Article(id=1322950008588337684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322949743743213946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250334, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753027200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-21, revisedDate=1763654400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793345461270, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784131200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793345461270, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793345461270, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793345461270, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322949743743213946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='7', pageStart='2279', pageEnd='2686', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784131200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793345398125, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348592997, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963144217330568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322949743743213946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963144217330569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322949743743213946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2553, endPage=2568, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322950008798052885, articleId=1322950008588337684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Multitask learning model for fetal heart standard plane recognition with high-recall classification, columnId=1322949764341445152, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Foundation Models for Medical Image Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Fetal cardiac ultrasound examination plays a pivotal role in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease,which is one of the most prevalent and serious birth defects worldwide. However,clinical acquisition of fetal heart standard planes is highly challenging because of several physiological and technical constraints. The fetal heart is small in size,has a high beating rate,and its position in the maternal abdomen is easily influenced by fetal posture and movement. As a result,capturing the five clinically required standard planes,such as the four-chamber and outflow tract views,demands high temporal precision and operator experience. Moreover,the acquisition process suffers from poor repeatability,further hindering consistent and efficient screening outcomes. These challenges limit the overall effectiveness of fetal cardiac ultrasound screening in routine clinical workflows. To address these limitations and promote the automation of fetal cardiac ultrasound analysis,this study proposes FHSP-Net,a novel multitask deep learning model designed for accurate and comprehensive recognition of fetal heart standard planes. The model adopts a detection-then-classification strategy,which explicitly separates the anatomical structure detection task from the subsequent plane classification task,enabling effective feature extraction and decision-making for each subtask. This design reflects the clinical reasoning process in which a sonographer locates key anatomical structures and interprets them in the context of a specific standard plane.
Method In the detection task,FHSP-Net incorporates several carefully designed components to handle the inherent complexities of fetal ultrasound imaging. A path-weaved network (PWN) is developed to improve the multiscale representation of features,particularly enhancing the detection of small and morphologically variable cardiac structures. In addition,a target aware enhancer (TAE) module is introduced to strengthen object-level context modeling,making the detection branch highly sensitive to anatomical structures that are often obscured by noise,artifacts,or low contrast. Equalization loss function version 2 (EQLv2) is adopted to further mitigate the effect of data imbalance,which is common in clinical datasets where some structures or views are underrepresented. This loss formulation ensures that the model maintains stable learning dynamics across different categories and structure sizes,yielding robust and generalizable detection results. While the detection task ensures a strong foundation by locating relevant anatomical regions,the plane recognition task focuses on accurately classifying ultrasound views on the basis of the detected structures. Traditional algorithms that rely on whether certain anatomical structures are present in an image (i.e.,anatomical inclusion conditions) tend to have high precision but suffer from low recall. In other words,although they make only a few mistakes in their predictions,they often fail to identify all valid instances of each standard plane,resulting in missed diagnoses. To overcome this issue,we propose a candidate view scoring algorithm that evaluates and ranks multiple candidate views generated during the detection stage. This algorithm integrates structural cues and contextual features to refine classification decisions,substantially improving the model’s ability to capture valid plane instances across varied imaging conditions.
Result Experiments are conducted on a self-built fetal cardiac ultrasound dataset to evaluate the effectiveness of FHSP-Net. The dataset comprises a wide range of clinical scenarios and includes comprehensive annotations for anatomical structures and standard plane labels. Quantitative results demonstrate the superior performance of FHSP-Net across both subtasks. In the detection task,the model achieves a mean average precision of 0.962,representing a 0.027 improvement over a strong baseline model. This finding indicates that the proposed enhancements in feature fusion,object sensitivity,and loss balancing substantially benefit structure localization performance. In the plane recognition task,the candidate view scoring algorithm boosts classification accuracy by 0.10 compared with conventional structure-inclusion-based approaches. Ultimately,FHSP-Net attains an overall standard plane recognition accuracy of 0.959,representing a 0.194 improvement over the baseline model and the anatomical-inclusion-condition-based classification method. These results strongly validate the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed multitask design and its components.
