面凸起或脱落,颜色存在明显差异,圆形、椭圆、不规则形状 | 制造缺陷或长期运行中的机械应力导致 | 制造缺陷、应力损伤 | 影响叶片整体结构稳定,粘接强度下降,结构松动 |
| 污垢、油渍 | 叶片表面 | 表面有不规则油迹、污垢附着 | 空气中灰尘、油污等颗粒附着 | - | 表面粗糙度增加,气动性能下降 |
| 涂层脱落 | 叶片表面,常见于前缘和外层胶衣处 | 表面局部剥落、出现裸露基体 | 紫外老化、雨滴冲刷、冰雹或颗粒物冲击 | - | 叶片易腐蚀、气动性能下降 |
| 尖端开裂 | 叶片尖端 | 沿纵向或横向出现裂纹 | 气动载荷集中、雷击等冲击 | 制造缺陷、内部分层 | 叶片强度下降,裂纹易扩展导致断裂 |
| 锈蚀 | 叶片金属部件,如连接螺栓、防雷系统金属部位 | 金属表面出现褐色锈蚀、点蚀、剥落 | 潮湿、高盐、雨水或结露环境 | - | 影响结构连接的可靠性,降低防雷性能 |
| 导航漆脱落 | 特定位置 | 表面局部脱落、褪色或不完整 | 长期紫外线照射、雨滴或沙尘冲蚀,涂层老化 | - | 降低叶片的可识别度和完全性,裸露区域可能加速表层老化 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960967646192350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
典型风机叶片缺陷
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 损伤名称 | 位置 | 形态学特征 | 产生原因 | 对应内部损伤 | 对风机的影响 |
|---|
| 裂纹 | 前缘、后缘或表面 | 线性或网状,尖端延伸方向与所受应力有关 | 机械应力、环境因素 | 制造缺陷、疲劳损伤、应力损伤、载荷损伤 | 结构受损,影响捕风能力 |
| 侵蚀 | 表面材料磨损或剥落,常见于前缘 | 不规则鳞片状,从微小点状剥落逐渐扩大,边缘部分可能翘起 | 长期暴露于风沙、盐雾等侵蚀环境 | - | 捕风能力下降 |
| 砂眼 | 表面出现小砂眼,可能分布于整个叶片表面 | 圆形或近似圆形的小孔,继续发展易导致胶层大范围脱落 | 制造过程中的缺陷或长期风沙侵蚀 | 制造缺陷 | 捕风能力下降 |
| 白斑 | 表面出现白色斑点,可能分布于整个叶片表面 | 圆形、椭圆形、雪花状,易导致涂层的局部脱落 | 材料老化、气流冲击、紫外线照射或表面微小损伤 | 腐蚀损伤 | 表层强度下降、微小裂纹形成 |
| 积冰 | 表面积冰,常见于低温环境下的叶片前缘 | 透明或半透明,片状、层状 | 湿冷气候,水汽冷凝冻结 | - | 增重失衡,风能转化效率下降 |
| 雷击损伤 | - | 表面黑灰化、裂纹、断裂等 | 雷击 | - | 结构受损,影响捕风能力 |
| 脱胶损伤 | 粘接区域脱胶,见于叶片上下壳体、壳体与梁的粘接区域 | 表面凸起或脱落,颜色存在明显差异,圆形、椭圆、不规则形状 | 制造缺陷或长期运行中的机械应力导致 | 制造缺陷、应力损伤 | 影响叶片整体结构稳定,粘接强度下降,结构松动 |
| 污垢、油渍 | 叶片表面 | 表面有不规则油迹、污垢附着 | 空气中灰尘、油污等颗粒附着 | - | 表面粗糙度增加,气动性能下降 |
| 涂层脱落 | 叶片表面,常见于前缘和外层胶衣处 | 表面局部剥落、出现裸露基体 | 紫外老化、雨滴冲刷、冰雹或颗粒物冲击 | - | 叶片易腐蚀、气动性能下降 |
| 尖端开裂 | 叶片尖端 | 沿纵向或横向出现裂纹 | 气动载荷集中、雷击等冲击 | 制造缺陷、内部分层 | 叶片强度下降,裂纹易扩展导致断裂 |
| 锈蚀 | 叶片金属部件,如连接螺栓、防雷系统金属部位 | 金属表面出现褐色锈蚀、点蚀、剥落 | 潮湿、高盐、雨水或结露环境 | - | 影响结构连接的可靠性,降低防雷性能 |
| 导航漆脱落 | 特定位置 | 表面局部脱落、褪色或不完整 | 长期紫外线照射、雨滴或沙尘冲蚀,涂层老化 | - | 降低叶片的可识别度和完全性,裸露区域可能加速表层老化 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960967725884127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of object detection tasks in power system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 检测任务 | 检测目标 | 主要检测难点 | 公开数据集数量 |
|---|
| 输电线异物检测(周立明 等,2023) | 鸟巢等异物,腐蚀、破损等损伤 | 异物形状多样性、尺度差异大、环境复杂、相似度高 | 较多 |
| 变压器油泄露检测(Lu等,2020) | 油渍 | 目标边缘不明显 | 较少 |
| 绝缘子缺陷检测(刘传洋 等,2025) | 绝缘子破损、脱落等 | 背景复杂、目标多尺度 | 较多 |
| 风机叶片表面检测 | 裂纹、侵蚀、积冰等 | 缺陷形状多样性、背景复杂多变、多尺度目标、积冰等特征不明显 | 较少 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960967818158816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
