Article(id=1249044017405698449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.240591, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743350400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-31, revisedDate=1747065600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775724899864, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1765814400000, pubDateStr=2025-12-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775724899864, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775724899864, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775724899864, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249044006114628363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2025', volume='30', issue='12', pageStart='3707', pageEnd='3968', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775724897161, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775726353303, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249050113662984471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249050113667178776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1249044006114628363, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3941, endPage=3954, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249044020111024543, articleId=1249044017405698449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Segmented dental arch line design based on Hermite interpolation function, columnId=1249044020010361246, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Medical Image Processing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

In recent years, rapid advancements in digital technology have positioned digital orthodontics as a critical research focus within the field of dentistry. Among the numerous challenges encountered during orthodontic treatment, designing an accurate dental arch line is fundamental for precisely calculating the target positions of teeth after treatment. The dental arch line should not only follow the natural growth patterns of the teeth but also satisfy aesthetic and functional requirements essential for optimal orthodontic outcomes. However, current automated tooth alignment methods typically model the dental arch line using Beta functions, which are inherently limited by their restricted degrees of freedom. This limitation often prevents these methods from generating curves that accurately capture the ideal dental arch form, especially when dealing with complex or irregular tooth arrangements. Moreover, orthodontists frequently require customized dental arch lines tailored to each patient’s unique oral condition. However, arch lines fitted solely from the patient’s initial intraoral scan may not always align with therapeutic or aesthetic expectations, necessitating labor-intensive manual adjustments. These challenges highlight the need for a flexible and precise approach to dental arch line design that effectively meets clinical standards and patient-specific requirements. Aiming to address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel dental arch line fitting method based on cumulative chord length parameterization combined with Hermite interpolation. This approach aims to enhance control over the dental arch shape, improve fitting accuracy, and provide orthodontists with a highly effective and efficient tool for designing and adjusting dental arch lines during orthodontic treatment planning.

Method

The proposed method begins by inputting the patient’s intraoral scan data, which undergoes a series of preprocessing steps to ensure data quality and consistency. A tooth segmentation algorithm is then applied to accurately isolate each individual tooth, following internationally recognized dental segmentation standards. After segmentation, a landmark detection algorithm is employed to extract key landmarks from each tooth, capturing essential geometric and morphological features. These landmarks serve as the foundation for subsequent dental arch line fitting. Aiming to facilitate the interpolation process, the extracted landmarks are initially reparameterized using cumulative chord length parameterization. This process generates a naturally distributed set of interpolation points along the dental arch by accounting for the varying distances between adjacent landmarks, thereby preserving the true spatial relationships among teeth. Subsequently, Hermite interpolation is employed to construct the dental arch line through the parameterized points. By incorporating position and tangent information, Hermite interpolation enables the construction of smooth, continuous curves with enhanced local control. Aiming to ensure fitting accuracy and smoothness, a coefficient matrix is constructed to formulate a system of linear equations. Solving this system yields the final dental arch line, represented as a piecewise continuous function. This piecewise structure allows for precise local adjustments, making the method particularly effectively for accommodating complicated or irregular tooth arrangements. Furthermore, this paper introduces two new mathematical evaluation metrics: the mean shortest distance and the maximum shortest distance between the extracted landmarks and the fitted curve. These metrics offer an objective and robust means of assessing how accurately the generated dental arch line conforms to the patient’s actual dental morphology.

Result

The proposed fitting method, which integrates cumulative chord length parameterization with Hermite interpolation, exhibits substantial improvements over traditional approaches in dental arch line fitting. First, compared to conventional Beta function-based methods, the proposed approach offers substantially greater flexibility by allowing the inclusion of additional control points. This increased degree of freedom directly addresses the limitations of Beta functions, particularly their inability to support localized shape modifications. The resulting dental arch line provides orthodontists with the flexibility to manually adjust specific, predefined control points, enabling localized adjustments tailored to individual patient needs. The proposed method excels in offering excellent controllability for global and local morphology adjustments of the dental arch line while maintaining high accuracy and smoothness across all regions, attributed to the use of its piecewise functional structure. Experimental evaluations further highlight the advantages of the proposed method. Qualitative analyses show that the generated curves more naturally align with actual dental arch shapes than those produced by conventional methods. Quantitative results, assessed using the proposed shortest distance-based evaluation metrics, confirm a notable improvement in fitting accuracy and alignment with natural tooth arrangements. Additionally, the proposed method enhances clinical flexibility, allowing orthodontists to efficiently adjust the dental arch line by manipulating a limited number of control points, minimizing the need for extensive manual corrections. In practical scenarios, the proposed fitting method is integrated into an existing automated tooth alignment system. This integration led to noticeably improved orthodontic outcomes, further validating the practical effectiveness and clinical applicability of the proposed method.

Conclusion

Compared to existing dental arch fitting methods, the proposed method based on cumulative chord length parameterization and Hermite interpolation demonstrates clear advantages in fitting accuracy and flexibility. This method effectively addresses key limitations of traditional approaches, such as difficulty in achieving an ideal dental arch line and limited adaptability to patient-specific variations. By notably increasing the degrees of freedom and enhancing the controllability of the fitting function, the method produces dental arch lines that are not only smooth and accurate but also highly customizable to meet the diverse clinical requirements of modern orthodontic practice. Furthermore, the introduction of quantitative evaluation metrics offers a systematic and objective framework for assessing fitting quality, ensuring that the resulting dental arch lines are aesthetically aligned and functionally sound. Beyond its technical advantages, the method also improves clinical efficiency by reducing the time and effort typically required for dental arch adjustments during treatment planning. Overall, the proposed method offers strong technical support for the advancement of digital orthodontics and holds substantial potential for broader clinical adoption. This paper establishes a solid foundation for further innovations in automated orthodontic treatment systems, opening new possibilities for personalized and precise dental care.

