Article(id=1322961642304176970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.260205, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1776268800000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-16, revisedDate=1779897600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348234964, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789488000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348234964, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348234964, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348234964, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322961355078246774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='9', pageStart='3075', pageEnd='3440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789488000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348166484, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348617535, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963246994555810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963246998750115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3156, endPage=3168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322961645600899916, articleId=1322961642304176970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Recent advances in open-vocabulary semantic segmentation, columnId=1322961355891941751, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=The intelligent empowerment of large models in the aviation field, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Semantic segmentation is a fundamental task in computer vision that aims to assign a semantic label to each pixel in an image. Most conventional semantic segmentation methods are designed for a closed-set setting in which the categories involved in testing are predefined and largely consistent with those observed during training. Although this setting facilitates the learning of stable category representations and clear decision boundaries,it limits the applicability of segmentation models in real-world scenarios,where unseen objects and novel semantic concepts are frequently encountered. In this context,open-vocabulary semantic segmentation (OVSS) has emerged as an important research direction for extending semantic segmentation from closed-set prediction to open-world visual understanding. OVSS enables models to identify and segment pixel-level regions corresponding to arbitrary textual concepts by using natural language descriptions as category definitions,thereby alleviating the dependence on fixed label spaces. The rapid development of vision-language pre-trained models,especially contrastive language-image pre-training (CLIP) and related large-scale cross-modal models,has provided an important foundation for OVSS. Trained on massive image-text pairs,these models learn aligned visual and textual representations and exhibit strong transferability in open-category recognition. However,most existing vision-language models are mainly optimized for image-level semantic alignment and global visual recognition. Thus,these models have difficulty meeting the requirements of pixel-level dense prediction directly,such as accurate localization,boundary delineation,and fine-grained category discrimination. Therefore,how to effectively transfer image-level open-vocabulary recognition ability to pixel-level segmentation remains a key challenge in OVSS. This paper summarizes recent progress in OVSS from the perspectives of task background,representative methods,benchmark datasets,evaluation metrics,remote sensing extension,and future directions. First,the paper introduces the task background and basic characteristics of OVSS,after which its relationship with conventional semantic segmentation and zero-shot semantic segmentation is clarified. Compared with conventional semantic segmentation,OVSS emphasizes generalization beyond predefined categories,whereas when compared with zero-shot semantic segmentation,it further benefits from large-scale image-text pre-training and allows more flexible category definitions through natural language descriptions. Second,representative OVSS methods are reviewed in accordance with several major research routes,including zero-shot semantic segmentation,early explorations based on image-text supervision,two-stage methods,and single-stage methods. Early zero-shot segmentation methods mainly rely on semantic embeddings to transfer knowledge from seen categories to unseen categories,but their expressive ability is often limited by static semantic representations. Meanwhile,initial studies based on image-text supervision explore whether transferable semantic region representations can be learned without dense pixel annotations,thus providing important inspiration for subsequent OVSS methods. Two-stage methods usually decompose the task into class-agnostic region generation and open-vocabulary region recognition. While this paradigm is clear and modular,its performance is highly dependent on the quality of candidate regions and may incur additional computational cost. In contrast,single-stage methods aim to integrate region modeling,vision-language alignment,and pixel-level prediction within a unified framework,thereby reducing cross-stage error accumulation and improving inference efficiency. Nevertheless,they still face challenges in fine-grained localization,dense semantic alignment,and robust generalization to unseen categories. Apart from analyzing the main ideas,technical characteristics,advantages,and limitations of these methods,this paper discusses the extension of OVSS to remote sensing imagery. Compared with natural images,remote sensing images typically exhibit top-down perspectives,large variations in object scale,significant orientation changes,complex backgrounds,and cross-region distribution shifts,all of which make it difficult to directly transfer OVSS methods designed for natural-image scenarios to remote sensing applications. Therefore,recent studies have begun to explore open-vocabulary remote sensing segmentation frameworks,dedicated benchmark datasets,training-free strategies,and multimodal fusion methods. This development indicates that OVSS is gradually expanding from general natural-image understanding to more complex specialized visual domains. Commonly used datasets and evaluation metrics in OVSS are also summarized in this paper. Existing studies typically use COCO-Stuff as the main training benchmark and evaluate model generalization on datasets,such as Pascal VOC,Pascal Context,and ADE20K,under different vocabulary settings. At present,OVSS evaluation relies on conventional semantic segmentation metrics,especially mean intersection over union (mIoU). However,such metrics emphasize strict category matching and are insufficient for measuring semantic similarity,category hierarchy,and open-category generalization. Therefore,constructing evaluation protocols that better reflect the semantic openness of OVSS remains an important issue. Finally,the paper summarizes the major challenges in current OVSS research and discusses promising future directions,including the effective transfer of open-vocabulary recognition capabilities to precise pixel-level prediction,adaptive region generation,evaluation protocols tailored to open-vocabulary settings,learning with limited supervision,training-free inference,and extensions to domain-specific applications.
