Article(id=1322949802677383938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322949743743213946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.260103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772553600000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-04, revisedDate=1776873600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793345412176, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784131200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793345412176, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793345412176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793345412176, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322949743743213946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='7', pageStart='2279', pageEnd='2686', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784131200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793345398125, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348592997, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963144217330568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322949743743213946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963144217330569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322949743743213946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2317, endPage=2338, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322949802887099139, articleId=1322949802677383938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Progress in audio-driven digital human technologies, columnId=1249044010699002654, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With the exponential growth of the metaverse,immersive virtual reality,and advanced human-computer interaction paradigms,audio-driven digital human generation has rapidly emerged as a paramount research frontier in computer vision and computer graphics. This transformative technology aims to establish a robust and seamless cross-modal mapping from 1D speech signals to 3D visual video streams. In contrast with traditional motion capture-based approaches,which are constrained by expensive hardware and rigid physical setups,audio-driven methodologies offer a highly scalable,cost-effective,and interactive solution. From a cognitive psychology perspective,human speech perception is inherently a multimodal process. The classic McGurk effect demonstrates that visual cues,such as precise lip movements,play a decisive role in deciphering auditory information,especially in noisy environments. Consequently,synthesizing a lifelike digital human requires not only ultrahigh-definition visual rendering but also millimeter-level,time-synchronized alignment between auditory signals and visual lip dynamics to prevent the notorious “uncanny valley” effect,where subtle unnaturalness provokes discomfort in human observers. Despite the proliferation of extensive research and rapid algorithmic advancements,generating photorealistic and real-time interactive digital avatars continues to encounter three formidable challenges. First,bridging the immense semantic gap between distinct modalities—specifically,translating semantic and acoustic features into complex spatial facial muscle deformations—remains fundamentally difficult. Second,the trade-off between high-fidelity rendering and real-time inference latency poses a critical bottleneck. Achieving pore-level skin details and realistic hair rendering typically demands immense computational resources,conflicting with the strict low-latency requirements (often under 100 ms) necessary for seamless live streaming or real-time conversational agents. Third,zero-shot cross-identity generalization and the expansion of driving scope—from isolated talking heads to full-body expressive agents that encompass co-speech gestures—demand robust structural priors that current isolated models struggle to provide. To deconstruct this complex domain systematically,this comprehensive review first proposes a unified “encoding-mapping-rendering” technical framework that encapsulates the majority of audio-driven digital human architectures. The framework initiates with an audio feature extractor,utilizing state-of-the-art self-supervised foundational models (e.g.,WavLM and Whisper) to capture rich phonetic,semantic,and emotional representations from raw audio waveforms. These acoustic features are then fed into visual geometric representations,transitioning from sparse 2D landmarks into sophisticated 3D morphable models,which provide explicit facial motion space. Finally,a cross-modal mapping and rendering network translates these spatial configurations into final visual video frames. Following this structural foundation,this study meticulously reviews the evolutionary trajectory of audio-driven rendering technologies,categorizing them into four dominant paradigms. First,early 2D image-based generation methods,predominantly driven by generative adversarial networks,are examined. Although these models excel in achieving rapid inference speed and fundamental lip synchronization,they inherently lack topological constraints,suffering from severe structural degradation and texture stretching when handling large-pose head rotations. Second,the integration of neural radiance fields (NeRFs) introduces a paradigm shift by leveraging implicit volumetric representations. NeRF-based approaches successfully resolve multi-view consistency issues; however,the heavy computational burden of volumetric ray marching restricts their real-time application,while their subject-specific optimization nature limits broad generalization. Third,the recent breakthrough of 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) has revolutionized the field by combining explicit geometric primitives with highly optimized rasterization pipelines. 3DGS-based models break real-time rendering constraints,easily surpassing 100 frames per second,although they still struggle with dynamic consistency during extreme facial deformations due to their discrete point cloud nature. Lastly,diffusion models represent the current pinnacle of visual fidelity and generative diversity. By iteratively denoising latent spaces,these models synthesize unprecedented skin textures,hair dynamics,and micro-expressions,although their inherent Markov chain sampling mechanisms introduce significant inference latency and temporal jitter challenges into long video generation. To facilitate an objective assessment of these diverse methodologies,this study synthesizes mainstream datasets and rigorous evaluation metrics. We detail the utilization of large-scale in-the-wild datasets,such as VoxCeleb,alongside high-resolution benchmarks,like high-definition talking face,and emotional datasets,such as the multi-view emotional audio-visual dataset. The evaluation criteria are multidimensional,encompassing lip-sync accuracy through SyncNet metrics (lip sync error distance and lip sync error confidence),visual quality via Fréchet inception distance and learned perceptual image patch similarity,temporal video consistency that utilizes Fréchet video distance,and identity preservation measured using cosine similarity. Finally,this study provides an in-depth analysis of open challenges and outlines prospective future research trajectories. We hypothesize that the integration of multimodal large language models will fundamentally redefine cross-identity generalization,serving as powerful world models for decoding audio into structured motion commands. Furthermore,transitioning from purely correlation-based learning to causal modeling will be essential for decoupling authentic emotional expressions from entangled acoustic noise. To address the theoretical bottlenecks of long-sequence temporal consistency,we propose exploring state space models,such as Mamba architectures,and flow matching trajectories. Concurrently,given that these generative capabilities approach indistinguishable realism,ethical implications,particularly those that concern deepfake misuse,necessitate the parallel development of robust forensic detection and defense mechanisms. Ultimately,this review aims to serve as a definitive guide for researchers,navigating the transition of digital humans from mere visual replicas into fully embodied,emotionally intelligent interactive agents in the digital era.
