Article(id=1249044017615413653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.240765, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735747200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-02, revisedDate=1745510400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775724899914, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1765814400000, pubDateStr=2025-12-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775724899914, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775724899914, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775724899914, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249044006114628363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2025', volume='30', issue='12', pageStart='3707', pageEnd='3968', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775724897161, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775726353303, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249050113662984471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249050113667178776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3707, endPage=3739, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249044021990072742, articleId=1249044017615413653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Applications and prospects of artificial intelligence in the cultural heritage, columnId=1249044010699002654, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cultural relics embody the brilliance of civilization, preserve historical heritage, and uphold the national spirit, serving as vivid manifestations of the confidence and depth of Chinese cultural identity. These artifacts are not merely historical remnants; they are living testaments to a nation’s cultural consciousness and aesthetic achievements. In the Chinese context, such artifacts encompass a wide array of forms——ceramics, bronzes, calligraphy, painting, architecture, and intangible heritage such as folk music and traditional theater——which jointly form a rich, continuous narrative of human development and collective memory. Through their material and symbolic importance, these cultural elements reflect and reinforce a shared sense of belonging and historical continuity. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), now empowering a broad spectrum of industries and becoming deeply integrated into everyday life, the field of cultural heritage is undergoing a fundamental transformation. This transformation is not only technical but also conceptual, redefining how we understand, protect, and interact with our cultural legacy. AI no longer functions solely as a tool for automation or computation; it now plays a central role in knowledge production, decision-making, and creative processes. These capacities are driving a paradigm shift in cultural heritage work——from reactive, static models to proactive, adaptive systems powered by data and learning. The cultural heritage sector, historically reliant on manual preservation, scholarly interpretation, and traditional dissemination methods, is currently being transformed by advanced algorithms, machine learning models, and intelligent data processing frameworks. The profound capabilities of AI——in areas such as image recognition, natural language processing (NLP), data mining, semantic segmentation, and 3D reconstruction——are increasingly being leveraged to support the digitization, restoration, analysis, management, and public engagement of cultural heritage. These developments, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, are poised to reshape the entire lifecycle of cultural relics—from their initial discovery and documentation to their long-term preservation and dynamic presentation to the public. The key challenge that currently arises—and forms the central concern of this paper—is the effective, responsible, and innovative application of AI within the cultural heritage field. While the potential of AI is undeniable, its implementation must be carefully aligned with the values, sensitivities, and interdisciplinary nature of cultural preservation. In particular, the complex materiality, symbolic importance, and contextual uniqueness of cultural relics demand AI approaches that are interpretable, ethical, and inclusive of human expertise. Ethical considerations, such as bias in training data, the risks of over-reliance on automated interpretations, and the protection of indigenous knowledge systems, must be at the forefront of AI deployment in cultural domains. This paper explores five critical dimensions of AI applications in the cultural heritage sector: prevention, preservation, research, management, and utilization. The five aspects collectively form a holistic framework for understanding how AI technologies can support the sustained vitality and accessibility of cultural resources. In terms of prevention, AI can play a crucial role in developing early warning systems to identify environmental changes and potential threats to cultural relics. By integrating sensor networks with AI-driven monitoring tools, institutions can proactively detect fluctuations in humidity, temperature, light exposure, and other environmental factors that may contribute to material deterioration. Additionally, predictive models based on historical data can be employed to forecast risks and guide strategic conservation efforts. For instance, machine learning algorithms have been employed in several European museums to predict mold outbreaks in organic cultural relics based on microclimatic data, enabling timely interventions. In terms of preservation, AI contributes to digital restoration, 3D reconstruction, and non-invasive diagnostics. For example, deep learning models can help reconstruct missing parts of fragmented murals or manuscripts by learning visual patterns from intact sections. Additionally, hyperspectral imaging combined with AI analysis can uncover faded texts or underdrawings that are invisible to the human eye. These technologies not only extend the physical lifespan of cultural relics but also introduce innovative approaches to virtual preservation. Some institutions are already using AI in the reconstruction of historical architecture through photogrammetry and simulation of ancient environments for educational use. In the domain of research, AI notably enhances the capabilities of scholars to extract knowledge from vast, heterogeneous datasets. Natural language processing facilitates the digitization and analysis of ancient texts, while computer vision supports the classification of cultural relics based on style, origin, and function. Semantic knowledge graphs and AI-assisted databases promote cross-referencing across disciplines and collections, fostering highly integrated and interdisciplinary research outcomes. These tools are proving essential in digital humanities projects that aim to map large cultural corpora or trace stylistic influences across time and geography. The management of cultural heritage institutions and resources also benefits substantially from AI. Intelligent information systems can optimize inventory tracking, automate metadata tagging, and streamline exhibition logistics. Recommendation systems can be tailored to guide curatorial decisions and enhance user interaction. AI can also help balance conservation needs with public access by dynamically regulating visitor flow in sensitive exhibition areas. Moreover, the integration of blockchain with AI for provenance tracking is emerging as a promising area, enhancing the security and transparency of cultural relic records. In terms of utilization, AI is reshaping how cultural heritage is accessed and experienced—particularly in education, tourism, and public engagement. Virtual museums, intelligent chatbots, augmented reality (AR), and personalized content delivery are making cultural experiences highly interactive and accessible. AI-generated reconstructions and immersive simulations allow audiences to engage with history in immersive ways, expanding the reach of cultural heritage to new demographics and global audiences. Platforms such as Google Arts & Culture, along with various national museum initiatives, are increasingly leveraging AI for context-aware storytelling and multilingual access, making culture more inclusive and dynamic. Beyond practical applications, this paper also examines how traditional research methodologies are evolving in response to AI integration. The paper highlights the epistemological shifts occur as cultural interpretation moves from purely human-centered approaches to hybrid models that combine human expertise with computational inference. While AI presents powerful tools, it also raises critical questions about authenticity, authorship, and cultural sovereignty——especially when applied across diverse cultural contexts and communities. The co-construction of meaning between human curators and intelligent systems may enrich interpretations, but it also demands careful calibration of roles and responsibilities. Overall, the integration of AI into the field of cultural heritage presents an unprecedented opportunity and a profound responsibility. As we navigate this new landscape, balancing technological innovation and cultural sensitivity is essential, ensuring that AI serves as a tool for cultural empowerment, rather than erasure. This paper ultimately offers insights into the current landscape and future trajectory of AI in cultural heritage, advocating for collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts to harness the potential of AI while honoring the depth, diversity, and dignity of the world’s cultural legacies.

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文物承载灿烂文明、传承历史文化、维系民族精神,生动诠释着中华民族文化自信的底气与底蕴。随着人工智能技术赋能各行各业,融入大众生活的方方面面,整个文物行业也在人工智能技术的推动下进行着方法和理念的变革,影响着文物防护、保护、研究、管理与传播的方式,如何将人工智能应用于文物行业已成为研究人员十分关注的工作。本文面向文物领域防、保、研、管、用五大方向,从文物行业应用需求、传统研究方法、人工智能技术发展和人工智能应用于文物研究等几个方面进行论述,并探讨和展望了人工智能技术下文物行业应用发展与未来。

, correspAuthors=宋维涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋维涛
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宋维涛,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为颜色科学、虚拟现实和新型显示。E-mail:

廖聆宇,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为数字图像处理。E-mail:

张浩天,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为数字图像处理。E-mail:

李琳,女,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为虚拟现实和增强现实。E-mail:

俞天秀,男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为文物数字化保护。E-mail:

赵永生,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为人类骨骼考古。E-mail:

韩霈泽,男,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为文物分析检测、文物保护科技评价与管理。E-mail:

刘思然,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为材料考古、手工业考古和古代人类高温活动。E-mail:

陈坤龙,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为科技考古和文物保护。E-mail:

曲亮,男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为文物保护。E-mail:

刘晓平,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为计算机图形学。E-mail:

刘越,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为虚拟现实和增强现实、人机交互、计算机视觉、数字图像处理和新型三维显示。E-mail:

王涌天,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为光学系统设计、新型光学元件、虚拟现实和增强现实、医学图像处理与手术导航。E-mail:

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宋维涛,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为颜色科学、虚拟现实和新型显示。E-mail:

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宋维涛,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为颜色科学、虚拟现实和新型显示。E-mail:

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廖聆宇,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为数字图像处理。E-mail:

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张浩天,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为数字图像处理。E-mail:

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张浩天,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为数字图像处理。E-mail:

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李琳,女,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为虚拟现实和增强现实。E-mail:

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俞天秀,男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为文物数字化保护。E-mail:

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俞天秀,男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为文物数字化保护。E-mail:

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赵永生,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为人类骨骼考古。E-mail:

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赵永生,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为人类骨骼考古。E-mail:

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韩霈泽,男,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为文物分析检测、文物保护科技评价与管理。E-mail:

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韩霈泽,男,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为文物分析检测、文物保护科技评价与管理。E-mail:

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刘思然,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为材料考古、手工业考古和古代人类高温活动。E-mail:

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刘思然,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为材料考古、手工业考古和古代人类高温活动。E-mail:

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陈坤龙,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为科技考古和文物保护。E-mail:

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陈坤龙,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为科技考古和文物保护。E-mail:

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曲亮,男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为文物保护。E-mail:

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曲亮,男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为文物保护。E-mail:

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刘晓平,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为计算机图形学。E-mail:

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刘晓平,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为计算机图形学。E-mail:

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刘越,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为虚拟现实和增强现实、人机交互、计算机视觉、数字图像处理和新型三维显示。E-mail:

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刘越,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为虚拟现实和增强现实、人机交互、计算机视觉、数字图像处理和新型三维显示。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1249322255377965356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249322255386353965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, companyId=1249322255377965356, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249322255403131182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, companyId=1249322255377965356, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京理工大学光电学院,北京100081)])]), Author(id=1249322260620845440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, orderNo=12, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wyt@bit.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1249322260734091650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, authorId=1249322260620845440, language=EN, stringName=Yongtian Wang, firstName=Yongtian, middleName=null, lastName=Wang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1249322262285984131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, authorId=1249322260620845440, language=CN, stringName=王涌天, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1北京理工大学光电学院,北京100081, bio={"content":"

王涌天,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为光学系统设计、新型光学元件、虚拟现实和增强现实、医学图像处理与手术导航。E-mail:

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王涌天,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为光学系统设计、新型光学元件、虚拟现实和增强现实、医学图像处理与手术导航。E-mail:

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characters (Liu et al., 2024, figureFileSmall=spf5p7I4yEQvh9QsGKYqgA==, figureFileBig=rUq5aI49Tf/l+pE1GRHRQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322265033253289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图14, caption=人工智能辅助识别甲骨文字符(刘宗昊 等,2024, figureFileSmall=spf5p7I4yEQvh9QsGKYqgA==, figureFileBig=rUq5aI49Tf/l+pE1GRHRQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322265121333674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Deciphering over 2 000 characters in scroll CT scans using artificial intelligence (Marchant, 2024, figureFileSmall=IYTarS3yn4CBJsXTSEf6Og==, figureFileBig=8W9yhgWKxisxnvd8j6xWPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322265192636843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图15, caption=人工智能破解卷轴CT影像中的2 000余个字符(Marchant,2024, figureFileSmall=IYTarS3yn4CBJsXTSEf6Og==, figureFileBig=8W9yhgWKxisxnvd8j6xWPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322265251357100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Integrated management platform of the British Museum unifying institutional, collection, and visitor multisource data (Motta et al., 2019, figureFileSmall=cRRXnhMFzddxUrOEHV7QAw==, figureFileBig=IhIg9SPhAoldECu3O8yZRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322266807443885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图16, caption=大英博物馆整合机构、藏品及游客多源数据统一管理平台(Motta等,2019, figureFileSmall=cRRXnhMFzddxUrOEHV7QAw==, figureFileBig=IhIg9SPhAoldECu3O8yZRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322266882941358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Data structure of the ResearchSpace online knowledge base for cultural collections (Oldman and Tanase, 2018, figureFileSmall=rpSEpzQqbvv3Mcj8lQpxeg==, figureFileBig=zP2tuLciWabSHqYmUrT+qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322266979410351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图17, caption=ResearchSpace在线藏品知识数据库结构(Oldman和Tanase,2018, figureFileSmall=rpSEpzQqbvv3Mcj8lQpxeg==, figureFileBig=zP2tuLciWabSHqYmUrT+qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267042324912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=The SIGNIFICANCE project using artificial intelligence to enhance online monitoring and prevent illicit trafficking of cultural heritage (Abate et al., 2022, figureFileSmall=Pfrb8C5SGQ+KQOF2aMtBnw==, figureFileBig=zu9PZmISc0iUfpN3dpCcbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267113628081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图18, caption=SIGNIFICANCE项目利用人工智能提升网络监控能力制止非法文化遗产贩运(Abate等,2022, figureFileSmall=Pfrb8C5SGQ+KQOF2aMtBnw==, figureFileBig=zu9PZmISc0iUfpN3dpCcbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267168154034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Unified search platform of the European digital cultural heritage library (Europeana, 2024, figureFileSmall=Pp8MRcOG2mqQqt3bw2HNiA==, figureFileBig=b6ZyE0BRfc1AHmbJKjPGaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267243651507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图19, caption=欧洲数字图书馆统一查询平台 (Europeana,2024, figureFileSmall=Pp8MRcOG2mqQqt3bw2HNiA==, figureFileBig=b6ZyE0BRfc1AHmbJKjPGaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267306566068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Semantic search system for cultural heritage based on a knowledge graph developed by Tianjin University, figureFileSmall=w/ufqmj8wvyl0Nk23mQ1OA==, figureFileBig=UmZ8TXnJuoOB82v2cC2LcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267377869237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图20, caption=天津大学构建的文物知识图谱语义搜索系统, figureFileSmall=w/ufqmj8wvyl0Nk23mQ1OA==, figureFileBig=UmZ8TXnJuoOB82v2cC2LcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267444978102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=“Time and Space Odyssey of Cultural Relics” digital interactive exhibition held by the Capital Museum, figureFileSmall=aSr2XAnb1yZ0wiS4joeF5A==, figureFileBig=45L+ub9QamP6MoZJBIyytg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267507892663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图21, caption=首都博物馆举办“文物的时空漫游”数字体验展览, figureFileSmall=aSr2XAnb1yZ0wiS4joeF5A==, figureFileBig=45L+ub9QamP6MoZJBIyytg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267566612920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=AI-generated fashion designs inspired by Dunhuang art styles (Wu et al., 2021, figureFileSmall=7VHQSvQ9ZLpskipkWMmjfQ==, figureFileBig=9fW3jDHpjdCJUQrX8Bgo+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267625333177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图22, caption=人工智能生成时尚的敦煌风格服装(Wu等,2021, figureFileSmall=7VHQSvQ9ZLpskipkWMmjfQ==, figureFileBig=9fW3jDHpjdCJUQrX8Bgo+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267684053434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=AI-synthesized time-lapse video demonstrating the step-by-step painting process of traditional boneless-style Chinese painting (Wang et al., 2023a), figureFileSmall=ii0Y/F+LHAaQWHqpOf2ruQ==, figureFileBig=GeWdA7fbqLwEVtIcLQhqWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267759550907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=图23, caption=人工智能合成延时视频教授没骨画绘画步骤(Wang等,2023a), figureFileSmall=ii0Y/F+LHAaQWHqpOf2ruQ==, figureFileBig=GeWdA7fbqLwEVtIcLQhqWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249322267818271164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Survey of museum online platform

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
博物馆藏品的数字化展示数字资源是否可下载藏品分类与索引
故宫博物院高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能下载,需提交申请函时代、分类、名称、文物号
中国国家博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能下载,需提交申请函年代、质地、品类
台北故宫博物院高清图像、视频可下载高清图像年代、类别、作者、主题、文物编号
上海博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR、3D模型不能自由下载年代、分类、关键字
南京博物院高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能下载,需发正式公函(盖章)年代、类别、文物名称、内容
陕西历史博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能下载,需提交申请函时代、材质、展览
秦始皇帝陵博物院高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载时代、尺寸、质地
四川省博物院高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能自由下载类别、时代、尺寸
三星堆博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载文物名称、关键字
湖北省博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载质地、文物名称
敦煌研究院高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR注册后可自由下载文物名称
湖南省博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载分类、关键词
河南博物院高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载分类、年代、关键词
英国大英博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR可下载预览资源,高清资源需购买或许可关键词、作者、位置、文物编号
法国卢浮宫博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR可下载时期、类别、收集、在展、艺术家
美国大都会艺术博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR可下载材质、地理位置、时期、收集区域
俄罗斯艾尔米塔什博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR可下载分类、标题、作者、国家
梵蒂冈博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能自由下载类型、标题、作者、存储位置、藏品编号
伊朗国家博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能下载时期、材质
日本东京国立博物馆高清图像、VR/AR可下载种别、分类、名称、作者、制作地、出土地、年代等
埃及博物馆高清图像、视频可下载
墨西哥国立人类学博物馆高清图像、视频不能自由下载文化、类别、技术、材质
希腊国家考古博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能自由下载时期、材质、地理位置、收集区域
土耳其托普卡匹宫殿博物馆高清图像不能下载时期
印度新德里国家博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能自由下载,需提交申请函时期、类别、种类、地理位置等
), ArticleFig(id=1249322267889574333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

博物馆线上平台调研

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
博物馆藏品的数字化展示数字资源是否可下载藏品分类与索引
故宫博物院高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能下载,需提交申请函时代、分类、名称、文物号
中国国家博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能下载,需提交申请函年代、质地、品类
台北故宫博物院高清图像、视频可下载高清图像年代、类别、作者、主题、文物编号
上海博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR、3D模型不能自由下载年代、分类、关键字
南京博物院高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能下载,需发正式公函(盖章)年代、类别、文物名称、内容
陕西历史博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能下载,需提交申请函时代、材质、展览
秦始皇帝陵博物院高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载时代、尺寸、质地
四川省博物院高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能自由下载类别、时代、尺寸
三星堆博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载文物名称、关键字
湖北省博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载质地、文物名称
敦煌研究院高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR注册后可自由下载文物名称
湖南省博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载分类、关键词
河南博物院高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能自由下载分类、年代、关键词
英国大英博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR可下载预览资源,高清资源需购买或许可关键词、作者、位置、文物编号
法国卢浮宫博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR可下载时期、类别、收集、在展、艺术家
美国大都会艺术博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR可下载材质、地理位置、时期、收集区域
俄罗斯艾尔米塔什博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR可下载分类、标题、作者、国家
梵蒂冈博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能自由下载类型、标题、作者、存储位置、藏品编号
伊朗国家博物馆高清图像、视频、3D模型、VR/AR不能下载时期、材质
日本东京国立博物馆高清图像、VR/AR可下载种别、分类、名称、作者、制作地、出土地、年代等
埃及博物馆高清图像、视频可下载
墨西哥国立人类学博物馆高清图像、视频不能自由下载文化、类别、技术、材质
希腊国家考古博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能自由下载时期、材质、地理位置、收集区域
土耳其托普卡匹宫殿博物馆高清图像不能下载时期
印度新德里国家博物馆高清图像、视频、VR/AR不能自由下载,需提交申请函时期、类别、种类、地理位置等
), ArticleFig(id=1249322268002820542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
博物馆有无设置用户参与度有无互动技术相关文创
故宫博物院有(留言板、社交媒体集成)故宫出版、故宫文创、故宫壁纸、故宫APP、故宫游戏
中国国家博物馆有(留言板、社交媒体集成)有线下文创产品售卖区,也有文创设计和饮食文化
台北故宫博物院有(社交媒体集成)图书影音、生活用品、服饰配件等
上海博物馆有(社交媒体集成)图书影音、生活用品、服饰配件等
南京博物院有(留言板、社交媒体集成)有线下文创产品售卖区,也有文创设计和饮食文化、茶文化等
陕西历史博物馆有(留言板、社交媒体集成)工艺品、饮食文化、文创设计等
秦始皇帝陵博物院有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、纪念品等
四川省博物院有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、饮食文化、工艺品等
三星堆博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服饰配件等
湖北省博物馆有(社交媒体集成)编钟乐团、文化创意产品、传统仿制经典
敦煌研究院有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、纪念品等
湖南省博物馆有(留言板、社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配件等
河南博物院有(社交媒体集成)线上线下相结合,包括生活用品、工艺品等
英国大英博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配饰等
法国卢浮宫博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配饰等
美国大都会艺术博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配饰等
俄罗斯艾尔米塔什博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配饰等
梵蒂冈博物馆有(社交媒体集成)雕塑、礼物、家居装饰等
伊朗国家博物馆有(社交媒体集成)
日本东京国立博物馆有(社交媒体集成)明信片、文具、T恤、首饰等
埃及博物馆有(社交媒体集成)工艺品、文创设计等
墨西哥国立人类学博物馆有(社交媒体集成)
希腊国家考古博物馆有(社交媒体集成)工艺品、图书、文创设计等
土耳其托普卡匹宫殿博物馆有(社交媒体集成)
印度新德里国家博物馆有(社交媒体集成)背包、T恤、首饰等
), ArticleFig(id=1249322268099289535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017615413653, language=CN, label=null, caption=

续表1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
博物馆有无设置用户参与度有无互动技术相关文创
故宫博物院有(留言板、社交媒体集成)故宫出版、故宫文创、故宫壁纸、故宫APP、故宫游戏
中国国家博物馆有(留言板、社交媒体集成)有线下文创产品售卖区,也有文创设计和饮食文化
台北故宫博物院有(社交媒体集成)图书影音、生活用品、服饰配件等
上海博物馆有(社交媒体集成)图书影音、生活用品、服饰配件等
南京博物院有(留言板、社交媒体集成)有线下文创产品售卖区,也有文创设计和饮食文化、茶文化等
陕西历史博物馆有(留言板、社交媒体集成)工艺品、饮食文化、文创设计等
秦始皇帝陵博物院有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、纪念品等
四川省博物院有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、饮食文化、工艺品等
三星堆博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服饰配件等
湖北省博物馆有(社交媒体集成)编钟乐团、文化创意产品、传统仿制经典
敦煌研究院有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、纪念品等
湖南省博物馆有(留言板、社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配件等
河南博物院有(社交媒体集成)线上线下相结合,包括生活用品、工艺品等
英国大英博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配饰等
法国卢浮宫博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配饰等
美国大都会艺术博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配饰等
俄罗斯艾尔米塔什博物馆有(社交媒体集成)生活用品、工艺品、服装配饰等
梵蒂冈博物馆有(社交媒体集成)雕塑、礼物、家居装饰等
伊朗国家博物馆有(社交媒体集成)
日本东京国立博物馆有(社交媒体集成)明信片、文具、T恤、首饰等
埃及博物馆有(社交媒体集成)工艺品、文创设计等
墨西哥国立人类学博物馆有(社交媒体集成)
希腊国家考古博物馆有(社交媒体集成)工艺品、图书、文创设计等
土耳其托普卡匹宫殿博物馆有(社交媒体集成)
印度新德里国家博物馆有(社交媒体集成)背包、T恤、首饰等
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人工智能在文物行业的应用与展望
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宋维涛 1, * , 廖聆宇 1 , 张浩天 1 , 李琳 2 , 俞天秀 3 , 赵永生 4 , 韩霈泽 5 , 刘思然 6 , 陈坤龙 6 , 曲亮 7 , 刘晓平 2 , 刘越 1 , 王涌天 1
中国图象图形学报 | 综述 2025,30(12): 3707-3739
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中国图象图形学报 | 综述 2025, 30(12): 3707-3739
人工智能在文物行业的应用与展望
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宋维涛1, * , 廖聆宇1 , 张浩天1 , 李琳2 , 俞天秀3 , 赵永生4 , 韩霈泽5 , 刘思然6 , 陈坤龙6 , 曲亮7 , 刘晓平2 , 刘越1 , 王涌天1
作者信息
  • 1北京理工大学光电学院,北京100081
  • 2合肥工业大学计算机与信息学院,合肥230009
  • 3敦煌研究院,敦煌736200
  • 4山东大学考古学院(文化遗产研究院),青岛266237
  • 5北京化工大学生命科学与技术学院,北京100029
  • 6北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院,北京100083
  • 7故宫博物院文保标准部,北京100009
  • 宋维涛,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为颜色科学、虚拟现实和新型显示。E-mail:

    廖聆宇,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为数字图像处理。E-mail:

    张浩天,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为数字图像处理。E-mail:

    李琳,女,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为虚拟现实和增强现实。E-mail:

    俞天秀,男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为文物数字化保护。E-mail:

    赵永生,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为人类骨骼考古。E-mail:

    韩霈泽,男,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为文物分析检测、文物保护科技评价与管理。E-mail:

    刘思然,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为材料考古、手工业考古和古代人类高温活动。E-mail:

    陈坤龙,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为科技考古和文物保护。E-mail:

    曲亮,男,研究馆员,主要研究方向为文物保护。E-mail:

    刘晓平,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为计算机图形学。E-mail:

    刘越,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为虚拟现实和增强现实、人机交互、计算机视觉、数字图像处理和新型三维显示。E-mail:

    王涌天,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为光学系统设计、新型光学元件、虚拟现实和增强现实、医学图像处理与手术导航。E-mail:

通讯作者:

Applications and prospects of artificial intelligence in the cultural heritage
Weitao Song1, * , Lingyu Liao1 , Haotian Zhang1 , Lin Li2 , Tianxiu Yu3 , Yongsheng Zhao4 , Peize Han5 , Siran Liu6 , Kunlong Chen6 , Liang Qu7 , Xiaoping Liu2 , Yue Liu1 , Yongtian Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
  • 2School of Computer Science and Information Engineering,Hefei University of Technology, Hefei230009, China
  • 3Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang736200, China
  • 4Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
  • 5College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
  • 6Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing100083, China
  • 7Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Standards, The Palace Museum, Beijing100009, China
出版时间: 2025-12-16 doi: 10.11834/jig.240765
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文物承载灿烂文明、传承历史文化、维系民族精神,生动诠释着中华民族文化自信的底气与底蕴。随着人工智能技术赋能各行各业,融入大众生活的方方面面,整个文物行业也在人工智能技术的推动下进行着方法和理念的变革,影响着文物防护、保护、研究、管理与传播的方式,如何将人工智能应用于文物行业已成为研究人员十分关注的工作。本文面向文物领域防、保、研、管、用五大方向,从文物行业应用需求、传统研究方法、人工智能技术发展和人工智能应用于文物研究等几个方面进行论述,并探讨和展望了人工智能技术下文物行业应用发展与未来。

文化遗产  /  人工智能(AI)  /  深度学习  /  博物馆  /  文物保护

Cultural relics embody the brilliance of civilization, preserve historical heritage, and uphold the national spirit, serving as vivid manifestations of the confidence and depth of Chinese cultural identity. These artifacts are not merely historical remnants; they are living testaments to a nation’s cultural consciousness and aesthetic achievements. In the Chinese context, such artifacts encompass a wide array of forms——ceramics, bronzes, calligraphy, painting, architecture, and intangible heritage such as folk music and traditional theater——which jointly form a rich, continuous narrative of human development and collective memory. Through their material and symbolic importance, these cultural elements reflect and reinforce a shared sense of belonging and historical continuity. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), now empowering a broad spectrum of industries and becoming deeply integrated into everyday life, the field of cultural heritage is undergoing a fundamental transformation. This transformation is not only technical but also conceptual, redefining how we understand, protect, and interact with our cultural legacy. AI no longer functions solely as a tool for automation or computation; it now plays a central role in knowledge production, decision-making, and creative processes. These capacities are driving a paradigm shift in cultural heritage work——from reactive, static models to proactive, adaptive systems powered by data and learning. The cultural heritage sector, historically reliant on manual preservation, scholarly interpretation, and traditional dissemination methods, is currently being transformed by advanced algorithms, machine learning models, and intelligent data processing frameworks. The profound capabilities of AI——in areas such as image recognition, natural language processing (NLP), data mining, semantic segmentation, and 3D reconstruction——are increasingly being leveraged to support the digitization, restoration, analysis, management, and public engagement of cultural heritage. These developments, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, are poised to reshape the entire lifecycle of cultural relics—from their initial discovery and documentation to their long-term preservation and dynamic presentation to the public. The key challenge that currently arises—and forms the central concern of this paper—is the effective, responsible, and innovative application of AI within the cultural heritage field. While the potential of AI is undeniable, its implementation must be carefully aligned with the values, sensitivities, and interdisciplinary nature of cultural preservation. In particular, the complex materiality, symbolic importance, and contextual uniqueness of cultural relics demand AI approaches that are interpretable, ethical, and inclusive of human expertise. Ethical considerations, such as bias in training data, the risks of over-reliance on automated interpretations, and the protection of indigenous knowledge systems, must be at the forefront of AI deployment in cultural domains. This paper explores five critical dimensions of AI applications in the cultural heritage sector: prevention, preservation, research, management, and utilization. The five aspects collectively form a holistic framework for understanding how AI technologies can support the sustained vitality and accessibility of cultural resources. In terms of prevention, AI can play a crucial role in developing early warning systems to identify environmental changes and potential threats to cultural relics. By integrating sensor networks with AI-driven monitoring tools, institutions can proactively detect fluctuations in humidity, temperature, light exposure, and other environmental factors that may contribute to material deterioration. Additionally, predictive models based on historical data can be employed to forecast risks and guide strategic conservation efforts. For instance, machine learning algorithms have been employed in several European museums to predict mold outbreaks in organic cultural relics based on microclimatic data, enabling timely interventions. In terms of preservation, AI contributes to digital restoration, 3D reconstruction, and non-invasive diagnostics. For example, deep learning models can help reconstruct missing parts of fragmented murals or manuscripts by learning visual patterns from intact sections. Additionally, hyperspectral imaging combined with AI analysis can uncover faded texts or underdrawings that are invisible to the human eye. These technologies not only extend the physical lifespan of cultural relics but also introduce innovative approaches to virtual preservation. Some institutions are already using AI in the reconstruction of historical architecture through photogrammetry and simulation of ancient environments for educational use. In the domain of research, AI notably enhances the capabilities of scholars to extract knowledge from vast, heterogeneous datasets. Natural language processing facilitates the digitization and analysis of ancient texts, while computer vision supports the classification of cultural relics based on style, origin, and function. Semantic knowledge graphs and AI-assisted databases promote cross-referencing across disciplines and collections, fostering highly integrated and interdisciplinary research outcomes. These tools are proving essential in digital humanities projects that aim to map large cultural corpora or trace stylistic influences across time and geography. The management of cultural heritage institutions and resources also benefits substantially from AI. Intelligent information systems can optimize inventory tracking, automate metadata tagging, and streamline exhibition logistics. Recommendation systems can be tailored to guide curatorial decisions and enhance user interaction. AI can also help balance conservation needs with public access by dynamically regulating visitor flow in sensitive exhibition areas. Moreover, the integration of blockchain with AI for provenance tracking is emerging as a promising area, enhancing the security and transparency of cultural relic records. In terms of utilization, AI is reshaping how cultural heritage is accessed and experienced—particularly in education, tourism, and public engagement. Virtual museums, intelligent chatbots, augmented reality (AR), and personalized content delivery are making cultural experiences highly interactive and accessible. AI-generated reconstructions and immersive simulations allow audiences to engage with history in immersive ways, expanding the reach of cultural heritage to new demographics and global audiences. Platforms such as Google Arts & Culture, along with various national museum initiatives, are increasingly leveraging AI for context-aware storytelling and multilingual access, making culture more inclusive and dynamic. Beyond practical applications, this paper also examines how traditional research methodologies are evolving in response to AI integration. The paper highlights the epistemological shifts occur as cultural interpretation moves from purely human-centered approaches to hybrid models that combine human expertise with computational inference. While AI presents powerful tools, it also raises critical questions about authenticity, authorship, and cultural sovereignty——especially when applied across diverse cultural contexts and communities. The co-construction of meaning between human curators and intelligent systems may enrich interpretations, but it also demands careful calibration of roles and responsibilities. Overall, the integration of AI into the field of cultural heritage presents an unprecedented opportunity and a profound responsibility. As we navigate this new landscape, balancing technological innovation and cultural sensitivity is essential, ensuring that AI serves as a tool for cultural empowerment, rather than erasure. This paper ultimately offers insights into the current landscape and future trajectory of AI in cultural heritage, advocating for collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts to harness the potential of AI while honoring the depth, diversity, and dignity of the world’s cultural legacies.

