Article(id=1322961414566064491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.260216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1776268800000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-16, revisedDate=1779120000000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348180666, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789488000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348180666, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348180666, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348180666, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322961355078246774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='9', pageStart='3075', pageEnd='3440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789488000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348166484, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348617535, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963246994555810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963246998750115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3227, endPage=3250, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322961414956134765, articleId=1322961414566064491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Artificial intelligence-assisted flight technologies for single-pilot operations: a comprehensive review, columnId=1322961355891941751, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=The intelligent empowerment of large models in the aviation field, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Today,the aviation industry faces a critical shortage of qualified pilots and escalating labor costs due to the continuous surge in global air transport demand. Consequently,single-pilot operation (SPO) has emerged as a strategic evolution in civil aviation to optimize crew resources and mitigate pilot fatigue,especially during long-haul flights. However,the transition from traditional multicrew cockpits to a single-pilot environment is not merely a reduction in personnel; rather,it introduces a significant “cognitive and decision-making gap” previously filled by the co-pilot. To bridge this gap,this paper proposes the concept of the “AI co-pilot” —— an intelligent system designed to establish a deep cognitive collaborative relationship with the human pilot through advanced perception,semantic understanding,and autonomous decision-making capabilities. This paper provides a systematic and comprehensive review of the core technological components enabling AI-assisted piloting. In this work,we propose a four-layer analytical framework known as “perception-cognition-interaction-decision-safety monitoring”. This structure serves as a blueprint for integrating heterogeneous AI modules into the high-integrity environment of an aircraft cockpit. First,we look into multimodal physiological and behavioral sensing technologies that are essential for the real-time monitoring of a pilot’s workload and fatigue state. Given that traditional subjective assessments are insufficient for high-dynamic flight environments,this review focuses on the integration of electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In particular,we provide a critical analysis of their trade-offs: while EEG offers superior temporal resolution capable of capturing instantaneous cognitive shifts,fNIRS demonstrates stronger robustness against motion artifacts in a vibrating cockpit. Furthermore,computer vision (CV) techniques are discussed for the nonintrusive monitoring of facial expressions,percentage of eyelid closure (PERCLOS),and visual tunneling effects. The fusion of these modalities allows the AI Co-pilot to “read” the pilot’s state and trigger adaptive automation upon detection of cognitive overload. Second,the review explores intelligent speech interaction and semantic understanding within the complex controller-pilot data link communications (CPDLC) and radio environments. The aviation context poses unique challenges,including low signal-to-noise ratios in VHF communications and nonstandard accents. In this paper,we analyze the application of LLMs and transformer-based architectures in intent recognition and slot filling for air traffic control (ATC) instructions. By parsing complex,nested instructions into executable parameters,the AI Co-pilot functions as an “intelligent radio operator” that significantly reduces the auditory and manual workload of the single pilot. Third,we summarize intelligent route planning and dynamic conflict resolution driven by the synergy of large models and deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Algorithms such as proximal policy optimization (PPO) and soft actor-critic (SAC) are evaluated for their efficacy in continuous action spaces and high-dimensional flight dynamics. Unlike traditional rule-based flight management systems (FMS),AI-driven planners can explore optimal trajectories in unconstrained airspace and respond adaptively to extreme weather or system failures. Additionally,we emphasize the transition from individual agent optimization to multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) for collaborative collision avoidance in dense urban air mobility (UAM) scenarios. A significant portion of this review is dedicated to the core barriers that hinder the commercial deployment of aviation AI. We provide an in-depth analysis of the non-interpretability of “black-box” deep learning models,which prevents human pilots from establishing calibrated trust during time-critical emergencies. Furthermore,the paradigm conflict between the nondeterministic nature of AI and traditional deterministic airworthiness standards (e.g.,DO-178C) is dissected. We also discuss the latest policy trends from EASA and the FAA,highlighting the shift toward “run-time assurance (RTA)” frameworks. Specifically,RTA acts as a safety shield,bounding the outputs of complex AI models within a predefined safe flight envelope and ultimately providing a viable certification pathway. Finally,this paper presents a perspective on future trends. We posit that the next generation of aviation AI will evolve toward a “multimodal unified architecture” in which text,speech,vision,and flight dynamics are aligned in a single latent space. We predict that this evolution will transform the AI Co-pilot from a collection of isolated subtasks into a holistic “cognitive partner”. By emphasizing transparency,bidirectional communication,and standardized certification,this review aims to provide a theoretical foundation and engineering reference for achieving high-transparency,deep human-machine collaborative intelligent cockpits in the SPO era.