, correspAuthors=Yuanfeng Zhou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weijie Liu, Long Ma, Guangshun Wei, Yeying Fan, Yuanfeng Zhou), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249044032425501196, articleId=1249044017405698449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=基于Hermite插值函数的分段式牙弓线设计, columnId=1249044020266213792, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=医学图像处理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

近年来,数字化口腔正畸备受关注,其中牙弓线设计是计算牙齿目标位的关键。现有方法多采用Beta函数拟合牙弓线,但由于自由度的限制使其难以拟合出代表理想牙弓形态的牙弓线。为此,本文提出通过累加弦长参数化并基于Hermite插值函数的牙弓线拟合方法,以提高牙弓线拟合的精度和灵活性。

方法

首先,使用牙齿分割技术得到每颗牙齿的数据,并通过牙齿特征点检测方法得到对应牙齿的特征点。其次,选取指定牙齿的特征点,采用累加弦长参数化方法确定最终插值点。最后,通过构建待定系数矩阵,确定方程组,拟合出以分段函数表示的牙弓线。此外,本文基于特征点与拟合牙弓线之间的最短距离,提出两种评估数学函数拟合牙弓线能力的指标。

结果

本文方法克服了Beta函数原有的局限性,具有较强的可控性。医生可以通过调整控制点,拟合出符合正畸需求的理想牙弓线。各项评价指标均显示,本文方法优于对比的常用方法。此外,将本文方法拟合的牙弓线应用于现有的牙齿正畸自动排列方法中,验证结果显示正畸效果显著提升。

结论

本文方法拟合牙弓线的精度以及灵活性均优于对比方法,能够有效解决理想牙弓线拟合难的问题,为后续牙齿正畸治疗提供了帮助。

, correspAuthors=周元峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周元峰
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刘伟杰,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为几何分析、机器学习。E-mail:

周元峰,通信作者,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为几何造型、计算几何、图像处理及医学影像处理。E-mail:

马龙,男,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为几何建模和物理仿真。E-mail:

魏广顺,男,副研究员,主要研究方向为机器学习、图像处理及几何分析。E-mail:

范业莹,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为深度学习、几何处理及医学影像处理。E-mail:

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周元峰,通信作者,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为几何造型、计算几何、图像处理及医学影像处理。E-mail:

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范业莹,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为深度学习、几何处理及医学影像处理。E-mail:

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范业莹,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为深度学习、几何处理及医学影像处理。E-mail:

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function;(b) fitting with proposed method)

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(b) ours), figureFileSmall=ZOT3g0JB1o9dqiBGDJfT6A==, figureFileBig=9RAlCKGolV21vr25ws1KQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044046262510542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017405698449, language=CN, label=图10, caption=杨俊铄等人(2022)方法与本文方法对比, figureFileSmall=ZOT3g0JB1o9dqiBGDJfT6A==, figureFileBig=9RAlCKGolV21vr25ws1KQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044046472225749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017405698449, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Hermite fitted dental arch line with adjustment, figureFileSmall=FgRMFrG89tMGIneT0N4CAQ==, figureFileBig=zIbpNrE3u55vGb75jHyL3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044046581277658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017405698449, language=CN, label=图11, caption=Hermite拟合牙弓线与调整

((a) before arch line adjustment;

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((a) cusp selection; (b) comparison between cusp and

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different methods

, figureFileSmall=HpzqdF0+Y3cGDC3k4aosVw==, figureFileBig=mUAwRBt6QICmasFXvzgnhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249044049160773640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1249044017405698449, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Data analysis of the initial data fit to the dental arch line

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方法CUmean-dist/mmCUacc/0.5 mmCUacc /1.0 mmCUacc/1.5 mm
Beta3.3710.7318.2124.46
B样条0.8454.5565.2075.69
杨俊铄等人(2022)1.0549.0161.1372.84
本文0.5166.4481.4891.36
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初始数据拟合牙弓线的数据分析

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方法CUmean-dist/mmCUacc/0.5 mmCUacc /1.0 mmCUacc/1.5 mm
Beta3.3710.7318.2124.46
B样条0.8454.5565.2075.69
杨俊铄等人(2022)1.0549.0161.1372.84
本文0.5166.4481.4891.36
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基于Hermite插值函数的分段式牙弓线设计
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刘伟杰 , 马龙 , 魏广顺 , 范业莹 , 周元峰 *
中国图象图形学报 | 医学图像处理 2025,30(12): 3941-3954
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中国图象图形学报 | 医学图像处理 2025, 30(12): 3941-3954
基于Hermite插值函数的分段式牙弓线设计
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刘伟杰 , 马龙 , 魏广顺 , 范业莹 , 周元峰*
作者信息
  • 1山东大学软件学院,济南250101
  • 刘伟杰,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为几何分析、机器学习。E-mail:

    周元峰,通信作者,男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为几何造型、计算几何、图像处理及医学影像处理。E-mail:

    马龙,男,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为几何建模和物理仿真。E-mail:

    魏广顺,男,副研究员,主要研究方向为机器学习、图像处理及几何分析。E-mail:

    范业莹,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为深度学习、几何处理及医学影像处理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

Segmented dental arch line design based on Hermite interpolation function
Weijie Liu , Long Ma , Guangshun Wei , Yeying Fan , Yuanfeng Zhou*
Affiliations
  • 1School of Software, Shandong University,Jinan250101,China
出版时间: 2025-12-16 doi: 10.11834/jig.240591
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目的

近年来,数字化口腔正畸备受关注,其中牙弓线设计是计算牙齿目标位的关键。现有方法多采用Beta函数拟合牙弓线,但由于自由度的限制使其难以拟合出代表理想牙弓形态的牙弓线。为此,本文提出通过累加弦长参数化并基于Hermite插值函数的牙弓线拟合方法,以提高牙弓线拟合的精度和灵活性。

方法

首先,使用牙齿分割技术得到每颗牙齿的数据,并通过牙齿特征点检测方法得到对应牙齿的特征点。其次,选取指定牙齿的特征点,采用累加弦长参数化方法确定最终插值点。最后,通过构建待定系数矩阵,确定方程组,拟合出以分段函数表示的牙弓线。此外,本文基于特征点与拟合牙弓线之间的最短距离,提出两种评估数学函数拟合牙弓线能力的指标。

