Article(id=1322961379375850008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.260203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1776268800000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-16, revisedDate=1781366400000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348172276, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1789488000000, pubDateStr=2026-09-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348172276, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348172276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348172276, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322961355078246774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='9', pageStart='3075', pageEnd='3440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789488000000', pubDateStr='2026-09-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348166484, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348617535, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963246994555810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963246998750115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322961355078246774, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3198, endPage=3226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322961379661062681, articleId=1322961379375850008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=A survey of unmanned aerial vehicle vision-language navigation from the perspective of embodied intelligence, columnId=1322961355891941751, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=The intelligent empowerment of large models in the aviation field, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) vision-language navigation stands as a core research direction of aerial embodied intelligence,which combines computer vision (CV),natural language processing,robot control,and unmanned system technology. This system endows UAVs with the ability to understand human natural language instructions and perform autonomous navigation,path planning and task execution in unstructured,GPS-denied and dynamically changing three-dimensional environments. Unlike traditional UAV navigation methods that rely on satellite positioning,inertial navigation or manual waypoint setting,UAV vision-language navigation establishes a direct mapping from high-level semantic instructions to low-level continuous flight actions. This enables UAVs to complete complex tasks,such as target search,obstacle avoidance,long-distance cruising,and scene reasoning only through visual observation and language understanding. This technology effectively breaks the limitations of traditional navigation in semantic interaction and environmental adaptability. At the same time,it has theoretical value and engineering application prospects in low-altitude economies,urban security,emergency rescue,industrial inspection,and precision agriculture. In recent years,with the rapid development of multimodal large models,Transformer architectures and embodied artificial intelligence (AI),UAV vision-language navigation has gradually evolved from early modular pipelines to end-to-end learning frameworks,and then to highly interpretable reasoning systems driven by large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models. However,compared with ground robot vision-language navigation,UAV vision-language navigation still faces many unique challenges caused by aerial movement characteristics. First,UAVs move with six degrees of freedom,and frequent changes in height,pitch,yaw,and roll lead to unstable visual input,large differences in object scales and serious geometric distortion,which in turn increases the difficulty of cross-modal alignment between vision and language. Second,three-dimensional spatial topology is more complex,and spatial prepositions,such as “above”,“between”,“along”,and “across” require stronger geometric reasoning and spatial awareness,which cannot be satisfied by two-dimensional image matching alone. Third,long-range navigation tasks bring certain problems,such as massive visual information,cumulative positioning errors,and semantic forgetting,which put forward higher requirements for efficient memory mechanism and environmental representation. Fourth,the discrete semantic decision space is difficult to match with the continuous physical control spaces of UAVs,resulting in a large gap between simulation training and real-world deployment. With the goal of solving the abovementioned problems,this paper systematically summarizes the research progress of UAV vision-language navigation from the perspective of embodied intelligence. First,three types of simulation platforms are reviewed: general robot simulation platforms,simulation platforms based on real scene reconstruction,and large-scale virtual simulation platforms built by game engines. These platforms provide safe,low-cost,and high-efficiency test environments for algorithm verification,data generation,and model training,as well as effectively narrow the domain gap between simulation and reality. Then,mainstream datasets are compared and analyzed from the dimensions of scene scale,instruction complexity,action space definition,and environmental authenticity. The development of datasets reflects the trend of UAV vision-language navigation moving from indoor structured scenes to outdoor large-scale urban scenes,from short and simple to long sequential reasoning instructions,and from discrete actions to continuous six-degree-of-freedom control. Next,the core technical framework is divided into four modules: perception representation,reasoning paradigm,memory storage and embodied control. The perception representation focuses on visual feature extraction,geometric alignment,multimodal fusion,and world model construction. The reasoning paradigm mainly includes cross-modal attention mechanism,transformer-based pretraining,and large-model-driven chain-of-thought reasoning. The memory storage evolves from implicit temporal memory to explicit semantic maps and topological graphs. Furthermore,the embodied control develops from modular trajectory planning to end-to-end vision-language-action generation with safety constraints. In terms of practical applications,UAV vision-language navigation has been widely explored in urban infrastructure inspection,disaster emergency search and rescue,intelligent logistics distribution,and precision agricultural monitoring. This can reduce manual participation,improve operation efficiency,and enhance safety under high-risk,high-complexity and high-efficiency-demanding conditions. However,key bottlenecks continue to restrict large-scale deployment,such as simulation-to-real transfer,generalization in unseen environments,real-time performance of onboard computing,safety and stability in dynamic environments,and collaborative navigation of multiple UAVs. Finally,this paper discusses the prospects and future development trends of UAV vision-language navigation,including stronger world model and predictive reasoning,better generalization and robustness based on multimodal large models,safer and more reliable physical control,more efficient human-machine interaction and collaborative intelligence,as well as deeper integration with low-altitude digital economy and unmanned system ecology. Overall,this review aims to provide a complete and clear technical route for researchers in the fields of embodied intelligence,computer vision,natural language processing,and UAV systems; promote the breakthrough of key technologies; and accelerate the practical and industrialization process of UAV vision-language navigation.