, authors=Mingyi Liu1, Guosen Xie1
, *, Xiangbo Shu1, Lei Zhang2, authorsList=Mingyi Liu, Guosen Xie, Xiangbo Shu, Lei Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guosen Xie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322961659064615763, articleId=1322961642304176970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=开放词汇语义分割研究进展, columnId=1322961356168765817, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=大模型在航空领域的智慧赋能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
开放词汇语义分割旨在突破传统闭集语义分割对固定类别集合的依赖,使模型能够根据开放类别文本描述实现任意语义目标的像素级识别与分割。以CLIP(contrastive language-image pre-training)为代表的视觉—语言预训练模型虽然为开放类别理解提供了重要支撑,但其侧重于图像级语义对齐,难以满足像素级密集预测对精确定位与细粒度表达的需求。因此,如何实现图像级开放识别能力向像素级精细分割的有效迁移,仍是该领域面临的关键问题。本文对开放词汇语义分割的研究进展进行系统梳理与分析。首先,介绍该任务的研究背景与技术基础,并梳理其与传统语义分割、零样本语义分割之间的演进关系;其次,围绕零样本语义分割、图文监督早期探索、双阶段方法和单阶段方法等主要研究路线,归纳代表性方法的基本思想、技术特点与局限性,并进一步讨论其在遥感图像场景中的拓展应用;再次,总结常用数据集与评价指标,分析现有评测体系的特点与不足;最后,结合当前研究瓶颈,对该领域未来发展方向与研究趋势进行展望。本文可为开放词汇语义分割领域的研究脉络梳理、方法体系比较及后续研究探索提供参考。
, authors=刘明怡1, 谢国森1
, *, 舒祥波1, 张磊2, authorsList=刘明怡, 谢国森, 舒祥波, 张磊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢国森, authorNote=
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1 南京理工大学计算机科学与工程学院,南京 210094, bio={"content":"
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舒祥波,男,教授,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、人工智能、多模态大模型与具身智能。E-mail:shuxb@njust.edu.cn
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IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,
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10.1109/TPAMI.2024.3413013], articleTitle=A survey on open-vocabulary detection and segmentation: past,present,and future, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322961690450592657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(62276134), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322961691276870546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(62276134), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322961662386504533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961662407476054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, companyId=1322961662386504533, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 School of Computer Science and Engineering,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing 210094,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961662424253271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, companyId=1322961662386504533, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 南京理工大学计算机科学与工程学院,南京 210094)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322961662826906456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961662847877977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, companyId=1322961662826906456, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 School of Computer Science,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961663179227994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, companyId=1322961662826906456, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 西北工业大学计算机学院,西安 710129)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322961681692885887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Research evolution and application expansion of open-vocabulary semantic segmentation, figureFileSmall=md14ddXR+7bGWFpmSXHoFQ==, figureFileBig=0sa50Z5YnwSB70Lg1HnJkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961683374801793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
开放词汇语义分割的研究演进与应用拓展示意图, figureFileSmall=md14ddXR+7bGWFpmSXHoFQ==, figureFileBig=0sa50Z5YnwSB70Lg1HnJkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961684997997443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Typical workflows of major technical routes for open-vocabulary semantic segmentation, figureFileSmall=NEzgl8Ho9UijW7AI6WhEBg==, figureFileBig=vHD3UB8G8YPjzfgI2HA3HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961685077689220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