结果

本文方法克服了Beta函数原有的局限性,具有较强的可控性。医生可以通过调整控制点,拟合出符合正畸需求的理想牙弓线。各项评价指标均显示,本文方法优于对比的常用方法。此外,将本文方法拟合的牙弓线应用于现有的牙齿正畸自动排列方法中,验证结果显示正畸效果显著提升。

结论

本文方法拟合牙弓线的精度以及灵活性均优于对比方法,能够有效解决理想牙弓线拟合难的问题,为后续牙齿正畸治疗提供了帮助。

牙弓线  /  Hermite插值  /  牙齿正畸  /  参数化  /  分段函数
Objective

In recent years, rapid advancements in digital technology have positioned digital orthodontics as a critical research focus within the field of dentistry. Among the numerous challenges encountered during orthodontic treatment, designing an accurate dental arch line is fundamental for precisely calculating the target positions of teeth after treatment. The dental arch line should not only follow the natural growth patterns of the teeth but also satisfy aesthetic and functional requirements essential for optimal orthodontic outcomes. However, current automated tooth alignment methods typically model the dental arch line using Beta functions, which are inherently limited by their restricted degrees of freedom. This limitation often prevents these methods from generating curves that accurately capture the ideal dental arch form, especially when dealing with complex or irregular tooth arrangements. Moreover, orthodontists frequently require customized dental arch lines tailored to each patient’s unique oral condition. However, arch lines fitted solely from the patient’s initial intraoral scan may not always align with therapeutic or aesthetic expectations, necessitating labor-intensive manual adjustments. These challenges highlight the need for a flexible and precise approach to dental arch line design that effectively meets clinical standards and patient-specific requirements. Aiming to address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel dental arch line fitting method based on cumulative chord length parameterization combined with Hermite interpolation. This approach aims to enhance control over the dental arch shape, improve fitting accuracy, and provide orthodontists with a highly effective and efficient tool for designing and adjusting dental arch lines during orthodontic treatment planning.

Method

The proposed method begins by inputting the patient’s intraoral scan data, which undergoes a series of preprocessing steps to ensure data quality and consistency. A tooth segmentation algorithm is then applied to accurately isolate each individual tooth, following internationally recognized dental segmentation standards. After segmentation, a landmark detection algorithm is employed to extract key landmarks from each tooth, capturing essential geometric and morphological features. These landmarks serve as the foundation for subsequent dental arch line fitting. Aiming to facilitate the interpolation process, the extracted landmarks are initially reparameterized using cumulative chord length parameterization. This process generates a naturally distributed set of interpolation points along the dental arch by accounting for the varying distances between adjacent landmarks, thereby preserving the true spatial relationships among teeth. Subsequently, Hermite interpolation is employed to construct the dental arch line through the parameterized points. By incorporating position and tangent information, Hermite interpolation enables the construction of smooth, continuous curves with enhanced local control. Aiming to ensure fitting accuracy and smoothness, a coefficient matrix is constructed to formulate a system of linear equations. Solving this system yields the final dental arch line, represented as a piecewise continuous function. This piecewise structure allows for precise local adjustments, making the method particularly effectively for accommodating complicated or irregular tooth arrangements. Furthermore, this paper introduces two new mathematical evaluation metrics: the mean shortest distance and the maximum shortest distance between the extracted landmarks and the fitted curve. These metrics offer an objective and robust means of assessing how accurately the generated dental arch line conforms to the patient’s actual dental morphology.

Result

The proposed fitting method, which integrates cumulative chord length parameterization with Hermite interpolation, exhibits substantial improvements over traditional approaches in dental arch line fitting. First, compared to conventional Beta function-based methods, the proposed approach offers substantially greater flexibility by allowing the inclusion of additional control points. This increased degree of freedom directly addresses the limitations of Beta functions, particularly their inability to support localized shape modifications. The resulting dental arch line provides orthodontists with the flexibility to manually adjust specific, predefined control points, enabling localized adjustments tailored to individual patient needs. The proposed method excels in offering excellent controllability for global and local morphology adjustments of the dental arch line while maintaining high accuracy and smoothness across all regions, attributed to the use of its piecewise functional structure. Experimental evaluations further highlight the advantages of the proposed method. Qualitative analyses show that the generated curves more naturally align with actual dental arch shapes than those produced by conventional methods. Quantitative results, assessed using the proposed shortest distance-based evaluation metrics, confirm a notable improvement in fitting accuracy and alignment with natural tooth arrangements. Additionally, the proposed method enhances clinical flexibility, allowing orthodontists to efficiently adjust the dental arch line by manipulating a limited number of control points, minimizing the need for extensive manual corrections. In practical scenarios, the proposed fitting method is integrated into an existing automated tooth alignment system. This integration led to noticeably improved orthodontic outcomes, further validating the practical effectiveness and clinical applicability of the proposed method.

Conclusion

Compared to existing dental arch fitting methods, the proposed method based on cumulative chord length parameterization and Hermite interpolation demonstrates clear advantages in fitting accuracy and flexibility. This method effectively addresses key limitations of traditional approaches, such as difficulty in achieving an ideal dental arch line and limited adaptability to patient-specific variations. By notably increasing the degrees of freedom and enhancing the controllability of the fitting function, the method produces dental arch lines that are not only smooth and accurate but also highly customizable to meet the diverse clinical requirements of modern orthodontic practice. Furthermore, the introduction of quantitative evaluation metrics offers a systematic and objective framework for assessing fitting quality, ensuring that the resulting dental arch lines are aesthetically aligned and functionally sound. Beyond its technical advantages, the method also improves clinical efficiency by reducing the time and effort typically required for dental arch adjustments during treatment planning. Overall, the proposed method offers strong technical support for the advancement of digital orthodontics and holds substantial potential for broader clinical adoption. This paper establishes a solid foundation for further innovations in automated orthodontic treatment systems, opening new possibilities for personalized and precise dental care.