cultural heritage  /  artificial intelligence (AI)  /  deep learning  /  museums  /  cultural relic preservation
宋维涛, 廖聆宇, 张浩天, 李琳, 俞天秀, 赵永生, 韩霈泽, 刘思然, 陈坤龙, 曲亮, 刘晓平, 刘越, 王涌天. 人工智能在文物行业的应用与展望. 中国图象图形学报, 2025 , 30 (12) : 3707 -3739 . DOI: 10.11834/jig.240765
Weitao Song, Lingyu Liao, Haotian Zhang, Lin Li, Tianxiu Yu, Yongsheng Zhao, Peize Han, Siran Liu, Kunlong Chen, Liang Qu, Xiaoping Liu, Yue Liu, Yongtian Wang. Applications and prospects of artificial intelligence in the cultural heritage[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2025 , 30 (12) : 3707 -3739 . DOI: 10.11834/jig.240765
随着信息技术的发展,尤其是带来产业变革的人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)技术日新月异,包括文物在内的各行各业与人工智能的融合为大家提供了新的视角和可能。国务院办公厅印发的《“十四五”文物保护和科技创新规划》(国务院办公厅,2021)也提出全面加强文物保护研究利用的目标,旨在推动我国从文物资源大国向文物保护利用强国跨越,规划与促进包括建设国家文物资源大数据库、构建产学研用深度融合的文物科技创新体系、大力推进让文物活起来等重点任务。
近年来,随着人工智能影响力的逐步扩大,世界主要国家和地区均已将发展人工智能提升到战略高度,文物行业也得到各国政府的政策倾斜、资金补助等支持。英国在2021年发布的《工业策略白皮书》中明确提出,要大力发展人工智能和数据驱动的创新,如阿尔弗雷德·吉尔特信托基金会(Alfred Gilt Trust Foundation,AGTF)投资的“迈向国家收藏(towards a national collection,TaNC)”的研究项目,涉及15所大学和63个文化遗产收藏品和机构;美国在2023年公布一系列围绕美国人工智能使用和发展的新举措,并在2016、2019年版本的基础上更新发布了《国家人工智能研发战略计划》,全面支持人工智能在各个应用的发展;意大利在2024年发布的《2024—2026年意大利人工智能战略》(strategia Italiana per l’intelligenza artificiale 2024-2026)以负责任和包容的方式探索人工智能技术在文化遗产领域的应用潜力,如意大利理工学院正在与欧洲航天局合作开发“文化景观扫描仪”项目,希望通过计算机自动识别地层深处的考古遗址;希腊在2024年文化遗产保护数字化国际论坛开幕式上,与我国故宫等 8家机构共同签约成立 “中希数字遗产联合实验室”,共同探索文化遗产保护新路径;​法国在2024年牵头建立一个欧洲文化遗产协作云(European collaborative cloud for cultural heritage,ECCCH),该项目获得了为期5年、总计2 500万欧元的资助,旨在构建一个统一平台,促进整个欧盟地区的文化遗产领域的数据资源共享。
人工智能技术的发展无疑为文物行业提供了新的可能性,特别是与“十四五”文物保护与科技创新规划中提出的“防、保、研、管、用”五大方向(国务院办公厅,2021)的紧密结合,为文物领域带来了前所未有的机遇与挑战。本文围绕文物领域场景需求,概述和探讨了人工智能应用的可能性,具体包括文物领域“防、保、研、管、用”的需求分析,探讨了传统方法和人工智能方法应用过程比较,最后,对未来人工智能在文物领域的发展进行展望,以期为后续研究提供有力的理论支持和实践参考。
在文化遗产防护领域,需要构建并维持一个有利于文物永续保存的环境,这要求严格监管宏观尺度的自然环境变化以及微观尺度的文物赋存环境。在自然灾害方面,暴雨、大风、雷击、火灾和地震等潜在威胁的检测、预警和应急方案制定,构成了文物防护的重要技术支撑;在文物微环境方面,通过监控数据分析和本体状态预测评估,能够最大程度减少自然和人为活动对文物的潜在损害。最终通过不断优化文化遗产保护方法,实现宝贵文化遗产的长久传承。
在文化遗产保护领域,需要围绕文物本体开展损伤评估与修复实施,秉持最小干预原则,以延长文化遗产的寿命。在损伤评估方面,利用多种检测仪器精准检测和数据分析,对文物损伤的类型、程度及原因进行诊断,为修复工作提供科学依据。在修复实施方面,结合文物的历史、艺术和科学价值,充分考虑最小干预原则,综合评估修复技术、所需材料、预期效果及修复对文物可能造成的影响,制定具体的修复方法和步骤,从而确保文化遗产的历史文化价值得以延续。
在文化遗产研究领域,需要提升考古发现的提取与综合分析能力,重点在于增强遗址勘探发掘、资料整理检索以及文物价值阐释的效率与水平。在遗址勘探发掘方面,目前的考古调查和发掘通常结合遥感测绘、地球物理勘探、地表调查和钻探等手段,挑战在于如何从海量、多样且复杂的勘探数据中提取遗址范围、古地貌特征和遗存保存状态,并利用地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)等平台进行考古发掘计划和质量管理。在发掘资料整理方面,需要高效准确地对大量发掘品进行分类、编目,并详细记录其特征,形成可供检索的数据集,为后续的文物价值阐释提供数据支持。在文物价值阐释方面,需通过考古数据重建文化文明演进的时空脉络,揭示文化遗产背后的深层规律,拓宽文物行业研究的深度与广度。
在文化遗产管理领域,需要开发围绕文物本体、文物数据、人员信息以及管理决策支撑等方面的全尺度、可视化的数据管理系统。在文博机构内部,必须有效管理藏品本体、文本报告、图像和三维模型等多种异构信息,以构建完善的馆(院)信息管理系统;在机构间的协作中,文物的借调与流通、数据的交流与共享是最大化文化遗产价值的关键;在国家宏观层面,文物普查系统、文化遗产数据库和大型线性遗产保护监管系统等信息平台的建设,增强了宏观管理决策的精准性和有效性。
在文化遗产用途领域,需要探索文物展示传播的创新方法。随着信息技术高速发展,知识图谱构建、数字内容提取应用和知识沉浸互动展示等手段快速扩展到了文物应用领域,真正实现了“让文物活起来”。在知识图谱构建方面,文物的知识关联体现了其文化价值,通过数据库以及平台提取和管理文物知识,支持学术研究和公众教育;在数字内容提取应用方面,从二维、三维图像的高清扫描到文化元素的提取,再到文创、服饰及工业品等领域的应用,推动了文化遗产价值的广泛传播;在知识沉浸互动展示方面,现代信息技术的应用使得文化遗产展示更注重用户体验,提高公众的参与感和文物知识的传递效率。
自然环境灾害对文物的破坏呈现复合化趋势,其中气象水文灾害(暴雨、雷击、大风、洪涝)占自然灾害的比例超过70%(孙燕 等,2023),而地震与火灾则造成突发性重创。传统防护体系依托历史灾损数据与人工巡检经验,构建了三级防御框架:气象灾害防护主要依靠物理屏障(如防沙林、保护棚)与工程加固(排水系统、挡土墙),例如敦煌莫高窟持续60年的风沙防治工程(汪万福 等,2000);地震防护采用滚珠隔震装置(周乾 等,2019)与建筑结构强化(如基座隔震、阻尼器)技术(张吉柱 等,2024),典型案例包括日本九州国立博物馆的调谐质量阻尼器应用(Limongelli和Çelebi,2019);火灾防控则依赖烟雾探测器与自动喷淋系统(韩凯英,2019),但法国巴黎圣母院火灾(Barthélemy,2023)暴露了阴燃识别延迟和喷淋次生损害等问题。然而,目前这些传统防护措施都存在系统性局限:响应机制平均滞后4~6 h,防护方案过度依赖个案经验(如山西暴雨后古建筑“撑伞”临时工程),且难以应对复合灾害(如2021年河南暴雨引发商城遗址“暴雨渗透—覆土滑坡—结构坍塌”的链式反应(赵超辉和万金红,2024))。在地震防护方面,汶川地震导致数千文物损毁(巩梦婷 等,2016),揭示了传统技术的双重困境——物理隔震装置需定制化适配(如中国木构建筑与希腊石质神庙需求迥异),现有能量耗散技术对地震波叠加效应束手无策(尼泊尔地震中75%古建筑彻底损毁(张铁柱和周占学,2016))。火灾防护方面,常规传感器误报率达30%,巴西国家博物馆火灾更暴露了喷淋系统失效风险。传统防护手段的不足推动了智能化转型,包括多源遥感数据融合的灾害链预测模型、文物—展柜—建筑耦合分析的数字孪生技术、火灾预警的深度学习驱动红外监测系统等,当前文物防灾减灾工作正从被动应急向智能预控方向发展。
文物赋存环境的动态平衡是预防性保护的核心挑战,其影响因素呈现多尺度耦合特征(高杰,2021汪怡珂 等,2020)。1)宏观环境:建筑空间的气密性、区域气候波动;2)中观环境:展厅/库房的空气流通、光照辐射;3)微观环境:展柜内的温湿度梯度、材料表面微气候。例如,意大利乌菲兹美术馆的油画表面5 cm处的相对湿度波动可达±8%,导致颜料层反复膨胀收缩(Bury和Bratasz,2024;Zhang等,2023);英国大英博物馆埃及馆的木乃伊保存环境,需同时控制RH(relative humidity)45%~55% 与VOC(volatile organic compounds)浓度< 50 μg/m³ 的复合指标(Ismail等,2023)。传统调控体系历经3代技术演进,第1代经验驱动阶段(1980年前),依靠温湿度计手工记录,如故宫博物院早期采用“晨昏两测,三九停暖”的调控模式;第2代阈值响应阶段(1990年—2010年),以敦煌莫高窟85窟监测系统为代表(Eco-Business,2023),通过CO2传感器联动通风设备;第3代趋势预测阶段(2010年至今),如云冈石窟监测中心年处理不少于30万个数据点建立的线性回归模型。尽管传统措施不断优化,文物赋存环境依然存在诸多问题。美国纽约大都会博物馆研究发现,青铜器在阈值触发调控下仍承受年均120次微应力循环(Shelley,2019);法国卢浮宫油画厅的均质化温控导致17世纪帆布画出现差异化收缩裂纹(José Herrando,2021);意大利威尼斯圣马可大教堂的镶嵌画因未能预判2022年极端潮汐事件,遭受盐雾侵蚀加剧(Molinaroli等,2019)等。因此,更深入、更大规模的数据高效分析,已成为文物赋存环境控制的关键。
文物损伤评估是文化遗产保护干预和延长寿命的关键前提,传统评估方法经历了从经验观察到科技介入的范式转型。早期方法依赖目视检查与手工绘图(如敦煌壁画病害记录(李佳珉,2013)),主观性强且无法量化损伤程度;随着光谱技术发展,X射线检测(故宫青铜器锈蚀分析(Zhang等,2020史宁昌 等,2017))、近红外和紫外摄影(美国耶鲁大学隐藏草图和底稿的发现(Yale University Art Gallery;Mansfield等, 2002))等技术实现了微观结构的可视化。然而,挑战依然存在。例如,在多谱段数据融合中,高光谱成像(如故宫颜料识别(Yin等,2022))与激光诱导击穿光谱(如罗马壁画红颜料鉴定(Fantoni等,2022))的组合应用仍受限于专家经验;接触式检测可能引发二次损伤(如X射线对丝绸纤维的破坏),且多源数据整合困难(如洞窟壁厚数据与材料分析结果难以关联)。人工智能技术正通过跨模态关联模型突破这些瓶颈,为文物损伤评估提供更准确的分析方法。
文物保护修复技术的演进史本质上是人文理念与科技手段的协同进化史。20世纪,修复理念形成了完整的理论框架与实践体系,《威尼斯宪章》的颁布(吴葱 等,2024)促使全球修复范式从工业革命时期“修旧如新”的激进干预(如,法国斯特拉斯堡大教堂1855年机械更换中世纪彩窗、中国应县木塔早期修复中大面积将原夹泥墙更换为格扇门(郝雅楠和周学鹰,2022))转向最小干预原则。在中国实践中,这一原则展现出独特智慧。敦煌研究院针对酥碱壁画研发的注射脱盐技术,通过微量介入实现病害控制(徐莉娜 等,2023);大足千手观音修复中创造的“随色作旧”技法,在补色环节精准复现古代矿物颜料的视觉质感,形成具有东方特色的修复语言(张予南,2016)。技术工具层面,显微修复与数字化技术构建起多尺度保护框架,故宫倦勤斋通景画修复运用三维显微技术辨析颜料层叠关系,揭示了清代画工特有的罩染工艺(张志红,2009);DBAR-Heritage项目通过数字孪生技术对云冈石窟坍塌造像进行虚拟复位,还原了北魏时期的空间叙事逻辑(Yao等,2023);尽管数字摄影测量、结构光获取和三维激光扫描等技术已建立莫高窟洞窟的数字化档案体系(刘刚 等,2005),但环境监测数据的动态更新机制仍需完善,暴露出传统数字化手段在实时响应方面的局限。 这些传统方法在确立行业标准的同时,也逐渐显露出操作周期长、动态追踪不足等固有局限。值得关注的是,人工智能技术正在为突破这些局限提供新的可能,预示着人机协同的修复范式即将到来(Wang等,2022)。