, authors=Weibin Li1
, 2
, *, Jiafeng Gao1, Bing Xu3, Biao Hou2, Licheng Jiao2, authorsList=Weibin Li, Jiafeng Gao, Bing Xu, Biao Hou, Licheng Jiao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weibin Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322949807807017738, articleId=1322949802677383938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=音频驱动的数字人技术进展, columnId=1249044010992603937, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
随着人机交互技术的飞速发展,音频驱动的数字人生成(audio-driven digital human generation)已成为数字人领域的研究热点。该技术旨在建立从一维语音信号到三维视觉流的跨模态映射,其核心挑战是在保证唇形精准同步的同时,实现高保真的视觉外观与实时渲染。本文提出了一种音频驱动数字人通用技术框架,并从技术演进的视角系统梳理了该领域的最新进展。本文回顾了早期的二维图像生成方法,分析了其在三维一致性与大姿态驱动上的局限性;进而深入探讨了基于神经辐射场(neural radiance fields,NeRF)的方法,阐述了基于隐式空间建模解决视角一致性的技术方案,并总结该方法面临的推理效率瓶颈;随后,重点综述了当前两大前沿范式:3D高斯溅射(three-dimensional Gaussian splatting,3DGS)范式,其利用显式几何原语突破实时渲染的算力限制;扩散模型(diffusion models)范式,该范式可显著提升生成的细节纹理与动作表现力。此外,本文还归纳了主流的音频驱动数字人数据集与客观评价体系,如唇形同步网络(synchronization network,SyncNet)、FID(Fréchet inception distance)等。最后,对跨身份泛化、情感与全身交互,以及端侧轻量化部署等开放性挑战进行了深入分析与展望。
, authors=李卫斌1
, 2
, *, 高佳峰1, 徐兵3, 侯彪2, 焦李成2, authorsList=李卫斌, 高佳峰, 徐兵, 侯彪, 焦李成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李卫斌, authorNote=
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1 Hangzhou Institute of Technology,Xidian University,Hangzhou 311231,China
2 School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University,Xi’an 710126,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322949808561992473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, authorId=1322949808360665877, language=CN, stringName=李卫斌, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1
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1 西安电子科技大学杭州研究院,杭州 311231
2 西安电子科技大学人工智能学院,西安 710126, bio={"content":"
李卫斌,男,教授,主要研究方向为AIGC大语言模型、工业智能与数字人。E-mail:weibinli@xidian.edu.cn
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李卫斌,男,教授,主要研究方向为AIGC大语言模型、工业智能与数字人。E-mail:weibinli@xidian.edu.cn
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1 Hangzhou Institute of Technology,Xidian University,Hangzhou 311231,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322949808817845022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, authorId=1322949808641684251, language=CN, stringName=高佳峰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1 西安电子科技大学杭州研究院,杭州 311231, bio={"content":"
高佳峰,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为数字人技术。E-mail:25241215082@stu.xidian.edu.cn
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高佳峰,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为数字人技术。E-mail:25241215082@stu.xidian.edu.cn
