Article(id=1249044017544110483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739289600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-12, revisedDate=1753804800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775724899897, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1765814400000, pubDateStr=2025-12-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775724899897, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775724899897, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775724899897, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249044006114628363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2025', volume='30', issue='12', pageStart='3707', pageEnd='3968', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775724897161, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775726353303, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249050113662984471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249050113667178776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3955, endPage=3968, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249044020543037858, articleId=1249044017544110483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Lightweight spaceborne remote sensing object detection algorithm with multi-attention mechanism, columnId=1249044020433985953, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Remote Sensing Image Processing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective With the advancement of image processing and artificial intelligence, deep learning-based algorithms have become increasingly important in the tasks of image target detection and recognition. In the aerospace domain, satellite remote sensing object detection consistently confronts challenges, including cluttered imaging backgrounds, numerous minuscule targets, and wide dynamic imaging ranges. In recent years, convolutional neural network-based approaches have witnessed significant progress in satellite remote sensing object detection, particularly in fine-grained target recognition. These advancements play crucial roles across domains such as military reconnaissance, postdisaster reconstruction, and resource exploration. Given the challenges of large coverage, small and dense targets, and complex imaging backgrounds in satellite-based remote sensing images, large and complex neural networks have been utilized to represent image features for further target detection. Although large neural networks exhibit certain detection capabilities, they are difficult to deploy in space-based remote sensing tasks because of the high real-time requirements and limited computing resources. To address these issues, this study proposes a lightweight space-based remote sensing image target detection algorithm that integrates multiattention mechanisms in the spatial domain and channels. It deploys remote sensing image data processing and target detection algorithms to a remote sensing edge intelligent computing platform, achieving efficient and accurate target recognition and analysis for remote sensing images. This approach provides a solution for future in-orbit fast target detection algorithm processing and real-time tracking of detection targets.
Method Based on a You Only Look Once version 11 model (i.e., YOLOv11n), the proposed algorithm integrates the channel prior convolutional attention (CPCA) mechanism, which combines channel and spatial attention mechanisms. It utilizes the channel attention mechanism to generate a channel attention map. Subsequently, this map is multiplied element-wise with the model’s input feature map to produce a channel-weighted feature map. This channel-weighted feature map is then fed into a depthwise convolution module to generate a spatial attention feature map. The CPCA mechanism can dynamically allocate attention weights across channel and spatial dimensions, enriching the network’s target features by extracting channel-wise and spatial attention features, thereby enhancing the network’s feature extraction capability. By employing a 2D convolutional layer based on partial convolution (Pconv), which convolves only a subset of input channels, it leverages redundant compression in interchannel feature maps. This approach avoids the issue of excessive parameters typically introduced by adding attention modules. Consequently, the improved model reduces the parameter count by 0.48 M (approximately 18.53%) compared with the original YOLOv11n. This approach partially addresses the challenge of deploying network models on embedded devices. For ensuring consistent dimensions between the two branches of Pconv, a max-pooling operation is applied to the nonconvolved channels, downsizing the feature maps to half their original dimensions. Through leveraging pointwise convolution to fully utilize the representational capacity of channel-wise features, this design reduces the computational load while preventing significant degradation in the model’s feature extraction capability.
Result During validation on the DIOR dataset, the proposed algorithm was compared with various YOLO algorithms for object detection. Experimental results demonstrate that real-time detection transformer(RTDETR) has the largest parameter count at 9.42 M, YOLOv11n has 2.59 M parameters, and YOLOv11n_CBAM has 2.74 M. By contrast, the proposed model contains only 2.11 M parameters, accounting for 81.47% of those of the original YOLOv11n. Meanwhile, compared with the original YOLOv11n algorithm, the proposed method achieves a mean improvement of 1.9% in accuracy and 1.2% in recall. The neural network processing unit (NPU) inference latency of YOLOv11n is 19.6 ms, whereas the proposed algorithm achieves only 14.8 ms. This result indicates a reduction of 4.8 ms in comparison with the original model, representing a 24.49% speed improvement. Additionally, the NPU-deployed YOLOv11n model attains an accuracy of 0.799 and a recall of 0.642, whereas the proposed algorithm achieves 0.819 accuracy and 0.652 recall. Accordingly, no potential accuracy degradation occurs during model migration and deployment. Compared with merely adding the CPCA module, the proposed algorithm exhibits a slight accuracy decrease of 0.10% but reduces the parameter count by 0.66 M. When contrasted with solely incorporating the Pconv module, it shows a marginal parameter increase of 0.08 M, yet it improves the accuracy by 1.7%.
