Article(id=1322961382194426030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.260215, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1776268800000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-16, revisedDate=1779206400000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348172948, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789488000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348172948, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348172948, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348172948, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322961355078246774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='9', pageStart='3075', pageEnd='3440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789488000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348166484, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348617535, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963246994555810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963246998750115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3169, endPage=3197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322961382387364016, articleId=1322961382194426030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Recent advances in large multimodal models for UAV visual understanding, columnId=1322961355891941751, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=The intelligent empowerment of large models in the aviation field, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With the rapid expansion of the low-altitude economy,accompanied by the increasing maturity of intelligent unmanned systems,unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are gradually transforming from traditional remotely controlled flying platforms into autonomous aerial agents that are fully capable of perception,reasoning,and decision-making. Among the various sensing modalities available to UAVs,visual perception plays a central role in acquiring environmental information and enabling high-level situational awareness. Hence,visual understanding capability can directly determine the intelligence level and operational autonomy of UAV systems. In recent years,the emergence of visual foundation models,vision-language models,and multimodal large language models (LLMs) has significantly influenced the technical paradigm of UAV visual understanding. As a result,this paradigm shift has provided new opportunities for enabling UAV systems to operate effectively in complex and open environments in which perception,reasoning,and decision making must be tightly coupled. To clarify this emerging research landscape,this paper introduces a capability-oriented analytical framework that organizes UAV visual understanding into three hierarchical levels: basic perception,semantic reasoning,and decision planning. This framework serves as the conceptual backbone of the survey and allows recent studies to be examined from a systematic capability-evolution standpoint. Specifically,from the task perspective,we construct a comprehensive taxonomy of UAV visual understanding tasks that includes four major categories: 1) basic object perception,2) event semantic analysis,3) spatial environment understanding,and 4) flight decision-making. Within this taxonomy,representative tasks (i.e.,object detection,target tracking,human action recognition,visual question answering,spatial reasoning,navigation,and autonomous flight control) are analyzed in a unified manner. At the same time,this paper summarizes several fundamental challenges that arise in aerial visual perception. These challenges include significant scale variations caused by high-altitude viewpoints,long-range observations that lead to small object representations,complex backgrounds with strong visual clutter,and dynamic environmental changes that require robust temporal reasoning. From the technical perspective,this paper reviews the methodological evolution that underlies the development of UAV visual understanding models. Early approaches were largely based on conventional deep learning architectures that focused on supervised visual perception tasks. Then,subsequent advances in visual foundation models significantly improved representation learning by leveraging large-scale pretraining and open-vocabulary multimodal alignment. More recently,LLMs and multimodal LLMs have introduced powerful reasoning capabilities and cross-modal interaction mechanisms that allow UAV systems to interpret visual observations along with natural language instructions and contextual knowledge. Building upon these developments,embodied vision-language-action models have begun to connect perceptions with action generation,thus enabling UAVs to perform complex task planning and interactive decision making in real-world environments. From the capability perspective,this paper further examines how large visual understanding models enhance UAV intelligence across three dimensions: 1) visual perception enhancement,where large models improve robustness in open-vocabulary recognition,small-object detection,and fine-grained visual understanding; 2) vision-language reasoning,where multimodal models facilitate complex reasoning processes such as spatial relation reasoning,event interpretation,and cross-modal knowledge integration; and 3) visual decision planning,where embodied multimodal models enable UAVs to translate perception and reasoning outcomes into actionable flight strategies,mission planning procedures,and adaptive control policies. Additionally,representative UAV visual datasets and benchmarks that support the development and assessment of large multimodal models for visual understanding are summarized in this work. Particular attention is given to the evolution of evaluation protocols. Traditional benchmarks often measure performance in narrowly defined tasks,such as detection or classification. However,recent research has increasingly emphasized capability-oriented evaluation frameworks that assess broader competencies,namely reasoning ability,cross-task generalization,and decision support. This transition reflects a broader shift in the field toward evaluating integrated visual intelligence rather than isolated perception performance. Finally,this work discusses several promising research directions that may shape the future development of UAV visual understanding systems. These include the construction of general-purpose visual foundation models tailored for aerial scenarios,the advancement of embodied UAV intelligence through vision-language-action integration,the development of real-time reasoning techniques and lightweight deployment strategies suitable for resource-constrained aerial platforms,and the establishment of safety-aware,trustworthy,and privacy-preserving UAV perception systems.