dental arch line  /  Hermite interpolation  /  orthodontic treatment  /  parameterization  /  piecewise function
刘伟杰, 马龙, 魏广顺, 范业莹, 周元峰. 基于Hermite插值函数的分段式牙弓线设计. 中国图象图形学报, 2025 , 30 (12) : 3941 -3954 . DOI: 10.11834/jig.240591
Weijie Liu, Long Ma, Guangshun Wei, Yeying Fan, Yuanfeng Zhou. Segmented dental arch line design based on Hermite interpolation function[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2025 , 30 (12) : 3941 -3954 . DOI: 10.11834/jig.240591
牙弓线是指上颌及下颌牙齿排列形成的弧形线条,其形状和结构不仅影响咬合关系和口腔功能,还直接关系到面部美观。牙弓线的设计是口腔正畸治疗过程中的关键环节之一,设计一条合理的牙弓线能够正确引导牙齿的移动(李彬杰,2010仲哲,2012),有助于达到更加理想的咬合关系和美学效果。拟合合适的牙弓线不仅有助于深入理解牙弓结构和功能,还能为临床实践提供更好的个性化诊疗工具。通过技术创新和标准化应用,拟合牙弓线的方法在数字化正畸中发挥越来越重要的作用。
牙弓线的设计需要考虑患者的个体差异、牙齿的位置和形态以及治疗的期望目标,因此具有高度的个性化和专业化。现有牙弓线设计方法往往依赖于足够的临床经验和手工操作,存在设计复杂度高、效率低下和个性化程度不足等问题。如图1(a)所示,Beta函数(Braun等,1998)等现有方法由于函数自由度较低,导致在牙齿初始位置较差情况下没有良好适配性,生成的牙弓线和实际的牙齿排列差距较大。因此,现有方法生成的牙弓线难以精确预测牙齿的移动轨迹。同时,在对已生成牙弓线调整时,Beta函数等现有方法交互性较差,难以通过调整参数达到调整局部牙弓线的效果,容易导致在正畸过程中使用并非最合适的牙弓线,造成方案设计周期较长和实际治疗效果不稳定等问题。
针对现有方法自由度较低以及可控性较差等问题,本文提出通过累加弦长参数化并基于Hermite插值函数拟合牙弓线的方法。首先对数据点进行参数化,之后利用数学插值原理,分析牙齿特征点的位置信息和导数信息,生成平滑且连续的牙弓线。该方法能够避免现有方法拟合的牙弓线适用性差等问题,提高口腔正畸治疗的精准度和效率。本文方法拟合的牙弓线如图1(b)所示,可以发现该牙弓线更加贴合真实的牙齿排列情况。经过实验验证以及专业医生反馈表明,本文提出的方法在正畸治疗中不仅能够生成更加适合正畸人群的复杂牙弓线,还可以通过灵活的交互方式对已生成的牙弓线进行调整,从而生成符合正畸牙齿所需的理想牙弓线,增强患者的满意度。
本文的主要创新如下:1)首次提出将累加弦长参数化与分段Hermite插值相结合的方法用于牙弓线拟合,解决了已有数学函数以及深度学习方法拟合牙弓线时存在的全局性限制以及临床适用性差等难题,同时对牙齿正畸排列方法起到优化作用。2)分段式的牙弓线设计,在保证拟合牙弓线平滑的基础上实现了交互式的控制点调整方案,为医生提供了更为高效便捷的牙弓线设计方法,增强临床适用性。3)提出两种用于评估牙弓线拟合能力的指标,经实验对比与医生评估表明,本文方法优于目前最新的牙弓线拟合方法,为医生后续的正畸方案设计提供了有效帮助。
在最近工作中,有许多数学函数被提出作为牙弓线拟合的数学模型(韩晓和蔡中,1998)。其中,由单个参数定义的模型并不能准确地描述牙弓的实际形态(Felton等,1987)。近些年的研究表明,牙弓线可以用Beta函数(Braun等,1998)在数学上较为准确地表示。在已有的正畸排列工作中(李占利 等,2019靳继红和李丽,2017),大部分都是在Beta函数拟合的牙弓线的基础上设计牙齿正畸方案。尽管孟静等人(2011)给出了影响Beta函数拟合曲线的主要决定因素,但是由于Beta函数的全局性特点,难以对其拟合的牙弓线内的某一局部形状进行单独调整。此外,在牙齿排列较复杂的情况下,使用Beta函数或其他多项式函数的方法并不能精确拟合出所有的牙弓形态,在相邻牙齿位置变化较大处问题显得尤为突出,这会导致在正畸过程中使用不合理的牙弓线,造成实际治疗效果差等问题。针对Beta函数不能适配多种牙弓形状的问题,彭武杰等人(2023)对先前方法进行更新,基于三维牙颌模型使用四次多项式进行牙弓线的拟合。Noroozi等人(2001)通过计算每个牙弓的相关系数及其对应的六阶多项式函数来补充Beta函数。这种方式虽然能够在一定程度上弥补使用Beta函数不能满足的情况,但仍存在多项式函数的弊端。多项式函数是个全局性函数,对于某一点的调整,全局受其影响较大,用这种方法拟合的牙弓线的局部调整能力非常差。