Conclusion Targeting space-based remote sensing minute object detection tasks, this study draws inspiration from the YOLOv11n model to propose a lightweight object detection algorithm that integrates multiattention mechanisms in the spatial domain and channels and contextual information. This approach significantly enhances detection accuracy while effectively reducing model parameters. By refining the attention mechanism in YOLOv11n, we introduce an improved architecture incorporating the CPCA module. This architecture enables comprehensive feature extraction for minute objects across spatial and channel dimensions, effectively mitigating missed detections and false alarms in spaceborne imagery. The conventional 2D convolutional layers in YOLO are replaced with Pconv-based designs, circumventing parameter inflation typically caused by attention modules. This replacement achieves an 18.53% parameter reduction and model lightweighting. Finally, through NPU-optimized deployment, the model’s hardware compatibility is enhanced. Compared with the original YOLOv11n, the proposed algorithm reduces inference time by 4.8 ms while maintaining detection accuracy, meeting real-time monitoring requirements. The solution proves exceptionally resource efficient for space-based engineering deployment with constrained computational resources and memory, providing crucial technical support for onboard implementation in spaceborne remote sensing systems.
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目的 天基遥感图像覆盖范围大、被探测目标小而密集、成像背景复杂,大型神经网络在实时性要求高且计算资源受限的天基遥感任务中难以部署。针对以上问题,提出了一种融合空间与通道多注意力机制的轻量化天基遥感图像目标检测算法。
方法 首先,在YOLOv11n(you only look once version11)的基础上引入CPCA(channel prior convolutional attention)注意力机制,通过提取通道和空间上的注意力特征来丰富网络的目标特征,提升网络的特征提取能力。通过采用基于部分卷积(partial convolution,Pconv)的二维卷积层设计,避免了模型增加注意力模块带来的参数量过大的问题,使得改进后的模型参数量相较于YOLOv11n原始模型减少了0.48 M(约18.53%)。
结果 实验结果表明,本文算法在DIOR(object detection in optical remote sensing images)数据集上的验证中,模型参数量为2.11 M,并且与多种YOLO算法进行的目标检测实验均取得主要性能的提升。本文算法的模型参数量降低到81.47%,目标检测精度平均提高了1.9%,召回率平均提高了1.2%。此外,本文算法的NPU(neural network processing unit)推理耗时仅为14.8 ms,相对于YOLOv11n原始模型减少了4.8 ms,推理速度提升了24.49%。
结论 本文提出了一种融合多注意力机制和上下文信息的轻量化遥感图像目标检测算法,在有效降低模型参数量的同时显著提高了检测精度,为遥感图像目标检测算法的星上部署、天基遥感系统的快速在轨处理、解译及实时准确跟踪目标提供重要的技术支持。
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10.1109/CVPR52733.2024.01605], articleTitle=DETRs beat YOLOs on real-time object detection, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1249044032467444238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249044032517775888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, companyId=1249044032467444238, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2北京空间机电研究所,北京100094)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1249044040914772768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Architecture of improved YOLOv11n network, figureFileSmall=CsiUvxNQMnOvxsFq9z+PSA==, figureFileBig=85Dyn4tbsA2JXE8tshevkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044041015436067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
改进型YOLOv11n网络结构, figureFileSmall=CsiUvxNQMnOvxsFq9z+PSA==, figureFileBig=85Dyn4tbsA2JXE8tshevkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042013680458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Lightweight 2D convolutional structure(Pconv), figureFileSmall=NOuVaRlYqDk/aDGIrBWGIQ==, figureFileBig=AP54bB3Nf+GVNcrq3Sk/Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042126926670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