Conclusion The FHSP-Net multi-task model demonstrates strong capabilities in anatomical structure detection and fetal heart standard plane recognition. The integration of PWN,TAE,and EQLv2 enhances robustness and precision at the detection stage even under challenging imaging conditions. The candidate view scoring algorithm effectively addresses the recall bottleneck of previous classification methods,ensuring that the model captures a large portion of valid standard plane instances without sacrificing accuracy. Together,these innovations make FHSP-Net a reliable and efficient solution for intelligent ultrasound analysis. FHSP-Net has potential for advancing computer-aided diagnosis in prenatal cardiology.
, authors=Yu Chen1, Dongxiao Zhu2
, *, Lei Su1, Ke Li1, Pecht Michael3, authorsList=Yu Chen, Dongxiao Zhu, Lei Su, Ke Li, Pecht Michael, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongxiao Zhu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322950012765864488, articleId=1322950008588337684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=融合高召回分类策略的胎心标准切面多任务识别模型, columnId=1322949766128218658, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=面向医学影像智能分析的基础模型, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 胎儿心脏超声检查是诊断先天性心脏病的重要手段,但由于胎儿心脏体积小、搏动速率高且位置受体位变化影响,5个标准切面的捕捉时效要求高且获取过程重复性差,严重制约了筛查效率。为实现准确、全面的标准切面自动识别,提出一种基于“先检测后分类”策略的胎儿心脏标准切面识别多任务模型FHSP-Net(fetal heart standard planes net)。
方法 在检测任务中,设计路径交织特征金字塔(path weaved network,PWN)、目标感知增强模块(target-aware enhancer,TAE)并引入均衡损失函数(equalization loss version 2,EQLv2),解决胎心超声检测数据集在多尺度与小目标检测、噪声与伪影干扰、样本数量不均等固有难题,提供精确的第一阶段结果;针对基于解剖结构包含条件的切面识别算法精确率高但召回率低的问题,设计候选视图评分识别算法,在保证高精确率的同时显著提高召回率。
结果 在测试集上的实验结果表明,FHSP-Net多任务模型在解剖结构检测与标准切面识别任务中均展现出优异性能:检测任务平均精度均值达到0.962,相较基线提升0.027;候选视图评分识别算法较基于解剖结构包含条件的切面识别算法准确率提升0.10。最终,FHSP-Net切面识别准确率高达0.959,较基线与解剖结构包含条件切面识别算法的组合模型准确率提高0.194,验证了其有效性与优越性。
结论 所提FHSP-Net多任务模型在胎心结构检测和标准切面识别任务上均表现优异,路径交织特征金字塔、目标感知增强模块及均衡损失函数显著提高了结构检测模型的鲁棒性,候选视图评分算法在提升分类准确性与召回率方面展现出显著优势,能为超声智能辅助诊断提供有力支持。
, authors=陈宇1, 朱栋晓2
, *, 宿磊1, 李可1, Michael Pecht3, authorsList=陈宇, 朱栋晓, 宿磊, 李可, Michael Pecht, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱栋晓, authorNote=
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1 College of Intelligent Manufacturing,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322950013407593014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, authorId=1322950013256598067, language=CN, stringName=陈宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1 江南大学智能制造学院,无锡;214122, bio={"content":"
陈宇,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为医学图像处理。E-mail:6230805002@stu.jiangnan.edu.cn
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陈宇,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为医学图像处理。E-mail:6230805002@stu.jiangnan.edu.cn
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1 江南大学智能制造学院,无锡;214122)])]), Author(id=1322950013478896184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=617785712@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322950013554393658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, authorId=1322950013478896184, language=EN, stringName=Dongxiao Zhu, firstName=Dongxiao, middleName=null, lastName=Zhu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2
, *, address=
2 Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322950013621502523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, authorId=1322950013478896184, language=CN, stringName=朱栋晓, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2
, *, address=
2 江南大学附属医院,无锡 214122, bio={"content":"