除了直接使用数学函数方法之外,葛闪等人(2015)提出一种半自动交互式提取网格模型特征线的新方法,首先选取若干特征点连接生成初始特征线,再对初始特征线进行均匀采样,然后在每个采样点的周围寻找最大平均曲率点作为新的特征点替代原始采样点,最后用新的特征点拟合B样条曲线。包雷等人(2024)基于图的动态卷积神经网络将输入的牙齿点云数据中各个点抽象为图的顶点,利用边的向量将顶点与其邻域内的点相连,通过池化处理集成邻域信息后输出关键解剖标志点结果,然后利用每颗牙齿的颊侧切端两个关键点作为约束使用B样条函数拟合牙弓线。程筱胜等人(2008)提出半自动化在三角网格模型上提取牙弓线的方法,首先在模型上提取4个参照点构建咬合平面,然后使用顶点法向和咬合平面作为参考,筛选初始特征点并拟合初始牙弓线,再以初始牙弓线作为新的参考依据筛选出最终特征点,最后使用最终特征点拟合得到最终牙弓线。张长东等人(2012)提出一种基于启发式搜索策略的牙齿生物特征线提取技术。首先分析牙齿预备体三角网格模型的特征信息,其次在提取过程中设计启发函数评估最优特征点,自适应地提取生物特征线,并对提取结果进行形态优化以保证提取质量。王奇峰(2009)提出一种在三角网格牙颌模型上快速精确探测牙弓线的方法,该方法通过手动标记4个特征点确定咬合平面,然后利用模型的曲率极值特性搜索特征点,根据法线夹角作为条件筛选初始候选点,经过优化由最终保留的特征点拟合牙弓线。杨俊铄等人(2022)利用深度学习的方法提取个性化牙弓线,首先分析牙弓的分布形态,利用网络模型对牙列点云进行分割,并采用多项式样条曲线拟合的方法构建牙弓线。
对于现有的这些方法,使用数学函数直接拟合牙弓线的方法虽然较为简便,但在牙齿排列较差情况下,拟合效果大幅缩减。对于利用特征提取以及深度学习方法拟合的牙弓线而言,虽然拟合的牙弓线能够很好地代表牙齿的排列情况,但存在拟合完成后便无法对牙弓线进行调整的问题。
在牙弓形态方面,较为理想的牙弓形态可根据其形状特点归纳为几种类型,自然对齐良好的牙弓形状大致分为尖圆形、卵圆形和方圆形(杨新海和曾祥龙,1997)。如图2所示,按照ISO标准牙齿编号系统,良好牙弓主要是针对双侧前牙(5-5)(Grace,2000)围成的形状,对于5号牙之后的牙弓情况则需要根据牙齿整体排列情况进一步考虑。
如果仅使用Beta函数或高阶多项式拟合牙弓线,在调整前牙或后牙区域以达到理想牙弓形态时,牙弓线的全局形态都会受到影响,无法满足医生对牙弓线局部区域单独调整的需求。本文提出的方法利用累加参数化对初始数据进行处理,并基于Hermite插值函数进行牙弓线拟合,在调整拟合的前牙牙弓线时,对后牙部分造成的影响非常小,调整后牙时对前牙的影响也是如此。因此,本文方法能够很好地解决现有拟合方法存在的问题。
针对现有方法的局限性等问题,本文提出一种新的牙弓线拟合方法,拟合的牙弓线能够更好地适配各种牙齿弓形,满足正畸过程中对牙弓线需求的多种挑战性任务。本文的算法流程如图3所示。为了较好反映牙齿的几何排列形状以及牙弓线的灵活控制,在获取牙齿口扫模型后,首先通过数据预处理流程获得牙齿分割结果以及每颗牙齿上的特征点数据,之后通过选取指定特征点并对其进行累加弦长参数化处理得到用于拟合牙弓线的7个插值点,最后采用Hermite插值函数的方法进行拟合,最终得到一条分段且可控的牙弓线。
与现有方法不同,本文方法首次在牙弓线设计中引入累加弦长参数化与分段Hermite插值相组合。累加弦长参数化通过动态分配参数间隔,解决了传统等距参数化在牙齿排列不均时的拟合失真问题;而分段Hermite插值通过构建稀疏矩阵和局部导数约束,在保证全局平滑性的同时,拟合出更适用于临床使用的牙弓线。同时,拟合的分段式牙弓线允许医生通过调整控制点实现局部形态的快速优化。实验表明,本文方法克服了Beta函数、B样条以及基于深度学习的方法(杨俊铄 等,2022)在复杂病例中拟合精度差、数据质量依赖性高、交互性差等问题。
医疗检查时,通过医疗扫描设备得到的牙齿口扫模型是整套牙齿,缺少每颗牙齿的独立数据,因此需要先通过分割得到每颗牙齿的对应数据,才能准确进行牙齿特征点检测以及后续正畸治疗。在现有牙齿分割方法中(吴婷和张礼兵,2018李占利 等,2020Zhuang等,2025),本文采用Zhuang等人(2025)的方法完成牙齿分割,从而获得每颗牙齿的数据。如图4所示,牙齿特征点(Andrews,1972)是指在牙齿上可用于识别和定位的特殊点,通常包括接触点(黄色)、尖点(绿色)、咬合点(红色)、面轴点(蓝色)。牙齿特征点对于牙科诊断、治疗规划和牙齿矫正(Wang等,2024)等方面具有重要意义。根据医生对牙弓线的拟合建议,本文方法针对上牙牙弓线的拟合使用对应牙齿的咬合点,下牙牙弓线使用对应牙齿的外侧尖点。通过前文所述的牙齿分割方法得到每颗牙齿的数据之后,本文使用Wei等人(2022)的特征点检测方法获取每颗牙的特征点。
图1(b)所示,综合考虑牙弓线拟合效果以及后续使用的方便性,本文方法使用7个插值点用于牙弓线拟合,其参数信息完全是由图4中牙齿上的特征点计算得到。对于下牙牙弓线的拟合,具体使用两侧中切牙尖点计算得到的中间点、两侧尖牙颊侧尖点、两侧第二前磨牙颊侧尖点和两侧第二磨牙颊侧远中尖点。上牙牙弓线的插值点则是使用对应牙齿的咬合点。对于一些会导致插值点缺失的特殊情况,例如缺牙,则根据对称位置牙齿相应特征点的数据进行计算。当数据出现严重缺失时,例如两侧对称位置的牙齿均不存在,则根据离其位置最近牙齿的相应特征点进行替代。
累加弦长参数化是一种广泛应用于计算机图形学(倪明田和吴良芝,2003)和数值分析的技术,主要目的在于对一系列离散点进行有效的参数化,从而生成平滑且自然的曲线。这种方法通过累积几何距离的方式确定各点的参数值,通过这种方式有效解决了传统等距参数化方法可能带来的不均匀性和曲线变形等问题。具体为
ti=ti-1+Pi-1Pi,  i=1, 2, 3,
式中,t0 = 0, Pi-1PiPi-1Pi表示相邻两点之间的欧氏距离。
鉴于该方法的优势,本文方法在牙弓线拟合之前,首先对选取的特征点进行累加弦长参数化得到插值点。通过这种预处理方式,本文方法不仅可以在拟合时更精确地描述牙弓线的形态,还能够计算牙弓线的长度,为后续依据牙弓线进行自动排牙提供方便,并能保持其在相邻点之间的连续性和自然性,提高拟合的准确性和效率。