电力系统中目标检测任务对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 检测任务 | 检测目标 | 主要检测难点 | 公开数据集数量 |
|---|
| 输电线异物检测(周立明 等,2023) | 鸟巢等异物,腐蚀、破损等损伤 | 异物形状多样性、尺度差异大、环境复杂、相似度高 | 较多 |
| 变压器油泄露检测(Lu等,2020) | 油渍 | 目标边缘不明显 | 较少 |
| 绝缘子缺陷检测(刘传洋 等,2025) | 绝缘子破损、脱落等 | 背景复杂、目标多尺度 | 较多 |
| 风机叶片表面检测 | 裂纹、侵蚀、积冰等 | 缺陷形状多样性、背景复杂多变、多尺度目标、积冰等特征不明显 | 较少 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960967918822113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Representative image preprocessing techniques in WTB damage detection, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 分类 | 方法 | 任务 |
|---|
| 图像质量改善 | 去噪、去模糊、超分辨率 | 改善图像清晰度、细节和噪声水平,提升图像的视觉效果和后续处理的基础质量 |
| 图像几何校正 | 图像拼接、图像配准 | 解决图像之间的空间关系,保证多视角、多时刻图像间的对齐与融合 |
| 图像结构与提取 | 图像分割、图像分解与融合 | 分离目标与背景,融合信息,提升语义理解和后续分析能力 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960968006902498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
WTB缺陷检测中常见预处理方法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 分类 | 方法 | 任务 |
|---|
| 图像质量改善 | 去噪、去模糊、超分辨率 | 改善图像清晰度、细节和噪声水平,提升图像的视觉效果和后续处理的基础质量 |
| 图像几何校正 | 图像拼接、图像配准 | 解决图像之间的空间关系,保证多视角、多时刻图像间的对齐与融合 |
| 图像结构与提取 | 图像分割、图像分解与融合 | 分离目标与背景,融合信息,提升语义理解和后续分析能力 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960968078205667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Summary of improvement methods for YOLOv5 model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | 主干网络修改 | Neck | 损失函数 | mAP | 参数量/M | 运算量/ 检测速度 |
|---|
| Zhang等人(2022) | CBAM注意力机制 | 4层微尺度检测层 | - | @0.5: 0.951(↑0.115) | 37.8 | 41.3帧/s |
| Ran等人(2022) | CA注意力机制 | 双向FPN | EIoU | @0.5: 83.7(↑3.2) | 11.6 | 63.4帧/s |
| Zhu等人(2022) | MobileNetv3 + GhostNet | - | Alpha-IoU | @0.5: 93.2(↑2.0) | - | - |
| Zhang等人(2023) | MobileNetv3 | 双向FPN | EIoU | @0.5: 90.15(↑5.51) | 8.4 | 71.15帧/s |
| Dai(2024) | - | - | CIoU | - | - | - |
| Liu等人(2024b) | Ghost卷积 + GhostBottleNeckv2 CBAM | BiFPN | - | @0.5: 94.56(↑5.05) | 6.8 | 7.3 GFLOPs |
| Lei等人(2024) | - | - | 动态标签分配策略 | @0.5: 0.893(↑0.11) | | 0.138帧/s * |
| Ye等人(2024) | 第1个卷积层替换为DConv; 其余替换为GSConv | | | @0.5: 0.792(↑0.029), @0.5-0.95: 0.457(↑0.010) | 7.11 | 15.0 GFLOPs |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960968141120228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
YOLOv5模型的改进方法汇总