轻量化二维卷积结构——Pconv, figureFileSmall=NOuVaRlYqDk/aDGIrBWGIQ==, figureFileBig=AP54bB3Nf+GVNcrq3Sk/Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042269533014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Comparison of P-R curves of different algorithms on the DIOR dataset, figureFileSmall=ec8rbX2iQB3W/TDlKG59Wg==, figureFileBig=emxcMRgRg9fBSJ5mu1zjAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042370196315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同算法在DIOR数据集上P-R曲线对比, figureFileSmall=ec8rbX2iQB3W/TDlKG59Wg==, figureFileBig=emxcMRgRg9fBSJ5mu1zjAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042449888094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Heatmap visualization results of different algorithms in the ablation experiment ((a) YOLOv11n;, figureFileSmall=vcJ4XF2BiSqFpWo+Vq2T4g==, figureFileBig=1IfB6UVeZ+igJVBgys8TTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042596688741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
消融实验中不同算法的热力图可视化结果(b) YOLOv11n + CPCA;(c) ours)
, figureFileSmall=vcJ4XF2BiSqFpWo+Vq2T4g==, figureFileBig=1IfB6UVeZ+igJVBgys8TTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042777043820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Confusion matrices of different algorithms in the ablation experiment ((a) YOLOv11n;(b) YOLOv11n + CPCA;(c) ours), figureFileSmall=GyneyMsY0Z5S21civQvGww==, figureFileBig=AY+OY9vb+bjg1jz28NKIKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044042881901426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
消融实验中不同算法的混淆矩阵, figureFileSmall=GyneyMsY0Z5S21civQvGww==, figureFileBig=AY+OY9vb+bjg1jz28NKIKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044043016119160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Effect images of object detection for different algorithms((a) YOLOv8;(b) YOLOv11n;(c) ours), figureFileSmall=GMIRc3jQ0xYQKDJheN4vuw==, figureFileBig=OvpdgdaA2ClIJ2AhGNM5ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044044618343297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同算法的目标检测效果图, figureFileSmall=GMIRc3jQ0xYQKDJheN4vuw==, figureFileBig=OvpdgdaA2ClIJ2AhGNM5ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044044937110412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Comparison of different algorithms on the DIOR dataset
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| 模型 | 精确率 | 召回率 | mAP_0.5 | 参数量/M | FLOPS/B |
|---|
| YOLOv8n | 0.768 | 0.626 | 0.680 | 3.01 | 8.20 |
| YOLOv11n | 0.799 | 0.642 | 0.707 | 2.59 | 6.50 |
| YOLOv11n_CBAM | 0.804 | 0.643 | 0.709 | 2.74 | 6.60 |
| YOLOv11n_GAM | 0.811 | 0.652 | 0.720 | 3.60 | 7.90 |
| YOLOv11n_EMA | 0.804 | 0.646 | 0.710 | 2.62 | 6.70 |
| RTDETR | 0.781 | 0.648 | 0.615 | 9.42 | 16.30 |
| FFCA-YOLO | 0.792 | 0.651 | 0.620 | 1.37 | 11.20 |
| 本文 | 0.819 | 0.652 | 0.722 | 2.11 | 5.80 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044045146825622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同算法在DIOR数据集上对比
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| 模型 | 精确率 | 召回率 | mAP_0.5 | 参数量/M | FLOPS/B |
|---|
| YOLOv8n | 0.768 | 0.626 | 0.680 | 3.01 | 8.20 |
| YOLOv11n | 0.799 | 0.642 | 0.707 | 2.59 | 6.50 |
| YOLOv11n_CBAM | 0.804 | 0.643 | 0.709 | 2.74 | 6.60 |
| YOLOv11n_GAM | 0.811 | 0.652 | 0.720 | 3.60 | 7.90 |
| YOLOv11n_EMA | 0.804 | 0.646 | 0.710 | 2.62 | 6.70 |
| RTDETR | 0.781 | 0.648 | 0.615 | 9.42 | 16.30 |
| FFCA-YOLO | 0.792 | 0.651 | 0.620 | 1.37 | 11.20 |
| 本文 | 0.819 | 0.652 | 0.722 | 2.11 | 5.80 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044045297820573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
NPU hardware configuration