, authors=Yating Yu, Congqi Cao
*, Zhaoying Wang, Yanning Zhang, authorsList=Yating Yu, Congqi Cao, Zhaoying Wang, Yanning Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Congqi Cao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322961391187013821, articleId=1322961382194426030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=面向无人机的多模态视觉理解大模型研究进展, columnId=1322961356168765817, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=大模型在航空领域的智慧赋能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
随着低空经济和智能无人系统的发展,无人机逐渐从传统的遥控飞行平台演化为集环境感知、语义理解与自主决策于一体的空中智能体。以视觉基础模型、视觉语言模型和多模态大模型为代表的视觉理解大模型,为无人机在复杂开放环境中的感知、理解与决策提供了新的技术范式。围绕无人机视觉理解能力的演进逻辑,本文构建了基础感知—语义推理—决策规划的3层能力分析框架,并以此为主线系统梳理无人机场景视觉理解大模型的研究进展。在任务层面,依据该能力框架构建无人机视觉理解任务体系,归纳了基础目标感知、事件语义分析、空间环境理解与飞行决策规划等典型任务,并分析航拍视觉在尺度变化、远距离观测与复杂动态环境中的关键挑战;在技术层面,沿着同一能力演进逻辑,系统回顾视觉理解方法从传统深度学习算法与视觉基础模型的感知建模,发展到大语言模型与多模态大模型的语义推理与跨模态交互,再到具身视觉—语言—行动模型的智能决策与任务规划的技术演进路径。在此基础上,重点综述视觉理解大模型在无人机视觉感知增强、视觉语义推理以及视觉决策规划3个核心能力维度的研究进展,并分析其在开放词汇感知、跨模态推理、复杂空间关系理解与具身智能决策等方面带来的关键能力提升。同时,对当前无人机视觉理解领域的主流数据集与评测基准进行了系统总结,并分析当前评测体系正由传统任务导向逐步向能力导向评估范式演进。最后,针对无人机平台资源受限、实时推理需求以及系统安全可靠性等问题,对视觉理解大模型在无人机领域未来的发展方向进行了展望。
, authors=余雅婷, 曹聪琦
*, 王昭颖, 张艳宁, authorsList=余雅婷, 曹聪琦, 王昭颖, 张艳宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹聪琦, authorNote=
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余雅婷,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为多模态视频理解。E-mail:yatingyu@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
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余雅婷,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为多模态视频理解。E-mail:yatingyu@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
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*, address=西北工业大学计算机学院,西安 710129, bio={"content":"
曹聪琦,通信作者,女,副教授,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、智能视频理解、数据高效学习与时空预测。E-mail:congqi.cao@nwpu.edu.cn
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曹聪琦,通信作者,女,副教授,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、智能视频理解、数据高效学习与时空预测。E-mail:congqi.cao@nwpu.edu.cn
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王昭颖,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多模态视频理解。E-mail:wangzhaoying@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
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王昭颖,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多模态视频理解。E-mail:wangzhaoying@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