考古遗址调查与勘探是发现古代人类活动遗存,揭示其时空分布规律及确定田野发掘对象的关键步骤,经历了从经验推测到科技介入的深刻变革。近年来,随着信息科学的快速发展,遥感和地球物理勘探技术广泛应用于考古调查与勘探领域。例如,利用无人机采集图像分析遗址地的土壤湿度、植被和地形,推断遗址信息(邓飚和郭华东,2010),再利用探底雷达等方法发现地下遗迹的具体类型。GIS技术(滕铭予,2006)进一步融合遥感数据、历史文献和地形测量数据,优化区域定位与发掘计划,已成为勘探发掘的必备技术。我国自2002年起,启动了利用遥感与地球物理技术进行秦始皇帝陵的勘探;2015年,阿拉伯半岛通过遥感信息揭示了古代水源考古遗址的分布,并帮助理解人类迁徙模式(Breeze等,2015);2017年,中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所复原了新疆古代长城;2018年,摩洛哥在Awsard精准标记了古墓位置(Nsanziyera等,2018);2022年,意大利卡塔尼亚大学(Calderone等,2022)结合GIS技术对西西里中部地区考古遗迹进行了精确定位;2025年,黎巴嫩通过考古预测模型评估Marj Bisri地区的考古潜力(Diwan,2025) 。尽管如此,传统技术仍面临多源数据整合效率低、复杂遗迹模式识别依赖人工和动态预测能力不足等瓶颈,亟需更智能化的技术突破,以满足日益增长的大规模遗产勘探需求。
田野考古发掘是获取考古学研究资料的主要方法。传统探方发掘依赖人工测绘(误差± 5 cm)与纸质记录包括的基本信息,如尺寸、形状、材料和出土位置等,但此方法误差较大且资料冗余不易查找,如大庄科长城项目产生2.3万页档案(王艺博 等,2022),其信息整合滞后实际进度3~6周(Riggs,2017)。目前数字化的田野考古记录系统已经在多处遗址的发掘中得到应用,实现了发掘现场信息的实时汇总以及遗迹单位、出土遗物的快速编目。例如,沙特阿拉伯 2022 年发布《文化遗产记录与数字存档指南》,通过引入无人机、激光扫描仪等现代设备,提供了更多维度的孪生方法,以形成真实、全面的数字遗产信息;大庄科长城研究性保护修缮项目(王艺博 等,2022)基于档案学与数字化,进行全周期数字化档案记录修缮研究,保留了大量考古过程中精细化的记录;2019年荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学使用无人机系统和摄影测量方法,完善考古发掘中的初级记录流程(Waagen,2019)。目前数字化技术停留在数字化记录,数据之间融合、现场检索分析等能力不足。
考古资料的高效信息检索对出土遗存的深入研究具有重要意义,目前正在经历智能化转型。对发掘出的提取物进行识别、系统分类、信息检索和对比判定,能帮助研究人员验证文物的真实性和历史背景,如人头骨(张全超 等,2015)、动物头骨(袁靖,2022)、植物(赵志军,2020)和陶范(谭德睿 等,1999)等。传统方法依赖专家经验与实验室检测(如放射性碳测定的周期性限制),跨学科比对效率低下(以陶器溯源为例,常需多机构协作耗时数月)(Tapete,2019Dejmal等,2014)。基础数据库(Münster等,2021Poulopoulos和Wallace,2022)(如植物遗存光谱库)建立后的检索往往基于机械性逻辑,难以捕捉材质、工艺等隐性关联,而人工智能推动的语义理解、知识图谱构建与数据关联,可以从被动查询转向主动推理,为深层次的价值挖掘提供新范式。
文博机构的管理体系正经历从物理实体向数字生态的范式转变。传统藏品管理依赖纸质档案与半数字化数据库(如80年代上海博物馆(2004)),其数据检索耗时长达3~5 min/次,且跨模态关联能力缺失(文本与图像数据隔离存储);大英博物馆在20世纪70年代开始使用计算机系统记录和管理藏品信息,随后逐渐扩大数字化范围,开发了更为先进的数据库和数字资源管理系统。进入21世纪,国内外大型博物馆均开始允许高效数据输入、存储、查询,融合藏品异构数据以及游客、科研、办公和管理等复杂信息的管理系统。如2001年,我国财政部和国家文物局联合开展“文物调查及数据库管理系统建设项目”,将数字技术全面应用于展览、研究、教育以及数字产品开发等方面,并呈现出平台化和集成化特征;俄罗斯建立联邦博物馆藏品国家目录,存放藏品信息的电子数据库(Kizhner等,2019;数字图书馆,2024)。随着在线博物馆的开放,信息管理系统与藏品展示融合,如虚拟现实(virtual reality,VR)、增强现实(augmented reality,AR)、知识图谱以及区块链等技术与数字化藏品的管理相结合的同时,实现了可信的沉浸交互呈现。例如大都会艺术博物馆从2013年开始数字化工作,迄今为止,博物馆的数据库已被访问了超过12亿次;卢浮宫2019年推出了数字平台,在线可以查看诸多未展出藏品;我国故宫博物院、中国国家博物馆、敦煌研究院、云冈石窟和龙门石窟等文博机构也都结合其不同特点实现线上公开平台。表1列出了部分博物馆线上平台的信息,涵盖了 25 家博物馆的线上平台:国内 13 家、国外 12 家。博物馆覆盖故宫博物院、中国国家博物馆、敦煌研究院、卢浮宫、大英博物馆等具有国际影响力的国家级博物馆,可以管中窥豹地反映国内外大型博物馆线上平台的情况。根据这些博物馆的信息调研,当前国内外大型博物馆普遍采用线上平台,并以高清图像(100%)、视频(96%)、全景展示(84%)为主要呈现形式;在互动功能方面,84% 的平台支持触摸屏 / 游戏化元素,100% 集成社交媒体评论区;藏品分类以时期(64%)、品类(56%)、材质(40%)为核心维度,方便展示。目前,数字资源下载限制普遍存在,仅 24% 的平台提供无约束下载,76% 需提交申请或付费获取,亚洲地区的平台互动技术应用率(88%)高于其他洲整体平台互动技术应用率(75%)。另外,由于目前调研仅是国内外大型博物馆的情况,县级、市级等低级别博物馆整体数字化、智能化水平发展不均衡性,但是线上平台从单向展示向交互、共享等发展是主要发展方向。除了管理藏品外,博物馆和遗址地等文博机构还需有效地管理游客和员工,以确保安全传播文化。这些机构传统依赖人际互动与面对面服务进行票务销售、访客接待及展览解释等,但随着技术发展,已开始采用数字化手段,如视频监控(Lulla等,2021)、自动化游客信息管理(Centorrino等,2021)与无人机监控(Fang和Savkin,2024),提升管理效率与安全性。
跨机构文物流通体系呈现虚实融合趋势。传统文物的借调过程往往依赖于纸质协议、物理运输和现场监督,如大英博物馆、法国卢浮宫经常相互交流展览,我国故宫、兵马俑等世界著名文化遗产地也经常与国际开展馆间交流。文物的流通交易主要包括拍卖、艺术品展销会、画廊销售和网上平台等方式,例如国际著名拍卖行如佳士得和苏富比常举办古代和现代艺术品拍卖,吸引全球藏家参与,美国的在线拍卖平台Invaluable提供在线拍卖服务,​而美国 Morphy 拍卖行Morphy Auctions和美国 Premiere 拍卖集团Premiere Auctions Group围绕美洲原住民文物提供实物和在线拍卖。随着信息技术的发展,文物的共享交流不仅限于实物本体,更扩展到数字化藏品,自2012年第一次全国可移动文物普查工作开始,我国博物馆数字资源建设水平逐渐提升,使得数字资源的共享交流成为可能,敦煌博物院的 “数字敦煌”不仅建立了在线资源数据库,且进一步发展设立“数字敦煌开放素材库”,该素材库目前提供30个洞窟的高分辨率数字资源,支持开放交易,为全球研究者和公众提供了宝贵的文化遗产资料;世界数字图书馆(world digital library, WDL)项目在多国的图书馆合作的基础上,提供在线访问文化遗产资料平台;欧洲数字图书馆(Europeana)在线平台以数字化文本的方式收集了欧洲各国图书馆、档案馆和博物馆的文化资源。目前数字化交易流通还在探索,尤其在国内存在数据标准割裂、版权追溯缺失以及馆际共享效率低下等结构性难题,需要人工智能、区块链等技术推动从“数据孤岛”到“智慧互联”的体系升级。
宏观管理决策正在从经验驱动转向数据智能。全国性文物信息资源的调查推动了宏观管理决策的精准性和有效性,提高对文化遗产状态的实时监控能力,增强应急响应和资源配置的效率,例如,已经开展多次的全国文物普查,收集的信息逐步标准化和全面化。不可移动文物方面,无论是云冈石窟、敦煌石窟、应县木塔等遗地遗址,还是长城、大运河此类线性遗产,都定期进行检测。文化遗产数据库建设和大型遗产保护监管平台都在规划建设(国家文物局,2021),几代文物工作者的努力逐步推动文化遗产的科学管理,服务于顶层战略决策。
文物的展示与传播是践行“让文物活起来”的关键,有助于在公众展示文化文明发展的脉络,增强社会个体从历史维度看待自身存在和价值。最初的文物展示和传播围绕实物呈现、文物介绍等方式,策展方式往往以藏品类别地域、历史发展串行展示(如按朝代序列布展),其知识传递效率受限于空间布局。知识图谱技术的引入使观众更深入地理解文化遗产交流演进的过程,Grant(1996a,b)介绍了知识整合的理念和方法(Berggren等,2011杭婷婷 等,2021),知识的组织与应用随着谷歌公司2012年提出的知识图谱的概念进一步发展,一经提出就成为文化遗产呈现领域重要的支撑和参考(张吉祥 等,2022),彻底改变了传统知识人工经验整理的模式,例如国外意大利文化遗产知识图谱ArCo项目(Carriero等,2021)、湖南博物院与天津大学联合推出“听·见湖湘——湖南音乐文物与故事展览”(陈叙良,2022),以多模态知识图谱驱动公众多元个性化的呈现需求。另一方面,文物也以纹样、造型等元素方式越来越多被提取应用于纺织、印刷等行业,传统艺术工作者通过实地临摹或图像绘制实现艺术创作,人工智能可以整合与理解文化元素,并辅助设计师产出创意方面提供更多可能。
沉浸式文物体验技术正突破物理空间限制。投影显示、三维显示、虚拟现实以及人机交互等信息技术推动了文物展示手段的革新,越来越多的在线博物馆、沉浸式文化遗产体验进入民众生活(王珂瑜,2024姜灵子,2024王芸,2023)。故宫博物院的端门构造进行数字化(黄墨樵,2016),通过数字沙盘、大范围投影等方式生动地展现了中国木结构古建筑的智慧。2023年敦煌研究院推出“数字藏经洞”(颉满斌,2023),综合运用高清数字照扫、游戏引擎的物理渲染和全局动态光照等游戏科技,在数字世界生动再现了藏经洞及百年前室藏6万余卷珍贵文物的历史场景,以4K影视级画质、中国风现代工笔画美术场景与交互模式,让公众“穿越”晚唐、北宋、清末等历史时期,亲身“参与”到藏经洞的厚重历史之中。在文化遗产呈现过程中,针对不同背景和喜好的观众提供差异化的内容与个性化展示体验,已成为重要的发展趋势。传统的文化遗产传播往往依赖讲解员根据观众反馈和自身经验调整讲解内容,而随着大众传媒尤其是自媒体的兴起,极大地推动了文物的个性化展示与传播,使其成为文化遗产活化利用的重要发展方向。
传统文物行业工作随着信息技术的引入,在档案储存、内容检索和监测分析等方面都有着革新,但是随着大数据时代、智能时代的到来,传统文物行业在实时响应、多源融合、跨尺度分析以及知识汇聚等方面的局限性日益凸显,人工智能技术在深度变革千行百业的同时,也逐渐影响了文物行业的发展。回顾人工智能的发展,1950年,英国科学家阿兰·图灵发表题为“计算机与智能”的论文,首次提出图灵测试的概念,这标志着现代人工智能的诞生。1955年,在一次“学习机器讨论会”上,著名科学家艾伦·纽厄尔和奥利弗·塞弗里奇分别提出下棋与计算机模式识别的研究,是早期人工智能研究的具体应用和实践。次年,数学教授约翰·麦卡锡提在达特茅斯会议上提出“人工智能”一词,定义人工智能为“制造出可以执行被认为需要智能的任务的程序”的科学(McCarthy等,2006)。这标志着人工智能的正式诞生,也是人工智能的第一个高潮,许多大学和研究机构开始对人工智能进行投资和研究。然而,由于当时计算能力的限制和技术的不成熟,这个期望过高的热潮最终消退,人工智能进入了被称为“人工智能冬天”的阶段。