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1 西安电子科技大学杭州研究院,杭州 311231)])]), Author(id=1322949808901731104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=cftexu@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322949808985617186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, authorId=1322949808901731104, language=EN, stringName=Bing Xu, firstName=Bing, middleName=null, lastName=Xu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=
3 AVIC Civil Aircraft Flight Test Center,Xi’an 710026,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322949809056920355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, authorId=1322949808901731104, language=CN, stringName=徐兵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=
3 中国航空工业集团民机试飞中心,西安 710026, bio={"content":"
徐兵,男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为民机试飞与人工智能的融合应用。E-mail:cftexu@163.com
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徐兵,男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为民机试飞与人工智能的融合应用。E-mail:cftexu@163.com
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2 西安电子科技大学人工智能学院,西安 710126, bio={"content":"
侯彪,男,教授,主要研究方向为遥感图像解译与目标识别、无人系统协同感知、人工智能芯片及系统。E-mail: avcodec@163.com
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侯彪,男,教授,主要研究方向为遥感图像解译与目标识别、无人系统协同感知、人工智能芯片及系统。E-mail: avcodec@163.com
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2 西安电子科技大学人工智能学院,西安 710126, bio={"content":"
焦李成,男,教授,主要研究方向为图像理解与目标识别、智能感知与计算、深度学习与类脑计算。E-mail:lchjiao@mail.xidian.edu.cn
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焦李成,男,教授,主要研究方向为图像理解与目标识别、智能感知与计算、深度学习与类脑计算。E-mail:lchjiao@mail.xidian.edu.cn
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1 Hangzhou Institute of Technology,Xidian University,Hangzhou 311231,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322949808113201933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, companyId=1322949808088036107, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2 西安电子科技大学人工智能学院,西安 710126)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322949808280974097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322949808293557010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, companyId=1322949808280974097, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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A general framework for audio-driven digital humans, figureFileSmall=lZjHGKX4afLrSSpI9BMGtg==, figureFileBig=Ddo3cUElNGWZRzVJ5vSp3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949812592718652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
