Article(id=1249044017632190870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737648000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-24, revisedDate=1744300800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775724899918, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1765814400000, pubDateStr=2025-12-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775724899918, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775724899918, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775724899918, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249044006114628363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2025', volume='30', issue='12', pageStart='3707', pageEnd='3968', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775724897161, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775726353303, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249050113662984471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249050113667178776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3804, endPage=3823, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249044019720954268, articleId=1249044017632190870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Open-set semi-supervised multi-task learning method for facial age estimation, columnId=1249044019595125147, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Image Analysis and Recognition, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Facial age estimation from images constitutes a prominent area of research within the field of computer vision, offering extensive potential applications in fields such as biometrics, digital marketing, healthcare, and human-computer interaction. Despite substantial efforts by numerous researchers in this field, achieving accurate facial age estimation remains a formidable challenge, primarily due to the lack of high-quality, large-scale labeled datasets for facial age estimation. The manual annotation of facial datasets necessitates considerable time and financial costs. Semi-supervised learning has emerged as a promising strategy for solving this problem because it enables the simultaneous utilization of labeled and unlabeled data. However, achieving satisfactory results in the domain of facial age estimation using semi-supervised learning methods is difficult. This difficulty arises from the limited accuracy of the pseudo-labels produced by these methods, as well as their susceptibility to the influence of outlier data. These factors hinder the effective utilization of unlabeled data, consequently limiting overall performance. Aiming to address these challenges, optimizing the capability of the model to extract features is essential. Such improvements will facilitate the effective acquisition of valuable representations from unlabeled data, thereby yielding highly precise pseudo-labels. Additionally, establishing a semi-supervised learning framework that can adeptly manage the challenges associated with outlier data while optimizing the utilization of the unlabeled dataset is crucial. Consequently, this study presents an open-set semi-supervised multi-task approach for facial age estimation.
Method This research presents the SwinLEDF model to optimize the capability of the model to extract local and global features from facial images. This model is based on the Swin Transformer architecture and integrates local enhanced feedforward (LEFF) modules along with dynamic filter networks (DFNs). The Swin Transformer demonstrates proficient capabilities in capturing long-range dependencies and global characteristics, particularly in the analysis of age-related trends and the overall morphology of facial structures. The LEFF module incorporates non-linear transformations at the feature level, facilitating the identification of local patterns within images or feature representations. This capability is essential for differentiating age-related attributes, including intricate details such as wrinkles and skin texture. The DFN module implements a dynamic filtering operation within the spatial dimension of the model’s output, thereby enhancing model flexibility and adaptability. Furthermore, this research presents an open-set semi-supervised multitask learning algorithm to optimize the use of labeled and unlabeled data. In this algorithm, the model assesses the probability of unlabeled data being classified as outliers by integrating the outcomes of a closed-set classifier and a multi-class binary classifier. Subsequently, the model generates pseudo-labels for non-outlier data that meet a specified confidence threshold. Additionally, the model simultaneously learns to estimate sex, race, and age using labeled and unlabeled data. Through this process, the model learns not only the unique characteristics associated with each specific task but also the interrelationships among gender, race, and age, thereby enhancing the capability of the model to process diverse data and increases its expressive power and robustness. Furthermore, the process enables the effective utilization of unlabeled datasets, addressing the challenge of limited labeled data in the field of age estimation. This study employs an adaptive threshold mechanism and a negative learning strategy to optimize the use of unlabeled data. The adaptive threshold mechanism dynamically adjusts the confidence threshold for pseudo-labels based on the model’s training performance across different categories, effectively addressing category imbalance and improving the precision of pseudo-label production. The negative learning strategy enhances the handling of unlabeled data by identifying categories to which the input data does not belong, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of false pseudo-labels on model performance.
Result This study assesses the proposed methodology using the MORPH and UTKface datasets. On the MORPH dataset, the model exhibits a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.908 when trained solely on labeled data. This error is further reduced to 1.885 with the inclusion of labeled and unlabeled datasets. Similarly, for the UTKface dataset, the initial MAE is recorded at 4.343 using only labeled datasets, which subsequently reduces to 4.246 following the integration of labeled and unlabeled datasets. Compared to current facial age estimation methods, the proposed approach exhibits superior performance and further optimizes its accuracy by leveraging unlabeled facial datasets.