在20世纪80年代,由于专家系统的崛起,人工智能再次引起了人们的广泛关注。专家系统是一种模拟人类专家解决问题的计算机程序,它在医疗、化工等领域取得了一定的成功,例如价值上亿的矿藏由PROSPECTOR专家系统(Duda等,1981)成功分析得出。然而,这个热潮又一次因为技术和经济问题消退,人工智能进入了第2个“人工智能冬天”。
21世纪初,随着计算机硬件的发展和大数据的出现,人工智能开始进入复兴期。2006年,杰弗里·辛顿等人提出深度学习的概念(Hinton等,2006),这个概念使用神经网络模拟人的大脑,通过大量数据的训练,使计算机能够自我学习和改进,启动了人工智能的新阶段。在这个时期,计算机视觉和模式识别等技术开始应用于文物的研究中。然而,由于技术限制,这些初步的尝试往往只能处理一些简单的任务,如基本的形状识别或颜色识别,人工智能并未广泛应用在文物保护和研究领域。2012年,人工智能的发展取得了重大突破,Alex在图像识别比赛ImageNet大赛中大放异彩(Krizhevsky等,2012),将错误率降低到了前所未有的程度,这为人工智能在处理复杂任务,如识别和理解文物的精细特征,提供了更强大的能力,由此深度学习开始广泛应用于计算机视觉、自然语言处理、语音识别和文物保护等领域。2016年,人工智能再次震惊世界,Google DeepMind的AlphaGo击败了世界围棋冠军李世石(Silver等,2016)。这是人工智能的一大突破,因为围棋的复杂性远远超过象棋,这标志着人工智能在某些复杂任务上已经超过了人类。接下来的一年,DeepMind的研究团队又进一步推出了AlphaGo Zero(Silver等,2017),它不依赖任何先验的棋谱信息,完全通过自我对弈学习。令人惊讶的是,仅仅几个小时的学习,它就能达到超过人类的游戏水平,不仅在围棋上,还包括国际象棋和将棋,这标志着强化学习技术取得了重要的突破。
同时,自然语言处理领域也发生了重大变化。2017年,Google推出了一种全新的模型结构——Transformer(Vaswani等,2023),这种模型改变了自然语言处理的前沿技术。Transformer模型不仅提升了处理效率,而且在许多任务上都取得了突出的性能。在文物领域,通过对大量历史文本进行深度分析,人工智能技术能够揭示历史事件的演变过程和文化变迁的模式。这一能力的提升促使越来越多的研究人员依托智能化技术的力量,从海量的文献知识中进行提取和检索,构建精细的知识图谱,并用于知识问答系统。这些系统正在网络平台、博物馆以及其他教育场所得到应用,为文化学习和传播提供了强大的工具。紧接着,2018年Google又推出了基于Transformer的BERT(bidirectional encoder representations from Transformers)模型(Devlin等,2019),这一模型通过对大量文本数据进行预训练,将许多自然语言处理任务的性能提升到一个全新的水平。2019年,OpenAI发布的GPT-2模型(Radford等,2019)首次展现出生成人类水平连贯文本的能力,2022年11月ChatGPT通过人类反馈强化学习(reinforcement learning from human feedback,RLHF)技术使对话系统首次接近实用化水平,得到普罗大众对人工智能空前的关注。
在ChatGPT推出后,越来越多单位投入大模型的建设,并向多模态生成、专业化深耕与轻量化部署发展。通用大模型跨越单一模态限制,实现文本、图像、音频和视频的联合处理能力,如ChatGPT-4、豆包、文心一言和紫东太初等;垂直领域专业化模型持续突破能力边界,Meta的SAM(segment anything model)(Kirillov等,2023)构建通用图像分割框架,其零样本分割能力革新语义解析逻辑,Sora(Liu等,2024)等模型专注高保真视频生成,在时序内容建模层面树立新标杆;DeepSeek-R1(DeepSeek-AI等,2025)一经发布引起巨大轰动,通过混合专家系统实现计算效率的突破性提升,运营成本相较同级别大模型降低了50多倍,代表了成本效率的一大进步,为算力受限的文物行业部署本地化模型提供了技术可能。目前,在行业的推动下,大模型从“规模竞赛”向“行业可用”发展。
在自然灾害的文物防护领域,人工智能技术正推动从被动应对向主动预测的范式转型(Bakirman等,2023Cacciotti等,2021),通过多学科融合创新构建系统性防护体系。
针对暴雨防护,多源数据驱动的智能系统取得突破性进展。2023年北京师范大学基于机器学习对山西省6 325处受灾不可移动文物进行了暴雨风险评估,实现不可移动文物暴雨风险评估中,其模型的测试集精度达到94.70%,较传统指标体系法提升客观性与效率,降低人工干预成本,为文物保护提供精准数据支持(徐澯 等,2023a),部分结果如图1所示。
在风害防护方面,如图2所示,数字孪生技术通过无人机建模与有限元分析(Kim,2023Dore等,2015)实现对长城、庞贝古城等不可移动文物风化损毁的定量评估(张智 等,2021Chen等,2018Pirchio等,2021)。
在地震防护方面,利用Transformer多任务网络整合InSAR卫星、微震台网(200 Hz采样)与高光谱数据,2024年北京师范大学实现了石窟寺地震动参数与损伤指数的同步预测,识别出 66% 的省级以上文物处于中高风险区,定位脆弱性最高的鼓山摩崖石刻等重点保护对象(徐澯 等,2023b)。图3为以伊朗“巴姆及其文化景观”为例的地震灾害评估(Ravankhah,2019)。
在火灾防控方面,基于人工智能的火灾防范与应急处理系统已得到广泛研究(Luo等,2018王伟峰 等,2022蔡春兵 等,2020),许多研究者正将图像处理和机器学习技术应用于文物建筑火灾的早期检测、自动识别和报警系统(Zhong等,2023Liang和Cheng,2025Zhang等,2015)。尽管雷击防护已经建立了无线传感预警网络,但仍面临数据积累不足的挑战(李京校 等,2021)。跨学科智能分析系统的应用,使灾害防护从单一保护向多时空尺度延伸,推动文化遗产风险防控进入智能化新阶段。图4展示了基于人工智能的图像识别火灾的早期检测(Labed等,2023)。
在文物赋存环境防护方面,物联网、人工智能等新兴信息技术的引入大幅提升了分布式传感的数据分析能力。通过ZigBee等无线通信网络,将文物展柜、博物馆及壁画石刻等大型/小型文物的赋存区域转变成高效远程监控微环境变化的系统。分布式传感的多站点监测数据可以传输至处理终端,在低功耗、快速可扩展组网的基础上实现温度、湿度、光照强度以及空气质量等关键参数的高效监测(刘青艳,2020)。例如,美国Conserv公司提供的无线环境监控系统专为藏品护理设计,服务对象包括美国哈佛大学比较动物学博物馆、波士顿美术馆、谢尔本博物馆等;美国大都会艺术博物馆采用的无线传感平台包含超过200个传感器,分布在5个展厅中,用于评估温度、空气流动,并通过物理和统计模型量化微气候变化(Klein等,2017),在实时数据监控和人工智能分析的基础上,能够及时发出环境异常警报并自动调节展柜环境;针对我国敦煌莫高窟,浙江大学(秦华赟,2018黄澎江,2017潘海宽,2017)提出基于空气交换率和循环神经网络的湿度预测模型,通过掌握洞窟湿度变化特征并模拟其变化趋势,实现提前预测和防护。图5展示了博物馆展柜微环境监测(Shen,2023)示例。
与传统以人工巡查、经验判断或单维度指标评价为主的灾害防护方式相比,人工智能驱动的多模态数据融合分析技术在精度、效率等方面均展现出明显优势,据《中国文化遗产数字化报告(2023—2024)》(中华文化国际传播网,2024)表明,与仅依赖人工观测或单一传感器监测方式相比,多源传感融合和机器学习预测可降低近50%的日常巡检人力成本,提升20%~30%的监测精度;在风险识别和动态预警环节,深度学习预测模型能将响应速度提高约40%,有效减少突发灾害造成的损失。在文物赋存环境防护方面,人工智能技术对温、湿、光照等指标的动态调控也可以在特定场景下异常检测与预警延迟缩短约30%,并降低传统人工调控过程中的误差。虽然目前场景的广泛适应性还有待进一步探索,但是在特定场景下的量化对比挖掘了人工智能在文物防护环节的发展潜力,也为构建主动、精准、体系的文物防护新模式提供了新的思考。
在文物损伤评估与修复实施方面,光电成像技术和三维重建技术实现了文物从二维到三维的全方面监测,推动了损伤评估的精确化。人工智能图像处理技术在识别和分析文物图像中的锈蚀、裂纹和其他形式的劣化方面发挥着关键作用,通过卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network, CNN)等模型,能够有效识别文物表面的裂纹、脱落、风化等损伤特征。例如,欧盟资助的Scan4Reco项目使用深度扫描相机和专用传感器进行内部裂纹的无损诊断分析,并结合预测建模来建议适当的伪影处理方法(Dimitriou等,2016);2022年,敦煌研究院创建了一个大型的敦煌石窟数据集,为人工智能修复损坏的石窟图像提供支持(Yu等,2022);如图6所示,2023年,阿尔及利亚建筑与城市规划理工学院利用CNN对古堡墙壁损坏进行高效自动视觉检测,涵盖风化、剥落、裂缝和霉菌等4种损害类型,将检测成本降低 90% 以上,同时达到加权平均精度 0.868、召回率 0.84 的高精度,并通过地理映射功能实现损伤分布的全局可视化(Meklati等,2023);2025年,西安建筑科技大学利用深度学习网络捕获稀疏的壁画特征并修复复杂病害,修复后的峰值信噪比达到31.76 dB(Wu等,2025)。
三维重建技术是计算机视觉的传统任务,在实体文物损伤评估中发挥了关键作用。通过三维扫描技术捕捉文物的完整几何形状,结合人工智能算法分析其结构完整性和损伤情况,为文物本体和虚拟修复提供了重要的数据支持。例如,2016年意大利的圣奥古斯丁教堂在地震中遭到损毁(Chiabrando等,2017),利用无人机多视角斜摄影策略监测并记录教堂状况,技术人员花费3周时间完成50 000多个碎片点云的配准;2020年,意大利巴里理工大学(Guerra和Galantucci,2020)针对建筑遗产提出一种创新的量化和测量方法,如图7所示,通过分析点云数据,识别和分类表面缺陷特征,用于建筑结构损伤的诊断与监测。
近年来,神经辐射场(neural radiance field, NeRF)(Mildenhall等,2021)作为一种用于构建三维场景的机器学习方法,已引入到文化遗产领域,通过多视角图像生成高精度的三维模型(Croce等,2023)。例如,上海科技大学虞晶怡团队使用NeRF进行头骨和动态面部几何形状的三维重建保护(Wang等,2023b);瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院利用NeRF对波兰华沙王宫地下室和维拉努夫王宫室内遗址进行了三维重建实验,为室内文化遗产数字化建立了方法评估基准(Murtiyoso等,2023)。此外,三维高斯泼溅(3D Gaussian splashing, 3DGS)(Kerbl等,2023)通过引入三维模型的表征模型重新定义了三维重建和渲染,大幅提高重建渲染速度和资源方案(Wang,2024),为未来文物数字化保护存储提供了新的参考方案。
虚拟修复领域的人工智能创新正在重塑文物保护范式,其技术应用主要体现在三维模型处理的3个核心环节:去噪、补全与拼接。在三维模型去噪方面,基于深度学习的无监督网络框架可有效处理网格和散乱点云数据(Guennebaud和Gross,2007Lipman等,2007Sarkar等,2018Schoenenberger等,2015);在三维形状补全技术方面,技术分为体素补全(Wu等,2015)和点云补全(Qi等,2017Huang等,2018)两类,例如,秦始皇陵 K9901 坑出土的兵马俑点云数据使用改进的生成对抗网络(如MU-GAN(Ren等,2022)),实现了高分辨率孔洞修复补全,较传统泊松重建方法生成的点云密度提升 2 倍,有效保留了兵马俑复杂曲面的几何特征(褚彤,2021)。三维模型拼接则通过多特征融合技术实现,包括基于部位分类的碎片预分组和深度学习驱动的碎片匹配算法,典型案例包括兵马俑碎片分类拼接系统(Ren等,2022Chu等,2021Liu等,2021a)以及结合三维深度学习重建的青铜器多片段虚拟拼接,后者成功复原了缺失四足兽与跪拜者构件的青铜像。图8展示了铜兽驮跪坐人顶尊铜像虚拟拼接。
人工智能在文物虚拟修复中的修复预测与色彩恢复技术应用广泛,主要涵盖壁画、绘画及三维实体3类对象。