朱栋晓,通信作者,男,主任医师,主要研究方向为产科超声和超声人工智能。E-mail:617785712@qq.com
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朱栋晓,通信作者,男,主任医师,主要研究方向为产科超声和超声人工智能。E-mail:617785712@qq.com
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2 Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322950013109797422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, companyId=1322950013088825900, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 江南大学附属医院,无锡 214122)])]), Author(id=1322950013688611389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lei_su2015@jiangnan.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322950013768303167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, authorId=1322950013688611389, language=EN, stringName=Lei Su, firstName=Lei, middleName=null, lastName=Su, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1 College of Intelligent Manufacturing,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322950013847994944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, authorId=1322950013688611389, language=CN, stringName=宿磊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1 江南大学智能制造学院,无锡;214122, bio={"content":"
宿磊,男,教授,主要研究方向为机器视觉和故障诊断。E-mail:lei_su2015@jiangnan.edu.cn
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
宿磊,男,教授,主要研究方向为机器视觉和故障诊断。E-mail:lei_su2015@jiangnan.edu.cn
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1 江南大学智能制造学院,无锡;214122)])]), Author(id=1322950013910909506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=like_jiangnan@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322950013986406980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, authorId=1322950013910909506, language=EN, stringName=Ke Li, firstName=Ke, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1 College of Intelligent Manufacturing,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322950014049321541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, authorId=1322950013910909506, language=CN, stringName=李可, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1 江南大学智能制造学院,无锡;214122, bio={"content":"
李可,男,教授,主要研究方向为智能检测和机器视觉。E-mail:like_jiangnan@163.com
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李可,男,教授,主要研究方向为智能检测和机器视觉。E-mail:like_jiangnan@163.com
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1 江南大学智能制造学院,无锡;214122)])]), Author(id=1322950014120624711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=pecht@umd.edu, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322950014183539273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, authorId=1322950014120624711, language=EN, stringName=Pecht Michael, firstName=Pecht, middleName=null, lastName=Michael, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=
3 Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering,University of Maryland,Maryland 20742,USA, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322950014254842442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, authorId=1322950014120624711, language=CN, stringName=Michael Pecht, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=
3 马里兰大学CALCE中心,马里兰州 20742,美国, bio={"content":"
Michael Pecht,男,教授,主要研究方向为故障诊断。E-mail:pecht@umd.edu
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Michael Pecht,男,教授,主要研究方向为故障诊断。E-mail:pecht@umd.edu
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2021. SA-Net: shuffle attention for deep convolutional neural networks//Proceedings of 2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing(ICASSP). Toronto,Canada: IEEE: 2235-2239 [DOI:
10.1109/ICASSP39728.2021.9414568], articleTitle=SA-Net: shuffle attention for deep convolutional neural networks, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322950019267035767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China (U23B2044,52375099);“Taihu Light” Scientific and Technological Key Project (Medical and Health Technology Focus) (Y20232028), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322950019329950328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(U23B2044,52375099);“太湖之光”科技攻关计划(医疗卫生技术攻关)项目(Y20232028), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322950012988162601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322950013000745514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, companyId=1322950012988162601, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 College of Intelligent Manufacturing,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322950013009134123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, companyId=1322950012988162601, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 江南大学智能制造学院,无锡;214122)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322950013088825900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322950013101408813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, companyId=1322950013088825900, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322950013109797422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, companyId=1322950013088825900, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 江南大学附属医院,无锡 214122)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322950013172711983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322950013181100592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, companyId=1322950013172711983, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering,University of Maryland,Maryland 20742,USA), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322950013193683505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, companyId=1322950013172711983, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 马里兰大学CALCE中心,马里兰州 20742,美国)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322950015081120341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Key views in fetal cardiac ultrasound examination, figureFileSmall=noHB+CLmw/n3Weszxb/CzQ==, figureFileBig=Y9yQFcHlG8T62aPx7K/pYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950016754647638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
胎儿心脏超声检查的重要切面, figureFileSmall=noHB+CLmw/n3Weszxb/CzQ==, figureFileBig=Y9yQFcHlG8T62aPx7K/pYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950016993722967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Architecture of the FHSP-Net multitask model, figureFileSmall=kw8LQhZfvOUWETpOh2Ot7g==, figureFileBig=gFD1iGBuZLxebkwfMnrK9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017081803352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
FHSP-Net多任务模型结构, figureFileSmall=kw8LQhZfvOUWETpOh2Ot7g==, figureFileBig=gFD1iGBuZLxebkwfMnrK9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017161495129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Comparison of detection performance between horizontal and rotated bounding boxes ((a) original image;(b) horizontal box detection;(c) rotated box detection), figureFileSmall=2B+kguRwJ1Wt7h37AJXjVw==, figureFileBig=aEYBRdBpPeDehXYCYsAIow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017224409690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