, authors=Zhouyi Zheng1
, 2, Chenrui Guo3
, 4, Chun Shan1
, 2, Lei Zhang1
, 2
, *, Wei Wei1
, 2, authorsList=Zhouyi Zheng, Chenrui Guo, Chun Shan, Lei Zhang, Wei Wei, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322961386296451626, articleId=1322961379375850008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=具身智能视角下无人机视觉语言导航研究进展, columnId=1322961356168765817, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=大模型在航空领域的智慧赋能, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
无人机视觉语言导航(aerial vision-language navigation,AVLN)是融合计算机视觉、自然语言处理与无人机控制的空中具身智能前沿方向,旨在使无人机依据自然语言指令在非结构化三维环境中实现自主导航。针对传统导航难以理解高层语义、无法适应复杂空间约束的局限,本文系统地梳理了无人机视觉语言导航的研究脉络与技术体系。首先归纳通用仿真、真实场景重建和虚拟场景建模3类仿真平台的特点,对比主流数据集在场景复杂度、指令语义与动作表征上的差异;其次从感知表征、推理范式、记忆存储和具身控制4个核心模块,剖析跨模态对齐、大模型推理、长程记忆与连续控制的关键技术;最后总结该技术在城市巡检、灾害救援、智能物流与精准农业中的落地应用,指出仿真到现实迁移、多机协同和长程鲁棒性等挑战。本文全面地呈现了领域研究现状,为空中具身智能的进一步发展提供参考。
, authors=郑周一1
, 2, 郭宸瑞3
, 4, 单淳1
, 2, 张磊1
, 2
, *, 魏巍1
, 2, authorsList=郑周一, 郭宸瑞, 单淳, 张磊, 魏巍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张磊, authorNote=
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1 School of Computer Science,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China
2 National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322961387026260540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, authorId=1322961386887848504, language=CN, stringName=郑周一, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1
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1 西北工业大学计算机学院,西安 710129
2 西北工业大学空天地海一体化大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,西安 710129, bio={"content":"
郑周一,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉。E-mail: zhengzhouyi@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
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郑周一,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉。E-mail: zhengzhouyi@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
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2 西北工业大学空天地海一体化大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,西安 710129)])]), Author(id=1322961387089175102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=g-ch-r@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322961387160478273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, authorId=1322961387089175102, language=EN, stringName=Chenrui Guo, firstName=Chenrui, middleName=null, lastName=Guo, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3
, 4, address=
3 State Key Laboratory of Aerospace Intelligent Control Technology,Beijing 100854,China
4 Beijing Aerospace Automatic Control Institute,Beijing 100854,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322961387227587138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, authorId=1322961387089175102, language=CN, stringName=郭宸瑞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3
, 4, address=
3 宇航智能控制技术全国重点实验室,北京 100854
4 北京航天自动控制研究所,北京 100854, bio={"content":"
郭宸瑞,男,工程师,主要研究方向为目标检测、多模态大语言模型、特征反演、雷达和光学系统设计。E-mail: g-ch-r@163.com
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
郭宸瑞,男,工程师,主要研究方向为目标检测、多模态大语言模型、特征反演、雷达和光学系统设计。E-mail: g-ch-r@163.com
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, 2, address=
1 School of Computer Science,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China
2 National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322961387441496648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, authorId=1322961387294696004, language=CN, stringName=单淳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1
, 2, address=
1 西北工业大学计算机学院,西安 710129
2 西北工业大学空天地海一体化大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,西安 710129, bio={"content":"
单淳,男,本科生,主要研究方向为视觉语言导航。E-mail: shanchun@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
单淳,男,本科生,主要研究方向为视觉语言导航。E-mail: shanchun@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
