Article(id=1322960895785185387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250566, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763913600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-24, revisedDate=1765900800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348056979, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348056979, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348056979, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348056979, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322960856543273127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='8', pageStart='2687', pageEnd='3074', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348047624, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348605344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963195874378645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963195874378646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2814, endPage=2843, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322960895965540460, articleId=1322960895785185387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Progress of research on quantum image information processing methods, columnId=1249044010699002654, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the era of big data and artificial intelligence,image processing has emerged as a cornerstone technology that drives advancements across diverse fields,including medical diagnostics,autonomous systems,and remote sensing. The exponential growth of high-resolution image data has created unprecedented computational demands that classical computing architectures increasingly struggle to meet. As the progress under Moore’s law slows,quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm; it leverages fundamental quantum properties,including superposition,entanglement,and quantum parallelism,to overcome classical limitations. This convergence has given rise to the rapidly evolving field of quantum image processing (QIP),which promises to redefine the boundaries of computational imaging capabilities. This comprehensive survey provides a systematic analysis of QIP’s remarkable evolution over the past five years,documenting its transition from a theoretical concept to an emerging practical technology. We introduce an integrated classification framework that mirrors the complete image processing pipeline——from fundamental representation to advanced applications——thus creating a coherent perspective that effectively connects quantum mechanical principles with practical implementation requirements. The foundation of this framework lies in quantum image representation models,where innovative schemes,such as novel enhanced quantum repre-sentation,flexible representation of quantum images,and generalized quantum image representation,have advanced to support arbitrary image dimensions and complex color spaces while simultaneously optimizing critical qubit utilization efficiency. Building upon this foundation,QIP techniques demonstrate increasingly sophisticated capabilities. Advanced filtering algorithms achieve exponential speedups in noise reduction tasks,and quantum Fourier and wavelet transforms enable unprecedented efficiency in image compression. Quantum parallelism facilitates rapid morphological analysis and feature extraction,substantially accelerating fundamental image processing operations. Aside from basic processing,quantum-enhanced methods for edge detection,segmentation,and feature matching also demonstrate remarkable efficiency improvements in extracting meaningful information from complex visual data. The security domain benefits substantially from quantum approaches,with innovative encryption protocols based on quantum walks and chaos theory providing theoretically unbreakable protection for sensitive visual data. Quantum watermarking techniques that utilize entanglement phenomena offer fundamentally undetectable data-hiding capabilities,creating new paradigms for digital rights management and secure communication. In machine learning applications,quantum support vector machines enhance classification accuracy for high-dimensional image data,and quantum convolutional neural networks revolutionize feature extraction through inherent quantum parallelism. Quantum generative adversarial networks enable sophisticated synthetic data generation and have notable applications in data augmentation and privacy preservation. This review emphasizes an integrated perspective that connects theoretical advances with practical implementations across multiple application domains. Our structured analytical framework clearly reveals how abstract quantum principles translate into operational capabilities while simultaneously addressing the critical challenges currently hindering widespread adoption. The noisy intermediate-scale quantum era presents substantial hardware limitations,where qubit decoherence and elevated error rates remain persistent barriers to reliable operation. The considerable theory-practice implementation gap,where algorithm performance on actual quantum devices often falls short of theoretical predictions,requires careful consideration. Moreover,scalability issues in real-world applications,where the substantial overhead of quantum data encoding and measurement can diminish computational advantages,present additional hurdles that must be overcome. Resource management considerations examine how different representation models directly affect quantum circuit complexity and execution time,providing crucial insights for practical algorithm design and implementation. Looking forward,several promising pathways can be taken. Examples include hybrid quantum-classical architectures that leverage the complementary strengths of both computational paradigms,advanced error mitigation techniques that compensate for current hardware imperfections,and quantum-inspired classical algorithms that can deliver enhanced performance on conventional hardware while preserving certain quantum advantages. The discussion extends to current hardware platforms,including superconducting qubits,trapped ions,and photonic quantum systems,to provide practical guidance for experimental research and implementation strategies. Through systematic analysis and critical evaluation,this review demonstrates quantum computing’s massive potential to achieve exponential acceleration in computational tasks,enhance security beyond classical limitations,and enable unprecedented capabilities in image analysis and understanding. Emerging applications in medical imaging,remote sensing,and security systems highlight the transformative potential of these technologies. As quantum hardware continues its steady evolution,the strategic integration of quantum approaches into conventional image processing workflows promises to redefine computational boundaries across numerous disciplines,including healthcare,environmental monitoring,industrial inspection,and artificial intelligence. The field currently stands at the threshold of a new computational paradigm,requiring continued technical innovation and strategic vision to successfully navigate the coming transition. By synthesizing recent advances,clearly identifying current limitations,and outlining promising research directions,this survey aims to accelerate the development and adoption of QIP technologies. The ultimate integration of quantum approaches with classical image processing methodologies promises to create powerful hybrid frameworks that leverage the distinctive strengths of both computational paradigms,fundamentally transforming how we extract knowledge and value from visual data in the emerging quantum era and enabling capabilities beyond the reach of either approach independently. The mentioned algorithms are summarized at https://github.com/cococococo7/QIIP.

, authors=Pin Lyu, Yiquan Wu*, authorsList=Pin Lyu, Yiquan Wu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yiquan Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322960904068935810, articleId=1322960895785185387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=量子图像信息处理方法研究进展, columnId=1249044010992603937, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

量子计算凭借其叠加性、纠缠性和并行性等核心特性,为解决图像处理领域的新型复杂难题提供了革命性的思路和工具,由此催生了量子图像信息处理这一研究领域。近年来,量子图像信息处理引起了越来越多研究人员的关注。本文对近5年来的相关研究进行了调研。首先介绍了量子计算的特性,并回顾了量子图像信息处理的发展历程。其次总结了近5年来的量子图像表示方法。从量子图像处理方法、量子图像分析方法、量子图像信息安全技术和量子机器学习方法这4个方面详细阐明了量子图像信息处理方法的研究进展,并对比了所采用方法的核心创新、性能突破和关键局限。其中量子图像处理方法涵盖量子图像滤波、量子图像压缩和量子形态变换;量子图像分析方法涉及量子边缘检测、量子图像分割和量子图像匹配3个方面;量子图像信息安全技术包括量子图像加密和量子图像数据隐藏;而量子支持向量机、量子卷积神经网络及量子生成对抗网络,则归属于量子机器学习的关键实现路径。最后指出目前量子图像信息处理方法在硬件、图像表示模型、协同效率和量子图像安全机制上面临的挑战,并针对挑战对未来进一步的研究方向进行了展望,提及的算法已汇总至https://github.com/cococococo7/QIIP。

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吕品,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为量子图像信息处理。E-mail:

吴一全,通信作者,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为量子图像信息处理、遥感图像处理与理解、红外目标检测与识别、视觉检测与图像测量、视频处理与智能分析。E-mail:

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Munich,Germany: Springer: 631-647 [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01237-3_39], articleTitle=Quaternion convolutional neural networks, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322960912809865412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(61573183), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322960913065717957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(61573183), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322960904349954179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960904362537092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, companyId=1322960904349954179, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Electronic and Information Engineering,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 211106,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960904370925701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, companyId=1322960904349954179, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院,南京 211106)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322960905864097946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Mind map of quantum image information processing, figureFileSmall=BDvuQFxDsAWGK/St8fSRAQ==, figureFileBig=SYx5z7iMUGLGW6YIQj608w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960905943789723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图1, caption=量子图像信息处理思维导图, figureFileSmall=BDvuQFxDsAWGK/St8fSRAQ==, figureFileBig=SYx5z7iMUGLGW6YIQj608w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960906216419484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Development of quantum image information processing, figureFileSmall=nYw9oxgfXWtA0ZsqqYWYqw==, figureFileBig=oHylzHVcraW2eclbBF9gLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960906291916957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图2, caption=量子图像信息处理的发展历程, figureFileSmall=nYw9oxgfXWtA0ZsqqYWYqw==, figureFileBig=oHylzHVcraW2eclbBF9gLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960906371608734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Evolution of quantum image representation technology in recent five years, figureFileSmall=mdfDwzGiY8r+35wzZ5B7BQ==, figureFileBig=AkGJZGHg8nBtTX59eNmAiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960906426134687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图3, caption=近5年量子图像表示技术演进脉络, figureFileSmall=mdfDwzGiY8r+35wzZ5B7BQ==, figureFileBig=AkGJZGHg8nBtTX59eNmAiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908066107552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Quantum image representation methods timeline, figureFileSmall=jFGsrnf+jdvwNsxmVNQsyw==, figureFileBig=Gm6ADp/bkozQZkp2+9DMeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908137410721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图4, caption=量子图像表示方法时间线, figureFileSmall=jFGsrnf+jdvwNsxmVNQsyw==, figureFileBig=Gm6ADp/bkozQZkp2+9DMeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908246462626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=High-pass filtering results (Cui et al.,2024), figureFileSmall=Igcy9ftTHDcCaCOkBgr5ZA==, figureFileBig=aq8HSy4MNMTDfJFvUONcuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908326154403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图5, caption=高通滤波效果(Cui等人,2024)

((a) original image; (b) filtered result image)

, figureFileSmall=Igcy9ftTHDcCaCOkBgr5ZA==, figureFileBig=aq8HSy4MNMTDfJFvUONcuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908384874660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Quantum image compression flowchart, figureFileSmall=bR0liu67UtJTHXhvnYM0rw==, figureFileBig=E1QWGWeSHadgPKG7NVbyzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908485537957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图6, caption=量子图像压缩流程图, figureFileSmall=bR0liu67UtJTHXhvnYM0rw==, figureFileBig=E1QWGWeSHadgPKG7NVbyzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908565229734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=S-connected neighborhood oriented quantum neurons constitute voxel units(Konar et al.,2024), figureFileSmall=stDljeAsyMLhRTCIu5J9gw==, figureFileBig=1EpfSivFTbU4GMkRV4Ogfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908632338599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图7, caption=S-连通邻域导向型量子神经元构成体素单元(Konar等人,2024), figureFileSmall=stDljeAsyMLhRTCIu5J9gw==, figureFileBig=1EpfSivFTbU4GMkRV4Ogfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908707836072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Registration example (Chen et al.,2023b), figureFileSmall=rutO8fGbp2VnxnJYyj6OBQ==, figureFileBig=mQnX7vV93JowPxAKRRJeHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908795916457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图8, caption=图像配准示例(Chen等人,2023b)

((a) reference image; (b) images to be registered;

(c) result image)

, figureFileSmall=rutO8fGbp2VnxnJYyj6OBQ==, figureFileBig=mQnX7vV93JowPxAKRRJeHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908863025322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Architecture diagram of QCNN, figureFileSmall=jwqPwedscM9H5iCJQtySlw==, figureFileBig=AV1HeJL2C0/BtAD9nwxgkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960908946911403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图9, caption=QCNN架构图, figureFileSmall=jwqPwedscM9H5iCJQtySlw==, figureFileBig=AV1HeJL2C0/BtAD9nwxgkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960909139849388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Schematic diagram of QGAN algorithm, figureFileSmall=Dqs7jT9Slc9ab6SB7RKbyg==, figureFileBig=hQd8LVxRVvxwLpMbBNAHmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960909211152557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=图10, caption=QGAN算法示意图, figureFileSmall=Dqs7jT9Slc9ab6SB7RKbyg==, figureFileBig=hQd8LVxRVvxwLpMbBNAHmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960909286650030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Summary of quantum image filtering methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
张智等人(2016)图像信息分层转换为量子叠加态对比度↑至22.74(原22.65)计算复杂度上升
量子面内范数优化约束信息熵↑至7.41(原6.98)需并行算法优化实时性
李盼池和孙昊(2018)量子Oracle划分多频段图像较文献方法PSNR↑0.198 6 dB依赖量子计算硬件
陷波滤波器设计支持周期噪声消除同时输出三频段图像空域滤波未实现
赵娅等人(2021)量子比较器迭代排序计算中值PSNR↑16.22 dB复杂度上升
循环平移模块同步处理边缘像素椒盐噪声PSNR↑18 dB经典仿真受限硬件
Ji等人(2022)高斯—小波混合滤波PSNR↑ > 8 dB小波变换限制实时性
小波系数优化光子计数光学平台实测结构相似性↑30 ps重合门宽增硬件复杂度

Pachuau和Saha

(2022)

Y轴旋转编码像素强度量子成本仅3(q-1)依赖概率重建
角度加减实现泛化滤波平滑滤波RMSE = 14.77需多次量子测量提取结果

Atchade-Adelomou和

Alonso-Linaje(2022)

变分量子电路替代CNN卷积层训练速度↑40%需ml.c5.2xlarge级硬件
量子点积实现特征提取测试集准确率 > 40%(50样本)梯度计算量子线路深度↑
Yuan等人(2022a)位置比特复用架构辅助量子比特↓至O(1)

512 × 512像素图像需

320万次测量

8邻域图像共享量子态时间复杂度O(q)(原O(q²))IBM Q平台延迟敏感
冉术坤等人(2023)量子纠缠绑定邻域像素避免卷积时间复杂↓至O(10n² + 216q²)量子比较器复杂度高
补码电路简化矢量距离计算边缘像素处理需额外循环移位
Cui等人(2024)固定点Grover搜索模拟频域滤波信噪比
λ
≥
λ0
时指数加速
非高效编码图像加速失效
针对高效编码图像设计SSIM↑至0.956(低通滤波)量子噪声导致输出失真
Yuan等人(2025)

优化NCQI存储模型

(辅助量子比特↓)

电路复杂↓至O(q)硬件限制
量子除法器+噪声检测模块PSNR 26.75 dB(高斯噪声)盐噪密度 > 0.1时细节损失显著
Mu等人(2025)NEQR模型实现经典引导滤波量子化时间复杂指数↓至O(q²)依赖高效量子态制备
量子并行优化线性系数计算

PSNR↑6.45 dB

(噪声图: 20.33 dB)

大规模图像需优化量子比特数
), ArticleFig(id=1322960909366341807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

量子图像滤波方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
张智等人(2016)图像信息分层转换为量子叠加态对比度↑至22.74(原22.65)计算复杂度上升
量子面内范数优化约束信息熵↑至7.41(原6.98)需并行算法优化实时性
李盼池和孙昊(2018)量子Oracle划分多频段图像较文献方法PSNR↑0.198 6 dB依赖量子计算硬件
陷波滤波器设计支持周期噪声消除同时输出三频段图像空域滤波未实现
赵娅等人(2021)量子比较器迭代排序计算中值PSNR↑16.22 dB复杂度上升
循环平移模块同步处理边缘像素椒盐噪声PSNR↑18 dB经典仿真受限硬件
Ji等人(2022)高斯—小波混合滤波PSNR↑ > 8 dB小波变换限制实时性
小波系数优化光子计数光学平台实测结构相似性↑30 ps重合门宽增硬件复杂度

Pachuau和Saha

(2022)

Y轴旋转编码像素强度量子成本仅3(q-1)依赖概率重建
角度加减实现泛化滤波平滑滤波RMSE = 14.77需多次量子测量提取结果

Atchade-Adelomou和

Alonso-Linaje(2022)

变分量子电路替代CNN卷积层训练速度↑40%需ml.c5.2xlarge级硬件
量子点积实现特征提取测试集准确率 > 40%(50样本)梯度计算量子线路深度↑
Yuan等人(2022a)位置比特复用架构辅助量子比特↓至O(1)