, authors=Lin Yuan1, Yang Li2
, 3, Yanfei Miao4, Xiaoyang Li5, Congqi Cao1
, *, authorsList=Lin Yuan, Yang Li, Yanfei Miao, Xiaoyang Li, Congqi Cao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Congqi Cao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322961418668093816, articleId=1322961414566064491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=人工智能辅助的单机长飞行驾驶技术综述, columnId=1322961356168765817, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=大模型在航空领域的智慧赋能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
随着全球航空运输需求持续增长,单机长体制(single-pilot operation,SPO)成为民航领域应对飞行员短缺与人力成本攀升的核心发展方向。然而,从双人机组向单人驾驶的转变,核心瓶颈在于如何填补缺失副驾驶后产生的认知与决策空缺。“AI(artificial intelligence)副驾驶”概念的提出,旨在通过具备深度感知、语义理解与自主决策能力的智能系统,与人类飞行员构建认知型协作关系。本文系统梳理了人工智能辅助飞行驾驶的关键技术,构建了“感知—认知—推理—交互决策—安全监控”的系统分析框架。重点阐述了基于脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)、功能性近红外光谱(functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS)以及计算机视觉的多模态生理行为感知技术,分析了其在实时监测飞行员负荷与疲劳状态方面的最新进展。同时,针对复杂的陆空通话环境,探讨了基于大模型架构的空管指令意图识别与语义提取技术。此外,本文还归纳了大模型与深度强化学习协同驱动的智能航路规划与冲突解算方法,并深入剖析了当前阻碍AI技术商业化落地的核心壁垒,包括深度学习模型的不可解释性、人机信任机制的缺失以及非确定性智能系统的适航认证困境。最后,本文指出大模型驱动的多模态统一架构与运行时保障适航路径是未来航空人工智能发展的关键方向,旨在为实现高透明度、深层人机协同的智能驾驶舱提供参考。
, authors=袁林1, 李阳2
, 3, 苗延飞4, 李枭扬5, 曹聪琦1
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袁林,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉和大模型视觉理解。E-mail:lin.y@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
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袁林,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉和大模型视觉理解。E-mail:lin.y@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
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2 沈阳飞机设计研究所,沈阳 110035
3 西北工业大学卓越工程师学院,西安 710072, bio={"content":"
李阳,男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为体系对抗、空战战术战法设计和控制工程。E-mail:tianciyang2010@163.com
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李阳,男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为体系对抗、空战战术战法设计和控制工程。E-mail:tianciyang2010@163.com
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4 清华大学航天航空学院,北京 100084, bio={"content":"
苗延飞,男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为体系试验。E-mail:miaoyf20@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn
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5 西北工业大学电子信息学院,西安 710129, bio={"content":"
李枭扬,男,副研究员,主要研究方向为智能决策、传感器管理和指挥控制。E-mail:lixiaoyang@nwpu.edu.cn
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1 西北工业大学计算机学院,西安 710129, bio={"content":"
曹聪琦,通信作者,女,副教授,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、智能视频理解、数据高效学习与时空预测。E-mail:congqi.cao@nwpu.edu.cn
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曹聪琦,通信作者,女,副教授,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、智能视频理解、数据高效学习与时空预测。E-mail:congqi.cao@nwpu.edu.cn
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Multimodal pilot state monitoring technology framework, figureFileSmall=kPOx0Z1TVTDtSOCnRDsT2Q==, figureFileBig=u+OQZzVwz86msxvWL7xsZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961423327965615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961414566064491, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
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Comparison of mainstream deep reinforcement learning algorithms for single-pilot operations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法 | 类型 | 动作空间 | 稳定性 |
|---|
| PPO | On-policy | 连续/离散 | 高 |
| SAC | Off-policy | 连续 | 高 |
| DDPG | Off-policy | 连续 | 中等 |
| TD3 | Off-policy | 连续 | 高 |
| DQN | Off-policy | 离散 | 中等 |
| MARL | Multi-agent | 连续/离散 | 低 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961423801921973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961414566064491, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
面向单机长运行的主流深度强化学习算法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法 | 类型 | 动作空间 | 稳定性 |
|---|
| PPO | On-policy | 连续/离散 | 高 |
| SAC | Off-policy | 连续 | 高 |
| DDPG | Off-policy | 连续 | 中等 |
| TD3 | Off-policy | 连续 | 高 |
| DQN | Off-policy | 离散 | 中等 |
| MARL | Multi-agent | 连续/离散 | 低 |
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