Conclusion This study introduces an open-set semi-supervised multi-task learning method for facial age estimation. The proposed method effectively extracts gender, race, and age attributes from facial images while leveraging unlabeled data and appropriately handling potential outliers. This approach addresses the challenges associated with limited labeled data, thereby enhancing the accuracy of facial age estimation. Furthermore, the methodology presents innovative strategies for achieving precise results and holds strong potential for practical applications.
, correspAuthors=Yurong Guo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ke Zhang, Longping Liang, Yurong Guo, Zinian Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249044031704080894, articleId=1249044017632190870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=面向人脸年龄估计的开集半监督多任务学习方法, columnId=1249044019838394781, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=图像分析和识别, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 人脸图像年龄估计在数字营销和人机交互等领域具有重要应用价值。然而,实现精确人脸年龄估计面临缺乏大规模有标签数据集的挑战。半监督学习方法能利用无标签数据集缓解此问题,但现有方法易引入错误伪标签,对年龄估计性能产生负面影响。因此,提出一种面向人脸年龄估计的开集半监督多任务学习方法。
方法 首先,为了增强模型对局部和全局特征的处理能力,提出SwinLEDF模型,该模型以Swin Transformer作为主干网络,用于提取全局特征,并通过融合LEFF(local enhanced feed-forward)模块和DFN(dynamic filter networks)模块,进一步提升模型对局部特征的提取能力。其次,为了有效利用有标签数据和无标签数据中的有效信息,设计开集半监督多任务学习框架。在此框架中,模型通过标准闭集分类器和多类二元分类器的协同工作有效排除异常数据的干扰,采用自适应阈值方法确定性别、种族和年龄的伪标签,并引入负学习策略,以提高对无标签数据的利用率。
结果 在MORPH数据集上,仅使用有标签数据集时,模型的平均绝对误差为1.908;同时使用有标签数据集和无标签数据集时,MAE(mean absolute error)降至1.885。在UTKface数据集上,仅使用有标签数据集时,MAE为4.343;而结合有标签数据集和无标签数据集时,MAE降至4.246。与现有的人脸年龄估计方法相比,本文方法提高年龄估计的性能,能够有效利用无标签数据集进一步优化年龄估计性能。
结论 本文提出一种面向人脸年龄估计的开集半监督多任务学习方法,能够从有标签数据集和无标签数据集中有效提取人脸图像的性别、种族和年龄特征,从而提升人脸年龄估计的精度。这为实现更加精准的人脸年龄估计提供了新的思路和解决方案。
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, authorsList=张珂, 梁龙萍, 郭玉荣, 王子念)}, authors=[Author(id=1249044033855758923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhangkeit@ncepu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1249044034023531093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, authorId=1249044033855758923, language=EN, stringName=Ke Zhang, firstName=Ke, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1Yanzhao Electric Power Laboratory of North China Electric Power University, Baoding071003, Hebei, China
2Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding071003, Hebei, China
3Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Internet of Things Technology, Baoding071003, Hebei, China
4Hebei Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Power Internet of Things, Baoding071003, Hebei, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1249044035571229277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, authorId=1249044033855758923, language=CN, stringName=张珂, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, 4, address=
1华北电力大学 燕赵电力实验室,保定071003
2华北电力大学电子与通信工程系,保定071003
3河北省电力物联网技术重点实验室,保定071003
4电力物联智慧化技术河北省工程研究中心,保定071003, bio={"content":"
张珂,男,教授,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、电力计算机视觉和电力人工智能。E-mail: zhangkeit@ncepu.edu.cn
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张珂,男,教授,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、电力计算机视觉和电力人工智能。E-mail: zhangkeit@ncepu.edu.cn
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2, 5, address=
2Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding071003, Hebei, China
5An Shun Power Supply Burean of Guizhou Grid Co.Ltd., Anshun561000, Guizhou, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1249044036141654659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, authorId=1249044035806110311, language=CN, stringName=梁龙萍, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
2, 5, address=
2华北电力大学电子与通信工程系,保定071003
5贵州电网有限责任公司安顺供电局,安顺561000, bio={"content":"
郭玉荣,通信作者,女,讲师,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、电力计算机视觉和电力人工智能。E-mail:guoyurong@ncepu.edu.cn
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郭玉荣,通信作者,女,讲师,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、电力计算机视觉和电力人工智能。E-mail:guoyurong@ncepu.edu.cn
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1, 2, 3, 4, *, address=