512 × 512像素图像需

320万次测量

8邻域图像共享量子态时间复杂度O(q)(原O(q²))IBM Q平台延迟敏感
冉术坤等人(2023)量子纠缠绑定邻域像素避免卷积时间复杂↓至O(10n² + 216q²)量子比较器复杂度高
补码电路简化矢量距离计算边缘像素处理需额外循环移位
Cui等人(2024)固定点Grover搜索模拟频域滤波信噪比
λ
≥
λ0
时指数加速
非高效编码图像加速失效
针对高效编码图像设计SSIM↑至0.956(低通滤波)量子噪声导致输出失真
Yuan等人(2025)

优化NCQI存储模型

(辅助量子比特↓)

电路复杂↓至O(q)硬件限制
量子除法器+噪声检测模块PSNR 26.75 dB(高斯噪声)盐噪密度 > 0.1时细节损失显著
Mu等人(2025)NEQR模型实现经典引导滤波量子化时间复杂指数↓至O(q²)依赖高效量子态制备
量子并行优化线性系数计算

PSNR↑6.45 dB

(噪声图: 20.33 dB)

大规模图像需优化量子比特数
), ArticleFig(id=1322960909571862704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Summary of quantum image compression methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
苏枫等人(2015)

OMP算法 + DCT稀疏化降采样

高斯随机矩阵优化测量

sast图像采样550次(↓36倍)

航天图标采样8 000次

(↓125倍)

图像增大时重构时间线性增长

大尺寸优化有限

Dai等人(2021)

QDCT多图融合压缩

4D混沌序列像素扩散

密文熵7.998 3

相关系数 ≈ 0.006

5D混沌电路复杂度过高

压缩率固定不灵活

臧一鸣等人(2022)

热金属码量子化实现伪彩色

R/G/B变换器量子电路设计

(2 947门)

PSNR 24.3~36.4 dB

空间复杂度↓指数级

量子比特初始化依赖经典模拟

分段函数适应性差

Ma和Zhou(2023)

Haar小波多图融合压缩

5D混沌加密 + Fibonacci置乱

相关系数 ≈ 0.009

抗剪切PSNR > 15 dB

高压缩率(75%)PSNR↓至

18 dB

置乱迭代50次实时性差

Majji等人(2023)

比较量子编码技术

提出4种振幅嵌入量子压缩技术

75%压缩率(卫星图像)

SSIM > 0.978(光学图像)

量子硬件资源有限

仅支持4量子位电路

Wang等人(2024b)

参数化量子电路实现量子自编码器

混合量子—经典梯度优化压缩图像

保真度0.957±0.023

压缩率4∶1(量子位↓)

资源密集(训练需多次迭代)

依赖经典模拟硬件

Hai等人(2025)

泰勒展开优化量子编译参数估计

邻域块参数传递减少冗余计算

迭代次数↓86%

损失 < 0.38×10⁻³(高分辨率图像)

图像质量依赖阈值调整

“转移”率仅88%

Ko等人(2025)

傅里叶近似量子概率编码

结合UCR压缩和图像分区策略

门计数↓96%(1 024 × 1 024)

最大门复杂度↓80%

性能依赖图像可压缩性

预处理时间仍较高(313.58 s)

), ArticleFig(id=1322960909659943089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

量子图像压缩方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
苏枫等人(2015)

OMP算法 + DCT稀疏化降采样

高斯随机矩阵优化测量

sast图像采样550次(↓36倍)

航天图标采样8 000次

(↓125倍)

图像增大时重构时间线性增长

大尺寸优化有限

Dai等人(2021)

QDCT多图融合压缩

4D混沌序列像素扩散

密文熵7.998 3

相关系数 ≈ 0.006

5D混沌电路复杂度过高

压缩率固定不灵活

臧一鸣等人(2022)

热金属码量子化实现伪彩色

R/G/B变换器量子电路设计

(2 947门)

PSNR 24.3~36.4 dB

空间复杂度↓指数级

量子比特初始化依赖经典模拟

分段函数适应性差

Ma和Zhou(2023)

Haar小波多图融合压缩

5D混沌加密 + Fibonacci置乱

相关系数 ≈ 0.009

抗剪切PSNR > 15 dB

高压缩率(75%)PSNR↓至

18 dB

置乱迭代50次实时性差

Majji等人(2023)

比较量子编码技术

提出4种振幅嵌入量子压缩技术

75%压缩率(卫星图像)

SSIM > 0.978(光学图像)

量子硬件资源有限

仅支持4量子位电路

Wang等人(2024b)

参数化量子电路实现量子自编码器

混合量子—经典梯度优化压缩图像

保真度0.957±0.023

压缩率4∶1(量子位↓)

资源密集(训练需多次迭代)

依赖经典模拟硬件

Hai等人(2025)

泰勒展开优化量子编译参数估计

邻域块参数传递减少冗余计算

迭代次数↓86%

损失 < 0.38×10⁻³(高分辨率图像)

图像质量依赖阈值调整

“转移”率仅88%

Ko等人(2025)

傅里叶近似量子概率编码

结合UCR压缩和图像分区策略

门计数↓96%(1 024 × 1 024)

最大门复杂度↓80%

性能依赖图像可压缩性

预处理时间仍较高(313.58 s)

), ArticleFig(id=1322960909735440562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Summary of quantum morphological transformation methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Wang等人(2024d)

膨胀/腐蚀/低帽/高帽专用量子电路

全像素并行处理

复杂度 O(n² + q)

支持灰度图像并行处理

精度损失未量化(无临床对比)

骨架提取未实现

Li等人(2024)

五输入新型多数门

QCA单元直接交互机制

0.05 μm²面积

能耗2.02 eV

容错设计缺失

仅实现基础操作(不支持开闭运算)

Lin等人(2024)

双五输入容错多数门

控制线动态切换

面积0.07 μm²

容错率90%

灰度处理能力缺失

多操作串联延迟未测试

Abdullah-Al-Shafi(2025)

双多数门动态控制

医学影像实时处理

0.75时钟周期延迟

抗错率95%

仅支持二值图像

未实现开闭运算

Tang等人(2025)

容错QCA电路优化

缺陷容忍提升

容错率80%~90%

能耗3.54~3 eV

工艺敏感性未分析

辐射环境未验证

张亚奇等人(2025)

位置—像素双基态编码

任意尺寸适配

任意尺寸适配

去噪加速3.7倍

PSNR未量化

量子纠缠寿命未提及

), ArticleFig(id=1322960909819326643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

量子形态变换方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Wang等人(2024d)

膨胀/腐蚀/低帽/高帽专用量子电路

全像素并行处理

复杂度 O(n² + q)

支持灰度图像并行处理

精度损失未量化(无临床对比)

骨架提取未实现

Li等人(2024)

五输入新型多数门

QCA单元直接交互机制

0.05 μm²面积

能耗2.02 eV

容错设计缺失

仅实现基础操作(不支持开闭运算)

Lin等人(2024)

双五输入容错多数门

控制线动态切换

面积0.07 μm²

容错率90%

灰度处理能力缺失

多操作串联延迟未测试

Abdullah-Al-Shafi(2025)

双多数门动态控制

医学影像实时处理

0.75时钟周期延迟

抗错率95%

仅支持二值图像

未实现开闭运算

Tang等人(2025)

容错QCA电路优化

缺陷容忍提升

容错率80%~90%

能耗3.54~3 eV

工艺敏感性未分析

辐射环境未验证

张亚奇等人(2025)

位置—像素双基态编码

任意尺寸适配

任意尺寸适配

去噪加速3.7倍

PSNR未量化

量子纠缠寿命未提及

), ArticleFig(id=1322960909882241204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Summary of quantum edge detection methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Tariq等人(2021)

QGA优化Tsallis熵双阈值分割

SVM三新型训练向量设计

PSNR↑至7.97 dB(超QGA 3.2%)

SSIM↑至0.302(超Sobel 278%)

训练仅用直线边缘模拟图像

指标与视觉结果偏差

Chetia和Sahu(2024)

扩展Sobel算子至4方向

概率幅置换算符U优化电路

边缘像素数量显著增加

电路复杂度降至O(n²+ q³)

仅支持2ⁿ × 2ⁿ尺寸图像

未在真实量子硬件验证

吴琼和马雷(2022)

LoG算子量子化实现

退相干鲁棒性设计

抗噪性↑

比特数↓18

仅MATLAB仿真

图像尺寸需2ⁿ

Liu和Wang(2022)

8方向梯度同步计算

集成边缘跟踪技术

边缘信息量↑

复杂度↓至O(n² + q²)

算法动态适应性不足​

未考虑噪声影响

Geng等人(2022)

量子人工神经元架构

6种电路变体优化

256 × 256像素图像处理

单像素处理时间↓至0.57 s

仅支持直线方向滤波

依赖IBM后端校准波动

董跃华和张先光(2023)

NEQR模型量子形态学电路

分步量子流程: 去噪处理 + 边缘提取

量子位↓至2n + 10

实现IBM Q平台真实验证

仅支持二值图像

大尺寸图像处理慢

Fan和Xiao(2023)

高斯差分量子滤波

4方向零交叉检测量子实现

量子位仅需2n + 10

抗噪性强(高斯噪声下边缘完整)

未扩展至彩色图像

大尺寸图像处理慢

Yuan等人(2024)

NEQR-MI多图像存储模型

量子绝对值减法器

电路复杂度↓至O(q)

512 × 512像素图像边缘检测

量子资源消耗激增

边缘像素依赖镜像填充

Wang等人(2024a)

量子小波正/逆变换

频域边缘重构

EPI指数↑12%

多尺度细节保留率↑17%

仅灰度图像有效

复杂度O(

N
2)偏高

Chetia和Sahu(2024)

双量子空间滤波(高斯 + 中值核)

希尔伯特空间自适应阈值

PSNR↑41.53 dB

盐椒噪声抑制率↑36%

高密度噪声抑制不足

仅MATLAB仿真

Chaduvula等人(2024)

Hill熵量子边缘检测

神经网络混合滤波

准确率↑97.5%

量子噪声抑制率↑42.59%

NEQR物理实现缺陷

参数α需手动调整

Shubha等人(2024)

FRQI编码融合QHED

局部测量后量子态重置

轮廓识别精度↑31%

空间复杂度维持O(log

N
)

预处理增加时间成本

仅验证2 × 2小图像

Llorens等人(2025)

Schur-Weyl对偶性边界检测

平方根测量协议

成功率↑65% (d = 2)

长字符串检测效率↑40%

仅1D场景验证

未处理混合态噪声

), ArticleFig(id=1322960909961932981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

量子边缘检测方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Tariq等人(2021)

QGA优化Tsallis熵双阈值分割

SVM三新型训练向量设计

PSNR↑至7.97 dB(超QGA 3.2%)

SSIM↑至0.302(超Sobel 278%)

训练仅用直线边缘模拟图像

指标与视觉结果偏差

Chetia和Sahu(2024)

扩展Sobel算子至4方向

概率幅置换算符U优化电路

边缘像素数量显著增加

电路复杂度降至O(n²+ q³)

仅支持2ⁿ × 2ⁿ尺寸图像

未在真实量子硬件验证

吴琼和马雷(2022)

LoG算子量子化实现

退相干鲁棒性设计

抗噪性↑

比特数↓18

仅MATLAB仿真

图像尺寸需2ⁿ

Liu和Wang(2022)

8方向梯度同步计算

集成边缘跟踪技术

边缘信息量↑

复杂度↓至O(n² + q²)

算法动态适应性不足​

未考虑噪声影响

Geng等人(2022)

量子人工神经元架构

6种电路变体优化

256 × 256像素图像处理

单像素处理时间↓至0.57 s

仅支持直线方向滤波

依赖IBM后端校准波动

董跃华和张先光(2023)

NEQR模型量子形态学电路

分步量子流程: 去噪处理 + 边缘提取

量子位↓至2n + 10

实现IBM Q平台真实验证

仅支持二值图像

大尺寸图像处理慢

Fan和Xiao(2023)

高斯差分量子滤波

4方向零交叉检测量子实现

量子位仅需2n + 10

抗噪性强(高斯噪声下边缘完整)

未扩展至彩色图像

大尺寸图像处理慢

Yuan等人(2024)

NEQR-MI多图像存储模型

量子绝对值减法器

电路复杂度↓至O(q)

512 × 512像素图像边缘检测

量子资源消耗激增

边缘像素依赖镜像填充

Wang等人(2024a)

量子小波正/逆变换

频域边缘重构

EPI指数↑12%

多尺度细节保留率↑17%

仅灰度图像有效

复杂度O(

N
2)偏高

Chetia和Sahu(2024)

双量子空间滤波(高斯 + 中值核)

希尔伯特空间自适应阈值

PSNR↑41.53 dB

盐椒噪声抑制率↑36%

高密度噪声抑制不足

仅MATLAB仿真

Chaduvula等人(2024)

Hill熵量子边缘检测

神经网络混合滤波

准确率↑97.5%

量子噪声抑制率↑42.59%

NEQR物理实现缺陷

参数α需手动调整

Shubha等人(2024)

FRQI编码融合QHED

局部测量后量子态重置

轮廓识别精度↑31%

空间复杂度维持O(log

N
)

预处理增加时间成本

仅验证2 × 2小图像

Llorens等人(2025)

Schur-Weyl对偶性边界检测

平方根测量协议

成功率↑65% (d = 2)

长字符串检测效率↑40%

仅1D场景验证

未处理混合态噪声

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910037430454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Summary of quantum image segmentation methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Tariq Jamal等人(2023)

量子Rényi熵替代经典Kapur熵

量子遗传算法优化阈值搜索

PSNR↑29.21 dB(较经典高15%)

7阈值时收敛速度提升40%

仅支持灰度图像

量子电路深度随阈值数指数增长

Liu等人(2022)

量子形态学底帽/顶帽变换电路

量子循环移位架构

512 × 512像素图像处理快66%

辅助量子位仅需3q + 7

结构元素固定为3 × 3

光照不均场景鲁棒性不足

Konar等人(2022)

Qutrit三态量子神经元

自适应多类量子Sigmoid激活

Dice系数↑0.927(超经典8%)

迭代次数↓至12轮

参数敏感性强

超像素预处理增加时耗

Yuan等人(2022b)

量子减法器/除法器模块

多图像量子叠加编码

维度↓99%

IBM Q实验验证可行性

T-count高达97q-63

仅支持2n尺寸图像

Shi等人(2023)

超像素量子游走模型

HOG纹理量子化融合

mIoU↑0.927

处理速度↑66%

超像素边界模糊

弱纹理区域误分割率↑15%

Wang等人(2022a)

动态阈值调整机制

量子比特重用策略

精度 ↑5.27%(超MATLAB)

辅助量子位需求 ↓50%

仅验证4 × 4小图像

多目标分割性能下降

López等人(2023)

Clifford+T门容错设计

量子比较器T-count优化

T-count ↓57%

成功率 ↑90%

电路深度增加30%

需量子纠错支持

Presles等人(2024)

量子退火映射MRF能量函数

量子模糊激活函数

速度↑8倍(较模拟退火)

超参数需求↓70%

D-Wave噪声敏感

需200 μs退火时间

Wang等人(2024c)

QUBO模型构建

量子最大流最小割算法

成功率↑2倍(较QAOA)