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| 硬件开发环境 |
|---|
| 处理器 | ArmCortex-A55 8-Core 1.6GHZ |
| 内存 | 8 GB |
| NPU | 2-CoreAscend310 |
| 操作系统 | Ubuntu18.04 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044045453009828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
NPU硬件配置
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| 硬件开发环境 |
|---|
| 处理器 | ArmCortex-A55 8-Core 1.6GHZ |
| 内存 | 8 GB |
| NPU | 2-CoreAscend310 |
| 操作系统 | Ubuntu18.04 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044045587227563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
NPU inference process steps
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 推理步骤 | 推理过程 |
|---|
| 步骤1 | 安装模型权重pt文件、PyTorch库、CANN算子包等推理环境 |
| 步骤2 | 权重文件转换和数据处理 |
| 步骤3 | 处理后数据传入加载模型,对其进行推理,生成结果数据 |
| 步骤4 | 将推理的结果数据进行后处理,并与GPU的推理结果进行对比,若精度与GPU的推理结果相同,则证明模型部署成功 |
| 步骤5 | 性能测试,通过测试模型的推理速度以验证模型的性能 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044045713056690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
NPU推理过程步骤
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 推理步骤 | 推理过程 |
|---|
| 步骤1 | 安装模型权重pt文件、PyTorch库、CANN算子包等推理环境 |
| 步骤2 | 权重文件转换和数据处理 |
| 步骤3 | 处理后数据传入加载模型,对其进行推理,生成结果数据 |
| 步骤4 | 将推理的结果数据进行后处理,并与GPU的推理结果进行对比,若精度与GPU的推理结果相同,则证明模型部署成功 |
| 步骤5 | 性能测试,通过测试模型的推理速度以验证模型的性能 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044045889217471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
NPU inference time
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | NPU推理时间/ms | 精确率 | 召回率 |
|---|
| YOLOv11n | 19.6 | 0.799 | 0.642 |
| 本文 | 14.8 | 0.819 | 0.652 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046061183942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
NPU推理时间
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | NPU推理时间/ms | 精确率 | 召回率 |
|---|
| YOLOv11n | 19.6 | 0.799 | 0.642 |
| 本文 | 14.8 | 0.819 | 0.652 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046275093455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Ablation experimental results
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| 模型 | 精确率 | 召回率 | mAP_0.5 | 参数量/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| YOLOv11n | 0.799 | 0.642 | 0.707 | 2.59 | 6.5 |
| YOLOv11n + CPCA | 0.819 | 0.652 | 0.722 | 2.77 | 7.1 |
| YOLOv11n + Pconv | 0.801 | 0.643 | 0.708 | 2.03 | 5.1 |
| 本文 | 0.818 | 0.654 | 0.722 | 2.11 | 5.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046484808662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 精确率 | 召回率 | mAP_0.5 | 参数量/M | 计算量/GFLOPs |
|---|
| YOLOv11n | 0.799 | 0.642 | 0.707 | 2.59 | 6.5 |
| YOLOv11n + CPCA | 0.819 | 0.652 | 0.722 | 2.77 | 7.1 |
| YOLOv11n + Pconv | 0.801 | 0.643 | 0.708 | 2.03 | 5.1 |
| 本文 | 0.818 | 0.654 | 0.722 | 2.11 | 5.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046589666267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=
The mAP_0.5 of different algorithms
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| 目标类型 | YOLOv8 | YOLOv11n | 本文算法 |
|---|
| 机动车 | 0.545 | 0.550 | 0.558 |
| 船 | 0.926 | 0.926 | 0.928 |
| 飞机 | 0.744 | 0.741 | 0.817 |
| 操场 | 0.752 | 0.781 | 0.797 |
| 港口 | 0.541 | 0.560 | 0.599 |
), ArticleFig(id=1249044046707106785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017544110483, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
不同算法的mAP_0.5
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| 目标类型 | YOLOv8 | YOLOv11n | 本文算法 |
|---|
| 机动车 | 0.545 | 0.550 | 0.558 |
| 船 | 0.926 | 0.926 | 0.928 |
| 飞机 | 0.744 | 0.741 | 0.817 |
| 操场 | 0.752 | 0.781 | 0.797 |
| 港口 | 0.541 | 0.560 | 0.599 |
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