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张艳宁,女,教授,主要研究方向为图像处理、计算机视觉、空间环境探测动态视觉计算理论与技术。E-mail:ynzhang@nwpu.edu.cn
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张艳宁,女,教授,主要研究方向为图像处理、计算机视觉、空间环境探测动态视觉计算理论与技术。E-mail:ynzhang@nwpu.edu.cn
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视觉基础模型、大语言模型、多模态大语言模型、视觉—语言—行动模型的发展脉络, figureFileSmall=5NwaCN/VIif4B6HQ3mDycQ==, figureFileBig=Z4R7apKfBJMurwTVm4N0xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961395989491943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
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基于大模型的无人机视觉感知增强的代表性研究进展, figureFileSmall=AV3RejfHGoiMsWCXVc2y9Q==, figureFileBig=XZUHSanNMeOpotbZJbMukg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961396123709673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Representative advancements on UAV vision semantic reasoning with large models, figureFileSmall=hAq9FGkRXiIjEyZYDXItOw==, figureFileBig=QtoR7bY1U7sUxLCu2QFzOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961396203401450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
基于大模型的无人机视觉语义推理的代表性研究进展, figureFileSmall=hAq9FGkRXiIjEyZYDXItOw==, figureFileBig=QtoR7bY1U7sUxLCu2QFzOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961396278898923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Representative advancements on UAV vision decision-making and planning with large models, figureFileSmall=qsuyIvUamfpY/yKmJPC7HQ==, figureFileBig=wvU4ClbuH7GpRM+Y6jboaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961396350202092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
基于大模型的无人机视觉决策规划的代表性研究进展, figureFileSmall=qsuyIvUamfpY/yKmJPC7HQ==, figureFileBig=wvU4ClbuH7GpRM+Y6jboaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961396417310957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Representative advancements on UAV vision decision-making and planning with large models (continued), figureFileSmall=zRPLRM96mBt0AIfK/cjJEw==, figureFileBig=j/HT8KfM3E0btUyJzunzqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961396505391342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
基于大模型的无人机视觉决策规划的代表性研究进展(续), figureFileSmall=zRPLRM96mBt0AIfK/cjJEw==, figureFileBig=j/HT8KfM3E0btUyJzunzqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961396564111599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comprehensive overview of representative UAV visual understanding tasks, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 理解维度 | 任务类型 | 主要挑战 | 应用场景 |