退火时间↓75%

仅支持二分类

船舶特定场景泛化弱

Konar等人(2024)

3D量子张量神经元

体素量子Sigmoid

速度↑300%(较3D-UNet)

内存占用↓60%

脑瘤边缘分割模糊

需GPU集群支持

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910104539319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

量子图像分割方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Tariq Jamal等人(2023)

量子Rényi熵替代经典Kapur熵

量子遗传算法优化阈值搜索

PSNR↑29.21 dB(较经典高15%)

7阈值时收敛速度提升40%

仅支持灰度图像

量子电路深度随阈值数指数增长

Liu等人(2022)

量子形态学底帽/顶帽变换电路

量子循环移位架构

512 × 512像素图像处理快66%

辅助量子位仅需3q + 7

结构元素固定为3 × 3

光照不均场景鲁棒性不足

Konar等人(2022)

Qutrit三态量子神经元

自适应多类量子Sigmoid激活

Dice系数↑0.927(超经典8%)

迭代次数↓至12轮

参数敏感性强

超像素预处理增加时耗

Yuan等人(2022b)

量子减法器/除法器模块

多图像量子叠加编码

维度↓99%

IBM Q实验验证可行性

T-count高达97q-63

仅支持2n尺寸图像

Shi等人(2023)

超像素量子游走模型

HOG纹理量子化融合

mIoU↑0.927

处理速度↑66%

超像素边界模糊

弱纹理区域误分割率↑15%

Wang等人(2022a)

动态阈值调整机制

量子比特重用策略

精度 ↑5.27%(超MATLAB)

辅助量子位需求 ↓50%

仅验证4 × 4小图像

多目标分割性能下降

López等人(2023)

Clifford+T门容错设计

量子比较器T-count优化

T-count ↓57%

成功率 ↑90%

电路深度增加30%

需量子纠错支持

Presles等人(2024)

量子退火映射MRF能量函数

量子模糊激活函数

速度↑8倍(较模拟退火)

超参数需求↓70%

D-Wave噪声敏感

需200 μs退火时间

Wang等人(2024c)

QUBO模型构建

量子最大流最小割算法

成功率↑2倍(较QAOA)

退火时间↓75%

仅支持二分类

船舶特定场景泛化弱

Konar等人(2024)

3D量子张量神经元

体素量子Sigmoid

速度↑300%(较3D-UNet)

内存占用↓60%

脑瘤边缘分割模糊

需GPU集群支持

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910175842488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Summary of quantum image matching methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Jiang等人(2016)

Grover算法修改目标像素概率

仅关注单一像素减少测量次数

复杂度↓至O(2n)

测量概率↑至96.13%

仅支持精确匹配

多匹配点或空匹配时输出随机

Dang等人(2017)

改进算法利用整个匹配区域

解决多匹配点随机错误问题

复杂度↓至O(2(2m+1) + 2n)

准确率↑至近100%

多匹配点时可能随机选择

网络复杂度高

Luo等人(2018)

基于灰度差异的模糊匹配方案

NEQR表示结合量子操作

量子并行实现指数加速

实验中阈值T₀ = 32时匹配成功

固定阈值需手动调整
唐泽恬等人(2020)

SIFT特征结合量子全局描述子

量子点密度动态调整对比度阈值

误匹配率↓至10.84%~20%

特征点数量控制更合理

依赖经典特征提取

量子编码复杂度高

Benkner等人(2021)

量子循环α扩展避免显式约束

量子黄金分割搜索加速一维优化

医学图像配准精度ε < 0.001

计算资源消耗对数级↓

电路深度随图像尺寸增长

需经典后处理

Yetis和Karaköse(2022)

量子窗口并行处理框架

量子全局描述子增强特征区分度

二值模板匹配误差 < 3%

并行计算加速显著↑

仅支持二值图像

抗噪能力弱

Shu等人(2022)

SIFT特征量子化

量子振幅估计加速相似度计算

NWPU数据集误匹配率20%

Mnist数据集F1值0.77

需大量量子门操作

特征维度受限

Dang等人(2017)

改进算法利用整个匹配区域

解决多匹配点随机错误问题

复杂度↓至O(2(2m+1) + 2n)

准确率↑至近100%

多匹配点时可能随机选择

网络复杂度高

Luo等人(2018)

基于灰度差异的模糊匹配方案

NEQR表示结合量子操作

量子并行实现指数加速

实验中阈值T₀ = 32时匹配成功

固定阈值需手动调整
Chen等人(2023b)

量子Powell方法实现参数优化

量子黄金分割搜索替代一维遍历

亚像素级配准精度 (ε < 0.001)

量子态制备复杂

噪声敏感度高

Heidari等人(2024)

量子退火优化立体匹配能量函数

动态阈值控制特征点数量

QAPLIB实例优化率9/10 (n = 16)

需多次量子测量

大规模问题受限于量子比特数

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910247145657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

量子图像匹配方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Jiang等人(2016)

Grover算法修改目标像素概率

仅关注单一像素减少测量次数

复杂度↓至O(2n)

测量概率↑至96.13%

仅支持精确匹配

多匹配点或空匹配时输出随机

Dang等人(2017)

改进算法利用整个匹配区域

解决多匹配点随机错误问题

复杂度↓至O(2(2m+1) + 2n)

准确率↑至近100%

多匹配点时可能随机选择

网络复杂度高

Luo等人(2018)

基于灰度差异的模糊匹配方案

NEQR表示结合量子操作

量子并行实现指数加速

实验中阈值T₀ = 32时匹配成功

固定阈值需手动调整
唐泽恬等人(2020)

SIFT特征结合量子全局描述子

量子点密度动态调整对比度阈值

误匹配率↓至10.84%~20%

特征点数量控制更合理

依赖经典特征提取

量子编码复杂度高

Benkner等人(2021)

量子循环α扩展避免显式约束

量子黄金分割搜索加速一维优化

医学图像配准精度ε < 0.001

计算资源消耗对数级↓

电路深度随图像尺寸增长

需经典后处理

Yetis和Karaköse(2022)

量子窗口并行处理框架

量子全局描述子增强特征区分度

二值模板匹配误差 < 3%

并行计算加速显著↑

仅支持二值图像

抗噪能力弱

Shu等人(2022)

SIFT特征量子化

量子振幅估计加速相似度计算

NWPU数据集误匹配率20%

Mnist数据集F1值0.77

需大量量子门操作

特征维度受限

Dang等人(2017)

改进算法利用整个匹配区域

解决多匹配点随机错误问题

复杂度↓至O(2(2m+1) + 2n)

准确率↑至近100%

多匹配点时可能随机选择

网络复杂度高

Luo等人(2018)

基于灰度差异的模糊匹配方案

NEQR表示结合量子操作

量子并行实现指数加速

实验中阈值T₀ = 32时匹配成功

固定阈值需手动调整
Chen等人(2023b)

量子Powell方法实现参数优化

量子黄金分割搜索替代一维遍历

亚像素级配准精度 (ε < 0.001)

量子态制备复杂

噪声敏感度高

Heidari等人(2024)

量子退火优化立体匹配能量函数

动态阈值控制特征点数量

QAPLIB实例优化率9/10 (n = 16)

需多次量子测量

大规模问题受限于量子比特数

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910314254522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=Summary of quantum image encryption methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
李盼池和卢爱平(2016)

双随机相位加密量子化实现

完整量子线路设计

密钥空间扩大

解密错误密钥恢复PSNR < 8 dB

密钥敏感度过高

电路深度随像素数指数增长

李盼池和曹梓崎(2017a)

像素位置置乱加密算法

量子比特旋转加密算法

加密图像相关系数绝对值平均0.007 0

直方图均匀分布,安全性高

测量需多次制备态

量子电路深度

郭海儒等人(2019)

改进的GQIR模型突破尺寸限制

动态密钥生成

加密图像三基色相关系数均值 ≈ 0.005

24维旋转门难分解

随机序列占用大量存储空间

Zhang和Wang(2023)

随机起点锯齿扫描置乱

8阶魔方位级旋转

信息熵7.999 4

抗49%遮挡攻击

时间复杂度高

魔方映射存储开销大

Agrawal等人(2024)

四子图DCT稀疏化预处理

量子逻辑映射生成加密矩阵

抗高斯噪声PSNR↑至33 dB

嵌入容量↑至4 bpp(双水印)

缩放因子k影响鲁棒性

子图划分↑63%时耗

Aly(2024)

NQBID量子表示

块球面参数加密

PSNR = Inf (↑100%)

Lab PSNR = 69.80 dB (↑45.6%)

固定尺寸图像

未测量子实时性

Priyadarshini等人(2024)

DExConNet+SCCIE框架

密文ROI提取

PSNR达标率 = 92% (↑4.5%)

加密速度88% (↑3.5%)

无密钥更新

未抗量子攻击

Wang(2024)

量子混沌掩码

同态层级解密

PSNR达标率 = 90% (↑5.9%)

NPCR达标率 = 99.63%

(↑0.031%)

无自适应采样

静态密钥

Qi等人(2025)

格密码+同态加密

可更新密钥

NPCR达标率 = 99.627 7%

(↑0.029%)

PSNR = 38.52 dB(CR = 0.75)

(↑7.6%)

未公开速度

仅交通图像验证

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910381363387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

量子图像加密方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
李盼池和卢爱平(2016)

双随机相位加密量子化实现

完整量子线路设计

密钥空间扩大

解密错误密钥恢复PSNR < 8 dB

密钥敏感度过高

电路深度随像素数指数增长

李盼池和曹梓崎(2017a)

像素位置置乱加密算法

量子比特旋转加密算法

加密图像相关系数绝对值平均0.007 0

直方图均匀分布,安全性高

测量需多次制备态

量子电路深度

郭海儒等人(2019)

改进的GQIR模型突破尺寸限制

动态密钥生成

加密图像三基色相关系数均值 ≈ 0.005

24维旋转门难分解

随机序列占用大量存储空间

Zhang和Wang(2023)

随机起点锯齿扫描置乱

8阶魔方位级旋转

信息熵7.999 4

抗49%遮挡攻击

时间复杂度高

魔方映射存储开销大

Agrawal等人(2024)

四子图DCT稀疏化预处理

量子逻辑映射生成加密矩阵

抗高斯噪声PSNR↑至33 dB

嵌入容量↑至4 bpp(双水印)

缩放因子k影响鲁棒性

子图划分↑63%时耗

Aly(2024)

NQBID量子表示

块球面参数加密

PSNR = Inf (↑100%)

Lab PSNR = 69.80 dB (↑45.6%)

固定尺寸图像

未测量子实时性

Priyadarshini等人(2024)

DExConNet+SCCIE框架

密文ROI提取

PSNR达标率 = 92% (↑4.5%)

加密速度88% (↑3.5%)

无密钥更新

未抗量子攻击

Wang(2024)

量子混沌掩码

同态层级解密

PSNR达标率 = 90% (↑5.9%)

NPCR达标率 = 99.63%

(↑0.031%)

无自适应采样

静态密钥

Qi等人(2025)

格密码+同态加密

可更新密钥

NPCR达标率 = 99.627 7%

(↑0.029%)

PSNR = 38.52 dB(CR = 0.75)

(↑7.6%)

未公开速度

仅交通图像验证

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910456860860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=Summary of quantum image data hiding methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
李盼池和赵娅(2017)

格雷码置乱实现像素位置—颜色同步加密

小规模量子线路降低复杂度

PSNR > 51 dB(视觉质量↑)

比特重合度↑6.7%

置乱周期固定

需多次量子测量提取

李盼池和曹梓崎

(2017b)

单量子比特相位描述彩色图像

Bloch球面绕轴旋转加密

电路复杂度O(n)

相位提取需重复制备态

经典模拟依赖硬件

郭海儒等人(2018)

分块空间域LSB抗剪切

量子比特比较器定位嵌入点

PSNR ≈ 64 dB(隐蔽性↑)

预分块降低抗剪切灵活性

密钥管理复杂度高

罗佳等人(2021)

QGAN生成抗统计检测含密图像

量子—经典映射规避修改痕迹

KL散度→0(分布拟合↑)

模型训练资源密集

收敛速度慢

Gao等人(2022)

量子小波文本分块嵌入

比特翻转置乱算法

嵌入容量O(n)(效率↑)

总像素差异 < 3.65 M(视觉保真↑)

容易受到噪声影响

实时性不足

Yu等人(2023)

Haar小波自适应LSB嵌入

对角细节子带优化

PSNR > 48 dB(隐蔽性↑)

SSIM > 0.997(结构相似性↑)

非盲水印需原载体提取

容量受限1/4 bpp

Mu等人(2023)

QHWT + Sobel边缘检测选平坦区

量子比较器动态选嵌入位

BER < 0.018(误码率↓)

PSNR ≈ 58 dB(质量↑)

容量仅0.25 bpp

计算复杂度高

Randhawa等人(2023)

Hadamard门直编像素强度

量子随机嵌入规避检测

支持12字符/RGB层(容量↑)

叠加态加密抗量子攻击

需QRNG增强随机性

量子硬件依赖

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910523969725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

量子图像数据隐藏方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
李盼池和赵娅(2017)

格雷码置乱实现像素位置—颜色同步加密

小规模量子线路降低复杂度

PSNR > 51 dB(视觉质量↑)

比特重合度↑6.7%

置乱周期固定

需多次量子测量提取

李盼池和曹梓崎

(2017b)

单量子比特相位描述彩色图像

Bloch球面绕轴旋转加密

电路复杂度O(n)

相位提取需重复制备态

经典模拟依赖硬件

郭海儒等人(2018)

分块空间域LSB抗剪切

量子比特比较器定位嵌入点

PSNR ≈ 64 dB(隐蔽性↑)

预分块降低抗剪切灵活性

密钥管理复杂度高

罗佳等人(2021)

QGAN生成抗统计检测含密图像

量子—经典映射规避修改痕迹

KL散度→0(分布拟合↑)

模型训练资源密集

收敛速度慢

Gao等人(2022)

量子小波文本分块嵌入

比特翻转置乱算法

嵌入容量O(n)(效率↑)

总像素差异 < 3.65 M(视觉保真↑)

容易受到噪声影响

实时性不足

Yu等人(2023)

Haar小波自适应LSB嵌入

对角细节子带优化

PSNR > 48 dB(隐蔽性↑)

SSIM > 0.997(结构相似性↑)

非盲水印需原载体提取

容量受限1/4 bpp

Mu等人(2023)

QHWT + Sobel边缘检测选平坦区

量子比较器动态选嵌入位

BER < 0.018(误码率↓)

PSNR ≈ 58 dB(质量↑)

容量仅0.25 bpp

计算复杂度高

Randhawa等人(2023)

Hadamard门直编像素强度

量子随机嵌入规避检测

支持12字符/RGB层(容量↑)

叠加态加密抗量子攻击

需QRNG增强随机性

量子硬件依赖

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910746267838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=Summary of QSVM methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Shaik和Periasamy(2022)

首用QSVM分类PRISMA高光谱影像

量子—经典处理对比

50样本下QSVM精度↑5%

12量子位时准确率100%

训练时间284 s(50样本)

预测400像素需5 243 s

Grossi等人(2022)

量子特征选择优化QSVM参数

混合量子—经典决策集成

混合模型准确率81%

特征选择提升分类效率

噪声下准确率波动±10%

仅支持7量子位特征

Kumar等人(2024)