Hermite插值是一种常用的插值方法,通常用于生成曲线或曲面(李军成 等,2014)。与其他插值方法不同,Hermite插值不仅考虑插值点处的函数值,还考虑对应点处的导数值,从而能够更精确地拟合数据。其基本思想是通过给定插值点的函数值和导数值构建插值多项式,从而得到一个满足这些条件的平滑曲线或曲面,即
p(xi)=f(xi)i=0,, np(k)(xi)=f(k)(xi)i=0,, n; k=0,1,, pi
满足以上两个插值条件的多项式px)为fx)的Hermite插值。
参数Hermite插值则是通过给定一系列参数t1t2,…,tn及其对应的插值点(x1y1),(x2y2),…,(xnyn),同时给出这些点的导数x'(ti)和y'(ti),构造分段多项式xt)和yt),使得曲线在每个插值点都满足函数值和导数的要求。利用Hermite插值方法的特点,本文方法不仅可以确保拟合的牙弓线经过给定插值点,还可以保证曲线在这些点处的切线方向和曲率的变化更加平滑,以适应复杂多样的牙弓形态。这种特性使得Hermite插值方法在拟合牙弓线时优于其他方法,能够更好地表示牙弓形态的变化,还为牙齿正畸等应用提供了更为可靠的技术保障。
在Hermite插值函数的构建过程中,通常需要给定一组插值点(P0P1⋯,Pn)以及这些点处关于x的函数值fxi)和导数值f '(xi)。通过2.2节介绍的方法得到的牙齿特征点数据仅是特征点的坐标数据,并没有该点的导数信息。为了解决该问题,本文方法在插值函数求解时采用解非齐次线性方程组的方式。在构建方程组的导数关系式时,只需将插值点两侧的导数信息设置为相反数即可。这种方法使得在插值函数的拟合过程中只需插值点的位置信息,无需指定插值点的导数信息就能够完成函数的拟合。
图5展示了一条由7个插值点拟合而成的牙弓线。这7个点将整条曲线分为6段,在拟合时对于每一段曲线都有一个独立的函数表达式。为保证拟合的精度和稳定性,在使用Hermite插值函数进行牙弓线拟合之前,首先对原始数据点进行累加弦长参数化。具体而言,为每个点Pi引入一个参数ti,其中t0 = 0,而后的tit0开始逐步累加各段弦长,即式(1)。这种预处理的方式可将插值点(xy)的坐标值转换为关于参数t的函数。在每段曲线的拟合过程中,使用二次函数拟合两端的曲线段,而中间部分则使用三次函数。最终,通过待定系数法求解每段曲线的函数表达式,牙弓线的整体表达式为
F(X(t),Y(t))=A0+B0t+C0t2                    t[t0,t1]Ai+Bit+Cit2+Dit3      t[ti, ti+1]                                      i{1,, n-2}An-1t+Bn-1t+Cn-1t2  t[tn-1, tn]
获得各段曲线函数的表达式后,只需求解出每段函数的待定系数即可得到最终的牙弓线。在求解过程中,本文采用Hermite插值方法的思想,通过构造系数矩阵并求解非齐次线性方程组,求得每段函数的待定系数。系数矩阵由式(3)中的函数系数、一阶导函数系数、二阶导函数系数组成。求解时,首先将ti代入每段函数表达式,对不经过titi点的函数表达式,其系数值设置为0,将这些系数拼成一行即为方程组等号左边的一行,共有4n - 6个系数值,而等号右边的对应值就是插值点的坐标值。将所有ti值代入之后,函数表达式的系数值共构成2n - 2行。根据上述思想,将各段函数表达式进行求导,可得到一阶导函数的方程组。为了保证曲线的平滑度和连续性,对于每个相邻段的端点(例如t1点),要求该点的左导数与右导数相等。因此,在构建导数关系式时,将表达式两侧的导数值设置为相反数,等号右侧的导数值为0。这样在求解非齐次线性方程组时,能够保证方程的正确性,也能够完美解决利用Hermite插值方法需要添加导数值信息的问题。此时,一阶导数条件共计n - 2行。同理,通过二次求导得到的二阶导数条件共形成n - 2行。最终,构建出一个(4n - 6) × (4n - 6)的系数矩阵,并得到要求解的非齐次线性方程组。由于构造的系数矩阵具有稀疏矩阵的特性,使得本文方法在确保求解精度的同时降低了计算复杂度,从而有效提升了牙弓线拟合的实时性。这里,取n = 4进行方程组展示,等号右侧fi指插值点处XY的值。
1t0t0200000001t1t1200000000001t1t12t130000001t2t22t2300000000001t2t2200000001t3t32012t10-1-2t1-3t12000000012t23t220-1-2t200200-2-6t10000000026t200-2A0B0C0A1B1C1D1A2B2C2=f0f1f1f2f2f30000
根据以上构造完成的系数矩阵,以各段函数的待定系数作为求解变量,并将插值点XY的坐标值和导数值作为等式右侧的值。在自由度与约束条件数量相同时,方程组在一般情况下有唯一解。通常只有在存在两点重合时才会出现无解的情况,而插值点是由多颗牙齿上的特征点计算得到,不存在重合的情况。因此,通过求解非齐次线性方程组,可以得到各段曲线的函数表达式。随后,对这些函数表达式进行采样可视化。在利用该方法进行正畸牙齿牙弓线的设计过程中,拟合出的牙弓线具有良好的可控性。例如,对于由7个插值点拟合的牙弓线,只需调整某一插值点的位置,便可以改变该点附近的牙弓线形态,而其他位置受其影响非常小。经实验验证,本文提出的方法在拟合牙弓线时具有非常好的适配性,不仅能够表示复杂多样的牙弓形态,还具有良好的可控性,能够满足医生在正畸过程中对于调整牙弓线的需求。