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, 2
, *, address=
1 School of Computer Science,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China
2 National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322961387651211854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, authorId=1322961387508605514, language=CN, stringName=张磊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1
, 2
, *, address=
1 西北工业大学计算机学院,西安 710129
2 西北工业大学空天地海一体化大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,西安 710129, bio={"content":"
张磊,通信作者,男,教授,主要研究方向为计算机视觉。E-mail:nwpuzhanglei@nwpu.edu.cn
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
张磊,通信作者,男,教授,主要研究方向为计算机视觉。E-mail:nwpuzhanglei@nwpu.edu.cn
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2026. FreeFly-Thinking: aligning chain-of-thought reasoning with continuous UAV navigation [EB/OL]. [2026-04-10]., articleTitle=FreeFly-Thinking: aligning chain-of-thought reasoning with continuous UAV navigation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322961392671793788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(62372379,62472359), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322961392751485565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(62372379,62472359), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322961386548109867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961386556498476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, companyId=1322961386548109867, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1 西北工业大学计算机学院,西安 710129)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322961386623607342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961386636190255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, companyId=1322961386623607342, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961386644578864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, companyId=1322961386623607342, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 西北工业大学空天地海一体化大数据应用技术国家工程实验室,西安 710129)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322961386720076337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961386732659250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, companyId=1322961386720076337, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 State Key Laboratory of Aerospace Intelligent Control Technology,Beijing 100854,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961386741047859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, companyId=1322961386720076337, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 宇航智能控制技术全国重点实验室,北京 100854)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322961386803962420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961386808156725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, companyId=1322961386803962420, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
4 Beijing Aerospace Automatic Control Institute,Beijing 100854,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961386820739638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, companyId=1322961386803962420, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
4 北京航天自动控制研究所,北京 100854)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322961388708176480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Image datas collected from simulation platforms based on real-world scene reconstruction, figureFileSmall=Wtc4LtGHqfqTEVkLJa4A4w==, figureFileBig=qUbtbcxra5oGss0NBstJzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961390373315169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