ZZFeatureMap量子编码

PCA降维适配量子硬件

模拟器速度↑188倍

准确率95%(比经典高1.60%)

真实处理器仅5量子位

电路深度限制扩展性

Jose等人(2024)

ENSGA多目标优化QSVM参数

ZZ特征映射量子态空间

优化后准确率100%

执行时间0.14 s(QASM模拟器)

NISQ设备噪声敏感

电路深度受限训练复杂度

Suzuki等人(2024)

浅层量子电路减少噪声影响

缓解设备噪声

MNIST分类准确率100%

无噪声模拟回归R² = 0.932

噪声敏感,回归任务R²↓10.7%

需500次量子测量/核条目

Slabbert和Petruccione

(2025)

ResNet10自动编码器降维

混合经典—量子架构处理图像输入

MNIST分类/重建准确率100%

CIFAR-10精度 ≈ 75%(F1分数)

复杂图像性能低(精度↓25%)

不平衡数据影响异常检测效果

Zahid和Tahir(2025)

Tabu搜索联合优化量子门和特征选择

量子线性/RBF核模拟经典方法

Ionosphere准确率88.21%

Moons数据集优于经典

简单数据集精度↓

优化资源密集

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910821765311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

QSVM方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
Shaik和Periasamy(2022)

首用QSVM分类PRISMA高光谱影像

量子—经典处理对比

50样本下QSVM精度↑5%

12量子位时准确率100%

训练时间284 s(50样本)

预测400像素需5 243 s

Grossi等人(2022)

量子特征选择优化QSVM参数

混合量子—经典决策集成

混合模型准确率81%

特征选择提升分类效率

噪声下准确率波动±10%

仅支持7量子位特征

Kumar等人(2024)

ZZFeatureMap量子编码

PCA降维适配量子硬件

模拟器速度↑188倍

准确率95%(比经典高1.60%)

真实处理器仅5量子位

电路深度限制扩展性

Jose等人(2024)

ENSGA多目标优化QSVM参数

ZZ特征映射量子态空间

优化后准确率100%

执行时间0.14 s(QASM模拟器)

NISQ设备噪声敏感

电路深度受限训练复杂度

Suzuki等人(2024)

浅层量子电路减少噪声影响

缓解设备噪声

MNIST分类准确率100%

无噪声模拟回归R² = 0.932

噪声敏感,回归任务R²↓10.7%

需500次量子测量/核条目

Slabbert和Petruccione

(2025)

ResNet10自动编码器降维

混合经典—量子架构处理图像输入

MNIST分类/重建准确率100%

CIFAR-10精度 ≈ 75%(F1分数)

复杂图像性能低(精度↓25%)

不平衡数据影响异常检测效果

Zahid和Tahir(2025)

Tabu搜索联合优化量子门和特征选择

量子线性/RBF核模拟经典方法

Ionosphere准确率88.21%

Moons数据集优于经典

简单数据集精度↓

优化资源密集

), ArticleFig(id=1322960910897262784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=Summary of QCNN methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
王兆滨和徐敏哲(2023)

量子逻辑门构建全加器/乘法器/卷积模块

双通道量子脉冲耦合降低复杂度

复杂度O(n² + d²)

图像融合互信息 > 97%

依赖QRAM制备量子态

灰度编码误差随位数增加

Amin等人(2023)

J-QCNN模型(4量子比特 + 5层)

量子—经典混合结构优化异常检测

异常检测准确率99%

AUC 0.98

需预训练经典CNN

实时处理依赖硬件算力

Kim等人(2023)

经典到量子迁移学习(C2Q-CNN)

预训练CNN特征输入QCNN

MNIST分类95% + 准确率

参数量 < 100

仅支持小规模输入(8量子比特)

编码依赖振幅嵌入

Reejisha和Mohan(2023)

QNN与QCNN对比架构

4 × 4像素量子编码简化电路

QNN准确率90%

训练速度↑30%

图像需降采样

当前硬件无法支持大规模数据

Chen等人(2023a)

MERA特征提取方法

图像位平面切片与Ising相变相似性发现

抗攻击准确率87.50%~95.31%

位平面通用性依赖

需多次量子测量

Baek等人(2023)

sQCNN-3D架构

RF-Train多样化特征训练

ShapeNet准确率92.59%

扩展提升6.5%

训练资源密集

Barren plateaus风险

Song等人(2024)

振幅编码策略

QAOA电路构建量子卷积层

Fashion-MNIST准确率92.59%

MNIST上TPR 89%(FPR 2%时)

非稀疏数据效率低

梯度消失风险

Roh等人(2024)

HKT整合预训练CNN

CNN教师模型指导QCNN训练

KITTI AP_{50}接近CNN

依赖预训练模型

量子模拟开销大

Gong等人(2024)

混合树状结构振幅编码平衡电路深度/宽度

纯变分量子电路QCNN架构

MNIST分类准确率98.4%

超越经典CNN 2.36%

依赖PCA/自编码器预降维

8分类任务精度↓至49.4%

Das等人(2024)

置换基振幅编码调控对称群表示

反射等变QCNN结构设计

反射对称分类准确率↑7%

噪声下鲁棒性提升

特定嵌入组合性能↓

多对称约束削弱表达力

Asaoka和Kudo

(2025)

QAE编码标签信息

量子电路端到端分类机制

四分类准确率85%

参数量↓98%(vs FCNN)

8分类任务梯度误差放大

量子态幅度衰减限制通道扩展

Das和Caruso(2025)

随机追踪量子比特实现置换对称

概率化QCNN架构

图连通分类准确率100%

训练充分时超越等变QNN

通道选择需辅助量子比特

电路深度随类别数指数增长

), ArticleFig(id=1322960912549818561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

QCNN方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
王兆滨和徐敏哲(2023)

量子逻辑门构建全加器/乘法器/卷积模块

双通道量子脉冲耦合降低复杂度

复杂度O(n² + d²)

图像融合互信息 > 97%

依赖QRAM制备量子态

灰度编码误差随位数增加

Amin等人(2023)

J-QCNN模型(4量子比特 + 5层)

量子—经典混合结构优化异常检测

异常检测准确率99%

AUC 0.98

需预训练经典CNN

实时处理依赖硬件算力

Kim等人(2023)

经典到量子迁移学习(C2Q-CNN)

预训练CNN特征输入QCNN

MNIST分类95% + 准确率

参数量 < 100

仅支持小规模输入(8量子比特)

编码依赖振幅嵌入

Reejisha和Mohan(2023)

QNN与QCNN对比架构

4 × 4像素量子编码简化电路

QNN准确率90%

训练速度↑30%

图像需降采样

当前硬件无法支持大规模数据

Chen等人(2023a)

MERA特征提取方法

图像位平面切片与Ising相变相似性发现

抗攻击准确率87.50%~95.31%

位平面通用性依赖

需多次量子测量

Baek等人(2023)

sQCNN-3D架构

RF-Train多样化特征训练

ShapeNet准确率92.59%

扩展提升6.5%

训练资源密集

Barren plateaus风险

Song等人(2024)

振幅编码策略

QAOA电路构建量子卷积层

Fashion-MNIST准确率92.59%

MNIST上TPR 89%(FPR 2%时)

非稀疏数据效率低

梯度消失风险

Roh等人(2024)

HKT整合预训练CNN

CNN教师模型指导QCNN训练

KITTI AP_{50}接近CNN

依赖预训练模型

量子模拟开销大

Gong等人(2024)

混合树状结构振幅编码平衡电路深度/宽度

纯变分量子电路QCNN架构

MNIST分类准确率98.4%

超越经典CNN 2.36%

依赖PCA/自编码器预降维

8分类任务精度↓至49.4%

Das等人(2024)

置换基振幅编码调控对称群表示

反射等变QCNN结构设计

反射对称分类准确率↑7%

噪声下鲁棒性提升

特定嵌入组合性能↓

多对称约束削弱表达力

Asaoka和Kudo

(2025)

QAE编码标签信息

量子电路端到端分类机制

四分类准确率85%

参数量↓98%(vs FCNN)

8分类任务梯度误差放大

量子态幅度衰减限制通道扩展

Das和Caruso(2025)

随机追踪量子比特实现置换对称

概率化QCNN架构

图连通分类准确率100%

训练充分时超越等变QNN

通道选择需辅助量子比特

电路深度随类别数指数增长

), ArticleFig(id=1322960912629510338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=Summary of QGAN methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
刘文杰等人(2022)

one-hot形式多粒子W态编码

条件信息输入生成器/判别器稳定模型

时间复杂度O(N) (原O(N²))

BAS数据集准确率96.83%

贫瘠高原现象(电路深度↑)

参数优化依赖离线模拟

江奕达和王明明

(2024)

量子—经典混合生成器

振幅/角度编码方案优化

混合模型保真度 > 0.95 (MNIST)

重构PSNR > 20 dB

训练资源密集(参数 > 4 000)

收敛速度慢

Chang等人(2024)

自编码器潜在空间映射

量子生成器多测量策略

FID < 20 (20 epochs收敛)

MNIST数据集IS > 8.0

对shot noise敏感

训练不稳定

Steck和Behrmann

(2024)

量子“风格”参数化生成器

Levenberg-Marquardt量子优化

模拟分类准确率 > 90%

产品状态检测误差 < 5%

硬件训练困难

电路深度限制

Thomas等人(2025)

MERA特征提取方法

图像位平面切片与Ising相变相似性发现

JSD↓30.1% (vs PQWGAN)

MNIST数据集FID改善至22.6

计算资源密集

训练时间↑50%

瞿治国等人(2025)

QBiGRU和QCNN生成器设计

MPS/TTN变分量子电路

平均分类准确率82.6%

NISQ设备兼容

量子资源限制

训练过程复杂

吉家欣等人(2025)

双GAN耦合结构

权重共享约束

量子补丁生成器

MNIST图像质量↑

领域适应分类精度75.6%

计算开销大

泛化性受限

Joon等人(2024)

量子补丁生成器架构

能量守恒物理约束

Discriminator Loss 0.50

Generator Loss 0.98

量子噪声敏感

数据集规模限制

Guntupalli等人

(2024)

量子预处理(振幅编码)

量子GAN去噪架构

PSNR值↑

计算效率↓

高噪声敏感

Ma等人(2025)

QINR集成量子隐式表示

参数减少技术(近10倍)

量子参数↓10倍(vs PQWGAN)

生成78 × 64像素高分辨率图像

训练资源密集

(2 000 epochs)

收敛速度慢

Yang等人(2026)

可逆量子生成器参数共享

辅助CNN实现单向循环一致性约束

23个子数据集有效翻译参数规模↓

生成图像亮度低

(BPR↓~15%)

量子资源限制

Tian等人(2025)

QGAN生成平凡环路纠错路径

Transformer自注意力捕获全局依赖

解码精度99.875%

错误阈值7.5%

量子电路忽略内部噪声

训练数据需求高

), ArticleFig(id=1322960912709202115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960895785185387, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

QGAN方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法核心创新性能突破关键局限
刘文杰等人(2022)

one-hot形式多粒子W态编码

条件信息输入生成器/判别器稳定模型

时间复杂度O(N) (原O(N²))

BAS数据集准确率96.83%

贫瘠高原现象(电路深度↑)

参数优化依赖离线模拟

江奕达和王明明

(2024)

量子—经典混合生成器

振幅/角度编码方案优化

混合模型保真度 > 0.95 (MNIST)

重构PSNR > 20 dB

训练资源密集(参数 > 4 000)

收敛速度慢

Chang等人(2024)

自编码器潜在空间映射

量子生成器多测量策略

FID < 20 (20 epochs收敛)

MNIST数据集IS > 8.0

对shot noise敏感

训练不稳定

Steck和Behrmann

(2024)

量子“风格”参数化生成器

Levenberg-Marquardt量子优化

模拟分类准确率 > 90%

产品状态检测误差 < 5%

硬件训练困难

电路深度限制

Thomas等人(2025)

MERA特征提取方法

图像位平面切片与Ising相变相似性发现

JSD↓30.1% (vs PQWGAN)

MNIST数据集FID改善至22.6

计算资源密集

训练时间↑50%

瞿治国等人(2025)

QBiGRU和QCNN生成器设计

MPS/TTN变分量子电路

平均分类准确率82.6%

NISQ设备兼容

量子资源限制

训练过程复杂

吉家欣等人(2025)

双GAN耦合结构

权重共享约束

量子补丁生成器

MNIST图像质量↑

领域适应分类精度75.6%

计算开销大

泛化性受限

Joon等人(2024)

量子补丁生成器架构

能量守恒物理约束

Discriminator Loss 0.50

Generator Loss 0.98

量子噪声敏感

数据集规模限制

Guntupalli等人

(2024)

量子预处理(振幅编码)

量子GAN去噪架构

PSNR值↑

计算效率↓

高噪声敏感

Ma等人(2025)

QINR集成量子隐式表示

参数减少技术(近10倍)

量子参数↓10倍(vs PQWGAN)

生成78 × 64像素高分辨率图像

训练资源密集

(2 000 epochs)

收敛速度慢

Yang等人(2026)

可逆量子生成器参数共享

辅助CNN实现单向循环一致性约束

23个子数据集有效翻译参数规模↓

生成图像亮度低

(BPR↓~15%)

量子资源限制

Tian等人(2025)

QGAN生成平凡环路纠错路径

Transformer自注意力捕获全局依赖

解码精度99.875%

错误阈值7.5%

量子电路忽略内部噪声

训练数据需求高

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吕品 , 吴一全 *
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吕品 , 吴一全*
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院,南京 211106
通讯作者:
吴一全,通信作者,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为量子图像信息处理、遥感图像处理与理解、红外目标检测与识别、视觉检测与图像测量、视频处理与智能分析。E-mail:
作者简介:

吕品,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为量子图像信息处理。E-mail:

吴一全,通信作者,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为量子图像信息处理、遥感图像处理与理解、红外目标检测与识别、视觉检测与图像测量、视频处理与智能分析。E-mail:

Progress of research on quantum image information processing methods
Pin Lyu , Yiquan Wu*
Affiliations
  • College of Electronic and Information Engineering,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 211106,China
出版时间: 2026-08-16 doi: 10.11834/jig.250566
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量子计算凭借其叠加性、纠缠性和并行性等核心特性,为解决图像处理领域的新型复杂难题提供了革命性的思路和工具,由此催生了量子图像信息处理这一研究领域。近年来,量子图像信息处理引起了越来越多研究人员的关注。本文对近5年来的相关研究进行了调研。首先介绍了量子计算的特性,并回顾了量子图像信息处理的发展历程。其次总结了近5年来的量子图像表示方法。从量子图像处理方法、量子图像分析方法、量子图像信息安全技术和量子机器学习方法这4个方面详细阐明了量子图像信息处理方法的研究进展,并对比了所采用方法的核心创新、性能突破和关键局限。其中量子图像处理方法涵盖量子图像滤波、量子图像压缩和量子形态变换;量子图像分析方法涉及量子边缘检测、量子图像分割和量子图像匹配3个方面;量子图像信息安全技术包括量子图像加密和量子图像数据隐藏;而量子支持向量机、量子卷积神经网络及量子生成对抗网络,则归属于量子机器学习的关键实现路径。最后指出目前量子图像信息处理方法在硬件、图像表示模型、协同效率和量子图像安全机制上面临的挑战,并针对挑战对未来进一步的研究方向进行了展望,提及的算法已汇总至https://github.com/cococococo7/QIIP。