1Yanzhao Electric Power Laboratory of North China Electric Power University, Baoding071003, Hebei, China
2Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding071003, Hebei, China
3Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Internet of Things Technology, Baoding071003, Hebei, China
4Hebei Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Power Internet of Things, Baoding071003, Hebei, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1249044036783383203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, authorId=1249044036280066704, language=CN, stringName=郭玉荣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, 4, *, address=
1华北电力大学 燕赵电力实验室,保定071003
2华北电力大学电子与通信工程系,保定071003
3河北省电力物联网技术重点实验室,保定071003
4电力物联智慧化技术河北省工程研究中心,保定071003, bio={"content":"
梁龙萍,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉。E-mail: lianglongping20@163.com
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梁龙萍,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉。E-mail: lianglongping20@163.com
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5贵州电网有限责任公司安顺供电局,安顺561000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1249044040923161377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Implementation process of the method used in this paper ((a) pre-training; (b) fine-tuning; (c) testing), figureFileSmall=I+gKQcqJKBz7hPsdAj6hKA==, figureFileBig=LlF4ZecTNjm5lmKKiHuV8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044041015436068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
本文方法的实现流程, figureFileSmall=I+gKQcqJKBz7hPsdAj6hKA==, figureFileBig=LlF4ZecTNjm5lmKKiHuV8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044041829131079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Local feature extraction module, figureFileSmall=c8nsuBDGh8t1R6C4VmKehQ==, figureFileBig=k47O+gAHC1zCqbO7DGf4Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042017874763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
局部特征提取模块, figureFileSmall=c8nsuBDGh8t1R6C4VmKehQ==, figureFileBig=k47O+gAHC1zCqbO7DGf4Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042206618451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Open-set semi-supervised learning, figureFileSmall=w3wt0xnMadc5Vkk/iEXJkA==, figureFileBig=GpjZNj6BTmxPUZLceAe3YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042353419097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
开集半监督学习, figureFileSmall=w3wt0xnMadc5Vkk/iEXJkA==, figureFileBig=GpjZNj6BTmxPUZLceAe3YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042462471008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
MORPH dataset preprocessing, figureFileSmall=RlApbydjyTs488hnMY9RqA==, figureFileBig=1crP0r6WAj3wX9YY6Zhusw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042663797608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
MORPH数据集预处理, figureFileSmall=RlApbydjyTs488hnMY9RqA==, figureFileBig=1crP0r6WAj3wX9YY6Zhusw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042793821038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
UTKface dataset preprocessing, figureFileSmall=kGG81ggPdPZbbyhNImoXTQ==, figureFileBig=b8d6BE1v8kBHkT/q4R5a9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042907067251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
UTKface数据集预处理, figureFileSmall=kGG81ggPdPZbbyhNImoXTQ==, figureFileBig=b8d6BE1v8kBHkT/q4R5a9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044044505097083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
CelebA dataset preprocessing, figureFileSmall=I+f9LlzXtNTbIph3vahNLw==, figureFileBig=hOGxiYOp4Qx3FW76OT5CBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044044689646467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
CelebA数据集预处理, figureFileSmall=I+f9LlzXtNTbIph3vahNLw==, figureFileBig=hOGxiYOp4Qx3FW76OT5CBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044044849030023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Visiualization of the results, figureFileSmall=A8qY5BzZLL4a+eX03ZBIqA==, figureFileBig=nRX7uQsCIp/KQDpBI/BHFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044045000024975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