在壁画修复方面,基于深度学习的算法已广泛应用于敦煌壁画病害分割(Ren等,2023a2024)、唐卡图像修复(Ren等,2023b;Jia等,2023)及墓室壁画泥斑修复(Ge等,2023Cao等,2020)等领域。图9展示了基于高光谱成像的古墓壁画虚拟颜色修复。
在绘画修复方面,深度学习与偏微分方程结合,应用于英国MACH(mathematics for applications in cultural heritage)项目的画稿修复(MACH,2024)、大足石刻的面部特征修复(修复精度相比传统修复方法提升23%(Wang等,2019a,b))、故宫内风化的彩绘梁木修复(Zou等,2021)。
在三维实体修复方面,典型案例包括RePAIR项目,通过人工智能算法匹配庞贝古城碎片形状与纹饰实现重建(Tsesmelis等,2025);此外,英特尔公司与中国文化遗产保护基金会(China Foundation for Cultural Heritage Conservation, CFCHC)、武汉大学联合开展了中国长城保护工作,利用无人机和人工智能技术捕获高分辨率航空数据,研发高精度的长城墙体3D模型,用于评估损坏程度和修复工作。
自然语言处理技术的渗透为文物保护注入新动能。2023年大模型出现之前,自然语言处理主要通过知识图谱等手段分析文本语素之间的关系,形成所需要的问答信息。随着ChatGPT、Sora以及国内文心一言、豆包、通义千问、DeepSeek等大模型的出现,医疗领域已开始利用大模型分析病人信息,辅助生成治疗方案和病历,这为文化遗产领域学者带来了类似文物修复实施方案生成的希望。尽管如此,当前文物保护工作与医疗、工业领域的数据存在差异。文物种类繁多,同类文物因年代、地点、制造者和存储条件的差异,导致有效的标注数据量较少。目前,人工智能驱动的文物保护工作仍处于任务梳理和数据积累阶段,但随着更多文物行业的机构和科研人员的加入,数据将不断积累,未来将有更多文物保护任务得以实现。
与传统以人工观测、手工测绘和经验修复为主的方式相比,人工智能已经在部分类型文物的损伤评估和修复环节方面体现其发展潜能,智能虚拟拼接可以显著减轻人工修复的负担;人工智能辅助保护修复方案生成也可以为文物工作者提供思路参考,并强化了修复过程的可控性与可追溯性。虽然受限于文物资源的稀缺性和数据稀少或单一性的难题,但人工智能也已经在某些场景寻找到其在三维重建、虚拟修复、方案生成等领域的作用,并对更广泛的场景提供了示范作用。
随着信息技术的发展,从车载手持到低空航天的传感手段在遗址勘探发掘中发挥了重要作用,二维和三维图像数据激增,人工智能技术已经成为文物专家分析这些数据的重要工具(Argyrou和Agapiou,2022)。
美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学(Davis等,2020Davis和Douglass,2022)设计的人工智能算法利用激光雷达技术,帮助识别马达加斯加潜在的考古地点。2021年,意大利理工学院和欧洲航天局合作的“文化景观扫描仪”项目(Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia —— IIT,2021;De Mello,2023)引入人工智能,追溯人类的古代存在,并识别尚未发现的遗骸,如图10所示。
武汉大学Liu等人(2021b)利用遥感和人工智能技术对商代盘龙城遗址进行了地形分析和景观重建,与传统遥感技术相比,水陆地形恢复精度提升至 ±1 cm,效率较单一地面调查提高约 40%,同时降低了水下考古的主观误差。
澳门城市大学Zhao(2021)则使用决策树和梯度提升技术来识别和预测古代文物的位置,基于地图获取的中国 23 个省份城市地理数据,识别准确率达98%,效率提高40%,成本降低30%,且避免了主观判断误差。在文物遗址勘探过程中,三维扫描技术已经成为记录和保护文化遗产的重要工具,通过实时捕捉遗址的三维数据,为考古学家提供即时的地形和结构信息,支持现场决策和文化遗产的紧急记录。例如,玛雅考古遗址(Gautier等,2020)使用同步定位与地图构建(simultaneous localization and mapping, SLAM)算法结合深度感测摄像机实现实时三维扫描,运行快速且成本较低,非常适用于探勘救援和文化遗产受威胁的高风险区域。此外,激光扫描技术在复杂环境中(如洞穴)能迅速且准确地映射地形,通过手持式或固定式激光扫描仪器,快速记录洞穴的详细地形和内部结构,实时监控和记录挖掘过程,增强了对遗址详细信息的捕捉能力。
文物的资料整理、系统归类和编目是遗址发掘工作的关键步骤,不仅能够提高信息的准确性和可访问性,也对历史遗产的保护与研究具有重要意义。随着人工智能技术的应用,这一过程已变得更加高效和精确。三维扫描技术结合人工智能已广泛应用于出土文物的数字化资料整理和记录,通过创建三维扫描的元数据模型,详细捕捉和系统化扫描过程中的数据,使得不同设备生成的数据能够在统一的模型下进行对比(Homburg等,2021)。此外,人工智能在自动识别、处理和系统分类遗址中出土文物方面也有显著应用。例如,吉林大学Li等(2023)Zhou等人(2023)基于深度学习模型对青铜鼎的图像进行分期断代。如图11所示。
上海科技大学Qiu等人(2022)利用Lucy 数据集实现三维头骨和外观面貌复原;复旦大学Du等人(2024)通过遗传分析和头骨的3D重建技术实现北周武帝宇文邕的头骨复原;厦门理工学院陈宇等人(2024)在零样本下实现古籍汉字的识别;北京理工大学Liao等人(2024b)利用深度学习自动分割青铜器陶范的微观电镜图像,进行颗粒形态学统计,算法开源并应用于多个遗址地考古工作,还对新疆出土的蜻蜓眼珠实现三维可视化分割和重建(Liao等,2024a),如图12所示。
这些工作都实现了考古分析过程的自动化、可视化。在文档资料的检索和管理方面,多模态人工智能模型结合图像和文本,有效提高文档分类的精确性,通过同时分析文档的图像与文本内容,提升了分类与检索的效率和准确性。例如,修复破损或被遮挡的手写体文字(段荧 等,2021Song等,2020陈善雄 等,2022)。图13展示了破损古希腊文字(Assael等,2022)和古文字的修复(段荧 等,2021)。
基于BERT的文本模型和CNN的图像模型能够更准确地处理和归类多页文档(Naoumi,2024),定制的人工智能分类模型,如Azure的文档智能服务,也能有效地对不同类型的文档进行分类和信息提取,提升文档处理的自动化水平和准确性,改善图像数据的管理和可访问性,并实现半自动化的分类过程。人工智能为文物分类和归档提供了强大的技术支持,能够高效处理大量复杂数据,显著提高工作效率和准确性。例如,2019年安阳师范学院建设了甲骨文大数据平台;2024年腾讯发起的“数字甲骨共创计划”,以及“殷契文渊”人工智能协同平台的上线,成功建立了全球最大的甲骨文单字数据库,涵盖143万个甲骨文单字,实现了甲骨文字的高效、高准确性检索。图14展示了人工智能辅助识别甲骨文字符(刘宗昊 等,2024)。
在文物价值阐释方面,人工智能技术正在帮助我们重建文化文明的演进脉络。传统上,研究者依赖直接比对分析方法解读文化遗产,但如今,人工智能通过挖掘大数据中的深层次内容和模式,揭示了更加复杂的文化规律,拓展了文物行业研究的深度和广度,使我们能从庞大的数据集中获得以往难以觉察的新见解。例如,人工智能通过对烧成碳的卷轴进行CT(computed tomography)影像分析,破译出2 000多个字符(Marchant,2024),如图15所示。
在国际合作的 MACH项目(MACH,2024)中,研究者利用深度学习算法分析和归类罗马时期陶器的剖面图,揭示了这些文物之间的功能和时间关系,并通过比较画作中的颜料层次探索不同艺术作品间的潜在联系。大数据下人工智能的推荐算法和数据分析也正在改变我们对文化传播和接受的理解,例如,在马克斯·普朗克人类发展研究所(Max Planek Institute for Human Development,2024)的研究中,人工智能参与了文化特征的生成项目,探索这些技术如何重塑文化演进的过程。从艺术到科学发现,人工智能不仅能够促进文化遗产的物理保存,还能深化我们对这些遗产背后文化和历史的理解,为文物行业研究的深度和广度开辟了新的可能性。
考古勘探、资料整理到价值阐释过程中,以往严重依靠人工经验,人工智能技术正在多源多模态数据分析处理上发挥作用,有潜力助力考古勘探发现;资料整理的过程往往在计数、画图、记录等方面重复耗时,人工智能技术可以显著减少人力投入与误差,快速完成资料统计、整理等工作;另外,结合数据挖掘,知识图谱等技术,海量数据中信息识别往往变得更容易,可以为研究者提供难以察觉的联结,拓宽研究深度与广度,将人工智能逐步融入考古研究的过程,已经成为考古研究过程中的重要发展趋势。
近年来,人工智能技术的引入极大地改变了博物馆的信息管理方式。通过大数据、机器学习以及自然语言处理等技术,博物馆能够实现对藏品的高效分类、组织和搜索,尤其是在当代数字化转型的背景下,作为信息管理中心的博物馆面临着管理和分析多元来源庞大数据集的挑战。
自2017年起,大英博物馆开始整合来自游客、藏品、科研和运营等不同部门的数据资源,提高决策效率和机构管理效能(Motta等,2019),如图16所示。
在信息系统的发展中,本体学(Husáková和Bureš,2020)作为一种形式化的知识表示框架,广泛应用于博物馆信息管理系统,帮助理解和处理各种文化与历史资料。通过逻辑推理和知识推导,本体学增强了信息的互操作性和语义丰富性,甚至实现了藏品信息的自动标注和分类。如图17所示,大英博物馆与安德鲁·梅隆基金会合作开发的基于语义网络的ResearchSpace项目(Oldman和Tanase,2018),利用CIDOC(Centro Intercultural de Documentation)概念参考模型(CIDOC conceptual reference model, CIDOC-C)链接数据和本体,保存并开放了藏品的详尽信息。
在多元异构信息整合方面,藏品的本体、文本报告、图形图像以及三维模型等都需要被有效记录。人工智能技术,如机器学习和自然语言处理,能够提取和分析大量数据,实现快速准确的信息检索。例如,2023年英国牛津大学开发的DeepOnto工具包(He等,2024) 帮助博物馆更好地管理和展示藏品信息,通过本体推理、修剪和规范化优化数据处理过程。除了藏品管理,博物馆内部对游客管理也至关重要。人工智能技术的进步使得门禁和人流量检测系统日益成熟(Arsenovic等,2017Sunitha等,2022Irshad等,2023)。2023年清华大学徐丹(2023)以景德镇落马桥元青花遗址博物馆为例,提出基于5G + AI的安防系统建设,涵盖文物防控、视频监控、声音复核、展柜多维感知监控和门禁控制等多个方面的升级;2017年浙江大学何康乐(2018) 提出围绕遗址周边非法挖掘的人工智能检测研究。智能化监控分析技术已被国内外各大博物馆纳入安防管理系统,并随着技术发展不断升级。
区块链、物联网、数据挖掘以及人工智能技术的融合,正在推动文物本体的借调与流通向更高效、安全的管理模式转变。例如,美国史密森尼博物馆(Smith,2017)利用人工智能技术管理藏品数据库,确保高效借调与流通。通过深度学习算法分析和识别藏品模式,采用自动化数字图像处理技术提升藏品的可访问性,并运用预测性维护算法优化藏品的保护和储存条件,从而提高整体运营效率。随着数据量激增,人工智能技术在数字化藏品的分享和管理中发挥了重要作用。挪威国家博物馆利用机器学习和神经网络技术对藏品进行元数据添加和分类,优化组织和目录管理,以支持艺术历史研究和展览布局。安德鲁·梅隆基金会支持的博物馆数据交换项目(Oclc,2022)开发了OAICatMuseum 1.0开源软件,推动各博物馆之间有效共享CDWA Lite XML格式的数字图像和藏品描述。参与的博物馆包括哈佛艺术博物馆、大都会艺术博物馆、华盛顿国家美术馆、普林斯顿大学艺术博物馆和耶鲁大学美术馆等。此外,近年来, 人工智能和深度学习技术还应用于打击文化遗产非法贩运(Abate等,20222023),如图18所示,通过自动检测、在线识别和跟踪非法销售文物的活动,有效遏制文物犯罪行为。
在国家层面上的文物资源管理系统建设中,宏观数据具有复杂性,人工智能技术有助于提高数据处理效率和准确性,助力宏观决策与管理。例如,如图19所示,欧洲的“欧洲数字图书馆”(Europeana,2024)项目构建统一查询平台,提高数据的可访问性和可用性;在我国,围绕长城、运河等大型线性遗产,已经开始结合卫星图像和地面监控进行实时监控和损害评估。