|---|
| 基础目标感知 | 目标检测 | 小目标密集、尺度变化大、遮挡严重、远距离成像分辨率低以及恶劣天气干扰 | 交通监控、城市管理、工业巡检、灾难救援等 |
| 目标分割、场景解析 | 复杂背景干扰、边界模糊、精确标注成本高、高分辨率影像处理复杂 | 地物识别、道路边界解析、农作物覆盖监测、设施巡检等 |
| 目标跟踪 | 目标尺度变化大、相似目标易干扰、物体遮挡、消失重现、运动模糊 | 安防监控、交通流分析、目标轨迹追踪等 |
| 事件语义分析 | 行为识别 | 长时序依赖、动作细粒度差异、复杂交互关系 | 空地交互理解、人员动作分类、安全巡逻监控等 |
| 视觉问答 | 视觉信息与语言语义对齐困难、复杂推理需求、领域知识受限 | 智能巡检问答、任务解释等 |
| 意图识别 | 意图语义隐含性强,依赖上下文以及先验知识 | 低空安全防御、非合作无人机管控、态势感知等 |
| 事故检测 | 事件稀缺、异常定义复杂、实时检测需求高 | 灾害应急响应、交通事故监测等 |
| 空间环境理解 | 三维空间推理 | 单目深度估计不确定、空间结构复杂、细粒度空间认知缺乏 | 三维建图、环境感知等 |
| 地理定位 | GPS信号拒止、现实场景复杂多变、视觉定位跨域泛化困难 | 野外搜救定位、无GPS环境导航、军事侦察等 |
| 飞行决策规划 | 视觉避障 | 动态障碍物轨迹预测不确定性,低延迟实时响应需求 | 自主飞行、复杂环境巡航等 |
| 自主降落 | 动态非结构化环境中语义感知有限,着陆区域识别困难、复杂环境因素干扰 | 快递配送自动对接、充电平台对接、应急降落等 |
| 视觉语言导航 | 语言指令的模糊性、仿真与现实场景的分布差距大、超长距离导航需求 | 智慧城市快递配送、复杂环境探索、物资自动投送 |
| 目标搜索 | 搜索空间大、语义处理冗余、目标稀缺、相似物体歧义、路径优化复杂 | 野外搜救任务、巡检任务等 |
| 任务规划 | 多任务协同复杂、资源调度困难 | 复杂任务执行调度等 |
| 协同规划 | 多机间通信的语义不对称、任务分配不高效、路径优化的效率低 | 多无人机协作巡检等 |
| 编队控制 | 编队稳定性与同步性与通信延迟高 | 无人机灯光秀表演、军事集群任务、空中协同侦察等 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961396895461616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
典型无人机视觉理解任务归纳总结
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 理解维度 | 任务类型 | 主要挑战 | 应用场景 |
|---|
| 基础目标感知 | 目标检测 | 小目标密集、尺度变化大、遮挡严重、远距离成像分辨率低以及恶劣天气干扰 | 交通监控、城市管理、工业巡检、灾难救援等 |
| 目标分割、场景解析 | 复杂背景干扰、边界模糊、精确标注成本高、高分辨率影像处理复杂 | 地物识别、道路边界解析、农作物覆盖监测、设施巡检等 |
| 目标跟踪 | 目标尺度变化大、相似目标易干扰、物体遮挡、消失重现、运动模糊 | 安防监控、交通流分析、目标轨迹追踪等 |
| 事件语义分析 | 行为识别 | 长时序依赖、动作细粒度差异、复杂交互关系 | 空地交互理解、人员动作分类、安全巡逻监控等 |
| 视觉问答 | 视觉信息与语言语义对齐困难、复杂推理需求、领域知识受限 | 智能巡检问答、任务解释等 |
| 意图识别 | 意图语义隐含性强,依赖上下文以及先验知识 | 低空安全防御、非合作无人机管控、态势感知等 |
| 事故检测 | 事件稀缺、异常定义复杂、实时检测需求高 | 灾害应急响应、交通事故监测等 |
| 空间环境理解 | 三维空间推理 | 单目深度估计不确定、空间结构复杂、细粒度空间认知缺乏 | 三维建图、环境感知等 |
| 地理定位 | GPS信号拒止、现实场景复杂多变、视觉定位跨域泛化困难 | 野外搜救定位、无GPS环境导航、军事侦察等 |
| 飞行决策规划 | 视觉避障 | 动态障碍物轨迹预测不确定性,低延迟实时响应需求 | 自主飞行、复杂环境巡航等 |
| 自主降落 | 动态非结构化环境中语义感知有限,着陆区域识别困难、复杂环境因素干扰 | 快递配送自动对接、充电平台对接、应急降落等 |
| 视觉语言导航 | 语言指令的模糊性、仿真与现实场景的分布差距大、超长距离导航需求 | 智慧城市快递配送、复杂环境探索、物资自动投送 |
| 目标搜索 | 搜索空间大、语义处理冗余、目标稀缺、相似物体歧义、路径优化复杂 | 野外搜救任务、巡检任务等 |
| 任务规划 | 多任务协同复杂、资源调度困难 | 复杂任务执行调度等 |
| 协同规划 | 多机间通信的语义不对称、任务分配不高效、路径优化的效率低 | 多无人机协作巡检等 |
| 编队控制 | 编队稳定性与同步性与通信延迟高 | 无人机灯光秀表演、军事集群任务、空中协同侦察等 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961396966764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of large multimodal models for UAV visual understanding, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术范式 | 核心能力 | 适用无人机任务 | 适配优势 | 主要局限 |