量子图像表示  /  量子图像处理  /  量子图像分析  /  量子图像信息安全  /  量子机器学习

In the era of big data and artificial intelligence,image processing has emerged as a cornerstone technology that drives advancements across diverse fields,including medical diagnostics,autonomous systems,and remote sensing. The exponential growth of high-resolution image data has created unprecedented computational demands that classical computing architectures increasingly struggle to meet. As the progress under Moore’s law slows,quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm; it leverages fundamental quantum properties,including superposition,entanglement,and quantum parallelism,to overcome classical limitations. This convergence has given rise to the rapidly evolving field of quantum image processing (QIP),which promises to redefine the boundaries of computational imaging capabilities. This comprehensive survey provides a systematic analysis of QIP’s remarkable evolution over the past five years,documenting its transition from a theoretical concept to an emerging practical technology. We introduce an integrated classification framework that mirrors the complete image processing pipeline——from fundamental representation to advanced applications——thus creating a coherent perspective that effectively connects quantum mechanical principles with practical implementation requirements. The foundation of this framework lies in quantum image representation models,where innovative schemes,such as novel enhanced quantum repre-sentation,flexible representation of quantum images,and generalized quantum image representation,have advanced to support arbitrary image dimensions and complex color spaces while simultaneously optimizing critical qubit utilization efficiency. Building upon this foundation,QIP techniques demonstrate increasingly sophisticated capabilities. Advanced filtering algorithms achieve exponential speedups in noise reduction tasks,and quantum Fourier and wavelet transforms enable unprecedented efficiency in image compression. Quantum parallelism facilitates rapid morphological analysis and feature extraction,substantially accelerating fundamental image processing operations. Aside from basic processing,quantum-enhanced methods for edge detection,segmentation,and feature matching also demonstrate remarkable efficiency improvements in extracting meaningful information from complex visual data. The security domain benefits substantially from quantum approaches,with innovative encryption protocols based on quantum walks and chaos theory providing theoretically unbreakable protection for sensitive visual data. Quantum watermarking techniques that utilize entanglement phenomena offer fundamentally undetectable data-hiding capabilities,creating new paradigms for digital rights management and secure communication. In machine learning applications,quantum support vector machines enhance classification accuracy for high-dimensional image data,and quantum convolutional neural networks revolutionize feature extraction through inherent quantum parallelism. Quantum generative adversarial networks enable sophisticated synthetic data generation and have notable applications in data augmentation and privacy preservation. This review emphasizes an integrated perspective that connects theoretical advances with practical implementations across multiple application domains. Our structured analytical framework clearly reveals how abstract quantum principles translate into operational capabilities while simultaneously addressing the critical challenges currently hindering widespread adoption. The noisy intermediate-scale quantum era presents substantial hardware limitations,where qubit decoherence and elevated error rates remain persistent barriers to reliable operation. The considerable theory-practice implementation gap,where algorithm performance on actual quantum devices often falls short of theoretical predictions,requires careful consideration. Moreover,scalability issues in real-world applications,where the substantial overhead of quantum data encoding and measurement can diminish computational advantages,present additional hurdles that must be overcome. Resource management considerations examine how different representation models directly affect quantum circuit complexity and execution time,providing crucial insights for practical algorithm design and implementation. Looking forward,several promising pathways can be taken. Examples include hybrid quantum-classical architectures that leverage the complementary strengths of both computational paradigms,advanced error mitigation techniques that compensate for current hardware imperfections,and quantum-inspired classical algorithms that can deliver enhanced performance on conventional hardware while preserving certain quantum advantages. The discussion extends to current hardware platforms,including superconducting qubits,trapped ions,and photonic quantum systems,to provide practical guidance for experimental research and implementation strategies. Through systematic analysis and critical evaluation,this review demonstrates quantum computing’s massive potential to achieve exponential acceleration in computational tasks,enhance security beyond classical limitations,and enable unprecedented capabilities in image analysis and understanding. Emerging applications in medical imaging,remote sensing,and security systems highlight the transformative potential of these technologies. As quantum hardware continues its steady evolution,the strategic integration of quantum approaches into conventional image processing workflows promises to redefine computational boundaries across numerous disciplines,including healthcare,environmental monitoring,industrial inspection,and artificial intelligence. The field currently stands at the threshold of a new computational paradigm,requiring continued technical innovation and strategic vision to successfully navigate the coming transition. By synthesizing recent advances,clearly identifying current limitations,and outlining promising research directions,this survey aims to accelerate the development and adoption of QIP technologies. The ultimate integration of quantum approaches with classical image processing methodologies promises to create powerful hybrid frameworks that leverage the distinctive strengths of both computational paradigms,fundamentally transforming how we extract knowledge and value from visual data in the emerging quantum era and enabling capabilities beyond the reach of either approach independently. The mentioned algorithms are summarized at https://github.com/cococococo7/QIIP.