水平框目标检测与旋转框目标检测效果对比, figureFileSmall=2B+kguRwJ1Wt7h37AJXjVw==, figureFileBig=aEYBRdBpPeDehXYCYsAIow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017291518555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Architecture of the PWN, figureFileSmall=h+tz9pTXWwDc6wG0bUFNaA==, figureFileBig=HOsXB4CDH9qnZYGI8QnIlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017358627420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
PWN结构, figureFileSmall=h+tz9pTXWwDc6wG0bUFNaA==, figureFileBig=HOsXB4CDH9qnZYGI8QnIlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017446707805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Architecture of the TAE module, figureFileSmall=dgbTB98YqCjsqq4ZRTWxOw==, figureFileBig=8+ePO1ouh4uaLdN10mOxLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017522205278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
TAE模块结构图, figureFileSmall=dgbTB98YqCjsqq4ZRTWxOw==, figureFileBig=8+ePO1ouh4uaLdN10mOxLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017580925535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Data distribution diagram, figureFileSmall=j7zsTRW1T1IxMb1rnIpdqQ==, figureFileBig=BY9QhHR4BtJLnZAUnbgEdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017652228704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
数据分布图, figureFileSmall=j7zsTRW1T1IxMb1rnIpdqQ==, figureFileBig=BY9QhHR4BtJLnZAUnbgEdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017727726177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Flowchart of the candidate view scoring recognition algorithm, figureFileSmall=qJu62llV0H+2WIIwcWdUZw==, figureFileBig=ngSXJ4DIgNu8uUlHQL+/fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017790640738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
候选视图评分识别算法流程图, figureFileSmall=qJu62llV0H+2WIIwcWdUZw==, figureFileBig=ngSXJ4DIgNu8uUlHQL+/fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017853555299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Visualization of detection results from the fetal cardiac anatomical structure network, figureFileSmall=II7mGSDyQTGiP3aCg32B9w==, figureFileBig=+DUSsqspRH6tQ7UsBLhgCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017924858468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
胎心解剖结构检测网络结果可视化((a) ground truth;(b) baseline;(c) YOLO12OBB;(d) ReDet;(e) PTE-YOLO)
, figureFileSmall=II7mGSDyQTGiP3aCg32B9w==, figureFileBig=+DUSsqspRH6tQ7UsBLhgCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950017996161637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Visualization of classification and scoring results ((a) ground truth;(b) DenseNet;(c) baseline and anatomical structure, figureFileSmall=lRMtUtRH/fmzlC0kkte3zw==, figureFileBig=sKJDDkeQzPcoEqnFNc/3Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950018071659110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
分类及评分结果可视化conditions;(d) PTE-YOLO and anatomical structure conditions;(e) baseline and candidate view scoring recognition algorithm;
(f) PTE-YOLO and candidate view scoring recognition algorithm)
, figureFileSmall=lRMtUtRH/fmzlC0kkte3zw==, figureFileBig=sKJDDkeQzPcoEqnFNc/3Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322950018138767975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Anatomical structure categories and scoring weights for each standard plane, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 切面 | 可观测解剖结构 | 计分权重 |
|---|
| 4CH | LV, LA, RV, RA, dAo, Sp | 0.25∶0.25∶0.25∶0.25∶0.05∶0 |
| LVOT | LV, Ao, RV, LA, RA, dAo, Sp | 0.25∶0.5∶0.1∶0.05∶0.05∶0.05∶0 |
| RVOT | MPA, Ao, SVC, dAo, Sp | 0.35∶0.35∶0.2∶0.05∶0 |
| 3VV | PA, Ao, SVC, dAo, Sp | 0.35∶0.35∶0.2∶0.05∶0 |