从基于真实场景重建的仿真平台采集的图像数据, figureFileSmall=Wtc4LtGHqfqTEVkLJa4A4w==, figureFileBig=qUbtbcxra5oGss0NBstJzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961390620779106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Image datas collected from simulation platforms based on virtual scene modeling, figureFileSmall=T30mjaG9MJwibUeE7kkuPw==, figureFileBig=utvgjZtesN27FpmBF7bduw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961390696276579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
从基于虚拟场景建模的仿真平台采集的图像数据, figureFileSmall=T30mjaG9MJwibUeE7kkuPw==, figureFileBig=utvgjZtesN27FpmBF7bduw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961390855660132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Cognitive closed-loop for UAV vision-language navigation, figureFileSmall=D5YcO2mhbMusNp4BKJWm3w==, figureFileBig=+x3gpweFymrdavbeqVIhcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961390952129125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
无人机视觉语言导航认知闭环, figureFileSmall=D5YcO2mhbMusNp4BKJWm3w==, figureFileBig=+x3gpweFymrdavbeqVIhcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391015043686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
The architecture of Navid, figureFileSmall=pGT5CQmuHUEEg/qzCxIhQA==, figureFileBig=5+LklRardyl6IiKsGj1/ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391082152551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
Navid结构, figureFileSmall=pGT5CQmuHUEEg/qzCxIhQA==, figureFileBig=5+LklRardyl6IiKsGj1/ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391170232936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
The architecture of FreeFly-Thinking, figureFileSmall=RxkUycW3xWv4q6nM+gH3rQ==, figureFileBig=Zs2MoycEkpXfKIVTiyc0IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391279284841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
FreeFly-Thinking结构, figureFileSmall=RxkUycW3xWv4q6nM+gH3rQ==, figureFileBig=Zs2MoycEkpXfKIVTiyc0IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391354782314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
The overall workflow of CityNavAgent, figureFileSmall=oUK4lbcpIsuSN79lyGQdyg==, figureFileBig=YZt/LtN1iBPic3ei0FAQbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391417696875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
CityNavAgent工作流程, figureFileSmall=oUK4lbcpIsuSN79lyGQdyg==, figureFileBig=YZt/LtN1iBPic3ei0FAQbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391489000044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The overall workflow of VLA-AN, figureFileSmall=08cFVD7EQ/SSqu/YvFdsJQ==, figureFileBig=P9Jri7V5s0is+y/t/114TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391560303213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
VLA-AN工作流程, figureFileSmall=08cFVD7EQ/SSqu/YvFdsJQ==, figureFileBig=P9Jri7V5s0is+y/t/114TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391639994990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Application scenarios of UAV vision-language navigation, figureFileSmall=tcTxpkSw8jfW5P7/RLk90Q==, figureFileBig=nrqM5AUx0vYXPW+I1hxXEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391711298159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
无人机视觉语言导航应用场景, figureFileSmall=tcTxpkSw8jfW5P7/RLk90Q==, figureFileBig=nrqM5AUx0vYXPW+I1hxXEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961391770018416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Horizontal comparison of UAV vision-language navigation simulation platforms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平台类型 | 代表平台 | 主要优势 | 主要局限 | 适用问题 |
|---|
| 通用仿真平台 | Gazebo、Webots、AirSim、CARLA、Isaac Sim | 物理建模成熟,接口标准化,便于控制算法验证 | 语言任务、语义交互和复杂地标关系建模不足 | 飞控验证、避障、轨迹跟踪、强化学习训练 |
| 真实场景重建平台 | AVDN、EmbodiedCity、CityNav、OpenFly | 场景几何和视觉纹理更接近真实世界,利于泛化评估 | 构建成本高,动态交互和任务可控性有限 | 城市级导航、真实域迁移、长程空间推理 |
| 虚拟场景建模平台 | AerialVLN、MetaUrban、GRUtopia、UnrealZoo、OpenUAV | 场景可扩展、标注自动化、任务生成效率高 | 虚拟分布与真实低空环境仍存在差异 | 大规模训练、极端场景测试、语言任务生成 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961391841321585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