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | 主干网络修改 | Neck | 损失函数 | mAP | 参数量/M | 运算量/ 检测速度 |
|---|
| Zhang等人(2022) | CBAM注意力机制 | 4层微尺度检测层 | - | @0.5: 0.951(↑0.115) | 37.8 | 41.3帧/s |
| Ran等人(2022) | CA注意力机制 | 双向FPN | EIoU | @0.5: 83.7(↑3.2) | 11.6 | 63.4帧/s |
| Zhu等人(2022) | MobileNetv3 + GhostNet | - | Alpha-IoU | @0.5: 93.2(↑2.0) | - | - |
| Zhang等人(2023) | MobileNetv3 | 双向FPN | EIoU | @0.5: 90.15(↑5.51) | 8.4 | 71.15帧/s |
| Dai(2024) | - | - | CIoU | - | - | - |
| Liu等人(2024b) | Ghost卷积 + GhostBottleNeckv2 CBAM | BiFPN | - | @0.5: 94.56(↑5.05) | 6.8 | 7.3 GFLOPs |
| Lei等人(2024) | - | - | 动态标签分配策略 | @0.5: 0.893(↑0.11) | | 0.138帧/s * |
| Ye等人(2024) | 第1个卷积层替换为DConv; 其余替换为GSConv | | | @0.5: 0.792(↑0.029), @0.5-0.95: 0.457(↑0.010) | 7.11 | 15.0 GFLOPs |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960968208229093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Summary of improvement methods for YOLOv8 model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | 主干网络修改 | Neck | 损失函数 | mAP | 参数量/M | 运算量/ 检测速度 |
|---|
| 李冰等人(2024) | LSK Attention | BiFPN FasterBlock | Inner IoU | @0.5: 76.6(↑3.3) @0.5-0.95: 46.5(↑2.4) | 2.2 | 6.9 GFLOPs |
| Yu等人(2024) | CBAM Attention | BiFPN | EIoU | @0.5: 83.3(↑1.4) @0.5-0.95: 54.7(↑1.1) | 3.04 | 8.3 GFLOPs |
| Wang等人(2024) | PConv | - | EfficiCIoU | @0.5: 0.995(↑0.026) | 2.07 | 7.0帧/s |
| Liu等人(2024a) | Focal Block | ResNet-EMA Slim-Neck | - | @0.5: 79.9(↑3.0) | 3.01 | 7.8 GFLOPs (0.9) |
| Yang等人(2024) | FasterNetBlock C2f-EMA | GMF-SPPF | - | @0.5: 86.6(↑4.3) @0.5-0.95: 64(↑7.5) | 8.7 | 116.3帧/s |
| Zou等人(2024) | - | DSConv CARAFE | WIoUv3 | @0.5: 0.937(↑0.23) @0.5-0.95: 0.712(↑0.023) | 3.35 | 8.5 GFLOPS |
| Ma等人(2024) | MKGG ECA | SBiFPN | - | @0.5: 0.855(↑0.017) | 2.1 | - |
| Zhang等人(2024) | CA Attention | Rep-GFPN | Inner-WIoU | @0.5: 92.0(↑5.5) | 3.2 | 120.5帧/s |
| Cao等人(2024) | MLCA Atteniton 焦点特征 聚合模块 | AFPN | Inner-IoU | @0.5: 78.6(↑4) @0.5-0.95: 51.7(↑5.3) | - | 8.5 GFLOPs |
| Sun等人(2024) | RFCBAMConv | CAA-HSFPN 共享卷积;任务对齐 结构的Head | - | @0.5: 78.6 @0.5-0.95: 51.7 | 1.82 | 8.5 GFLOPs |
| Zou等人(2025) | UniRepLKNet ADdown | DySample | - | @0.5: 0.92(↑0.03) @0.5-0.95: 0.687(↑0.062) | 2.53 | 7.2 GFLOPs |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960968287920870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
YOLOv8模型的改进方法汇总