另外,省保、国保单位的“两线”(保护范围与建设控制地带)划定工作是目前文物管理部门的主要工作之一,遥感数据与深度学习模型的协同作用可以助力“两线”识别与动态更新(黑龙江省文物管理局,2024);另外,在世界文化遗产等项目申报工作中,人工智能可以在材料整理、背景调研以及可视化等方面助力材料准备,例如意大利庞贝古城的数字化复原项目(Mazzaglia,2021De Caro,2015)中,可以在考古数据与三维模型分析的基础上,形成申报文本与可视化方案。
文物管理工作涉及面广,近年来大模型的出现使得自然语言处理、智能检索生成十分方便,在管理日常工作过程中大模型已经应用广泛;异构数据的整理、分类、检索和关联的应用也为馆藏信息与游客管理提供灵活与高效的解决方案;计算机视觉在视频监控和安防应用过程中降低了安保成本与管理压力,显著提升运营效率与安全保障;结合区块链、大数据技术,人工智能技术也在文物借调、跨馆共享和宏观调度等领域深化管理信息化、智能化。相信随着智能化的深入,文物领域的管理从微观到宏观的效率均会有所提升。
与传统依赖人工整理和专家经验的知识整理方法相比,人工智能技术驱动的知识图谱通过结构化和语义化的方式整合多源异构数据,为智能数据处理和信息检索提供了强有力的支持。
国内,2017年,浙江大学林炀平(2017)构建了文物知识图谱集成平台,辅助数字博物馆建设;2018年,上海博物馆建立了“董其昌数字人文”书画专题知识图谱,深入挖掘董其昌的生平、活动地区、游历轨迹和师友关系等信息;2022年,天津大学与湖南省博物馆合作,围绕音乐文物知识图谱的构建,实现了“高山流水遇知音”展项,如图20所示。
国外,2021年,匈牙利罗兰大学与匈牙利科学院的COURAGE项目(Faraj和Micsik,2021)利用CIDOC-CRM本体构建文化遗产知识图谱,为大多数文化遗产概念及其关系提供了正式的结构和定义;同年,英国科学博物馆的Heritage Connector项目(2021) 探索了如何通过人工智能生成的知识图谱,促进数字化文化遗产收藏的探索与研究。
在数字内容分析利用方面,随着二维和三维高清扫描技术驱动的大规模数据库建设,以颜色、纹饰和符号等为代表的元素提取技术在各行各业得到了广泛推广,尤其在文创产品、服装设计和工业品等领域,实现了文化传承与创新的结合。例如,英国的Tate美术馆与微软合作探索、调查或理解Tate的英国艺术收藏;英国布拉德福德大学等(Ugail等,2023)将拉斐尔的绘画风格迁移于现代艺术创作和产品设计中。
2020年,首都博物馆举办的“文物的时空漫游”展览,如图21所示,通过人工智能迁移学习,将王羲之书法的形体及神韵迁移到书写的文字上;2022年,兰州理工大学Lu等人(2022) 利用深度学习和图像风格迁移技术提取敦煌壁画元素,并将其应用于现代服装设计和工业产品。
另外,生成对抗网络(generative adversarial network, GAN)(Choi等,2023)和人工智能生成内容(artificial intelligence generated content, AIGC)(Cao等,2023) 技术也在学习历史发展脉络的基础上生成新元素,辅助设计师进行创意设计。例如,美国罗格斯大学等机构利用GAN学习不同的艺术风格并在此基础上生成新的艺术作品(Elgammal等,2017);兰州大学利用GAN设计具有敦煌元素的新款式和新图案的服装(Wu等,2021),如图22所示。这些技术不仅推动了传统艺术元素的创新应用,也为文化创意产业注入了新的活力。
在文物的展示与传播方面,多种先进技术得到广泛应用,包括虚拟现实(VR)/增强现实(AR)、裸眼三维显示、数字孪生和沉浸式投影显示等。VR/AR技术在不同场景中展示出其独特效果,例如北京理工大学的圆明园AR重现(王涌天 等,2006陈靖 等,2010)和敦煌莫高窟的VR展示(施秀萍,2023)。裸眼三维显示技术让观众无需佩戴特殊眼镜即可体验三维效果(Meng等,2021),而数字孪生技术则在文化遗产保护和管理中显著提升了展示和互动效果(林成博,2022)。随着人工智能技术的发展,内容生成成为文物展示与传播的核心。通过使用NeRF进行三维重建和虚拟修复,可以从有限的图像资源中重建出受损遗迹、建筑和文物的详细三维视图(Yu等,2021Croce等,20232024),此外,基于文本的视频内容生成技术(Singer等,2022) 也能自动根据描述生成视频。例如,2023年,湖南大学利用人工智能生成中国没骨画的动态视频(Wang等,2023a),如图23所示;2024年,OpenAI推出Sora模型能将文本描述快速准确地转换成动态视频内容(Adetayo等,2024)。
随着数字技术的发展,个性化移动媒体和内容推送已成为文化遗产展示的新趋势(Zollo等,2022),许多博物馆通过视频号和社交媒体根据观众兴趣提供定制化内容,并利用数据分析和机器学习技术优化内容推送,提高观众参与度和体验质量。例如,2019年希腊爱琴大学基于Gournia和Çatalhöyük考古遗址实现了个性化和内容自适应的文化遗产路径推荐(Alexandridis等,2019);2023年,希腊塞萨洛尼基亚里士多德大学结合GIS、人工智能技术和上下文信息实现博物馆个性化内容传递(Ivanov,2023);2024年,北京林业大学和上海交通大学结合个性化推荐技术,提供了可根据观众兴趣和行为动态调整展览布局和内容展示的定制化观展体验框架(Yang等,2024)。这些个性化策略不仅提高文化遗产的可访问性,还为观众创造了更加丰富和互动的文化体验。
在文物展示利用方面,人工智能在知识整合、元素提取和展示传播等方面优势明显,文物知识的提取和标注,形成结构化数据,是文物资源进入智能化时代的核心捕捉,是未来发展的必然趋势,目前,在丝绸、书画等典型文物已经开展知识图谱展示探索,人工智能在文物资源高效组织与智能检索方面已有进展;另外,文物元素提取、风格迁移等技术已经在手工业、纺织业以及印刷业等领域赋能应用,文物资源结合虚拟现实、三维显示等技术面向用户形成交互和沉浸的体验,智能内容的生成显著缩短数据处理和展示的周期,也降低人力成本,为文化的传播传承方式开辟了新路径。
人工智能技术正逐渐在诸多行业中展示其变革性的力量,文物行业也不例外,已经在不同场景赋能应用,本文聚焦人工智能与文物领域“防、保、研、管、用”五大方向紧密结合的研究方向,旨在概述文物领域的场景应用需求,并细致分析人工智能如何在文物领域中找到其需求场景并有效应用。诚然,正如其他变革性技术一样,人工智能在文物领域的应用也遇到很多挑战,尤其是受限于文物资源的稀缺性与不可再生性,数据样本往往存在规模有限或单一化问题,要实现人工智能与文物行业的真正融合,需要挖掘文物领域的智能化需求,同时也要探索路线的可行性。
1)文物科技中的“防”。在未来的研究中,需要特别关注文物赋存环境的风险评估,以有效预防和减轻环境和人类活动对文物可能造成的损害。未来人工智能技术应用在全国文物普查资料与气候水文地理数据上,构建一个针对不同环境区域、材质和保存状态的文物所面临的自然灾害(如暴雨、大风、雷击、火灾和地震等)的风险动态评估方法和预警平台,实现可能对文物造成严重威胁的环境因素的及时发现并预防;针对石窟寺、木建筑、砖石建筑和土质遗址等典型的材质文物,在文物本体赋存环境高精度监测系统建立的前提下,结合多模态数据融合技术探索数字孪生智能预测模型,实现对环境数据的高效理解和实时风险控制。最终在人工智能技术的帮助下,实现一个从宏观到微观尺度、从百年到年尺度、以及点线面联动的文物风险防控智能决策方法,有助于最大程度地减少环境变化和人类活动对文物的潜在损害,确保这些宝贵遗产安全地传承给未来世代。
2)文物科技中的“保”。在未来的研究中,针对文物本体的保护和修复,构建一个全数据健康监测智能分析系统。系统可结合三维扫描、图像信息处理以及光谱信息分析等先进技术,为不同类型的文物提供智能化、精准的损伤评估和寿命预测,实现早期识别潜在损伤和预防性保护措施的制定两方面的功能;针对文物的病害调查和修复案例数据,解决数据样本稀缺、文物类型病害类型复杂多样以及跨模态数据融合难度大的问题,建立多模态数据模型驱动的智能修复决策系统,实现融合图像、图形、光谱和环境参数等数据融合演变,病害状态的动态监测与预测,以及修复方案智能推荐等功能;最终在人工智能技术帮助下,实现对文物本体状态和修复过程的多维数据记录以及过去未来发展预估,完成文物的可交互虚拟化修复以及实体修复过程的可视化记录,这不仅可以为专业人士提供详尽的数据支持,还能增强公众对文物修复工作的理解和参与感。
3)文物科技中的“研”。在未来的研究中,针对考古发掘资料的整理与阐释,构建一个全链条式的智能辅助平台,提升考古研究的效率和质量。平台应集成遥感、地物和考古勘探发掘数据,辅助识别遗址和遗迹,并精准地描绘其分布范围、形态特征和赋存状态,深度知识化、结构化文本、图像、图形等考古资料,建立垂域大模型实现知识检索、推理以及关联增强,支撑价值阐释过程分析理解;同时,针对手工业生产遗存、动植物遗存和人类骨骼遗存等多尺度复杂遗存的分类,通过人工智能技术可以提供精准的分类方法和多元关键信息的采集分类分析,提高数据整理的效率;最终在人工智能技术帮助下,实现在挖掘中国古代生业模式、科学技术、贸易关系及人群迁徙模式的高阶表征方面,智能分析时间序列和空间地域分布,有助于形成演化可视化模型,最终推动考古学领域在防护、保护、研究、管理和使用等方面的持续创新。
4)文物科技中的“管”。在未来的研究中,在国土空间规划的视角下构建统一高效的数字化管理平台,实现跨部门跨行业异构信息的高效整合、智能推理与安全共享,特别是在生态空间、农业空间和城镇空间的交叠环境中,实现国家文化遗产空间的智能化和合理规划,有助于确保文化遗产的保护与空间规划的协调发展,为未来文化遗产的可持续管理提供强有力的支持;其次,探索多元可移动文物以及大型线性遗产等在异构环境中的资源数据智能管理方法,在文物资料智能解析的基础上,辅助生成管理规划文件,以确保各类文物得到有效的保护和合理的利用;最终在人工智能技术帮助下,结合空天地大数据信息,实现对“两线”划定、行政审批等管理事务性工作自动化、智能化,完成对大尺度大空间全要素文物风险因素的智能监控管理,促成知识驱动的点、线、面遗产全域可视化呈现展示平台的形成,为文化遗产的全面展示和更广泛的公众参与提供了新的可能。
5)文物科技中的“用”。在未来的研究中, 人工智能技术可以推动文物知识驱动的展示和文化创意应用场景的发展。首先要建立海量文物数据的素材交互共享数据库,融合壁画、彩绘、石刻、陶瓷、青铜器和书画等多元文物的信息,并智能化实现知识标注和抽取,为研究者、文化创意工作者以及普通公众等各类群体提供所需;其次,在知识化结构化资源库的基础上,探索行业应用,包括历史发展以及文化交融过程中的色彩、纹样、形象和行为等方面的变化演进规律、构建大时间空间跨度的历史文化推演和可视化、形成成套的知识富集的策展呈现方案等,有助于丰富文物展示的内容和形式,增强公众的历史文化体验和认识;最终在人工智能技术帮助下,文物资源形成数据要素后,进一步赋能千行百业,如智能辅助生成设计元素在纺织印染、工业生产等产业中得到规模化应用,推动传统文化与现代工业的结合,从而更广泛更深度地实现传统文化的高效传播。
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2025年第30卷第12期
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doi: 10.11834/jig.240765
  • 接收时间:2025-01-02
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-12-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-02
  • 修回日期:2025-04-25
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    1北京理工大学光电学院,北京100081
    2合肥工业大学计算机与信息学院,合肥230009
    3敦煌研究院,敦煌736200
    4山东大学考古学院(文化遗产研究院),青岛266237
    5北京化工大学生命科学与技术学院,北京100029
    6北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院,北京100083
    7故宫博物院文保标准部,北京100009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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