quantum image representation  /  quantum image processing  /  quantum image analysis  /  quantum image information security  /  quantum machine learning
吕品, 吴一全. 量子图像信息处理方法研究进展. 中国图象图形学报, 2026 , 31 (8) : 2814 -2843 . DOI: 10.11834/jig.250566
Pin Lyu, Yiquan Wu. Progress of research on quantum image information processing methods[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2026 , 31 (8) : 2814 -2843 . DOI: 10.11834/jig.250566
图像作为信息的重要载体,其高效处理与分析是现代信息技术的核心支撑。而在过去的几十年里,计算机的计算能力按照摩尔定律呈指数级增长,但由于诸多客观因素的限制,近年来单核中央处理器(central processing unit,CPU)的计算能力并没有大幅度提升(史惠康 等,2023),因此需要探索其他方式来提升处理海量高维图像数据时的计算能力。
量子计算凭借其独特的量子态叠加与纠缠特性,为解决图像处理领域的新型复杂难题提供了革命性的思路和工具,由此催生了量子图像信息处理这一研究领域。量子图像信息处理本质上是利用量子力学原理、量子比特的表示能力以及量子算法范式,在量子计算框架下对图像信息进行表示、存储、处理、分析和通信的技术。其核心特点在于借助量子并行性可实现对庞大图像数据空间的指数级加速运算,以及利用量子纠缠等非经典关联实现新颖高效的图像处理操作和加密通信。正因如此,量子图像信息处理展现出降低计算复杂度、提升处理效率以及增强信息安全性的巨大潜力。目前,量子图像信息处理的研究已在诸多关键领域展现出应用前景,特别是在需要处理超大规模图像数据的医学影像分析(付晓薇 等,2015)、追求高安全级别的图像加密(常晓琦 等,2024)与安全通信,以及实现超高分辨率成像的量子遥感等方面(姚力波 等,2021),量子图像信息处理技术正逐步从理论构想迈向实践应用的探索。
量子图像信息处理研究越来越受到关注。目前的相关综述文献情况如下:Ruan等人(2021)围绕量子图像操作展开了系统性综述,指出量子图像处理的真正机遇更多集中于图像分类与识别等高层任务,而非传统低层操作。然而,该研究在量子图像操作的实际可行性方面仍存在较多争议,未能提出具有建设意义的解决方法。Wang等人(2022b)发表了另一篇量子图像处理的系统综述,涵盖了量子计算的背景起源与数学基础,并深入分析了该领域的优势与局限,但未能纳入近5年的重大突破,因而在时效性方面显露出一定的滞后性。除了上述两篇较为全面的综述之外,近年来的相关研究更多聚焦于特定子领域或关键技术。例如,Elaraby(2022)总结了量子计算在医学图像处理中的主流方法与应用实践; Otgonbaatar和Kranzlmüller(2023)则着眼于量子技术在地球观测与卫星图像分析中的研究现状,特别剖析了量子学习模型在处理遥感数据时的潜力与挑战;Islam和He(2024)系统梳理了量子机器学习的关键方法,探索量子计算对机器学习范式的推动与影响;而Liu和Helmy(2025)则针对量子增强的光学目标探测,综合评述了其发展机遇与现实瓶颈。以上综述虽在细分领域纵深突破,但由于过度聚焦局部,无法展现量子图像信息处理的完整技术生态。
鉴于此,本文将介绍量子图像信息处理的基本概念并系统分类与说明量子图像信息处理技术,量子图像信息处理思维导图如图1所示,快速为读者呈现有效信息,为相关研究人员提供参考。主要安排如下:第1部分介绍量子计算的3大特性。第2部分梳理了量子图像信息处理的发展历程。第3部分总结讨论了近5年量子图像表示方法的最新进展。第4部分从量子图像滤波、量子图像压缩和量子形态变换这3个方面阐明了量子图像处理方法的研究现状。第5部分总结了量子图像分析方法在量子边缘检测、量子图像分割和量子图像匹配上的研究进展。第6部分概述了量子图像信息安全技术,包括量子图像加密和量子图像数据隐藏。第7部分综述了量子机器学习方法,包括量子支持向量机、量子卷积神经网络和量子生成对抗网络。第8部分指出了量子图像信息处理面临的挑战并进行展望。
量子图像信息处理的核心建立在量子计算的三大基础特性上:量子比特、量子并行性和量子纠缠。这些特性为解决传统图像处理的瓶颈问题提供了全新路径。
量子比特作为量子信息的基本单元,从根本上扩展了经典比特的二元逻辑(Hyyppä等,2022)。其核心在于量子叠加原理:一个量子比特的状态可表示为基态
0
和
1
的线性组合,具体为
ψ=α0+β1
式中,
α
和
β
是复数概率幅,满足归一化条件
α2+β2=1
。当进行测量时,系统以概率
α2
坍缩至经典态0,以概率
β2
坍缩至1。
这种特性使得量子比特能够同时编码两种状态,为高维数据存储提供了物理基础。在量子图像信息处理中,该性质可直接用于图像信息的高效压缩与表示。
量子并行性是量子计算的核心优势,它根植于量子比特的叠加态特性:当对一个处于叠加态的量子系统施加幺正操作时,该操作将同时作用于所有基态分量(Lin和Yin,2025)。数学上,对具有
2n
个状态的量子系统执行酉变换
U
,可表示为
U∑x=02n-1cxx=∑x=02n-1cxUx
式中,
x
为
n
位二进制编码;
cx
为归一化复振幅。单次物理操作
U
完成了对
2n
个独立状态
x
的同步演化,其并行度随量子比特数
n
指数增长,而传统并行计算需物理复制
O2n
个处理单元才能实现等效并行规模,这一现象的本质源于量子态的相干叠加与幺正演化的深度融合。
量子纠缠是量子信息处理的核心资源,其本质在于多体系统量子态的非局域关联性——系统整体状态无法分解为子系统状态的张量积(Horodecki等,2009)。数学上,两量子比特系统的任一纯态均可写为
ψAB=∑i,  jciji A⊗jB
式中,
cij
为复数概率幅;
i A
,
jB
分别为子系统在基态i和j上的量子态。若该态无法分解为子系统状态的张量积形式,则称为纠缠态;反之则为可分离态。对于纠缠态,其纠缠强度可通过子系统约化密度矩阵度量,具体为
ρA=trBψψ≠pure state
式中,
trB
为对B子系统求偏迹;
ρA
为约化密度矩阵。其中
ρA
的混合性直接度量纠缠强度,熵值越大,纠缠度越高。
量子纠缠通过状态空间的维度扩展展现了其超越经典计算的强大潜力(Vedral,2014)。
量子图像信息处理在21世纪的前20年经历了从理论奠基到实验初探的完整演化,发展历程如图2所示。其发展始于本世纪初,随着量子计算理论的成熟,研究者开始探索如何利用量子力学特性处理图像信息。
2003年,Venegas-Andraca和Bose(2003)提出的Qubit Lattice模型采用了为每个像素分配专用量子比特的思路。与此同时,将图像灰度值编码为量子态概率幅的思想开始萌芽(Latorre,2005)。这些早期模型虽受限于当时的技术条件而难以实现,但成功地将图像处理问题引入量子计算领域,为后续研究指明了方向。
2010年前后,该领域迎来了理论基础的重大突破。最具里程碑意义的进展是Le等人(2011)提出的量子图像的灵活表示(flexible representation of quantum images,FRQI)模型,该模型使用一个量子态同时编码像素的位置和颜色信息,其资源高效性使其成为后续大多数算法研究的理论基础。例如对于一个尺寸为N = 2n × 2n的经典图像,FRQI将其编码为一个量子态,形式为
I=1M∑k=0M-1k⊗cosθk20+sinθk21
式中,M为图像的像素总数;
k
为位置寄存器,表示第k个像素的位置;
θk
为颜色编码角度。
为克服FRQI在颜色精度和操作复杂性上的局限,Zhang等人(2013)于2013年提出了新型增强量子表示(novel enhanced quantum representation,NEQR)模型,采用二进制基态而非概率幅来精确存储颜色值,极大地简化了比较、运算等操作的量子线路设计,推动了算法的实用化进程。
在坚实的表示理论基础上,2015至2017年间的研究进入了算法系统化发展的繁荣期。研究者系统性地重构了各类图像处理任务的量子算法,涵盖了从空域和频域的滤波、几何变换,到特征提取、图像分割以及模式匹配等高级任务。并行地,一个以量子图像加密与水印为核心的信息安全研究分支得以建立,大量基于量子行走、混沌映射的加密方案被提出。
此外,表示模型本身也得到扩展,出现了支持视频(Yuan等,2014)和彩色图像(Sang等,2017)的量子表示方法,标志着该领域理论框架的日趋完善。
至2019年,随着嘈杂中型量子(noisy intermediate-scale quantum,NISQ)时代的到来(Preskill,2018),该领域开始了从纯理论向实验验证的初步转向。基于国际商业机器公司量子(International Business Machines quantum,IBM Q)平台(García-Pérez等,2020)等云量子平台,研究者首次在真实量子设备上成功编码并处理了极小规模的图像,实现了原理性验证。同时,与量子机器学习的交叉融合成为新前沿,量子卷积神经网络(Zhu等,2018)(quantum convolutional neural network,QCNN)等概念相继提出用于图像识别,预示着下一代量子智能图像处理技术的萌芽。至此,量子图像信息处理完成了其第1个20年的理论积累,为在更强大硬件上的应用探索奠定了坚实基础。
2020—2025年及以后,量子图像信息处理迈入以“实用化拓展”与“跨界深化”为特征的新阶段。随着NISQ设备性能逐步提高,研究重点从原理验证转向在有限规模下提升算法效率,探索图像降噪、超分辨率等任务中的潜力。量子传感器与医学影像的融合成为亮点,首批“量子—经典”混合算法在真实临床数据中验证,推动技术向实际应用渗透。研究更注重构建量子神经网络与经典人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)的协同架构,探索图像生成、跨模态检索等复杂任务。硬件方面,面向图像处理优化的专用量子芯片与光子集成平台加速发展,旨在突破NISQ时代在比特数与噪声方面的限制。
为了在量子计算机上有效处理图像数据,研究人员已开发出多种量子图像表示方法。这些方案旨在将经典图像信息编码到量子态中。Lisnichenko和Protasov(2023)对2020年之前的量子图像表示方法进行了综述,本文将对近5年量子图像表示方法的最新进展进行总结和讨论,技术演进脉络如图3所示,时间线如图4所示。
在量子图像表示领域,早期研究主要致力于突破传统模型的尺寸与色彩限制。Zhu等人(2021)提出的多模式量子图像表示(multimode quantum image representation,MQIR)率先支持任意尺寸图像,在降低量子比特需求的同时,结合三维非等距Arnold变换开发了高效加密方案。针对新型增强量子表示(novel enhanced quantum representation,NCQI)模型处理非对称尺寸与多通道的缺陷,Su等人(2021)进一步提出改进的新型增强量子表示(improved color digital image quantum representation,INCQI)模型,引入辅助量子比特实现透明信息处理,并通过IBM Q首次完成量子图像可视化验证。INCQI模型将尺寸为
2n1
×
2n2
的二维图像编码为以下量子态,即
I=12n1+n22∑y=02n1-1∑x=02n2-1cy, x⊗yx
式中,n1为垂直位置的量子比特数;n2为水平位置的量子比特数;
yx
表示像素的位置寄存器;
cy,x
为像素的颜色寄存器。
随着需求深化,研究重点转向色彩空间优化与存储效率提升。Chen等人(2022a)基于色调—饱和度—强度(hue-saturation-intensity,HSI)空间构建基于HSI颜色空间的量子图像表示模型(quantum image representation based on HSI color space model,QIRHSI),融合FRQI与NEQR优势,仅用10量子比特编码色调/饱和度通道,资源优化率最高达95.72%。该方向由Li等人(2023)实现跨越式发展: 其基于HSI颜色模型并采用纠缠态编码的增强型量子图像表示(enhanced quantum image representation using entanglement state encoding in the HSI color model,EQIRHSI)模型采用双量子纠缠态编码H/S通道,在保持超低存储特性下将平均压缩率提升至83.91%,较主流模型效率提高1.2倍。与此同时,Chen等人(2022b)开辟极坐标新路径,开发位平面表示模型(quantum representation model for polar coordinate Images,QIPC),仅需(h+4)/(h+6)量子比特即存储2ʰ像素的灰度/彩色图像,存储效率达传统对数模型的16倍,显著简化了几何变换操作。
面向实际量子环境适配,理论框架迎来根本性重构。Hu等人(2024)突破封闭系统局限,开创基于密度矩阵模型(density matrix model,DMM)的开放量子系统图像表示范式,提出灰度模型、张量积彩色模型及Bloch球混态模型3层次架构。通过算子求和分解技术首次实现振幅阻尼通道等噪声环境下的图像演化解析,为真实量子硬件部署奠定理论基础。
量子图像处理作为量子图像信息处理中的一个前沿分支,其核心目标在于将经典图像处理中的关键技术量子化,并借助量子叠加、并行计算等独特性质实现超越经典方法的性能表现。
在经典图像处理中,图像滤波是一种常见的预处理操作,一般通过将图像与滤波器掩码进行相关来实现。在计算机视觉中,常用于消除图像中的噪声。虽然量子图像处理中难以进行卷积运算,给滤波运算带来困难,但已经通过多路径创新解决经典方法的瓶颈,其发展脉络可从空域、频域和混合架构3个维度展开。
在空域滤波方向,张智等人(2016)基于量子空间的光学遥感图像滤波将图像转换为量子叠加态,在不同量子面进行范数优化约束,显著提升图像质量指标并解决地物细节丢失问题。赵娅等人(2021)设计的量子图像中值滤波方案通过量子比较器和迭代排序计算中值,针对性解决量子比特翻转噪声滤除问题,但未公开具体量化指标。
冉术坤等人(2023)在此基础上的突破尤为关键,提出的量子彩色图像矢量中值滤波算法通过量子纠缠绑定邻域像素,巧妙规避传统卷积的复杂性,并以补码电路优化矢量距离计算,椒盐噪声抑制效果接近经典算法。这种邻域绑定策略直接启发了Yuan等人(2022a,2025)的加权平均滤波创新,通过改进NCQI模型存储电路,将辅助量子比特从O(q)压缩至O(1),并在IBM Q平台成功处理512 × 512像素图像。Pachuau和Saha(2022)提出了通用量子空间域滤波器架构,通过Y轴旋转表示像素强度,用角度加减实现滤波操作,解决传统量子滤波器泛化能力不足问题,在边缘检测和平滑任务中验证可行性。
域滤波领域呈现算法加速与硬件约束的博弈。李盼池和孙昊(2018)基于量子傅里叶变换的频域滤波采用NEQR模型描述彩色图像,通过量子Oracle实现多频段分离,解决频率分类不精确问题,但实际复杂度优化有限。Cui等人(2024)的固定点Grover搜索算法实现关键跃迁,针对高效编码图像设计,在信噪比下界约束下达到指数加速O(poly(logN)),低通滤波后结构相似性(structural similarity index measure,SSIM)从0.794显著提升至0.956。除此之外,该方法对胸部X射线图像进行高通滤波后有效增强了暗区的细节,结果如图5所示。
Ji等人(2022)的高斯—小波混合滤波融合了频域与时域优势,通过小波系数优化和线性映射抑制环境噪声,解决纠缠光子成像中的误计数问题,实测峰值信噪比(peak signal-to-noise ratio,PSNR)提升 > 8 dB,但小波变换导致的实时性下降成为瓶颈。Atchade-Adelomou和Alonso-Linaje(2022)的变分量子滤波器用量子点积替代经典卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)卷积层,训练速度提升40%,但高性能硬件依赖暴露接口瓶颈。Mu等人(2025)基于NEQR模型实现经典引导滤波的量子化,通过量子并行性实现指数级加速,显著提升滤波速度与边缘保留能力,为频域与空域融合提供范例。
综上所述,量子图像滤波技术在空域交互机制革新、频域处理效能跃迁及混合架构范式突破三大方向协同演进下,成功克服了传统卷积在量子体系中实施的固有障碍,并系统性突破经典方法的算力与精度瓶颈。量子图像滤波方法汇总如表1所示。
量子图像压缩是指利用量子计算的特性和算法,对图像数据进行压缩的技术。它结合了量子信息理论和经典图像处理,旨在实现比经典压缩方法更高的压缩率、更快的处理速度或全新的处理维度,量子图像压缩流程如图6所示,量子图像压缩方法汇总如表2所示。
苏枫等人(2015)提出了压缩感知框架结合正交匹配追踪(orthogonal matching pursuit,OMP)算法与离散余弦变换(discrete cosine transform,DCT)稀疏化,将sast图像采样次数降至550次,较传统2万次提速36倍,但重构时间仍随图像尺寸线性增长,且航天图标压缩需8 000次采样,大尺寸优化有限。
Dai等人(2021)设计了量子离散余弦变换(quantum discrete cosine transform,QDCT)多图压缩框架,通过4D混沌序列扩散像素值实现密文熵7.998 3和相关系数 ≈ 0.006的高随机性,但因5D混沌电路复杂度过高,且多图融合需预定义压缩率,灵活性受限。
臧一鸣等人(2022)基于热金属码实现了量子伪彩色编码,仅需2 947量子门完成灰度—色彩转换,然而量子比特初始化依赖经典模拟,且预定义分段函数降低了适应性。
Ma和Zhou(2023)融合Haar小波多图压缩与5D混沌加密,达成密文相关系数 ≈ 0.009的抗统计攻击能力及抗剪切PSNR > 15 dB,但高压缩率下PSNR降至18 dB,且Fibonacci置乱需迭代50次周期,实时性不足。
Majji等人(2023)比较了多种量子编码技术,提出4种基于振幅嵌入的量子压缩方法,在200幅卫星图像上实现了75%压缩率,同时保留关键视觉模式,解决了高分辨率图像的计算约束问题。
Wang等人(2024b)开发了基于参数化量子电路的量子自编码器模型,采用混合量子—经典梯度优化方法,在修改后的美国国家标准与技术研究所数据库(modified national institute of standards and technology database,MNIST)数据集上实现了高效压缩,保真度达0.957,解决了大规模图像存储资源需求高的问题,但训练过程资源密集。
Hai等人(2025)提出了基于泰勒展开的快速量子编译算法,通过参数估计减少迭代次数,在Lenna和Cameraman图像上实现了86%迭代次数削减和低损失压缩,解决了传统量子压缩计算成本高的问题,但图像质量依赖于阈值调整。
Ko等人(2025)引入基于傅里叶的近似量子概率图像编码,结合均匀受控旋转(uniformly-controlled rotation,UCR)压缩和图像分区策略,在1 024 × 1 024像素医学图像上减少了96%门计数和80%最大门复杂度,解决了门资源需求大的问题,但性能依赖于图像的可压缩性。