音频驱动数字人的通用框架, figureFileSmall=lZjHGKX4afLrSSpI9BMGtg==, figureFileBig=Ddo3cUElNGWZRzVJ5vSp3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949812756296509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Overview of the development history of audio-driven digital human technology, figureFileSmall=D/+omdKY41+WzMrgm6x6Jw==, figureFileBig=J4Uwk/kurByaqfTMR1IUsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949812819211070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
音频驱动数字人技术发展历程概览, figureFileSmall=D/+omdKY41+WzMrgm6x6Jw==, figureFileBig=J4Uwk/kurByaqfTMR1IUsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949812877931327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of representative methods in the NeRF paradigm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 核心建模策略 | 实时性/效率 | 泛化能力 | 同步性/自然度控制 | 主要局限 |
|---|
| AD-NeRF | 头部与躯干分别建模动态辐射场,音频作为条件驱动嘴部区域变化 | 低(体渲染采样开销大) | 低(身份绑定训练) | 同步性较强,整体自然度较高 | 渲染慢;头身分离易产生颈部伪影;训练成本高 |
| RAD-NeRF | 引入音频—空间分解机制,以更高效的条件调制方式驱动辐射场 | 中—高(较大幅提升) | 低—中(仍以单身份为主) | 同步性稳定,细节较AD-NeRF略弱 | 画质上限受限;大幅度表情与细节表达不足 |
| ER-NeRF | 结合区域感知调制与Tri-plane Hash表示,在关键区域增强表达能力 | 中—高(质量与速度平衡) | 中(可迁移性增强但仍依赖适配) | 同步性与细节表现更优,稳定性更好 | 训练流程复杂;对数据质量与对齐依赖较强 |
| DFRF | 采用标准空间与形变场建模,通过动态变形实现跨姿态与表情变化 | 中(推理较快但仍需体渲染) | 中(少样本适配能力更强) | 自然度较好,跨姿态更稳定 | 泛化仍受限;复杂运动下可能出现漂移 |
| GeneFace | 通过预训练运动生成器提供可泛化的动态先验,再与NeRF渲染结合 | 中(取决于渲染设置) | 中—高(跨身份能力增强) | 表情与头动更丰富,整体更自然 | 域差异下易退化;高保真细节仍受限 |
| GeneFace++ | 引入音素级约束与更稳定的运动先验,强化长序列驱动稳定性 | 中—高(更易达到准实时) | 高(少样本条件下更稳定) | 同步稳定性更强,长序列更平滑 | 对极端情感与夸张表情的表达仍有限 |
| Real3D-Portrait | 利用预训练三维先验实现one-shot/低样本建模与驱动 | 中(依赖预训练先验) | 高(低样本能力突出) | 自然度较好,跨视角一致性较强 | 细节上限受单图信息限制;身份特征可能被平滑化 |
| SyncTalk | 引入显式同步控制器或对齐机制,增强音频与嘴部运动的一致性 | 中(增加少量模块开销) | 中(通常仍需身份适配) | 同步性显著提升,长序列漂移减少 | 依赖对齐质量;对情感与头动控制有限 |
| EmoGene | 将情感强度/情绪类别作为控制信号,驱动表情与头动变化 | 中(控制分支带来额外开销) | 中(跨身份需适配) | 情感表达更强,神态更丰富 | 情感与语义一致性难保证;可能引入夸张或不稳定 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949812940845888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
基于神经辐射场路线典型方法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 核心建模策略 | 实时性/效率 | 泛化能力 | 同步性/自然度控制 | 主要局限 |
|---|
| AD-NeRF | 头部与躯干分别建模动态辐射场,音频作为条件驱动嘴部区域变化 | 低(体渲染采样开销大) | 低(身份绑定训练) | 同步性较强,整体自然度较高 | 渲染慢;头身分离易产生颈部伪影;训练成本高 |
| RAD-NeRF | 引入音频—空间分解机制,以更高效的条件调制方式驱动辐射场 | 中—高(较大幅提升) | 低—中(仍以单身份为主) | 同步性稳定,细节较AD-NeRF略弱 | 画质上限受限;大幅度表情与细节表达不足 |
| ER-NeRF | 结合区域感知调制与Tri-plane Hash表示,在关键区域增强表达能力 | 中—高(质量与速度平衡) | 中(可迁移性增强但仍依赖适配) | 同步性与细节表现更优,稳定性更好 | 训练流程复杂;对数据质量与对齐依赖较强 |
| DFRF | 采用标准空间与形变场建模,通过动态变形实现跨姿态与表情变化 | 中(推理较快但仍需体渲染) | 中(少样本适配能力更强) | 自然度较好,跨姿态更稳定 | 泛化仍受限;复杂运动下可能出现漂移 |
| GeneFace | 通过预训练运动生成器提供可泛化的动态先验,再与NeRF渲染结合 | 中(取决于渲染设置) | 中—高(跨身份能力增强) | 表情与头动更丰富,整体更自然 | 域差异下易退化;高保真细节仍受限 |
| GeneFace++ | 引入音素级约束与更稳定的运动先验,强化长序列驱动稳定性 | 中—高(更易达到准实时) | 高(少样本条件下更稳定) | 同步稳定性更强,长序列更平滑 | 对极端情感与夸张表情的表达仍有限 |