可视化结果图, figureFileSmall=A8qY5BzZLL4a+eX03ZBIqA==, figureFileBig=nRX7uQsCIp/KQDpBI/BHFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044045302014878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Comparison with different facial age estimation methods on the MORPH dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE |
|---|
| Zhao等人(2021) | 2.73 |
| CORAL(Cao等,2020) | 2.64 |
| ADPF(Wang等,2022) | 2.54 |
| Shi等人(2023) | 2.45 |
| Mean-Variance Loss+softmax Loss(Pan等,2018) | 2.41/2.16* |
| AL-ROR-34(Zhang等,2020) | 2.36* |
| MDL(Pan等,2018) | 2.31 |
| DCT(Bao等,2023) | 2.28/2.17* |
| PML(Deng等,2021b) | 2.15 |
| EgroupNet(Duan等,2020) | 2.13 |
| GroupFace(Zhang等,2025) | 2.09 |
| FP-Age(Lin等,2022) | 2.04/1.90‡ |
| SGL(Liu等,2023) | 2.01 |
| DLDL-V2(Gao等,2018) | 1.969# |
| DCN(Kong等,2022) | 1.946 2 |
| AVDL(Wen等,2020) | 1.94* |
| DHAA(Tan等,2019) | 1.908 |
| LRN(Li等,2020) | 1.905* |
| MCGRL(Shou等,2025) | 1.89 |
| 本文(有标签数据学习) | 1.908 |
| 本文(有标签数据学习+无标签数据学习) | 1.885 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044045570450346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
在MORPH数据集上不同人脸年龄估计方法的对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE |
|---|
| Zhao等人(2021) | 2.73 |
| CORAL(Cao等,2020) | 2.64 |
| ADPF(Wang等,2022) | 2.54 |
| Shi等人(2023) | 2.45 |
| Mean-Variance Loss+softmax Loss(Pan等,2018) | 2.41/2.16* |
| AL-ROR-34(Zhang等,2020) | 2.36* |
| MDL(Pan等,2018) | 2.31 |
| DCT(Bao等,2023) | 2.28/2.17* |
| PML(Deng等,2021b) | 2.15 |
| EgroupNet(Duan等,2020) | 2.13 |
| GroupFace(Zhang等,2025) | 2.09 |
| FP-Age(Lin等,2022) | 2.04/1.90‡ |
| SGL(Liu等,2023) | 2.01 |
| DLDL-V2(Gao等,2018) | 1.969# |
| DCN(Kong等,2022) | 1.946 2 |
| AVDL(Wen等,2020) | 1.94* |
| DHAA(Tan等,2019) | 1.908 |
| LRN(Li等,2020) | 1.905* |
| MCGRL(Shou等,2025) | 1.89 |
| 本文(有标签数据学习) | 1.908 |
| 本文(有标签数据学习+无标签数据学习) | 1.885 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044045738222517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Comparison with different facial age estimation methods on the UTKface dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE |
|---|
| CORAL(Cao等,2020) | 5.47 |
| Lin等人(2024) | 4.82 |
| DCDT(Gustafsson等,2019) | 4.65 |
| Equal Width(Berg等,2021) | 4.58* |
| Randomized Bins(Berg等,2021) | 4.55* |
| Moving Window Regression(Shin等,2022) | 4.37 |
| GroupFace(Zhang等,2025) | 4.32* |
| 本文(有标签数据学习) | 4.343 |
| 本文(有标签数据学习+无标签数据学习) | 4.246 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044045893411776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
在UTKface数据集上不同人脸年龄估计方法的对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE |
|---|
| CORAL(Cao等,2020) | 5.47 |
| Lin等人(2024) | 4.82 |
| DCDT(Gustafsson等,2019) | 4.65 |
| Equal Width(Berg等,2021) | 4.58* |
| Randomized Bins(Berg等,2021) | 4.55* |
| Moving Window Regression(Shin等,2022) | 4.37 |
| GroupFace(Zhang等,2025) | 4.32* |
| 本文(有标签数据学习) | 4.343 |
| 本文(有标签数据学习+无标签数据学习) | 4.246 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046040212420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Comparison with different semi-supervised learning methods on the MORPH dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 半监督学习方法 | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| FixMatch(Sohn等,2020) | 2.026 | 90.60 |
| FullMatch(Chen等,2023b) | 2.022 | 90.80 |
| Fullflex(Chen等,2023b) | 2.020 | 90.62 |
| SoC4SS-FGVC(Duan等,2024) | 2.024 | 90.60 |
| OpenMatch(Saito等,2021) | 2.019 | 90.82 |
| IOMatch(Li等,2023a) | 2.018 | 90.83 |
| 本文 | 1.885 | 92.06 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046317036497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
在MORPH数据集上不同半监督学习方法的对比
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| 半监督学习方法 | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| FixMatch(Sohn等,2020) | 2.026 | 90.60 |
| FullMatch(Chen等,2023b) | 2.022 | 90.80 |
| Fullflex(Chen等,2023b) | 2.020 | 90.62 |
| SoC4SS-FGVC(Duan等,2024) | 2.024 | 90.60 |
| OpenMatch(Saito等,2021) | 2.019 | 90.82 |
| IOMatch(Li等,2023a) | 2.018 | 90.83 |
| 本文 | 1.885 | 92.06 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046489002967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Comparison with different semi-supervised learning methods on the UTKface dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 半监督方法 | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| FixMatch(Sohn等,2020) | 4.285 | 68.98 |