| 3VT | DA, AoA, SVC, Tr, dAo, Sp | 0.35∶0.35∶0.2∶0.2∶0.05∶0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322950018210071144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
切面所含解剖结构类别及计分权重
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 切面 | 可观测解剖结构 | 计分权重 |
|---|
| 4CH | LV, LA, RV, RA, dAo, Sp | 0.25∶0.25∶0.25∶0.25∶0.05∶0 |
| LVOT | LV, Ao, RV, LA, RA, dAo, Sp | 0.25∶0.5∶0.1∶0.05∶0.05∶0.05∶0 |
| RVOT | MPA, Ao, SVC, dAo, Sp | 0.35∶0.35∶0.2∶0.05∶0 |
| 3VV | PA, Ao, SVC, dAo, Sp | 0.35∶0.35∶0.2∶0.05∶0 |
| 3VT | DA, AoA, SVC, Tr, dAo, Sp | 0.35∶0.35∶0.2∶0.2∶0.05∶0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322950018285568617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Dataset distribution, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 训练集/幅 | 测试集/幅 |
|---|
| 总计 | 2 062 | 887 |
| ABDO | 33 | 15 |
| 4CH | 443 | 191 |
| LVOT | 388 | 165 |
| RVOT | 342 | 147 |
| 3VV | 359 | 155 |
| 3VT | 497 | 214 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322950018348483178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
数据集分布
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 训练集/幅 | 测试集/幅 |
|---|
| 总计 | 2 062 | 887 |
| ABDO | 33 | 15 |
| 4CH | 443 | 191 |
| LVOT | 388 | 165 |
| RVOT | 342 | 147 |
| 3VV | 359 | 155 |
| 3VT | 497 | 214 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322950018415592043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Detection results of PTE-YOLO, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 名称 | Prec | Rec | mAP |
|---|
| Baseline | PTE-YOLO(本文) | 提升 | Baseline | PTE-YOLO(本文) | 提升 | Baseline | PTE-YOLO(本文) | 提升 |
|---|
| LV | 0.954 | 0.980 | ↑0.026 | 0.972 | 0.963 | - | 0.982 | 0.983 | ↑0.001 |
| LA | 0.920 | 0.950 | ↑0.030 | 0.941 | 0.936 | - | 0.962 | 0.958 | - |
| RV | 0.929 | 0.944 | ↑0.015 | 0.946 | 0.959 | ↑0.013 | 0.967 | 0.974 | ↑0.007 |
| RA | 0.878 | 0.923 | ↑0.045 | 0.920 | 0.941 | ↑0.021 | 0.955 | 0.978 | ↑0.023 |
| Ao | 0.916 | 0.952 | ↑0.036 | 0.942 | 0.965 | ↑0.023 | 0.968 | 0.984 | ↑0.016 |
| AoA | 0.907 | 0.980 | ↑0.073 | 0.883 | 0.934 | ↑0.051 | 0.948 | 0.991 | ↑0.043 |
| dAo | 0.891 | 0.890 | - | 0.905 | 0.899 | - | 0.947 | 0.943 | - |
| Sp | 0.907 | 0.895 | - | 0.957 | 0.929 | - | 0.961 | 0.947 | - |
| PA | 0.701 | 0.842 | ↑0.141 | 0.865 | 0.919 | ↑0.054 | 0.855 | 0.936 | ↑0.081 |
| DA | 0.858 | 0.881 | ↑0.023 | 0.881 | 0.928 | ↑0.047 | 0.916 | 0.954 | ↑0.038 |
| MPA | 0.957 | 0.975 | ↑0.018 | 0.911 | 0.913 | ↑0.002 | 0.967 | 0.975 | ↑0.008 |
| SVC | 0.875 | 0.938 | ↑0.063 | 0.870 | 0.943 | ↑0.056 | 0.932 | 0.974 | ↑0.042 |
| Tr | 0.878 | 0.868 | - | 0.636 | 0.854 | ↑0.218 | 0.789 | 0.908 | ↑0.119 |
| 整体 | 0.890 | 0.925 | ↑0.035 | 0.895 | 0.930 | ↑0.035 | 0.935 | 0.962 | ↑0.027 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322950018482700908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
PTE-YOLO检测结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 名称 | Prec | Rec | mAP |
|---|
| Baseline | PTE-YOLO(本文) | 提升 | Baseline | PTE-YOLO(本文) | 提升 | Baseline | PTE-YOLO(本文) | 提升 |
|---|
| LV | 0.954 | 0.980 | ↑0.026 | 0.972 | 0.963 | - | 0.982 | 0.983 | ↑0.001 |
| LA | 0.920 | 0.950 | ↑0.030 | 0.941 | 0.936 | - | 0.962 | 0.958 | - |
| RV | 0.929 | 0.944 | ↑0.015 | 0.946 | 0.959 | ↑0.013 | 0.967 | 0.974 | ↑0.007 |
| RA | 0.878 | 0.923 | ↑0.045 | 0.920 | 0.941 | ↑0.021 | 0.955 | 0.978 | ↑0.023 |
| Ao | 0.916 | 0.952 | ↑0.036 | 0.942 | 0.965 | ↑0.023 | 0.968 | 0.984 | ↑0.016 |
| AoA | 0.907 | 0.980 | ↑0.073 | 0.883 | 0.934 | ↑0.051 | 0.948 | 0.991 | ↑0.043 |
| dAo | 0.891 | 0.890 | - | 0.905 | 0.899 | - | 0.947 | 0.943 | - |