| Real3D-Portrait | 利用预训练三维先验实现one-shot/低样本建模与驱动 | 中(依赖预训练先验) | 高(低样本能力突出) | 自然度较好,跨视角一致性较强 | 细节上限受单图信息限制;身份特征可能被平滑化 |
| SyncTalk | 引入显式同步控制器或对齐机制,增强音频与嘴部运动的一致性 | 中(增加少量模块开销) | 中(通常仍需身份适配) | 同步性显著提升,长序列漂移减少 | 依赖对齐质量;对情感与头动控制有限 |
| EmoGene | 将情感强度/情绪类别作为控制信号,驱动表情与头动变化 | 中(控制分支带来额外开销) | 中(跨身份需适配) | 情感表达更强,神态更丰富 | 情感与语义一致性难保证;可能引入夸张或不稳定 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813012149057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of representative methods in the 3DGS paradigm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 核心建模策略 | 动态建模方式 | 实时性/效率 | 驱动稳定性 | 主要局限 |
|---|
| 3DGS静态重建基线 | 显式高斯集合表示 + 光栅化渲染 | 无(静态) | 高 | 无 | 不能表达动态;仅用于重建与渲染 |
| 静态3DGS + 驱动网络 | 静态3DGS外观为主,外接驱动器 | 预测局部形变/参数 | 高 | 中 | 动态一致性有限;长序列易漂移 |
| 动态3DGS(隐式更新) | 直接学习随时间变化的高斯参数 | 高斯中心/尺度/颜色动态更新 | 中—高 | 中 | 易产生高斯漂移;训练不稳定 |
| 动态3DGS(显式形变场) | 引入连续形变场约束高斯运动 | 形变场驱动高斯位置更新 | 中 | 高 | 训练复杂;对数据覆盖要求高 |
| 绑定式3DGS(网格/骨架) | 以网格/骨架作为拓扑约束 | 绑定权重 + 蒙皮变形 | 中—高 | 高 | 拓扑约束强;细节需要额外补偿 |
| 语义/区域感知3DGS | 对嘴部/眼部等区域强化建模 | 区域分支 + 局部高斯密度调制 | 中 | 高 | 需要分割/关键点;实现复杂 |
| 情感/风格可控3DGS | 引入韵律/情感等高层控制 | 控制向量调制形变或外观 | 中 | 中—高 | 语义一致性难;可能引入不稳定 |
| 3DGS + 细节补全/修复 | 3DGS提供结构,外接细节增强模块 | 2D/3D细节补全 | 中 | 高 | 系统复杂;训练/推理链路更长 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813083452226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
3DGS模型路线典型方法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 核心建模策略 | 动态建模方式 | 实时性/效率 | 驱动稳定性 | 主要局限 |
|---|
| 3DGS静态重建基线 | 显式高斯集合表示 + 光栅化渲染 | 无(静态) | 高 | 无 | 不能表达动态;仅用于重建与渲染 |
| 静态3DGS + 驱动网络 | 静态3DGS外观为主,外接驱动器 | 预测局部形变/参数 | 高 | 中 | 动态一致性有限;长序列易漂移 |
| 动态3DGS(隐式更新) | 直接学习随时间变化的高斯参数 | 高斯中心/尺度/颜色动态更新 | 中—高 | 中 | 易产生高斯漂移;训练不稳定 |
| 动态3DGS(显式形变场) | 引入连续形变场约束高斯运动 | 形变场驱动高斯位置更新 | 中 | 高 | 训练复杂;对数据覆盖要求高 |
| 绑定式3DGS(网格/骨架) | 以网格/骨架作为拓扑约束 | 绑定权重 + 蒙皮变形 | 中—高 | 高 | 拓扑约束强;细节需要额外补偿 |
| 语义/区域感知3DGS | 对嘴部/眼部等区域强化建模 | 区域分支 + 局部高斯密度调制 | 中 | 高 | 需要分割/关键点;实现复杂 |
| 情感/风格可控3DGS | 引入韵律/情感等高层控制 | 控制向量调制形变或外观 | 中 | 中—高 | 语义一致性难;可能引入不稳定 |
| 3DGS + 细节补全/修复 | 3DGS提供结构,外接细节增强模块 | 2D/3D细节补全 | 中 | 高 | 系统复杂;训练/推理链路更长 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813154755395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of representative methods in the diffusion model paradigm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 核心策略 | 输出形式 | 推理效率 | 时序一致性 | 表现力/可控性 | 主要局限 |
|---|
| DiffTalk | 基于潜在扩散模型的人脸重演框架,将扩散范式引入音频驱动任务 | 逐帧生成视频 | 低 | 低—中 | 中 | 姿态控制能力有限;长序列稳定性不足 |
| EMO | 端到端Audio2Video扩散生成,引入帧间注意力与速度控制器以增强头动与节奏表现 | 直接生成视频帧序列 | 低 | 中 | 高 | 计算开销大;高分辨率与长序列生成成本高 |
| Hallo | 分层音频驱动视觉合成模块,增强唇形与音频同步并提升长序列一致性 | 直接生成视频 | 低 | 中—高 | 高 | 推理速度慢;对算力与显存需求高 |
| Hallo2 | 通过时间对齐增强策略提升长时长生成稳定性,并支持更高分辨率输出 | 直接生成长视频 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 训练与推理成本进一步上升;难以实时 |