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | 主干网络修改 | Neck | 损失函数 | mAP | 参数量/M | 运算量/ 检测速度 |
|---|
| 李冰等人(2024) | LSK Attention | BiFPN FasterBlock | Inner IoU | @0.5: 76.6(↑3.3) @0.5-0.95: 46.5(↑2.4) | 2.2 | 6.9 GFLOPs |
| Yu等人(2024) | CBAM Attention | BiFPN | EIoU | @0.5: 83.3(↑1.4) @0.5-0.95: 54.7(↑1.1) | 3.04 | 8.3 GFLOPs |
| Wang等人(2024) | PConv | - | EfficiCIoU | @0.5: 0.995(↑0.026) | 2.07 | 7.0帧/s |
| Liu等人(2024a) | Focal Block | ResNet-EMA Slim-Neck | - | @0.5: 79.9(↑3.0) | 3.01 | 7.8 GFLOPs (0.9) |
| Yang等人(2024) | FasterNetBlock C2f-EMA | GMF-SPPF | - | @0.5: 86.6(↑4.3) @0.5-0.95: 64(↑7.5) | 8.7 | 116.3帧/s |
| Zou等人(2024) | - | DSConv CARAFE | WIoUv3 | @0.5: 0.937(↑0.23) @0.5-0.95: 0.712(↑0.023) | 3.35 | 8.5 GFLOPS |
| Ma等人(2024) | MKGG ECA | SBiFPN | - | @0.5: 0.855(↑0.017) | 2.1 | - |
| Zhang等人(2024) | CA Attention | Rep-GFPN | Inner-WIoU | @0.5: 92.0(↑5.5) | 3.2 | 120.5帧/s |
| Cao等人(2024) | MLCA Atteniton 焦点特征 聚合模块 | AFPN | Inner-IoU | @0.5: 78.6(↑4) @0.5-0.95: 51.7(↑5.3) | - | 8.5 GFLOPs |
| Sun等人(2024) | RFCBAMConv | CAA-HSFPN 共享卷积;任务对齐 结构的Head | - | @0.5: 78.6 @0.5-0.95: 51.7 | 1.82 | 8.5 GFLOPs |
| Zou等人(2025) | UniRepLKNet ADdown | DySample | - | @0.5: 0.92(↑0.03) @0.5-0.95: 0.687(↑0.062) | 2.53 | 7.2 GFLOPs |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960968363418343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Summary of non-public datasets in the references, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | 缺陷类别 | 样本数量 | 分辨率/像素 |
|---|
| Wang等人(2019b) | 损伤 | 160 | 5 280 × 2 970 |
| Shihavuddin和Chen (2019) | 前缘侵蚀;涡流发生器面板;涡流发生器缺齿;雷击传感器 | 458 | - |
| Xu等人(2019) | 导航漆脱落;胶衣脱落;表面侵蚀;油污 | 25 773 | 5 472 × 3 684 |
| Qiu等人(2019) | 裂纹;油污;砂眼 | 4 369 | 1 920 × 1 080 |
| Yu等人(2020) | 裂纹;胶衣脱落;刮痕;砂眼;后缘边缘损伤 | 171 | - |
| Reddy等人(2019) | Data1: 损伤 | 1 675 | - |
| Data2: 损伤(天空;雷击损伤;材料损伤;尖端开裂;侵蚀;边缘侵蚀;裂纹) | 1 647 | - |
| Mao等人(2021) | 裂纹;破损;油污;复合损伤 | 1 164 | 300 × 500; 608 × 608; 224 × 224 |
| Zhang等人(2021) | 裂纹;侵蚀;孔隙;其他 | 191 | 2 592 × 1 936 |
| Yang等人(2021) | 损伤 | 1 350 | 224 × 224 |
| Guo等人(2021) | 材料损伤;裂纹;涂层损伤;边缘侵蚀 | 725 | 高分辨率 |
| Hacıefendioğlu等人(2022) | 积冰 | 278 | - |
| Zhu等人(2022) | 损伤 | 513 | 640 × 512 |
| Zhang和Wen(2022) | 砂眼;裂纹;侵蚀;涂层脱落 | 400 | 5 184 × 3 456 |
| Zou和Cheng(2022) | 裂纹;表面脱落 | 4 396 | 5 472 × 3 684 |