无人机视觉语言导航仿真平台横向比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平台类型 | 代表平台 | 主要优势 | 主要局限 | 适用问题 |
|---|
| 通用仿真平台 | Gazebo、Webots、AirSim、CARLA、Isaac Sim | 物理建模成熟,接口标准化,便于控制算法验证 | 语言任务、语义交互和复杂地标关系建模不足 | 飞控验证、避障、轨迹跟踪、强化学习训练 |
| 真实场景重建平台 | AVDN、EmbodiedCity、CityNav、OpenFly | 场景几何和视觉纹理更接近真实世界,利于泛化评估 | 构建成本高,动态交互和任务可控性有限 | 城市级导航、真实域迁移、长程空间推理 |
| 虚拟场景建模平台 | AerialVLN、MetaUrban、GRUtopia、UnrealZoo、OpenUAV | 场景可扩展、标注自动化、任务生成效率高 | 虚拟分布与真实低空环境仍存在差异 | 大规模训练、极端场景测试、语言任务生成 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961391916819058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Mainstream unmanned aerial vehicle vision-language navigation datasets, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 年份 | 场景类型 | 语言表示 | 动作表征 | 环境来源 |
|---|
| AVDN(Fan等,2023) | 2023 | 室外 | 对话 | 连续 | 现实 |
| WebUAV-3M(Zhang等,2023) | 2023 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 现实 |
| AerialVLN(Liu等,2023) | 2023 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| OpenUAV(Wang等,2025b) | 2024 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| CityNav(Lee等,2024) | 2024 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| AeroVerse(Yao等,2024) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| OpenVLN(Liu等,2025) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UAV-VLPA*(Sautenkov等,2025) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UAV-VLN(Saxena等,2025) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UAV-Flow(Wang等,2025a) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 现实 |
| AeroDuo(Wu等,2025a) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UAV-ON(Xiao等,2025) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| SpatialSky-Bench(Zhang等,2025a) | 2025 | 室外 | 问答 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UrbanVideo-Bench(Zhao等,2025a) | 2025 | 室外 | 问答 | 连续 | 混合 |
| OpenFly(Gao等,2025) | 2026 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| InDoorUAV(Liu等,2026) | 2025 | 室内 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| FreeFly-Thinking(Zhou等,2026) | 2026 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961391996510835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
主流无人机视觉语言导航数据集
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 年份 | 场景类型 | 语言表示 | 动作表征 | 环境来源 |
|---|
| AVDN(Fan等,2023) | 2023 | 室外 | 对话 | 连续 | 现实 |
| WebUAV-3M(Zhang等,2023) | 2023 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 现实 |
| AerialVLN(Liu等,2023) | 2023 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| OpenUAV(Wang等,2025b) | 2024 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| CityNav(Lee等,2024) | 2024 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| AeroVerse(Yao等,2024) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| OpenVLN(Liu等,2025) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UAV-VLPA*(Sautenkov等,2025) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UAV-VLN(Saxena等,2025) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UAV-Flow(Wang等,2025a) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 现实 |
| AeroDuo(Wu等,2025a) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UAV-ON(Xiao等,2025) | 2025 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| SpatialSky-Bench(Zhang等,2025a) | 2025 | 室外 | 问答 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| UrbanVideo-Bench(Zhao等,2025a) | 2025 | 室外 | 问答 | 连续 | 混合 |
| OpenFly(Gao等,2025) | 2026 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| InDoorUAV(Liu等,2026) | 2025 | 室内 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
| FreeFly-Thinking(Zhou等,2026) | 2026 | 室外 | 指令 | 连续 | 仿真 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961392092979828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of perception representation methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术路线 | 核心思想 | 优点 | 缺点 | 代表工作 |