开放词汇语义分割主要技术路线的典型流程示意图, figureFileSmall=NEzgl8Ho9UijW7AI6WhEBg==, figureFileBig=vHD3UB8G8YPjzfgI2HA3HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961685903967109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Major research stages and representative methods in open-vocabulary semantic segmentation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 研究路线 | 核心内容 | 代表方法 | 优势 | 局限 |
|---|
| 从零样本语义分割到开放词汇语义分割 | 关注已见类向未见类的语义迁移 | ZS3Net(Bucher等,2019) | 为开放词汇语义分割提供任务基础 | 开放性有限,对复杂类别和真实场景泛化不足 |
| 基于图文监督的早期研究 | 依托图文监督学习可迁移的语义区域表示,减少对像素级标注的依赖 | GroupViT(Xu等,2022a)、TCL(Cha等,2023) | 弱化对密集标注的需求,提供重要方法启发 | 空间定位能力和任务适配性仍有限 |
| 双阶段方法 | 先生成候选区域或掩码,再进行开放词汇分类 | OVSeg(Liang等,2023)、ODISE(Xu等,2023a)、SCAN(Liu等,2024)、Mask-Adapter(Li等,2025b) | 框架清晰,模块化强,便于利用视觉—语言模型 | 推理开销较大,易受候选区域质量影响 |
| 单阶段方法 | 在统一框架内完成区域建模、语义对齐和像素级预测 | SAN(Xu等,2023b)、FC-CLIP(Yu等,2023)、CAT-Seg(Cho等,2024)、ESC-Net(Lee等,2025) | 推理紧凑,误差传播较少,适合端到端优化 | 像素级适配和开放类别泛化仍具挑战 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961686277260166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
开放词汇语义分割主要研究阶段及代表方法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 研究路线 | 核心内容 | 代表方法 | 优势 | 局限 |
|---|
| 从零样本语义分割到开放词汇语义分割 | 关注已见类向未见类的语义迁移 | ZS3Net(Bucher等,2019) | 为开放词汇语义分割提供任务基础 | 开放性有限,对复杂类别和真实场景泛化不足 |
| 基于图文监督的早期研究 | 依托图文监督学习可迁移的语义区域表示,减少对像素级标注的依赖 | GroupViT(Xu等,2022a)、TCL(Cha等,2023) | 弱化对密集标注的需求,提供重要方法启发 | 空间定位能力和任务适配性仍有限 |
| 双阶段方法 | 先生成候选区域或掩码,再进行开放词汇分类 | OVSeg(Liang等,2023)、ODISE(Xu等,2023a)、SCAN(Liu等,2024)、Mask-Adapter(Li等,2025b) | 框架清晰,模块化强,便于利用视觉—语言模型 | 推理开销较大,易受候选区域质量影响 |
| 单阶段方法 | 在统一框架内完成区域建模、语义对齐和像素级预测 | SAN(Xu等,2023b)、FC-CLIP(Yu等,2023)、CAT-Seg(Cho等,2024)、ESC-Net(Lee等,2025) | 推理紧凑,误差传播较少,适合端到端优化 | 像素级适配和开放类别泛化仍具挑战 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961687984341897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Recent advances in open-vocabulary remote sensing image semantic segmentation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 研究阶段 | 核心内容 | 代表方法 |
|---|
| 任务引入与初步探索 | 面向遥感场景构建开放词汇分割框架,并针对方向变化与尺度变化进行特征建模 | OVRS(Cao等,2024) |
| 任务定义与数据集构建 | 对开放词汇遥感图像语义分割任务进行形式化定义,并提供专用数据集支撑 | GSNet(Ye等,2025) |
| 免训练开放分割 | 将免训练开放词汇分割方法引入遥感场景,并验证其可行性 | SegEarth-OV(Li等,2025a) |
| 多模态开放词汇分割 | 面向光学影像与SAR数据开展跨模态表征对齐与双编码器特征融合 | MM-OVSeg(Wei等,2026) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961688424743819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
开放词汇遥感图像语义分割主要研究进展
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 研究阶段 | 核心内容 | 代表方法 |
|---|
| 任务引入与初步探索 | 面向遥感场景构建开放词汇分割框架,并针对方向变化与尺度变化进行特征建模 | OVRS(Cao等,2024) |
| 任务定义与数据集构建 | 对开放词汇遥感图像语义分割任务进行形式化定义,并提供专用数据集支撑 | GSNet(Ye等,2025) |
| 免训练开放分割 | 将免训练开放词汇分割方法引入遥感场景,并验证其可行性 | SegEarth-OV(Li等,2025a) |
| 多模态开放词汇分割 | 面向光学影像与SAR数据开展跨模态表征对齐与双编码器特征融合 | MM-OVSeg(Wei等,2026) |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961688856757134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Benchmark datasets for open-vocabulary semantic segmentation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 划分 | 常用配置 | 主要特点 |
|---|
| Pascal VOC(Everingham等,2015) | 训练图像1 464幅、验证图像 1 449幅、测试图像1 456幅 | PAS-20 | 用于评估典型目标类别的开放识别与分割能力;但类别规模较小 |
| COCO-Stuff(Caesar等,2018) | 约164 K幅图像 | COCO-Stuff | 常用训练基准,场景复杂、语义丰富 |
| ADE20K(Zhou等,2017) | 训练图像20 210幅、验证图像 2 000幅、测试图像3 352幅 | A-150、A-847 | A-150用于标准性能评估,A-847用于复杂类别条件下开放泛化评估 |
| Pascal Context(Mottaghi等,2014) | 约5 K幅训练/5 K幅验证图像 | PC-59、PC-459 | PC-59用于标准化对比,PC-459用于大规模类别空间下的泛化评估 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961689288770448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961642304176970, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
开放词汇语义分割常用数据集
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 划分 | 常用配置 | 主要特点 |
|---|
| Pascal VOC(Everingham等,2015) | 训练图像1 464幅、验证图像 1 449幅、测试图像1 456幅 | PAS-20 | 用于评估典型目标类别的开放识别与分割能力;但类别规模较小 |
| COCO-Stuff(Caesar等,2018) | 约164 K幅图像 | COCO-Stuff | 常用训练基准,场景复杂、语义丰富 |
| ADE20K(Zhou等,2017) | 训练图像20 210幅、验证图像 2 000幅、测试图像3 352幅 | A-150、A-847 | A-150用于标准性能评估,A-847用于复杂类别条件下开放泛化评估 |
| Pascal Context(Mottaghi等,2014) | 约5 K幅训练/5 K幅验证图像 | PC-59、PC-459 | PC-59用于标准化对比,PC-459用于大规模类别空间下的泛化评估 |
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