|---|
| 视觉—语言对齐基础模型(CLIP、DINO等) | 图像—文本对齐、开放词汇识别 | 基础感知:航拍场景分类、开放词汇目标识别、检索 | 具有较强开放类别迁移能力,可减少人工标注依赖,适合快速构建无人机场景语义检索与粗粒度识别系统 | 可提供类别语义先验,但不能单独完成精确检测;对小目标、密集目标和细粒度局部差异不敏感;缺乏精确空间定位能力;在无人机小目标和细粒度类别中需领域适配或提示学习 |
| 图文生成基础模型(BLIP、BLIP-2等) | 图像描述、视觉问答、跨模态生成 | 基础感知与语义理解:航拍图像描述、场景问答、事件语义概括 | 能将无人机图像转化为自然语言描述,适合人机交互和任务描述生成 | 对复杂空间关系、异常事件因果关系和专业领域语义理解有限;容易生成泛化描述,细节可靠性不足 |
| 通用分割基础模型(SAM等) | 提示式分割、区域掩码生成、交互式标注 | 基础感知:目标分割、地物提取、巡检区域标注、数据集半自动标注 | 可显著降低无人机分割数据标注成本,对高分辨率航拍图像中的显著区域具有较好泛化能力 | 缺乏类别语义理解;对小目标、低对比度目标、复杂纹理背景和边界模糊区域表现不稳定;通常需要提示、后处理或领域微调 |
| 多模态大语言模型(GPT-4V、Gemini系列、LLaVA系列等) | 图像视频理解、视觉问答、复杂语义推理 | 语义理解与飞行决策规划:航拍视觉问答、异常解释、任务指令理解、场景语义推理、初步决策辅助 | 能以统一生成式接口处理多种无人机视觉任务,适合从感知结果向语义解释和任务规划扩展 | 对细粒度空间定位、小目标识别和时序动态理解仍有限;存在幻觉风险;需要无人机领域指令数据和评测基准增强;对时序关系和因果链条仍不稳定,需结合视频模型、检索模块或结构化知识;全局场景语义理解力较强,但对精确几何、距离和方向判断不足,需融合深度估计、地图信息或多视角建模 |
| 视觉—语言—行动模型(RT-2、OpenVLA等) | 视觉—语言—行动映射、任务规划、具身决策 | 飞行决策规划:视觉导航、目标搜索、自主降落、避障、复杂任务协同 | 连通视觉理解与飞行控制,使无人机系统进一步具备感知—决策—控制一体化的闭环体系 | 当前多集中于机器人操作或通用具身任务,直接迁移到无人机需解决实时性、安全约束、物理控制和空域环境建模问题;适合高层任务规划和语言交互,但直接控制无人机仍需安全约束、实时感知和低层控制器协同 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961397054845170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961382194426030, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
无人机视觉理解多模态大模型主要技术路线对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术范式 | 核心能力 | 适用无人机任务 | 适配优势 | 主要局限 |
|---|
| 视觉—语言对齐基础模型(CLIP、DINO等) | 图像—文本对齐、开放词汇识别 | 基础感知:航拍场景分类、开放词汇目标识别、检索 | 具有较强开放类别迁移能力,可减少人工标注依赖,适合快速构建无人机场景语义检索与粗粒度识别系统 | 可提供类别语义先验,但不能单独完成精确检测;对小目标、密集目标和细粒度局部差异不敏感;缺乏精确空间定位能力;在无人机小目标和细粒度类别中需领域适配或提示学习 |
| 图文生成基础模型(BLIP、BLIP-2等) | 图像描述、视觉问答、跨模态生成 | 基础感知与语义理解:航拍图像描述、场景问答、事件语义概括 | 能将无人机图像转化为自然语言描述,适合人机交互和任务描述生成 | 对复杂空间关系、异常事件因果关系和专业领域语义理解有限;容易生成泛化描述,细节可靠性不足 |
| 通用分割基础模型(SAM等) | 提示式分割、区域掩码生成、交互式标注 | 基础感知:目标分割、地物提取、巡检区域标注、数据集半自动标注 | 可显著降低无人机分割数据标注成本,对高分辨率航拍图像中的显著区域具有较好泛化能力 | 缺乏类别语义理解;对小目标、低对比度目标、复杂纹理背景和边界模糊区域表现不稳定;通常需要提示、后处理或领域微调 |
| 多模态大语言模型(GPT-4V、Gemini系列、LLaVA系列等) | 图像视频理解、视觉问答、复杂语义推理 | 语义理解与飞行决策规划:航拍视觉问答、异常解释、任务指令理解、场景语义推理、初步决策辅助 | 能以统一生成式接口处理多种无人机视觉任务,适合从感知结果向语义解释和任务规划扩展 | 对细粒度空间定位、小目标识别和时序动态理解仍有限;存在幻觉风险;需要无人机领域指令数据和评测基准增强;对时序关系和因果链条仍不稳定,需结合视频模型、检索模块或结构化知识;全局场景语义理解力较强,但对精确几何、距离和方向判断不足,需融合深度估计、地图信息或多视角建模 |
| 视觉—语言—行动模型(RT-2、OpenVLA等) | 视觉—语言—行动映射、任务规划、具身决策 | 飞行决策规划:视觉导航、目标搜索、自主降落、避障、复杂任务协同 | 连通视觉理解与飞行控制,使无人机系统进一步具备感知—决策—控制一体化的闭环体系 | 当前多集中于机器人操作或通用具身任务,直接迁移到无人机需解决实时性、安全约束、物理控制和空域环境建模问题;适合高层任务规划和语言交互,但直接控制无人机仍需安全约束、实时感知和低层控制器协同 |
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