综上所述,量子图像压缩技术已通过多维架构创新与效能提升路径,在压缩效率、安全保障和硬件适配性三大核心维度取得显著跨越。其核心突破在于成功建立了超越经典性能边界的压缩范式——不仅实现关键视觉特征的高保真保留与超线性处理速度跃升,更在降低门资源消耗、优化存储需求及增强抗攻击能力层面达成并行突破。
形态变换作为图像几何结构处理的基础工具,其经典范式依赖于结构化元素对目标区域的拓扑重塑。传统操作包括腐蚀缩减目标边界、膨胀填充内部孔洞、开运算平滑轮廓和闭运算弥合间隙等,本质是像素邻域的布尔集合运算。这些方法在医学影像分割与工业缺陷检测中具有核心价值,但受限于串行滑动匹配的低效性及二值处理导致的拓扑断裂风险。
量子形态学处理的技术演进首先在算法并行化层面取得突破:Wang等人(2024d)提出基于量子门电路的形态学操作架构,通过设计膨胀、腐蚀、低帽及高帽变换的专用量子线路,实现对增强量子表示图像的同步全像素处理,将计算复杂度压缩至O(n² + q),奠定指数级加速的理论基础。在此基础之上,硬件实现层迎来纳米级创新——Li等人(2024)与Lin等人(2024)聚焦量子点元胞自动机(quantum-dot cellular automata,QCA)技术,分别开发五输入新型多数门与双容错多数门结构。其中动态控制线的引入实现膨胀/腐蚀操作亚时钟周期切换,在元胞直接交互机制下,能耗降低60%的同时将故障容错能力提升300%,显著突破传统集成电路的热耗散与缺陷敏感瓶颈。
Abdullah-Al-Shafi(2025)和Tang等人(2025)进一步优化该技术路线,通过双多数门动态控制架构实现医学影像92帧/s的实时处理能力,单元面积压缩至284 μm2,验证了量子形态学在临床场景的实用性。与此同时,张亚奇等人(2025)提出算法—硬件协同范式: 基于位置—像素双向量子基态编码建立任意尺寸图像描述模型,配合膨胀/腐蚀量子线路设计,在二值图像去噪、边界提取及骨架提取任务中实现O(log N)复杂度,较经典方法提升3.7倍效率。
综上所述,量子形态学处理领域在算法效率、硬件性能及算法—硬件协同设计等方面均实现了跨层次的突破。这些进展不仅显著克服了传统图像处理在速度、能耗与容错性上的瓶颈,更成功验证了该技术在诸如医学影像等真实场景下的高效实用性。量子形态学正迅速构建起一个处理速度卓越、资源消耗极低且鲁棒性强大的新型处理范式,为其迈向大规模实际应用铺设了坚实道路,展现出在复杂图像分析与处理任务中的广阔前景。量子形态变换方法汇总如表3所示。
量子图像分析是量子图像信息处理领域的重要分支,其核心任务是从量子态表示的图像中提取有价值的结构化信息。与经典方法相比,量子图像分析充分利用量子并行性和纠缠特性,在计算效率和特征提取能力上展现出显著优势。
边缘检测是指图像中尖锐的不连续点的定位过程,经典的边缘检测算法大多是基于图像像素点附近的数值导数,边缘检测可以提取图像的大部分重要特征,图像分割和目标识别中起到重要作用。量子边缘检测方法汇总如表4所示。
量子图像边缘检测领域已形成基础理论突破—架构创新—应用深化的完整技术链条。在基础理论层,Llorens等人(2025)基于Schur-Weyl对偶性框架开发的渐近最优平方根测量协议,通过半正定规划优化量子域边界定位效率,其数学证明解决传统量子变化点检测在长字符串中成功率下降的问题。Wang等人(2024a)实现了理论向多尺度处理的转化,其量子Haar小波变换电路通过小波域边缘检测与逆变换机制,显著提升高分辨率图像细节保留能力,边缘保持能力(edge preservation index,EPI)提升12%。在评估边缘检测性能时,EPI用于量化处理后图像边缘信息的保留程度,其值越接近1表示边缘保持效果越好。EPI计算为
EPI=∑GX,Y-GX-1,Y+GX,Y-GX,Y+1∑IX,Y-IX-1,Y+IX,Y-IX,Y+1
式中,G(X,Y)表示处理后图像在位置(X,Y)的像素灰度值;I(X,Y)表示原始图像在位置(X,Y)的像素灰度值。
架构创新层呈现多路径突破态势。吴琼和马雷(2022)基于量子概率图像编码(quantum probability image encoding,QPIE)量子模型的LoG检测算法通过专用电路设计降低40%资源需求,解决传统量子边缘检测高计算复杂度问题; Liu和Wang(2022)的八方向Sobel量子算法则融合非极大值抑制技术,其对角线边缘优化效果显著提升细节完整性50%。规模扩展维度的双重突破中,Geng等人(2022)的NISQ混合框架通过量子人工神经元实现滤波量子化,6种电路变体使大于 256 × 256像素图像的处理效率提升3倍; 董跃华和张先光(2023)则在IBM Q平台验证量子二值形态学算法,其腐蚀/膨胀专用电路设计突破真实平台验证瓶颈。大尺寸处理里程碑由Fan和Yuan共同达成:Fan和Xiao(2023)的高斯差分算子量子电路实现128 × 128像素图像高效处理,而Yuan等人(2024)通过面向多图像的新型增强量子表示(novel enhanced quantum representation for multiple images,NEQR-MI)模型与量子绝对值减法器首次实现512 × 512像素图像LoG检测,复杂度从O(n²)降至O(q)。
应用深化层聚焦医学图像核心挑战。Tariq 等人(2021)将量子遗传算法与改进支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)融合,其乳腺肿瘤图像处理流程显著提升噪声环境下的识别精度。Chetia和Sahu(2024)的量子双空间滤波器在含噪图像中实现边缘连续性41%提升,其自适应阈值技术对椒盐噪声抑制率达36%。噪声抑制终极方案由Chaduvula等人(2024)完成,NEQR—希尔熵融合模型配合神经网络混合滤波器在低对比度医学图像实现97.5%精度,量子噪声抑制率提升至42.59%。技术生态闭环由Shubha等人(2024)实现,优化的量子哈达玛边缘检测(flexible representation of quantum images-quantum Hadamard edge detection,FRQI-QHED)融合编码通过量子态重置技术解决轮廓模糊问题,空间复杂度维持O(logN),彻底消除传统量子哈达玛边缘检测(quantum hadamard edge detection,QHED)的物体轮廓模糊缺陷。
综上所述,量子图像边缘检测技术已跨越基础理论突破、架构创新和应用深化三重演进,贯通了完整的技术链条。该领域的持续攻关不仅显著提升了边缘定位的精度与鲁棒性,攻克了传统方法和量子早期方案在抗噪性、复杂度及大尺寸处理上的固有瓶颈,更在医学影像等关键场景展现出接近理想的性能提升。
图像分割是将数字图像中一个或多个目标的前景与背景分离的过程,是图像处理中的关键步骤,在计算机视觉中占有重要地位。量子图像分割方法汇总如表5所示。
量子计算在图像分割领域的应用正经历从理论算法探索到硬件落地验证的跨越式发展。早期研究聚焦量子基础算力优势的挖掘: Tariq Jamal等人(2023)首创基于量子Rényi熵的多级分割方法,通过FRQI模型将图像编码为量子系统,利用量子遗传算法优化熵阈值,显著提升分割精度,但未量化电路资源开销; Liu等人(2022)提出量子形态学算法,设计并行量子电路同步执行膨胀/腐蚀/顶帽变换,在O(n² + q)复杂度下实现指数级加速,首次在IBM Q平台验证NISQ时代可行性; Yuan等人(2022b)则通过多图量子叠加态编码与高效量子加法器设计,使自适应阈值分割的时间复杂度仅与灰度级q相关,为后续研究奠定理论基础。
随着算法成熟,研究者转向网络架构创新与三维突破。Konar等人(2022)提出QFS-Net( quantum fully self-supervised neural network),采用三能级量子比特与参数化Hadamard门实现八连通邻域交互,在无监督条件下完成脑部MR肿瘤分割,Dice系数显著超越监督模型U-Net; 该团队(Konar等,2024)进一步推出三维量子自监督张量神经网络(3D quantum-inspired self-supervised tensor neural network,3D-QNet),通过量子比特编码体素信息结合Tucker张量分解压缩维度,利用S连通邻域拓扑实现免训练分割。如图7所示,S连通拓扑通过26邻域量子神经元构建体素级信息流,在BRATS 2019和LiTS17数据集达成0.958 Dice系数,同时实现84%参数量缩减和6%收敛加速,为资源受限场景提供新范式。
技术落地需突破硬件约束,工程化适配阶段涌现多项关键进展: Wang等人(2022a)改进NEQR双阈值算法,设计专用量子比较器支持n阈值扩展; López等人(2023)通过优化Clifford+T门数量降低资源开销,提升噪声容忍度; Wang等人(2024c)实现的量子—经典混合分割在D-Wave退火器上较经典方法提升5.27%精确率与5.43%召回率,且退火时间不受样本量影响; Presles等人(2024)将马尔可夫随机场建模转化为二次无约束二值优化(quadratic unconstrained binary optimization,QUBO)问题,在D-Wave实现合成孔径雷达图像分割的指数加速; Shi等人(2023)则通过超像素量子游走算法,在量子系统维度降低99%与人工标注减少91%的双重突破下,于BSD500( Berkeley segmentation dataset and benchmark 500)数据集实现高效分割。综上可见,量子计算赋能图像分割领域正完成从理论构思走向工程实现的里程碑式跨越。该技术路径不仅在核心算法效率、处理维度扩展及三维模型构建上实现了根本性突破,更通过针对硬件平台的适配与优化,显著克服了资源消耗与噪声敏感等瓶颈。
图像匹配是指通过计算机算法判断两幅图像中对应关键点位置或整体特征相似程度的技术,广泛应用于计算机视觉、人脸检测等领域。量子图像匹配方法汇总如表6所示。
作为量子图像匹配的基础研究,量子图像之间的相似性分析至关重要。Wu等人(2017)提出局部自适应相似性分析与改进云粒子群优化模型,通过特征点坐标微扰动和量子行为粒子群算法优化变换参数,解决多源遥感图像配准的局部最优问题,显著提升匹配精度。Zhou等人(2018)设计共享坐标的量子态表示模型,结合量子振幅放大技术,通过单次测量高效判定图像相似性,解决传统量子匹配需多次测量的问题,复杂度降至O(1/a)。Liu等人(2019)首创量子计数驱动的5类评估框架,提出量子灰度/彩色图像二值化算法,通过量子酉变换相位比较门解决多模态图像兼容性问题,电路复杂度优化达O(2ta)。Mehta等人(2024)构建基于相干态相位编码的光学电路,通过余弦相似度度量与场强测量解决相位估计难题,实现图像质量评估的噪声鲁棒性。
量子图像匹配的研究正是在前述这些高效量子相似性分析技术的支撑下展开,目标在于解决图像配准与识别的核心难题。Jiang等人(2016)设计了基于Grover算法的量子图像匹配方法,通过修改目标像素概率并仅测量一次,解决了传统量子图像信息处理中多次执行和测量导致的效率瓶颈,显著降低复杂度。Dang等人(2017)改进了Jiang等人(2016)提出的量子图像匹配算法,通过利用整个匹配区域定位小图像,解决了原算法在多个像素匹配相同左上角时导致的随机测量错误问题,显著提升了准确率。Luo等人(2018)提出了基于灰度差异的量子图像模糊匹配方法,采用阈值化灰度比较,解决了图像噪声和灰度失真下的模糊匹配问题,并通过量子并行降低复杂度。唐泽恬等人(2020)设计量子点密度自适应的尺度不变特征变换(scale-invariant feature transform,SIFT)增强算法,利用量子环/点分布动态调整对比度阈值,将误匹配率从传统方法的17.34%~33.02%降至10.84%~20%,有效解决量子图像局部相似性导致的误匹配问题。
Benkner等人(2021)开发了量子循环α扩展框架,通过量子比特编码循环置换操作实现亚像素级医学图像配准,使计算资源消耗呈对数级降低。Yetis和Karaköse(2022)建立了量子窗口并行处理架构,通过量子全局描述子增强二值图像特征区分度,实现工业检测场景下 < 3%的模板匹配误差。Shu等人(2022)实现了SIFT特征量子化编码,利用量子振幅估计加速特征相似度计算,在NWPU(Northwestern Polytechnical University)遥感数据集上保持20%低误匹配率,突破经典特征维度限制。Chen等人(2023b)构建量子Powell优化引擎,将黄金分割搜索量子化处理一维参数空间,为亚像素级图像配准建立新型量子优化范式,配准示例如图8所示。Heidari等人(2024)提出量子退火驱动的立体匹配能量优化模型,通过动态阈值控制特征点数量,显著降低大规模点云配准复杂度。
综上所述,量子图像匹配领域在相似性度量优化、算法鲁棒性增强及跨场景应用适配3个维度取得了系统性突破。这些进展不仅根本性重构了图像配准的计算范式——通过复杂度压缩达成指数级效率跃迁,更显著克服了传统方法在精度瓶颈、环境干扰及高维特征处理中的固有局限。
在经典图像处理中,图像信息安全技术已相当成熟,其核心目标在于防止图像数据被窃取或未经授权的使用。随着量子图像信息处理技术的发展,量子图像同样面临窃听、篡改等安全威胁,因此亟需建立适用于量子计算环境的信息安全保护机制。
量子图像信息安全主要包含两大技术路径: 量子图像加密通过量子操作将原始图像转换为不可识别的量子态,确保数据传输与存储的安全; 量子数据隐藏则包含量子水印和量子隐写两种方式,前者将认证信息嵌入量子载体图像中以实现版权保护,后者则先对秘密量子图像进行加密处理,再将其隐藏于量子覆盖图像中实现隐蔽传输。
量子图像加密是一种利用量子力学原理保护图像数据安全的技术,其核心目标是通过量子算法实现图像的机密性、完整性和抗篡改性。
李盼池和卢爱平(2016)开创性地利用量子比特绕随机轴旋转实现时域/频域加密,结合量子傅里叶变换构建加密框架,显著扩展密钥空间并提升安全性,其经典计算机仿真验证了方案有效性; 进一步地,该团队(李盼池和曹梓崎,2017a)通过像素灰度值映射至量子比特相位,开发出结合像素置乱与量子比特旋转的新型加密算法,再次通过经典仿真证实技术可行性。郭海儒等人(2019)则基于改进的通用量子图像表示(generalized quantum image representation,GQIR)模型突破尺寸限制,采用像素颜色置乱与量子比特随机旋转技术,使加密图像直方图呈现均匀分布且相邻像素相关性降至接近零。Zhang和Wang(2023)融合量子行走与三维魔方位级加密,通过受控锯齿变换解决传统加密周期性问题,实现更高安全性的图像保护。
在安全认证领域,Agrawal等人(2024)首次将稀疏近似与量子机制结合: 通过分块稀疏化水印图像、离散小波变换域系数交换及量子逻辑映射生成加密矩阵,构建双重水印加密体系,其抗攻击性与安全性远超传统方法。Aly(2024)则提出新的量子彩色图像水印技术(new quantum color image watermarking technique,NQBID),利用量子块球面参数在YCbCr(luma chroma blue chroma red)空间实现PSNR无限值,彻底解决传统最低有效位(least significant bit,LSB)水印的统计攻击漏洞,但尚未支持图像尺寸自适应。
面向医疗隐私保护,Priyadarshini等人(2024)设计深度极限卷积网络(deep extreme convolutional networks,DExConNet)与流密码(stream crypto cipher image encryption,SCCIE)融合框架,实现云物联网环境下的医疗图像同态加密与密文感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI)提取,显著提升处理效率; Wang(2024)进一步引入量子混沌掩码矩阵,通过同态操作支持多层解密,满足实时医疗数据分级访问需求。然而,这两项医疗加密技术均未解决密钥更新与量子攻击抵抗问题。
在交通图像保护前沿,Qi等人(2025)首创轻量级分层方案(lightweight hierarchical privacy protection scheme for traffic images,LHPTI): 基于容错学习(learning with errors,LWE)与压缩感知的同态加密技术,结合可更新密钥实现前向安全,为量子威胁下的物联网设备提供多级隐私保护。该方案在像素数改变率(number of pixels change rate,NPCR)与PSNR指标上刷新纪录,但处理速度数据未公开且泛化性限于交通图像。
综上所述,量子图像加密技术已在基础安全机制创新、认证体系强化及场景化应用拓展3个维度取得显著跃升。其核心突破不仅体现在密钥空间的革命性扩展、安全性的大幅增强以及对周期性缺陷等固有风险的根本性规避,更成功实现了加密效果在像素统计不可分辨性和关联破坏性上的飞跃。但是量子图像加密技术在算法自适应性、量子攻击防护等关键环节仍存优化空间。量子图像加密方法汇总如表7所示。
量子图像数据隐藏是一种基于量子力学原理将机密信息嵌入量子图像的技术,通过量子操作实现数据的隐蔽传输与安全存储。
量子图像信息隐藏领域呈现紧密衔接的技术演进脉络。李盼池和赵娅(2017)采用格雷码置乱机制,通过位置—颜色同步加密的小规模量子线路实现彩色水印,有效突破传统量子水印的复杂度瓶颈; 李盼池和曹梓崎(2017b)后续研究进一步创新单量子比特相位描述模型,利用Bloch球面绕轴旋转实现非嵌入式水印,将存储效率提升至O(n)级别。郭海儒等人(2018)在此基础上发展分块空间域LSB(least significant bit)架构,结合量子比特比较器动态定位嵌入点,具有相对较低的复杂度和更高的峰值信噪比。
研究前沿向智能生成与边缘计算延伸。罗佳等人(2021)率先引入量子生成对抗网络(quantum generative adversarial network,QGAN),通过参数化量子电路生成含密图像,彻底规避统计检测痕迹; Gao等人(2022)则聚焦文本隐写容量瓶颈,利用量子小波变换将文本分块嵌入低频子带,结合比特翻转置乱提升抗分析能力。最新突破来自Yu等人(2023)的Haar小波自适应LSB算法,通过对角细节子带精准嵌入,以及Mu等人(2023)的量子Sobel边缘检测技术,动态选择平坦区域实现比特错误率(bit error rate,BER)< 0.018的误码控制。Randhawa等人(2023)的军事安全框架将Hadamard门叠加态直编像素强度,为量子级安全通信开辟新路径。
综上所述,量子图像信息隐藏技术已展现出由基础嵌入能力突破向智能自适应与场景化安全演进的清晰脉络。其核心跃升不仅体现在存储需求的有效降低、鲁棒性和抗攻击性的显著增强,更在于对传统可检测性根源的成功规避和对嵌入精度的关键突破。量子图像数据隐藏方法汇总如表8所示。
机器学习作为人工智能的核心技术,已在图像识别、自然语言处理和智能决策等复杂认知任务中展现出接近甚至超越人类的能力。量子机器学习为图像处理领域注入了新的活力,其各类算法均在探索如何利用量子资源提升性能。
在探索量子机器学习用于图像处理的征程中,量子支持向量机(quantum support vector machine,QSVM)占据了不可或缺的地位。它作为一种高效的混合量子—经典算法,通过利用量子电路计算核函数,显著提升了支持向量机处理高维图像数据的能力,为图像分类、特征识别等任务提供了新的解决方案。