| Hallo3 | 引入视频扩散Transformer以提升剧烈运动下的动态保真度与细节一致性 | 直接生成视频 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 模型规模大;推理延迟高;工程部署复杂 |
| AniPortrait | 基于ReferenceNet提取参考图像纹理特征,结合Motion Adapter捕捉动作,实现身份保持与逼真动画 | 参考图像驱动视频 | 中—低 | 中 | 高 | 对参考图像质量敏感;大姿态下可能出现身份漂移 |
| MuseTalk | 潜在空间局部修复,仅重绘嘴部区域以降低扩散计算量,实现实时级唇形同步 | 局部重绘视频 | 高(可实时) | 中 | 中 | 主要聚焦嘴部;全局表情与头动表现受限 |
| VASA-1 | 潜在空间解耦外观、三维姿态与身份特征,实现低延迟交互式生成 | 交互式生成视频 | 中—高 | 中—高 | 高 | 系统复杂;高保真细节仍受限于推理预算 |
| READ | 异步扩散架构,使音频特征提取与视频生成异步执行,提高端到端吞吐量 | 视频生成(异步推理) | 中—高 | 中 | 中—高 | 工程实现复杂;仍存在扩散采样延迟 |
| Dream-Talk | 引入情感风格控制器,增强语音语调与面部表情之间的映射,提升情绪表达 | 情感可控视频 | 低—中 | 中 | 高(情感) | 情感一致性难保证;可能出现夸张或不稳定表情 |
| EchoMimicV2 | 扩展至半身生成,引入姿态引导实现手势与语音协同 | 半身视频生成 | 低 | 中 | 高(动作) | 时序稳定性与肢体一致性难;推理开销大 |
| Emo2 | 引入末端执行器引导机制,支持手部轨迹与头部朝向的精确交互控制 | 半身交互生成 | 低 | 中 | 高(交互) | 控制与自然度平衡困难;推理速度仍难实时 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813213475652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
扩散模型路线典型方法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 核心策略 | 输出形式 | 推理效率 | 时序一致性 | 表现力/可控性 | 主要局限 |
|---|
| DiffTalk | 基于潜在扩散模型的人脸重演框架,将扩散范式引入音频驱动任务 | 逐帧生成视频 | 低 | 低—中 | 中 | 姿态控制能力有限;长序列稳定性不足 |
| EMO | 端到端Audio2Video扩散生成,引入帧间注意力与速度控制器以增强头动与节奏表现 | 直接生成视频帧序列 | 低 | 中 | 高 | 计算开销大;高分辨率与长序列生成成本高 |
| Hallo | 分层音频驱动视觉合成模块,增强唇形与音频同步并提升长序列一致性 | 直接生成视频 | 低 | 中—高 | 高 | 推理速度慢;对算力与显存需求高 |
| Hallo2 | 通过时间对齐增强策略提升长时长生成稳定性,并支持更高分辨率输出 | 直接生成长视频 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 训练与推理成本进一步上升;难以实时 |
| Hallo3 | 引入视频扩散Transformer以提升剧烈运动下的动态保真度与细节一致性 | 直接生成视频 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 模型规模大;推理延迟高;工程部署复杂 |
| AniPortrait | 基于ReferenceNet提取参考图像纹理特征,结合Motion Adapter捕捉动作,实现身份保持与逼真动画 | 参考图像驱动视频 | 中—低 | 中 | 高 | 对参考图像质量敏感;大姿态下可能出现身份漂移 |
| MuseTalk | 潜在空间局部修复,仅重绘嘴部区域以降低扩散计算量,实现实时级唇形同步 | 局部重绘视频 | 高(可实时) | 中 | 中 | 主要聚焦嘴部;全局表情与头动表现受限 |
| VASA-1 | 潜在空间解耦外观、三维姿态与身份特征,实现低延迟交互式生成 | 交互式生成视频 | 中—高 | 中—高 | 高 | 系统复杂;高保真细节仍受限于推理预算 |
| READ | 异步扩散架构,使音频特征提取与视频生成异步执行,提高端到端吞吐量 | 视频生成(异步推理) | 中—高 | 中 | 中—高 | 工程实现复杂;仍存在扩散采样延迟 |
| Dream-Talk | 引入情感风格控制器,增强语音语调与面部表情之间的映射,提升情绪表达 | 情感可控视频 | 低—中 | 中 | 高(情感) | 情感一致性难保证;可能出现夸张或不稳定表情 |
| EchoMimicV2 | 扩展至半身生成,引入姿态引导实现手势与语音协同 | 半身视频生成 | 低 | 中 | 高(动作) | 时序稳定性与肢体一致性难;推理开销大 |
| Emo2 | 引入末端执行器引导机制,支持手部轨迹与头部朝向的精确交互控制 | 半身交互生成 | 低 | 中 | 高(交互) | 控制与自然度平衡困难;推理速度仍难实时 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813293167429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison of mainstream audio-driven digital human datasets, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 数据规模 | 分辨率/视角 | 标注类型 | 更适合的任务 |
|---|
| VoxCeleb | 超过100 000条 utterances, 1 251 个身份 | 来源于 YouTube 野外视频,分辨率不统一 | 说话人身份标注;语音片段时间戳;音视频对应的说话人片段 | 跨身份泛化训练、鲁棒性学习、大规模预训练 |