|---|
| 单一视觉编码 | 特征提取 | 简单快速 | 缺乏空间信息 | 卷积神经网络 |
| 跨模态对齐 | 视觉—语言特征融合 | 语义匹配强 | 几何理解弱 | VLN BERT、Airbert |
| 几何增强表征 | 物理先验 | 空间定位准 | 计算量大 | SpatialFly、AutoFly |
| 世界模型 | 环境预测与动态建模 | 鲁棒性强 | 训练复杂 | AirScape |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961392151700085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
感知表征方法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术路线 | 核心思想 | 优点 | 缺点 | 代表工作 |
|---|
| 单一视觉编码 | 特征提取 | 简单快速 | 缺乏空间信息 | 卷积神经网络 |
| 跨模态对齐 | 视觉—语言特征融合 | 语义匹配强 | 几何理解弱 | VLN BERT、Airbert |
| 几何增强表征 | 物理先验 | 空间定位准 | 计算量大 | SpatialFly、AutoFly |
| 世界模型 | 环境预测与动态建模 | 鲁棒性强 | 训练复杂 | AirScape |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961392202031734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison of reasoning paradigms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 阶段 | 方法 | 特点 | 可解释性 | 适用任务 |
|---|
| 传统推理 | 交叉注意力、Transformer | 端到端黑盒 | 差 | 短程简单导航 |
| 增强推理 | 多尺度融合、外部先验 | 空间感知提升 | 中 | 复杂场景 |
| 大模型推理 | LLM+CoT、层级规划 | 逻辑推理强 | 高 | 长程、模糊指令 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961392273334903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
推理范式对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 阶段 | 方法 | 特点 | 可解释性 | 适用任务 |
|---|
| 传统推理 | 交叉注意力、Transformer | 端到端黑盒 | 差 | 短程简单导航 |
| 增强推理 | 多尺度融合、外部先验 | 空间感知提升 | 中 | 复杂场景 |
| 大模型推理 | LLM+CoT、层级规划 | 逻辑推理强 | 高 | 长程、模糊指令 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961392353026680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of memory storage mechanisms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 记忆类型 | 实现方式 | 优点 | 缺点 | 适用场景 |
|---|
| 隐式时序记忆 | LSTM、注意力 | 轻量、速度快 | 易遗忘、无空间结构 | 短程导航 |
| 显式语义地图 | BEV、栅格地图 | 空间清晰、可解释 | 存储开销大 | 城市大场景 |
| 拓扑图记忆 | 节点—边结构 | 搜索高效、抗漂移 | 构建复杂 | 长程导航 |
| 滤波增强记忆 | 卡尔曼滤波修正 | 定位稳定、误差小 | 依赖先验 | 连续控制 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961392415941241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
记忆存储机制对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 记忆类型 | 实现方式 | 优点 | 缺点 | 适用场景 |
|---|
| 隐式时序记忆 | LSTM、注意力 | 轻量、速度快 | 易遗忘、无空间结构 | 短程导航 |
| 显式语义地图 | BEV、栅格地图 | 空间清晰、可解释 | 存储开销大 | 城市大场景 |
| 拓扑图记忆 | 节点—边结构 | 搜索高效、抗漂移 | 构建复杂 | 长程导航 |
| 滤波增强记忆 | 卡尔曼滤波修正 | 定位稳定、误差小 | 依赖先验 | 连续控制 |
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Horizontal comparison of technical routes for UAV vision-language navigation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术路线 | 核心思想 | 主要优势 | 主要局限 | 适用场景 |
|---|
| 模块化规划方法 | 语言解析、视觉识别、路径规划和控制分模块实现 | 可解释性强,易加入安全约束 | 模块误差累积,开放语言理解能力弱 | 工程巡检、已知环境飞行 |
| 模仿学习/强化学习方法 | 从专家轨迹或交互奖励中学习导航策略 | 可学习复杂策略,适合仿真训练 | 数据需求大,跨场景泛化弱 | 短程导航、局部避障、策略优化 |
| 跨模态预训练方法 | 通过 Transformer 和注意力机制对齐视觉与语言 | 语义匹配能力强,适合地标 grounding | 三维几何和连续控制建模不足 | 地标导航、指令跟随、目标搜索 |
| 记忆与地图增强方法 | 构建语义地图、拓扑图或时序记忆 | 适合长程导航和空间一致性维护 | 建图误差和记忆更新复杂 | 城市级导航、长距离任务 |
| 大模型驱动方法 | 利用 LLM/VLM 进行任务理解、推理和规划 | 开放语言理解强,可解释性较高 | 实时性、安全性和稳定性不足 | 模糊指令、开放目标、多步骤任务 |
| 分层融合方法 | 高层大模型推理 + 中层规划 + 底层安全控制 | 兼顾语义理解与物理可执行性 | 系统复杂度高,端到端优化困难 | 真实低空部署、复杂应用闭环 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961392579519099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322961379375850008, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
无人机视觉语言导航技术路线横向比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术路线 | 核心思想 | 主要优势 | 主要局限 | 适用场景 |
|---|
| 模块化规划方法 | 语言解析、视觉识别、路径规划和控制分模块实现 | 可解释性强,易加入安全约束 | 模块误差累积,开放语言理解能力弱 | 工程巡检、已知环境飞行 |
| 模仿学习/强化学习方法 | 从专家轨迹或交互奖励中学习导航策略 | 可学习复杂策略,适合仿真训练 | 数据需求大,跨场景泛化弱 | 短程导航、局部避障、策略优化 |
| 跨模态预训练方法 | 通过 Transformer 和注意力机制对齐视觉与语言 | 语义匹配能力强,适合地标 grounding | 三维几何和连续控制建模不足 | 地标导航、指令跟随、目标搜索 |
| 记忆与地图增强方法 | 构建语义地图、拓扑图或时序记忆 | 适合长程导航和空间一致性维护 | 建图误差和记忆更新复杂 | 城市级导航、长距离任务 |
| 大模型驱动方法 | 利用 LLM/VLM 进行任务理解、推理和规划 | 开放语言理解强,可解释性较高 | 实时性、安全性和稳定性不足 | 模糊指令、开放目标、多步骤任务 |
| 分层融合方法 | 高层大模型推理 + 中层规划 + 底层安全控制 | 兼顾语义理解与物理可执行性 | 系统复杂度高,端到端优化困难 | 真实低空部署、复杂应用闭环 |
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