| Ran等人(2022) | - | 559 | 640 × 640 |
| Zhang等人(2022) | 剥落;点蚀;裂纹;污染 | 1 952 | - |
| Lyu等人(2022) | 胶衣脱落;裂纹;侵蚀 | 10 000 | 4 000 × 3 000 |
| Diaz和Tittus(2023) | 累计损伤;污渍;前缘侵蚀;缺齿;破损;裂纹;其他 | 701 | - |
| Dong等人(2023) | 污渍;划痕;孔隙 | 198 | - |
| Yao等人(2023) | 污渍;裂纹;破损 | 725 | 2 560 × 1 920 |
| Gao等人(2023) | 涂层;裂纹 | 2 577 | - |
| Zhang等人(2023) | 裂纹;污渍;孔洞;侵蚀;锈蚀;雷击 | 7 995 | 319 × 312 |
| Yu等人(2023a) | - | 312 | 640 × 512 |
| Zhou等人(2023) | 损伤 | 1 040 | RGB 6 400 × 6 400;IR 640 × 512 |
| Wang等人(2024) | 表面污垢;前缘侵蚀;涂层脱落;油渍 | 2 916 | - |
| Liu等人(2024) | 剥落腐蚀;砂眼;油污;裂纹;渗透开裂 | 851 | 2 048 × 1 536 |
| Yu等人(2024) | 破损;裂纹;划痕 | 4 500 | - |
| Yang等人(2024) | 裂纹;雷击;砂眼;侵蚀;表面损伤 | 6 072 | - |
| Liao等人(2024) | 裂纹;砂眼;破损 | 2 995 | 586 × 371 |
| Fu等人(2024) | 油污;裂纹 | 13 642 | 649 × 640 |
| Cao等人(2024) | 胶衣脱落;裂纹;表面侵蚀 | 784 | 1 200 × 900 |
| Zhang等人(2024) | 裂纹;孔隙;边缘侵蚀;涂层脱落 | 890 | - |
| Ma等人(2024) | 损伤 | 2 990 | - |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960968434721512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
文献中涉及的私有数据集
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 文献 | 缺陷类别 | 样本数量 | 分辨率/像素 |
|---|
| Wang等人(2019b) | 损伤 | 160 | 5 280 × 2 970 |
| Shihavuddin和Chen (2019) | 前缘侵蚀;涡流发生器面板;涡流发生器缺齿;雷击传感器 | 458 | - |
| Xu等人(2019) | 导航漆脱落;胶衣脱落;表面侵蚀;油污 | 25 773 | 5 472 × 3 684 |
| Qiu等人(2019) | 裂纹;油污;砂眼 | 4 369 | 1 920 × 1 080 |
| Yu等人(2020) | 裂纹;胶衣脱落;刮痕;砂眼;后缘边缘损伤 | 171 | - |
| Reddy等人(2019) | Data1: 损伤 | 1 675 | - |
| Data2: 损伤(天空;雷击损伤;材料损伤;尖端开裂;侵蚀;边缘侵蚀;裂纹) | 1 647 | - |
| Mao等人(2021) | 裂纹;破损;油污;复合损伤 | 1 164 | 300 × 500; 608 × 608; 224 × 224 |
| Zhang等人(2021) | 裂纹;侵蚀;孔隙;其他 | 191 | 2 592 × 1 936 |
| Yang等人(2021) | 损伤 | 1 350 | 224 × 224 |
| Guo等人(2021) | 材料损伤;裂纹;涂层损伤;边缘侵蚀 | 725 | 高分辨率 |
| Hacıefendioğlu等人(2022) | 积冰 | 278 | - |
| Zhu等人(2022) | 损伤 | 513 | 640 × 512 |
| Zhang和Wen(2022) | 砂眼;裂纹;侵蚀;涂层脱落 | 400 | 5 184 × 3 456 |
| Zou和Cheng(2022) | 裂纹;表面脱落 | 4 396 | 5 472 × 3 684 |
| Ran等人(2022) | - | 559 | 640 × 640 |
| Zhang等人(2022) | 剥落;点蚀;裂纹;污染 | 1 952 | - |
| Lyu等人(2022) | 胶衣脱落;裂纹;侵蚀 | 10 000 | 4 000 × 3 000 |
| Diaz和Tittus(2023) | 累计损伤;污渍;前缘侵蚀;缺齿;破损;裂纹;其他 | 701 | - |
| Dong等人(2023) | 污渍;划痕;孔隙 | 198 | - |
| Yao等人(2023) | 污渍;裂纹;破损 | 725 | 2 560 × 1 920 |
| Gao等人(2023) | 涂层;裂纹 | 2 577 | - |
| Zhang等人(2023) | 裂纹;污渍;孔洞;侵蚀;锈蚀;雷击 | 7 995 | 319 × 312 |
| Yu等人(2023a) | - | 312 | 640 × 512 |