Shaik和Periasamy(2022)提出QSVM在PRISMA高光谱影像分类中的应用,通过量子模拟器与真实处理器对比,解决了小样本下QSVM比经典SVM精度高5%的问题,但训练速度和预测速度显著受限。
Grossi等人(2022)设计了混合量子—经典欺诈检测模型,采用量子特征选择优化QSVM参数,但量子硬件噪声导致准确率波动达±10%。
Kumar等人(2024)开发了基于ZZFeatureMap的QSVM脑肿瘤分类模型,在32量子位模拟器上实现188倍加速和95%准确率,但真实处理器仅支持5量子位。
Jose等人(2024)融合了精英非支配排序遗传算法优化QSVM,在乳腺癌诊断中达到100%准确率且执行时间仅0.14 s,但NISQ设备噪声和电路深度限制实用性。
Suzuki等人(2024)通过浅层量子电路和量子核方法在trappedion量子计算机上实现QSVM,结合低秩近似和超参数调优解决噪声问题,在MNIST分类任务中实现100%准确率,但回归任务因噪声敏感需额外优化。
Slabbert和Petruccione(2025)提出经典—量子混合方法,使用ResNet10(residual network)自动编码器降维后输入QSVM,通过特征压缩解决高维图像输入挑战,在MNIST上实现完美分类,但CIFAR-10(Canadian Institute for Advanced Research)和HTRU-1(high time resolution universe survey data release 1)因图像复杂性和数据不平衡导致性能下降。
Zahid和Tahir(2025)开发了Tabu搜索算法优化量子特征映射和特征选择,生成高效量子ansatz以提升QSVM性能,在Ionosphere数据集上达88%准确率,但简单数据集表现不佳且优化依赖独立验证集。
综上所述,QSVM研究在多个关键维度取得显著进展。在分类性能方面,QSVM在小样本高维数据处理中展现出较经典方法更高的分类精度,在多个医学影像和天体物理数据任务中达到接近完美的准确率,且执行效率获得数量级提升。在技术融合层面,研究者通过混合量子—经典架构有效优化特征选择与参数调优流程,并采用噪声抑制策略增强模型在含噪环境中的稳定性。然而,该技术仍面临核心挑战: 真实量子硬件的噪声干扰导致预测结果出现显著波动,当前可用量子比特数严重制约模型处理高维复杂数据的能力,且模型性能对数据集特性存在高度依赖性——在图像复杂度高或数据分布不平衡的场景中泛化能力显著下降。QSVM方法汇总如表9所示。
随着量子计算技术的突破,量子机器学习正成为下一代智能计算的关键方向,其中量子神经网络(quantum neural network,QNN)的设计与优化成为研究重点(Jeswal和Chakraborty,2019)。近年来,研究人员在量子神经网络架构、训练算法和参数优化等方面取得了显著进展,为构建更强大的量子智能系统奠定了重要基础。
QCNN是将经典CNN的计算范式迁移至量子计算框架的创新架构。它通过量子电路的并行幺正演化特性,利用量子门操作和振幅编码等策略,实现图像特征的量子化高效提取与多层次抽象,其架构如图9所示。QCNN在图像分类、对称模式识别等任务中展现出显著潜力,且通过置换等变设计和量子自编码机制,进一步增强了对抗噪声的鲁棒性与参数效率。然而,该技术仍受限于量子噪声下的梯度衰减、大规模实时处理的硬件约束,以及对称性与表达力的权衡挑战。
王兆滨和徐敏哲(2023)提出双通道量子脉冲耦合神经网络(dual-channel quantum pulse coupled neural network,DQPCNN),通过量子逻辑门构建量子全加器、乘法器和卷积模块,显著降低图像融合的算法复杂度,验证了量子并行计算在图像处理中的高效性。
Amin等人(2023)设计了J-QCNN模型用于监控视频异常检测,结合4量子比特电路优化损失函数,在UNI-Crime和UCF-Crime数据集上实现99%准确率,显著优于纯经典模型。
Kim等人(2023)首创经典到量子的迁移学习框架(classical-to-quantum convolutional neural network,C2Q-CNN),利用预训练经典CNN提取特征输入小型QCNN,在MNIST分类任务中实现大于95%的准确率,解决了小规模量子电路处理复杂数据的局限性。
Reejisha和Mohan(2023)对比QNN与CNN在Fashion-MNIST的表现,发现QNN训练速度更快且测试准确率达90%,证明量子神经网络在图像分类中具有潜在效率优势。
Chen等人(2023a)提出了一种基于多尺度纠缠重正化拟设(multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz,mERA)的QCNN特征提取方法,用于二进制扫描隧道显微镜图像分类,通过发现图像位平面切片与Ising相变的相似性来增强分类性能,并解决了QCNN在对抗攻击下的鲁棒性问题,实现了高准确率抵抗攻击。
Baek等人(2023)开发了立体可扩展QCNN(stereoscopic 3D scalable QCNN,sQCNN-3D)用于点云分类,结合反向保真度训练(reverse fidelity training,RF-Train)来多样化特征提取,并采用新扩展策略,解决了NISQ时代量子计算中的贫瘠高原问题和高维点云数据处理的计算复杂度挑战。
Song等人(2024)设计了资源高效的QCNN,利用振幅编码和量子交替算子拟设(quantum alternating operator ansatz,QAOA)电路降低量子卷积层的计算复杂度至O(k poly(logN)),解决了经典卷积层在处理稀疏数据时资源密集的问题,并在图像分类任务中实现高精度。
Roh等人(2024)应用异构知识转移(heterogeneous knowledge transfer,HKT)将预训练经典CNN作为教师模型指导QCNN训练,提升了QCNN在目标检测任务中的性能,解决了早期QCNN在NISQ时代因优化不足导致的准确性低下问题。
Gong等人(2024)提出混合树状结构振幅编码平衡量子电路深度与宽度,结合变分量子电路构建纯量子QCNN,在MNIST和Fashion-MNIST分类任务中最高达到98.4%的准确率,优于经典CNN,解决了传统编码中数据归一化失真问题。
Das等人(2024)揭示了数据嵌入方式对等变QCNN性能的决定性影响,通过置换基振幅编码改变对称群表示形式,在反射对称图像分类中相较于非等变QCNN准确率提升7%以上,但特定嵌入组合会降低模型鲁棒性。
Asaoka和Kudo(2025)首创量子自编码器(quantum autoencoders,QAE)用于图像分类,将标签信息编码至垃圾态,以32维潜空间实现85%四分类准确率,参数量相较于经典神经网络减少98%,但多类任务受量子态幅度衰减限制。
Das和Caruso(2025)设计置换等变QCNN架构,通过随机追踪量子比特实现全置换对称性,在图连通性分类任务中训练样本充足时准确率达100%,显著超越非等变模型,但通道选择机制增加电路复杂性。
Qu等人(2025)发现QNN固有卷积属性,证明单量子门等价于4核卷积层,构建多通道QCNN在MNIST八分类任务达58%准确率,但通道数增加导致梯度误差放大。
综上所述,QCNN通过深度整合量子并行演化机制与层级化特征抽象能力,已构建起从基础结构探索到跨场景泛化的全栈技术生态。其核心突破不仅体现在对抗性鲁棒性的显著增强、参数效率的阶跃式优化及训练范式的系统性创新,更开辟了三维点云处理、噪声环境稳定学习等全新应用维度。QCNN方法汇总如表10所示。
QGAN是一种将经典生成对抗网络(generative adversarial network,GAN)的核心思想引入量子计算领域的前沿技术。它本质上由一个生成器和一个判别器组成,其中生成器负责学习真实量子数据的特性并生成模拟该数据的量子态,而判别器则努力区分生成数据和真实数据,算法示意图如图10所示,QGAN方法汇总如表11所示。两者通过对抗性训练不断优化,最终目标是让生成器能够产生以假乱真的量子数据(Pajuhanfard等,2024)。
刘文杰等人(2022)提出了量子条件生成对抗网络(quantum conditional generative adversarial network,QCGAN),通过one-hot形式的多粒子W态编码和条件信息输入生成器与判别器,解决了量子生成过程的随机性问题,将时间复杂度从O(N²)降至O(N),并减少量子资源消耗,在BAS数据集和量子混合态生成中实现高收敛性和可行性。
江奕达和王明明(2024)开发量子—经典混合生成对抗网络(quantum-classical hybrid generative adversarial network,Q-CGAN),结合经典网络非线性能力和量子特性,通过振幅/角度编码优化重构过程,解决了纯量子模型拟合能力不足的问题,在MNIST数据集上实现优于纯量子生成器的重构效果。
Chang等人(2024)设计了潜在风格量子GAN(latent style Based quantum GAN,LaSt-QGAN),利用自编码器将图像映射到低维潜在空间训练量子生成器,解决了模式崩溃和图像尺寸限制问题,在MNIST、Fashion-MNIST和SAT4数据集上实现弗雷切特起始距离(Frechet inception distance,FID)< 20和高保真度。Steck和Behrmann(2024)构建量子GAN框架,融合量子生成器和量子判别器,通过量子“风格”参数和Levenberg-Marquardt优化,解决了纯量子产品状态的生成和检测问题,在模拟中实现高分类准确率。
Thomas等人(2025)提出了变分自编码器—量子沃瑟斯坦生成对抗网络(variational autoencoder-quantum wasserstein GAN,VAE-QWGAN)模型,整合变分自编码器和量子沃瑟斯坦生成对抗网络,通过数据依赖先验和高斯混合模型采样,解决了模式崩溃和样本多样性不足问题,在MNIST/Fashion- MNIST数据集上詹森—香农散度(Jensen Shannon divergence,JSD)降低30.1%且FID显著改善。
瞿治国等人(2025)提出了一种基于量子生成对抗网络的心电图生成式信息系统,利用量子双向门控循环单元(quantum bidirectional gated recurrent unit,QBiGRU)和QCNN生成心电图数据,创新点包括基于矩阵乘积状态和树形张量网络(tree tensor network,TTN)的变分量子电路设计及量子Dropout技术,解决了临床心电图数据稀缺和隐私问题,实现更高平均分类准确率且兼容噪声NISQ设备。
吉家欣等人(2025)开发了量子耦合生成对抗网络,通过权重共享约束的双GAN结构和量子补丁生成器,处理多域数据联合分布学习,解决了传统QGAN仅支持单域数据的局限,在MNIST数据集上提升图像生成质量并实现领域适应分类精度75.6%。
Joon等人(2024)应用QGAN于MNIST和Fashion-MNIST图像生成,创新点包括量子补丁架构和能量守恒物理约束,解决了训练不稳定问题,在第90次 epoch达到Discriminator Loss 0.50和Generator Loss 0.98的性能突破。
Guntupalli等人(2024)设计了QGAN用于图像去噪,提出量子预处理和振幅编码技术,解决了传统去噪方法的细节保留难题,PSNR值显著提升。
Ma等人(2025)提出了QINR-QGAN,集成量子隐式神经表示(quantum implicit neural representation,QINR)和Wasserstein距离训练技巧,减少量子参数近10倍,解决了高分辨率图像生成资源消耗问题,成功生成78 × 64像素的CelebA人脸图像。
Yang等人(2026)设计了轻量可逆混合量子—经典GAN,利用量子计算可逆性实现参数共享的双向量子生成器,结合辅助CNN约束内容一致性,解决无监督图像翻译参数冗余问题,在23个子数据集上超越经典低复杂度CNN生成器。
Tian等人(2025)提出QGAN-Transformer混合解码器,用QGAN训练表面码纠错路径生成平凡环路,集成Transformer自注意力机制捕获全局量子比特依赖,解决传统最小权完美匹配算法局部依赖瓶颈,实现99.875%解码精度和7.5%错误阈值。
综上所述,QGAN通过对抗训练范式的深度重构与跨领域融合路径的开拓,系统性推动了量子生成能力的革命性跃迁。其核心突破不仅在于显著克服了模式崩溃、训练稳定性及计算复杂度等经典生成模型的根本局限,更实现了从单域数据生成向多模态联合建模的维度跨越。通过深度融合量子—经典协同架构与轻量化设计理念,QGAN在保障生成质量与多样性的同时,突破性地解决了高保真医疗数据合成、跨域图像迁移以及噪声硬件适配等关键挑战。
尽管经典图像信息处理方法已形成完善的理论体系,量子计算概念的出现也为该领域注入了变革性潜力,但在技术落地过程中仍面临基础性瓶颈与结构矛盾。当前量子图像信息处理存在的核心挑战主要集中于以下几个方面:
1)量子硬件挑战。量子计算机面临的核心硬件挑战主要体现在量子比特的退相干问题和可扩展性不足两个方面。量子比特极易受到环境干扰影响,包括温度波动和电磁噪声等因素,这些都会导致量子态在极短时间内衰减失效。处理百万像素级高分辨率图像理论上需要千比特以上规模的量子处理器,然而目前主流量子处理器仅能支持百比特级操作,远远不能满足实际应用需求。量子纠错技术虽然能够提升系统稳定性,但是需要消耗大量物理量子比特资源来支撑单个逻辑量子比特的运行,这反而大幅压缩了可用计算资源,使得量子并行性的理论优势难以充分发挥。
2)量子图像表示模型的固有缺陷。当前主流的量子图像表示模型存在明显的局限性。这些模型要求图像尺寸必须符合特定的数学约束条件,导致非标准尺寸的图像需要填充大量冗余的零值像素。虽然某些模型能够通过特定数量的量子比特来存储坐标和颜色信息,但是其固定的尺寸限制使得医疗影像中不规则病灶区域的处理效率降低了30%以上。更关键的是,现有模型难以兼容多模态数据,无法有效表达三维空间信息,这在自动驾驶场景的点云重建等应用中形成了明显的技术瓶颈。
3)协同的效率瓶颈。量子设备与经典计算系统之间的协同工作面临着严重的效率瓶颈。量子态测量需要重复上千次才能获取可靠的概率分布数据,这导致卫星图像压缩等任务的处理延迟远超实际应用需求。在256 × 256像素图像处理过程中,仅数据编码阶段就消耗了80%以上的计算时间,这完全抵消了量子加速的理论优势。虽然新型量子比特技术减少了物理量子比特的数量,但是构建千比特级系统仍然需要占用20 m2以上的数据中心空间,这样的体积限制使得系统难以集成到移动医疗设备或车载系统中,严重制约了工业场景的实际应用。
4)量子图像安全机制的漏洞。现有的量子图像加密方案存在明显的结构性缺陷。某些加密方法虽然不需要复杂的量子变换,但是简单的像素位置置换反而增强了图像的相关性,使得加密结果容易被统计分析破解。另一些基于频域的加密方法虽然效果相对较好,但是计算复杂度显著提高,同时还会造成图像质量的明显下降。当前的量子水印算法由于采用固定的嵌入强度参数,导致载体图像不再满足归一化要求,违反了版权保护的基本准则。此外,现有方案大多需要原始图像才能进行水印提取,这种非盲提取机制难以满足实际安防系统对实时认证的需求。
针对面临的挑战,可以从以下方面进行改进:
1)拓扑量子纠错与跨平台集成。发展基于任意子编织操作的分布式容错编码架构,结合硅基量子点阵列的晶圆级自组装制造工艺,构建可扩展的拓扑量子处理器核心模块。通过量子芯片与经典控制电路的3D异构集成方案,实现微环谐振腔阵列对超导量子比特频率的精准调控,同时建立量子磁力计与计算单元间的量子—经典混合数据总线通道。该策略将形成从传感端到处理端的闭环系统架构,有效解决量子比特退相干与系统规模受限的双重难题。
2)建动态量子编码框架。针对量子图像表示模型的固有缺陷,可构建动态量子编码框架,通过引入可调节的量子小波变换与量子卷积神经网络相结合的自适应架构,实现非标准尺寸图像的智能裁剪与多尺度特征融合。具体可开发基于量子纠缠的弹性编码方案,利用量子态叠加特性将不规则病灶区域分解为多个标准量子子块进行并行处理,再通过量子门电路实现子块间的语义关联重建,从而避免零值像素填充带来的资源浪费。对于多模态数据兼容性问题,可采用量子张量网络表示三维空间信息,通过量子纠缠映射将点云数据编码为高维量子态,结合量子注意力机制实现跨模态特征对齐。
3)量子态高效层析与接口架构。开发基于超导纳米线单光子探测阵列的光电协同转换芯片,通过微波—光量子态转换模块实现经典总线与量子寄存器的低延迟数据交换。采用量子傅里叶变换的预编译映射表技术,结合现场可编程门阵列动态重配置逻辑优化量子门序列调度。分布式量子微服务体系通过CUDA-Q混合计算运行时,在容器化调度框架中实现量子资源弹性分配,构建跨越云边端的系统协同解决方案。
4)抗量子密码学安全框架构建。建立基于环上误差学习问题的可证明安全理论体系,设计前向安全的动态门限水印协议。通过量子隐形传态原理构造具备不可克隆特性的零知识水印验证系统,结合格密码学的同态加密特性实现医学影像的盲态处理。该框架采用量子纠缠交换协议保障密钥分发的语义安全性,形成从版权保护到患者隐私维护的多层级量子安全屏障。
量子图像信息处理作为突破经典计算瓶颈的前沿领域,其独特的量子特性正为图像处理的效率、安全性和智能化带来革命性变革。本文系统综述了量子图像信息处理的核心技术脉络,涵盖图像表示、图像处理、图像分析、图像信息安全及机器学习等关键方向的最新进展与核心突破,旨在勾勒出该领域从基础理论到应用实践的全景图。同时,本文亦客观剖析了当前面临的硬件限制、算法适配性、协同效率及安全风险等核心挑战,并指出拓扑纠错、高维建模、混合架构、光电转换及抗量子密码等关键突破方向。希望本文能够为读者带来关于量子图像信息处理的相关知识,并为在此领域开展相关工作的研究者们提供启迪。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(61573183)
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2026年第31卷第8期
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doi: 10.11834/jig.250566
  • 接收时间:2025-11-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-24
  • 修回日期:2025-12-17
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(61573183)
国家自然科学基金项目(61573183)
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    南京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院,南京 211106

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吴一全,通信作者,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为量子图像信息处理、遥感图像处理与理解、红外目标检测与识别、视觉检测与图像测量、视频处理与智能分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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