| FullMatch(Chen等,2023b) | 4.271 | 69.09 |
| Fullflex(Chen等,2023b) | 4.261 | 69.40 |
| SoC4SS-FGVC(Duan等,2024) | 4.286 | 69.01 |
| OpenMatch(Saito等,2021) | 4.276 | 69.05 |
| IOMatch(Li等,2023a) | 4.271 | 69.11 |
| 本文 | 4.246 | 69.75 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046610637789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
UTKface数据集上不同半监督学习方法的对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 半监督方法 | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| FixMatch(Sohn等,2020) | 4.285 | 68.98 |
| FullMatch(Chen等,2023b) | 4.271 | 69.09 |
| Fullflex(Chen等,2023b) | 4.261 | 69.40 |
| SoC4SS-FGVC(Duan等,2024) | 4.286 | 69.01 |
| OpenMatch(Saito等,2021) | 4.276 | 69.05 |
| IOMatch(Li等,2023a) | 4.271 | 69.11 |
| 本文 | 4.246 | 69.75 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046816158691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Effectiveness of LEFF and DFN modules in single-task learning
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块 | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| DFN | LEFF | MAE | CS(5)/% | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| - | - | 2.080 | 88.90 | 4.440 | 68.53 |
| √ | - | 2.069 | 90.12 | 4.423 | 69.00 |
| - | √ | 2.059 | 90.49 | 4.416 | 69.07 |
| √ | √ | 2.049 | 90.90 | 4.381 | 69.20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044047072011241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
LEFF和DFN模块在单任务学习中的有效性
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块 | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| DFN | LEFF | MAE | CS(5)/% | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| - | - | 2.080 | 88.90 | 4.440 | 68.53 |
| √ | - | 2.069 | 90.12 | 4.423 | 69.00 |
| - | √ | 2.059 | 90.49 | 4.416 | 69.07 |
| √ | √ | 2.049 | 90.90 | 4.381 | 69.20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044047277532147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=
Effectiveness of LEFF and DFN modules in multi-task learning
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| 模块 | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| DFN | LEFF | MAE | CS(5)/% | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| - | - | 1.942 | 90.42 | 4.406 | 69.50 |
| √ | - | 1.919 | 91.30 | 4.403 | 69.53 |
| - | √ | 1.912 | 91.43 | 4.391 | 69.70 |
| √ | √ | 1.908 | 92.04 | 4.343 | 69.74 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044047449498615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
LEFF和DFN模块在多任务学习中的有效性
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块 | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| DFN | LEFF | MAE | CS(5)/% | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| - | - | 1.942 | 90.42 | 4.406 | 69.50 |
| √ | - | 1.919 | 91.30 | 4.403 | 69.53 |
| - | √ | 1.912 | 91.43 | 4.391 | 69.70 |
| √ | √ | 1.908 | 92.04 | 4.343 | 69.74 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044049072693250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=
Effectiveness of multi-task learning
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| 方法 | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| MAE | CS(5)/% | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| 年龄估计 | 2.049 | 90.9 | 4.381 | 69.2 |
| 年龄估计 + 性别估计 | 2.026 | 91.02 | 4.373 | 69.42 |
| 年龄估计 + 种族估计 | 1.979 | 91.45 | 4.361 | 69.51 |
年龄估计 + 性别估计 + 种族估计 | 1.908 | 92.06 | 4.343 | 69.74 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044049202716683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
多任务学习的有效性
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| MAE | CS(5)/% | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| 年龄估计 | 2.049 | 90.9 | 4.381 | 69.2 |
| 年龄估计 + 性别估计 | 2.026 | 91.02 | 4.373 | 69.42 |
| 年龄估计 + 种族估计 | 1.979 | 91.45 | 4.361 | 69.51 |
年龄估计 + 性别估计 + 种族估计 | 1.908 | 92.06 | 4.343 | 69.74 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044049307574292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=
Influence of the value of coefficient β on age estimation results