| Zhou等人(2023) | 损伤 | 1 040 | RGB 6 400 × 6 400;IR 640 × 512 |
| Wang等人(2024) | 表面污垢;前缘侵蚀;涂层脱落;油渍 | 2 916 | - |
| Liu等人(2024) | 剥落腐蚀;砂眼;油污;裂纹;渗透开裂 | 851 | 2 048 × 1 536 |
| Yu等人(2024) | 破损;裂纹;划痕 | 4 500 | - |
| Yang等人(2024) | 裂纹;雷击;砂眼;侵蚀;表面损伤 | 6 072 | - |
| Liao等人(2024) | 裂纹;砂眼;破损 | 2 995 | 586 × 371 |
| Fu等人(2024) | 油污;裂纹 | 13 642 | 649 × 640 |
| Cao等人(2024) | 胶衣脱落;裂纹;表面侵蚀 | 784 | 1 200 × 900 |
| Zhang等人(2024) | 裂纹;孔隙;边缘侵蚀;涂层脱落 | 890 | - |
| Ma等人(2024) | 损伤 | 2 990 | - |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960968506024681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=
Summary of performance evaluation metrics, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 评估指标 | | 定义 | 公式 |
|---|
| 图像质量 | 峰值信噪比 | 通过计算原始图像与失真图像之间的均方误差(mean square error,MSE)衡量失真程度,再通过信号最大功率与噪声功率的比值进行评估 | |
| 结构相似度指数 | 从亮度(luminance)、对比度(contrast)和结构(structure)3个方面衡量恢复前后图像的相似度 | |
| 分类精度 | 准确率(accuracy) | 预测值中,预测正确占比 | |
| 精确率(precision) | 在所有预测为正例的结果中,预测为正例且预测正确的占比 | |
| 召回率(recall) | 在所有正例中,预测为正例且预测正确的占比 | |
| F1-score | 用于平衡precision和recall,使得模型更加稳定 | |
| 平均准确率(AP) | 用于衡量单类别的模型平均准确度 | |
| 平均精度均值(mAP) | 多类别分类时,各类AP的均值 | |
| 定位精度 | 像素准确率 | 图像中正确分类的像素百分比 | |
| 交并比 | 预测边界框与真实标签区域之间的重叠区域除以预测分割与标签之间的联合区域 | |
| Dice系数 | 两倍的交集除以像素和 | |
| 模型参数量 | 模型中可训练参数的总数 | - |
| 检测速度 | FPS | 每秒内可以处理的图像数量或者处理一幅图像所需时间 | |
| GFLOPs | 模型在进行一次前行传播时的浮点运算次数 | - |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960968568939242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960951045137026, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
性能评估指标总结
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 评估指标 | | 定义 | 公式 |
|---|
| 图像质量 | 峰值信噪比 | 通过计算原始图像与失真图像之间的均方误差(mean square error,MSE)衡量失真程度,再通过信号最大功率与噪声功率的比值进行评估 | |
| 结构相似度指数 | 从亮度(luminance)、对比度(contrast)和结构(structure)3个方面衡量恢复前后图像的相似度 | |
| 分类精度 | 准确率(accuracy) | 预测值中,预测正确占比 | |
| 精确率(precision) | 在所有预测为正例的结果中,预测为正例且预测正确的占比 | |
| 召回率(recall) | 在所有正例中,预测为正例且预测正确的占比 | |
| F1-score | 用于平衡precision和recall,使得模型更加稳定 | |
| 平均准确率(AP) | 用于衡量单类别的模型平均准确度 | |
| 平均精度均值(mAP) | 多类别分类时,各类AP的均值 | |
| 定位精度 | 像素准确率 | 图像中正确分类的像素百分比 | |
| 交并比 | 预测边界框与真实标签区域之间的重叠区域除以预测分割与标签之间的联合区域 | |
| Dice系数 | 两倍的交集除以像素和 | |
| 模型参数量 | 模型中可训练参数的总数 | - |
| 检测速度 | FPS | 每秒内可以处理的图像数量或者处理一幅图像所需时间 | |
| GFLOPs | 模型在进行一次前行传播时的浮点运算次数 | - |
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