本文提出的牙弓线拟合算法步骤如下:
输入: 牙齿口扫模型。
输出: 函数表达式。
1)输入整套牙齿口扫数据。
(1)牙齿分割,获取每颗牙齿数据。
(2)牙齿特征点预测,得到每颗牙齿特征点。
2)选取牙齿特征点。
(1)对特征点进行累加弦长参数化。
(2)获取最终插值点。
3)待定系数法构建初始方程组。
(1)构建待定系数矩阵。
(2)代入插值点XY的值,确定方程组。
4)求解待定系数, 得到XY关于t的函数表达式。
实验使用Intel-i9-13900K 3.00 GHz CPU计算机、PyCharm2023开发平台, 在具有自主知识产权的排牙软件Ortho3D的环境下进行测试。使用的数据集包括400套从医院收集的牙齿数据,这些数据均经过牙齿分割与特征点检测方法的预处理。实验包括定性分析、定量分析和用户调研3个部分,并与当前最常用的Beta函数、B样条以及利用深度学习提取牙弓线的方法进行对比。
在定性分析中,通过直观对比评价不同方法的牙弓线拟合效果,并对本文方法拟合的牙弓线进行调整测试;调整后的牙弓线被应用于现有的牙齿自动排列方法中,以验证其可行性。定量分析部分则提出两种评价牙弓线拟合能力的指标。牙弓线是利用牙齿尖点数据拟合而成,一条理想的牙弓线应尽可能经过每个尖点,因此,将所有牙齿尖点与牙弓线之间的最小平均距离作为评价指标之一。具体而言,定义牙齿尖点为CUi i = 1,2, 3,…),其中,i为尖点序号;CUi-dist表示第i个尖点与牙弓线的最短距离;CUmean-dist表示所有牙齿尖点与牙弓线的最小平均距离。在此基础上,本文提出另外一种指标,称为尖点准确率(CUacc)。该指标通过计算牙齿尖点与牙弓线最小距离小于某一阈值的尖点数占总尖点数的比值评估拟合精度,具体为
CUacc=count(CUi-dist<thr)count(CUi)×100
式中,count()函数用于累计尖点数,thr为距离阈值,单位为mm。
在用户调研部分,将多种方法拟合的牙弓线交由医生、专业技术人员以及具有牙齿正畸知识的研究生进行评价。结果表明,本文提出的方法在拟合精度方面优于目前常用的方法,并且更受专业医生和技术人员的认可。
在牙齿排列较为整齐的情况下,使用当前常用的Beta函数(Braun等,1998)对牙弓线进行拟合,并在此基础上将本文方法与Beta函数进行对比分析。而在牙齿排列较差的情况下,将本文方法与目前常用的B样条拟合方法(葛闪 等,2015包雷 等,2024)进行对比。首先选取适合Beta函数拟合所需数据,并对牙齿上的特征点进行参数化处理,随后使用不同方法进行牙弓线的拟合。此外,还与最新提出的利用深度神经网络提取个性化牙弓线的方法(杨俊铄 等,2022)进行对比。
图6图7展示了在牙齿排列较差时,采用多种方法拟合牙弓线的结果。理论上,理想的牙弓线应通过所有尖点,但在需要正畸的牙齿中,这一目标难以实现。从对比图可以观察到,尽管本文方法拟合的牙弓线并未完全达到理想效果,但相比其他方法,本文方法拟合的牙弓线最接近于理想结果。
本文方法主要针对牙齿排列较差时的牙弓线拟合,而Beta函数在牙齿排列较好的情况下表现较为优异。因此,本文方法在牙齿排列较好时只需达到与Beta函数相当的拟合效果即可。首先在牙齿排列较好的情况下使用Beta函数拟合一条牙弓线,并将其可视化,如图8(a)所示。随后,在该曲线上选取用于本文方法的7个参数点,并进行参数化处理,得到最终的插值点。利用本文方法对牙弓线进行拟合,并将拟合结果与Beta函数的拟合结果进行对比,如图8(b)所示。结果表明,两者拟合的曲线完全重合,本文方法在牙齿排列较好的情况下能够达到与Beta函数相同的拟合精度。
然而,在实际正畸过程中,患者的牙齿排列情况往往复杂多样。在牙齿排列较差的情况下,由图6可以观察到,尽管Beta函数拟合的牙弓线呈现出对称形状,这种对称性源于其函数特性,但因为大多数正畸牙齿的排列通常是不对称的,Beta函数的对称性反而会导致拟合的牙弓线与真实牙齿排列存在较大偏差。图6清晰地展示了这一点:Beta函数拟合的牙弓线与真实牙齿排列之间存在显著偏移,拟合效果并不理想。相较之下,本文方法拟合的牙弓线更加贴合牙齿尖点,更能准确地反映真实的牙齿排列情况。
为了验证本文方法的优越性,在复杂病例中与3次B样条方法(葛闪 等,2015包雷 等,2024)进行对比。对比时,两种方法均基于相同的7个特征点,并通过参数化处理作为牙弓线拟合的输入参数。从图6可以看出,本文方法拟合的牙弓线较B样条方法拟合的牙弓线更贴合真实的牙齿排列情况。如图9(a)所示,B样条方法拟合的牙弓线在两端位置出现明显的凹陷,这种现象导致凹陷段与相邻段的连接处存在较大的曲率变化,无法实现牙弓线的平滑过渡,且与实际牙弓形态存在显著差异。进一步在图9(b)中,将本文方法(蓝色曲线)与B样条方法(橙色曲线)拟合的牙弓线进行详细对比,可以观察到,本文方法在牙弓线两端的拟合效果显著优于B样条方法,且在相邻段的过渡更为平滑,能够更准确地反映真实的牙弓形态。
为了进一步验证本文方法的先进性,与最新的基于深度学习的牙弓线提取方法(杨俊铄 等,2022)进行对比。该方法首先将牙齿点云输入分割模型,通过预测得到由分割线划分的两部分点云,随后使用全连接条件随机场对分割区域进行建模和优化,最后对分割边界点进行拟合以获得最终牙弓线。