| Sp | 0.907 | 0.895 | - | 0.957 | 0.929 | - | 0.961 | 0.947 | - |
| PA | 0.701 | 0.842 | ↑0.141 | 0.865 | 0.919 | ↑0.054 | 0.855 | 0.936 | ↑0.081 |
| DA | 0.858 | 0.881 | ↑0.023 | 0.881 | 0.928 | ↑0.047 | 0.916 | 0.954 | ↑0.038 |
| MPA | 0.957 | 0.975 | ↑0.018 | 0.911 | 0.913 | ↑0.002 | 0.967 | 0.975 | ↑0.008 |
| SVC | 0.875 | 0.938 | ↑0.063 | 0.870 | 0.943 | ↑0.056 | 0.932 | 0.974 | ↑0.042 |
| Tr | 0.878 | 0.868 | - | 0.636 | 0.854 | ↑0.218 | 0.789 | 0.908 | ↑0.119 |
| 整体 | 0.890 | 0.925 | ↑0.035 | 0.895 | 0.930 | ↑0.035 | 0.935 | 0.962 | ↑0.027 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322950018554004077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Ablation study results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | PWN | TAE | EQLv2 | Prec | Rec | mAP |
|---|
| Baseline | × | × | × | 0.890 | 0.895 | 0.935 |
| P-YOLO | √ | × | × | 0.925 | 0.917 | 0.950 |
| T-YOLO | × | √ | × | 0.902 | 0.916 | 0.948 |
| E-YOLO | × | × | √ | 0.915 | 0.894 | 0.943 |
| PT-YOLO | √ | √ | × | 0.917 | 0.927 | 0.957 |
| PTE-YOLO (本文) | √ | √ | √ | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.962 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322950018616918638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | PWN | TAE | EQLv2 | Prec | Rec | mAP |
|---|
| Baseline | × | × | × | 0.890 | 0.895 | 0.935 |
| P-YOLO | √ | × | × | 0.925 | 0.917 | 0.950 |
| T-YOLO | × | √ | × | 0.902 | 0.916 | 0.948 |
| E-YOLO | × | × | √ | 0.915 | 0.894 | 0.943 |
| PT-YOLO | √ | √ | × | 0.917 | 0.927 | 0.957 |
| PTE-YOLO (本文) | √ | √ | √ | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.962 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322950018675638895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322950008588337684, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Ablation study on the feature pyramid, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | Prec | Rec | mAP | 参数量 | 推理时间/(ms/幅) |
|---|
| TE-YOLO-BiFPN | 0.909 | 0.918 | 0.953 | 3 584 554 | 10.5 |
| TE-YOLO-RepGFPN | 0.926 | 0.915 | 0.958 | 7 623 904 | 11.1 |
| TE-YOLO-AFPN | 0.916 | 0.925 | 0.957 | 38 885 213 | 12.0 |
| TE-YOLO-RFP | 0.910 | 0.919 | 0.953 | 7 957 752 | 13.4 |
| PTE-YOLO(本文) | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.962 | 9 192 576 | 10.7 |
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关于特征金字塔的消融实验
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| 方法 | Prec | Rec | mAP | 参数量 | 推理时间/(ms/幅) |
|---|
| TE-YOLO-BiFPN | 0.909 | 0.918 | 0.953 | 3 584 554 | 10.5 |
| TE-YOLO-RepGFPN | 0.926 | 0.915 | 0.958 | 7 623 904 | 11.1 |
| TE-YOLO-AFPN | 0.916 | 0.925 | 0.957 | 38 885 213 | 12.0 |
| TE-YOLO-RFP | 0.910 | 0.919 | 0.953 | 7 957 752 | 13.4 |
| PTE-YOLO(本文) | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.962 | 9 192 576 | 10.7 |
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Ablation study on the TAE module, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | Prec | Rec | mAP | 参数量 | 推理时间/(ms/幅) |
|---|
| PE-YOLO-SE | 0.914 | 0.913 | 0.956 | 9 430 464 | 10.9 |
| PE-YOLO-SA | 0.699 | 0.748 | 0.770 | 9 435 636 | 10.7 |
| PE-YOLO-CBAM | 0.919 | 0.919 | 0.956 | 9 525 804 | 10.8 |
| PE-YOLO-EMA | 0.927 | 0.919 | 0.957 | 9 434 160 | 10.9 |
| PTE-YOLO(本文) | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.962 | 9 192 576 | 10.7 |
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关于TAE模块的消融实验
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| 方法 | Prec | Rec | mAP | 参数量 | 推理时间/(ms/幅) |
|---|
| PE-YOLO-SE | 0.914 | 0.913 | 0.956 | 9 430 464 | 10.9 |
| PE-YOLO-SA | 0.699 | 0.748 | 0.770 | 9 435 636 | 10.7 |