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| β | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| 0 | 1.910 | 4.344 |
| 0.1 | 1.908 | 4.343 |
| 0.2 | 1.919 | 4.362 |
| 0.3 | 1.934 | 4.386 |
| 0.4 | 1.949 | 4.394 |
| 0.5 | 1.969 | 4.401 |
| 0.6 | 1.996 | 4.417 |
| 0.7 | 2.014 | 4.428 |
| 0.8 | 2.031 | 4.443 |
| 0.9 | 2.048 | 4.456 |
| 1 | 2.065 | 4.489 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044049391460378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
系数β取值对年龄估计结果的影响
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| β | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| 0 | 1.910 | 4.344 |
| 0.1 | 1.908 | 4.343 |
| 0.2 | 1.919 | 4.362 |
| 0.3 | 1.934 | 4.386 |
| 0.4 | 1.949 | 4.394 |
| 0.5 | 1.969 | 4.401 |
| 0.6 | 1.996 | 4.417 |
| 0.7 | 2.014 | 4.428 |
| 0.8 | 2.031 | 4.443 |
| 0.9 | 2.048 | 4.456 |
| 1 | 2.065 | 4.489 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044049529872419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=
Influence of the values of coefficients λc and λm on age estimation results on the MORPH dataset
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| λm | λc |
|---|
| 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
|---|
| 0 | 2.016 | 1.956 | 1.911 | 1.921 | 1.933 |
| 0.5 | 2.010 | 1.932 | 1.899 | 1.916 | 1.925 |
| 1 | 2.003 | 1.921 | 1.885 | 1.911 | 1.917 |
| 1.5 | 2.011 | 1.934 | 1.909 | 1.914 | 1.923 |
| 2 | 2.014 | 1.952 | 1.913 | 1.924 | 1.941 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044049617952810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表9, caption=
在MORPH数据集上系数λc和λm取值对年龄估计结果的影响
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| λm | λc |
|---|
| 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
|---|
| 0 | 2.016 | 1.956 | 1.911 | 1.921 | 1.933 |
| 0.5 | 2.010 | 1.932 | 1.899 | 1.916 | 1.925 |
| 1 | 2.003 | 1.921 | 1.885 | 1.911 | 1.917 |
| 1.5 | 2.011 | 1.934 | 1.909 | 1.914 | 1.923 |
| 2 | 2.014 | 1.952 | 1.913 | 1.924 | 1.941 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044049731199025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=
Influence of the values of coefficients λc and λm on age estimation results on the UTKface dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| λm | λc |
|---|
| 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
|---|
| 0 | 4.305 | 4.283 | 4.274 | 4.277 | 4.285 |
| 0.5 | 4.293 | 4.272 | 4.257 | 4.265 | 4.278 |
| 1 | 4.285 | 4.265 | 4.246 | 4.253 | 4.269 |
| 1.5 | 4.296 | 4.274 | 4.255 | 4.271 | 4.273 |
| 2 | 4.309 | 4.281 | 4.269 | 4.279 | 4.283 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044049836056632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表10, caption=
在UTKface数据集上系数λc和λm取值对年龄估计结果的影响
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| λm | λc |
|---|
| 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
|---|
| 0 | 4.305 | 4.283 | 4.274 | 4.277 | 4.285 |
| 0.5 | 4.293 | 4.272 | 4.257 | 4.265 | 4.278 |
| 1 | 4.285 | 4.265 | 4.246 | 4.253 | 4.269 |
| 1.5 | 4.296 | 4.274 | 4.255 | 4.271 | 4.273 |
| 2 | 4.309 | 4.281 | 4.269 | 4.279 | 4.283 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044049949302847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=
Effectiveness of adaptive threshold method and negative learning method in semi-supervised learning
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| 方法 | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| 自适应阈值 | 负学习 | MAE | CS(5)/% | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| - | - | 2.000 | 90.70 | 4.273 | 69.30 |
| √ | - | 1.960 | 91.22 | 4.261 | 69.42 |
| - | √ | 1.934 | 91.43 | 4.254 | 69.51 |
| √ | √ | 1.885 | 92.06 | 4.246 | 69.75 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044050049966151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017632190870, language=CN, label=表11, caption=
自适应阈值方法和负学习方法在开集半监督多任务学习中的有效性
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MORPH | UTKface |
|---|
| 自适应阈值 | 负学习 | MAE | CS(5)/% | MAE | CS(5)/% |
|---|
| - | - | 2.000 | 90.70 | 4.273 | 69.30 |
| √ | - | 1.960 | 91.22 | 4.261 | 69.42 |
| - | √ | 1.934 | 91.43 | 4.254 | 69.51 |
| √ | √ | 1.885 | 92.06 | 4.246 | 69.75 |
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