图10(a)所示,尽管杨俊铄等人(2022)方法能够实现牙齿分割并提取个性化牙弓线,但由于深度学习方法往往依赖数据质量,因此在牙齿排列较差情况下,提取的牙弓线效果欠佳,难以满足临床需求。此外,该方法依赖分割线点云生成最终牙弓线,缺乏控制点以支持后续调整,导致灵活性和适用性受到限制。相比之下,如图10(b)所示,本文方法在牙齿拥挤情况下,通过适度牺牲部分牙齿的覆盖率,拟合出更符合临床需求的牙弓线。对比结果表明,本文提出方法在拟合能力上优于当前最新基于深度学习的牙弓线提取方法。
在复杂病例中,本文方法已成功拟合出初始牙弓线。在此基础上,若医生希望设计一条适合该病例正畸需求的理想牙弓线,只需将用于拟合牙弓线的插值点视为控制点,通过调整控制点的位置即可快速调整牙弓线的局部形态。良好的牙弓形态(杨新海和曾祥龙,1997)主要由双侧前牙(5-5) (Grace,2000)围成,因此,医生对前牙部分的调整需求相对更高。为在最少控制点的情况下实现最优拟合效果并提供便捷操作,本文使用相应的7个控制点进行牙弓线的调整。
图11(a)所示,对于复杂病例,医生若想设计一条适用于该病例的理想牙弓线,只需在原有牙弓线的基础上调整设定的控制点。例如,若需对1—3号和5—7号控制点之间的局部牙弓线进行调整,只需将2号控制点左移、6号控制点右移,即可实现局部调整,调整后的结果如图11(b)所示。
进一步地,将调整后的牙弓线(蓝色曲线)与调整前的牙弓线(橙色曲线)进行对比,如图12(a)所示,可以发现本文方法拟合的牙弓线具备良好的可控性。在实现局部调整时,其他区域几乎不受影响。这种局部调整能力大大提升了牙弓线设计的灵活性和精确性,满足正畸医生对牙弓线调整的需求。
在现有的牙齿自动排列算法(李占利 等,2019靳继红和李丽,2017) 中,牙弓线作为牙齿自动排列的基础,通过牙弓线的函数表达式可以计算出每颗牙齿的偏移量,从而完成牙齿的自动排列。本文方法通过累加弦长参数化的方式获取控制点信息,因此在计算牙齿的目标位置时,可以通过弦长及牙齿宽度确定目标牙齿对应牙弓线函数的具体位置。将图11(b)中调整后的牙弓线应用于牙齿自动排列算法,结果如图12(b)所示。结果表明,本文方法拟合的牙弓线在牙齿自动排列中同样表现出优异的效果。
除了从直观上对拟合效果进行比较外,还通过数据分析对不同方法性能进行定量对比。在计算CUacc时,考虑到正畸牙齿可能存在位置正确但旋转角度不准确的情况,本文选取每颗牙齿上具有代表性的尖点作为评价点,如图13(a)中的绿色点所示。尖点数据与牙弓线的可视化结果见图13(b)
本文对所有已有数据进行详细分析,并对计算结果取平均值,结果如表1所示。分析结果表明,本文方法在牙齿排列较差的情况下,拟合的牙弓线具有最小的偏差和最高的精确度。这进一步说明,本文方法拟合的牙弓线能够更精确地反映真实的牙齿排列情况。另外,本文方法拟合函数的次数最高为3次并且需要求解方程组的系数矩阵是稀疏矩阵,因此,能够快速完成函数拟合并实时展示拟合结果。
除了从理论分析层面对不同方法的优劣进行对比外,还从已有数据中随机选取50套数据,利用不同方法对这些数据进行牙弓线拟合,并将拟合结果交由医生、专业技术人员以及具有牙齿正畸知识的研究生(共24人)进行评价。评定结果如图14所示,结果表明,本文方法拟合的牙弓线在选取率上显著超过其他方法。
在获得初始牙弓线后,医生通常会为患者制定一条适合正畸的理想牙弓线。因此,牙弓线的调整方式及其调整效果至关重要。将本文的调整方法交由参与调研的技术人员试用,参与者对本文提出的牙弓线调整方法给予高度认可,认为该方法拟合的牙弓线不仅准确,还能够为他们提供一种简便、高效、个性化以及专业化的牙弓线设计方式。
针对理想牙弓线拟合难以及调整已拟合牙弓线灵活性差等问题,本文提出一种基于累加弦长参数化并利用Hermite插值函数的牙弓线拟合方法。首先,使用牙齿分割技术得到每颗牙齿的数据,并通过牙齿特征点检测方法得到对应牙齿的特征点;其次,选取指定牙齿的特征点,采用累加弦长参数化方法确定最终插值点;最后,通过构建待定系数矩阵,确定方程组,拟合的牙弓线以分段函数形式表示。通过实验分析可知,该方法在各种复杂病例中均展现出良好的性能,克服了现有数学函数拟合牙弓线存在的局部调整困难以及适用性差的问题,同时避免了利用深度学习方法提取牙弓线对于数据质量的依赖问题,在提供高精度的同时具有良好的灵活性,能够更好地满足临床需求,为正畸医生提供更为专业的牙弓线设计方式。本文提出的牙弓线设计方法已经投入使用,并对现有牙齿正畸排列方法起到了优化作用。此外,本文提出的两种用于评估数学函数拟合牙弓线能力的指标,不仅能够有效地衡量牙弓线的拟合精度,还为牙齿正畸排列方法的优化提供了依据。然而,本文方法是利用分段函数表示不同次数的函数,并且拟合精度并未达到完美。在未来的研究中,需要进一步探索能否以一种更为简便高效的方法拟合出一条包含不同次数且拟合精度更高的曲线。
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doi: 10.11834/jig.240591
  • 接收时间:2025-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-12-16
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-31
  • 修回日期:2025-05-13
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    1山东大学软件学院,济南250101

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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