| PE-YOLO-CBAM | 0.919 | 0.919 | 0.956 | 9 525 804 | 10.8 |
| PE-YOLO-EMA | 0.927 | 0.919 | 0.957 | 9 434 160 | 10.9 |
| PTE-YOLO(本文) | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.962 | 9 192 576 | 10.7 |
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Comparison of detection results for fetal cardiac anatomical structures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | Prec | Rec | mAP | 参数量 | 推理时间/(ms/幅) |
|---|
| Baseline | 0.890 | 0.895 | 0.935 | 3 085 050 | 7.9 |
| YOLO11OBB | 0.884 | 0.880 | 0.927 | 2 664 042 | 3.3 |
| YOLO12OBB (Tian等,2025) | 0.894 | 0.872 | 0.930 | 2 642 250 | 3.6 |
| ROI Transformer (Ding等,2019) | 0.837 | 0.827 | 0.797 | 55 110 000 | 45.4 |
| Oriented R-CNN (Xie等,2021) | 0.712 | 0.707 | 0.751 | 41 140 000 | 42.6 |
| ReDet (Han等,2021) | 0.851 | 0.843 | 0.804 | 31 630 000 | 27.1 |
| Oriented RepPoints (Li等,2022) | 0.883 | 0.875 | 0.784 | 36 610 000 | 38.5 |
| PTE-YOLO (本文) | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.962 | 9 192 576 | 10.7 |
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胎心解剖结构检测结果对比
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| 方法 | Prec | Rec | mAP | 参数量 | 推理时间/(ms/幅) |
|---|
| Baseline | 0.890 | 0.895 | 0.935 | 3 085 050 | 7.9 |
| YOLO11OBB | 0.884 | 0.880 | 0.927 | 2 664 042 | 3.3 |
| YOLO12OBB (Tian等,2025) | 0.894 | 0.872 | 0.930 | 2 642 250 | 3.6 |
| ROI Transformer (Ding等,2019) | 0.837 | 0.827 | 0.797 | 55 110 000 | 45.4 |
| Oriented R-CNN (Xie等,2021) | 0.712 | 0.707 | 0.751 | 41 140 000 | 42.6 |
| ReDet (Han等,2021) | 0.851 | 0.843 | 0.804 | 31 630 000 | 27.1 |
| Oriented RepPoints (Li等,2022) | 0.883 | 0.875 | 0.784 | 36 610 000 | 38.5 |
| PTE-YOLO (本文) | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.962 | 9 192 576 | 10.7 |
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Comparison of fetal heart standard plane recognition results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 方法 | Acc | Prec | Rec | F1 | 推理时间/(ms/幅) |
|---|
| 单任务 | VGG16(Simonyan和Zisserman,2015) | 0.636 | 0.635 | 0.628 | 0.630 | 12.1 |
| ResNet50(He等,2016) | 0.508 | 0.492 | 0.492 | 0.481 | 7.3 |
| EfficientNet(Tan和Le,2019) | 0.500 | 0.474 | 0.478 | 0.461 | 5.1 |
| DenseNet(Huang等,2017) | 0.841 | 0.839 | 0.832 | 0.833 | 8.4 |
| 多任务 | Baseline+解剖结构包含条件 | 0.765 | 0.969 | 0.769 | 0.847 | 7.9 |
| YOLO12OBB+解剖结构包含条件 | 0.705 | 0.975 | 0.708 | 0.803 | 3.6 |
| PTE-YOLO+解剖结构包含条件 | 0.859 | 0.980 | 0.880 | 0.926 | 10.7 |
| Baseline+候选视图评分识别算法 | 0.933 | 0.930 | 0.931 | 0.930 | 7.9 |
| YOLO12OBB+候选视图评分识别算法 | 0.933 | 0.933 | 0.932 | 0.932 | 3.6 |
| PTE-YOLO+候选视图评分识别算法(本文) | 0.959 | 0.962 | 0.957 | 0.959 | 10.7 |
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胎心标准切面识别结果对比
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| 类别 | 方法 | Acc | Prec | Rec | F1 | 推理时间/(ms/幅) |
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| 单任务 | VGG16(Simonyan和Zisserman,2015) | 0.636 | 0.635 | 0.628 | 0.630 | 12.1 |
| ResNet50(He等,2016) | 0.508 | 0.492 | 0.492 | 0.481 | 7.3 |
| EfficientNet(Tan和Le,2019) | 0.500 | 0.474 | 0.478 | 0.461 | 5.1 |
| DenseNet(Huang等,2017) | 0.841 | 0.839 | 0.832 | 0.833 | 8.4 |
| 多任务 | Baseline+解剖结构包含条件 | 0.765 | 0.969 | 0.769 | 0.847 | 7.9 |
| YOLO12OBB+解剖结构包含条件 | 0.705 | 0.975 | 0.708 | 0.803 | 3.6 |
| PTE-YOLO+解剖结构包含条件 | 0.859 | 0.980 | 0.880 | 0.926 | 10.7 |
| Baseline+候选视图评分识别算法 | 0.933 | 0.930 | 0.931 | 0.930 | 7.9 |
| YOLO12OBB+候选视图评分识别算法 | 0.933 | 0.933 | 0.932 | 0.932 | 3.6 |
| PTE-YOLO+候选视图评分识别算法(本文) | 0.959 | 0.962 | 0.957 | 0.959 | 10.7 |
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