| VoxCeleb 2 | 超过 1 000 000 条 utterances, 6 112 个身份 | 来源于 YouTube 野外视频,分辨率不统一 | 说话人身份标注;语音片段时间戳;音视频对应的说话人片段 | 跨身份泛化训练、鲁棒性学习、大规模预训练 |
| LRS3-TED | 超过 400 h 视频,来自 5 594 个 TED/TEDx 演讲 | 裁剪后人脸视频为 224 × 224像素, 25 帧/s | 文本转写(transcript);词级对齐边界;人脸轨迹 | 唇形同步评测、视觉语音识别、音频—口型对齐建模 |
| HDTF | 约 362 段视频,共 15.8 h,包含 300+ 主体 | 720 P/1 080 P;裁剪后常用 512 × 512像素 | 说话片段时间戳;分辨率信息;人脸区域/裁剪信息 | 高保真说话脸生成、NeRF/3DGS 训练与评测 |
| MEAD | 281 400 个视频片段,60 名演员 | 1 920 × 1 080像素, 7 个视角, 30 帧/s | 8 种情感;3 级情感强度;多视角同步音视频 | 情感可控说话头生成、表情建模、多视角情感驱动 |
| CelebV-HQ | 35 666 个视频片段, 15 653 个身份, 总时长约 65 h | 至少 512 × 512像素 | 83 个人脸属性标注:40 个外观属性、35 个动作属性、8 个情感属性 | 高保真生成、扩散模型训练、属性编辑与多属性控制 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813364470598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
主流音频驱动数字人数据集对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 数据规模 | 分辨率/视角 | 标注类型 | 更适合的任务 |
|---|
| VoxCeleb | 超过100 000条 utterances, 1 251 个身份 | 来源于 YouTube 野外视频,分辨率不统一 | 说话人身份标注;语音片段时间戳;音视频对应的说话人片段 | 跨身份泛化训练、鲁棒性学习、大规模预训练 |
| VoxCeleb 2 | 超过 1 000 000 条 utterances, 6 112 个身份 | 来源于 YouTube 野外视频,分辨率不统一 | 说话人身份标注;语音片段时间戳;音视频对应的说话人片段 | 跨身份泛化训练、鲁棒性学习、大规模预训练 |
| LRS3-TED | 超过 400 h 视频,来自 5 594 个 TED/TEDx 演讲 | 裁剪后人脸视频为 224 × 224像素, 25 帧/s | 文本转写(transcript);词级对齐边界;人脸轨迹 | 唇形同步评测、视觉语音识别、音频—口型对齐建模 |
| HDTF | 约 362 段视频,共 15.8 h,包含 300+ 主体 | 720 P/1 080 P;裁剪后常用 512 × 512像素 | 说话片段时间戳;分辨率信息;人脸区域/裁剪信息 | 高保真说话脸生成、NeRF/3DGS 训练与评测 |
| MEAD | 281 400 个视频片段,60 名演员 | 1 920 × 1 080像素, 7 个视角, 30 帧/s | 8 种情感;3 级情感强度;多视角同步音视频 | 情感可控说话头生成、表情建模、多视角情感驱动 |
| CelebV-HQ | 35 666 个视频片段, 15 653 个身份, 总时长约 65 h | 至少 512 × 512像素 | 83 个人脸属性标注:40 个外观属性、35 个动作属性、8 个情感属性 | 高保真生成、扩散模型训练、属性编辑与多属性控制 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813439968071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparison of identity preservation and synchronization of representative methods on HDTF/MEAD-Neutral, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 驱动 方式 | HDTF FID↓ | HDTF FVD↓ | HDTF Sync-C↑ | HDTF Sync-D↓ | MEAD FID↓ | MEAD FVD↓ | MEAD Sync-C↑ | MEAD Sync-D↓ |
|---|
| SadTalker | A | 22.34 | 589.63 | 7.75 | 7.36 | 36.88 | 132.27 | 6.46 | 8.07 |
| AniTalker | A | 51.66 | 583.70 | 7.73 | 7.43 | 68.01 | 941.49 | 6.76 | 7.64 |
| AniPortrait | A | 17.71 | 676.30 | 3.75 | 10.63 | 42.43 | 379.08 | 2.30 | 12.38 |
| Hallo | A | 17.15 | 276.31 | 7.99 | 7.50 | 52.07 | 210.56 | 7.45 | 7.47 |
| EmotiveTalk | A | 16.64 | 140.96 | 8.24 | 7.09 | 53.21 | 207.67 | 6.82 | 7.43 |
| PD-FGC | A+V | 67.97 | 464.90 | 7.30 | 7.72 | 121.46 | 353.75 | 5.15 | 8.77 |
| StyleTalk | A+V | 29.65 | 184.60 | 4.34 | 10.35 | 118.48 | 197.18 | 3.86 | 10.74 |
| DreamTalk | A+V | 29.37 | 263.78 | 6.80 | 8.03 | 105.92 | 204.48 | 5.64 | 8.69 |
| EmotiveTalk | A+V | 16.09 | 120.70 | 8.41 | 7.11 | 50.84 | 153.71 | 6.79 | 7.58 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813511271240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
代表性方法在 HDTF/MEAD-Neutral 上的身份保持与同步对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 驱动 方式 | HDTF FID↓ | HDTF FVD↓ | HDTF Sync-C↑ | HDTF Sync-D↓ | MEAD FID↓ | MEAD FVD↓ | MEAD Sync-C↑ | MEAD Sync-D↓ |
|---|
| SadTalker | A | 22.34 | 589.63 | 7.75 | 7.36 | 36.88 | 132.27 | 6.46 | 8.07 |
| AniTalker | A | 51.66 | 583.70 | 7.73 | 7.43 | 68.01 | 941.49 | 6.76 | 7.64 |
| AniPortrait | A | 17.71 | 676.30 | 3.75 | 10.63 | 42.43 | 379.08 | 2.30 | 12.38 |
| Hallo | A | 17.15 | 276.31 | 7.99 | 7.50 | 52.07 | 210.56 | 7.45 | 7.47 |
| EmotiveTalk | A | 16.64 | 140.96 | 8.24 | 7.09 | 53.21 | 207.67 | 6.82 | 7.43 |
| PD-FGC | A+V | 67.97 | 464.90 | 7.30 | 7.72 | 121.46 | 353.75 | 5.15 | 8.77 |
| StyleTalk | A+V | 29.65 | 184.60 | 4.34 | 10.35 | 118.48 | 197.18 | 3.86 | 10.74 |
| DreamTalk | A+V | 29.37 | 263.78 | 6.80 | 8.03 | 105.92 | 204.48 | 5.64 | 8.69 |
| EmotiveTalk | A+V | 16.09 | 120.70 | 8.41 | 7.11 | 50.84 | 153.71 | 6.79 | 7.58 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813574185801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Quantitative results of representative methods on HDTF/MEAD-Neutral, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | HDTF FID↓ | HDTF CSIM↑ | HDTF LSE-C↑ | MEAD-Neutral FID↓ | MEAD-Neutral CSIM↑ | MEAD-Neutral LSE-C↑ |
|---|
| Wav2Lip | 11.21 | 0.818 4 | 7.46 | 24.11 | 0.843 2 | 6.74 |
| VideoReTalking | 10.93 | 0.798 9 | 7.70 | 26.82 | 0.838 0 | 5.82 |
| TalkLip | 17.61 | 0.789 8 | 2.29 | 45.28 | 0.850 9 | 2.07 |
| DI-Net | 7.27 | 0.815 4 | 6.17 | 26.34 | 0.827 4 | 4.40 |
| MuseTalk | 6.43 | 0.822 5 | 6.53 | 13.42 | 0.866 2 | 5.15 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949813645488970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949802677383938, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
代表性方法在 HDTF/MEAD-Neutral 上的量化结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | HDTF FID↓ | HDTF CSIM↑ | HDTF LSE-C↑ | MEAD-Neutral FID↓ | MEAD-Neutral CSIM↑ | MEAD-Neutral LSE-C↑ |
|---|
| Wav2Lip | 11.21 | 0.818 4 | 7.46 | 24.11 | 0.843 2 | 6.74 |
| VideoReTalking | 10.93 | 0.798 9 | 7.70 | 26.82 | 0.838 0 | 5.82 |
| TalkLip | 17.61 | 0.789 8 | 2.29 | 45.28 | 0.850 9 | 2.07 |
| DI-Net | 7.27 | 0.815 4 | 6.17 | 26.34 | 0.827 4 | 4.40 |
| MuseTalk | 6.43 | 0.822 5 | 6.53 | 13.42 | 0.866 2 | 5.15 |
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