Article(id=1322963039162597688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250588, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763654400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-21, revisedDate=1770652800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348568001, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1792080000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348568001, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348568001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348568001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322962941087195876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='10', pageStart='3441', pageEnd='3818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1792080000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348544618, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348641113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3671, endPage=3690, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322963039355535673, articleId=1322963039162597688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Cross-domain feature alignment and two-stage enhancement for low-light object detection, columnId=1249044019595125147, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Image Analysis and Recognition, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Object detection,a foundational task in computer vision,has attained remarkable performance under well-illuminated conditions with the advancement of deep learning techniques. However,its practical deployment is severely impeded by low-light environments,which are ubiquitous in real-world scenarios including nighttime surveillance,autonomous driving during dusk,and low-illumination indoor monitoring. Traditional object detection methods exhibit substantial performance degradation under low-light conditions,primarily stemming from three core challenges: excessive image noise induced by insufficient photon capture of imaging sensors,reduced contrast between foreground objects and backgrounds that obscures object contours,and severe loss of fine-grained details (e.g.,texture and edge information),which are all critical for accurate object localization and classification. Meanwhile,the development of low-light object detection techniques is further constrained by the scarcity of high-quality annotated low-light datasets. Annotating low-light images demands professional expertise to distinguish genuine object features from noise interference,resulting in high annotation costs and limited dataset scales. By contrast,large-scale natural image datasets (e.g.,COCO and ImageNet) with high-quality annotations are readily accessible,encompassing diverse object categories and scene variations. Consequently,this study aims to address the performance degradation of traditional object detection methods in low-light environments,alleviate the bottleneck posed by scarce high-quality annotated low-light images,and fully exploit the value of large-scale natural image datasets to provide efficient and reliable training support for low-light object detection.
Method An innovative low-light object detection framework,which adopts a core training paradigm based on normal-light pretrained models to maximize the utilization of existing high-quality natural image resources,is proposed to achieve the aforementioned objectives. The framework consists of two key modules designed to address domain differences and small/distant object detection challenges,respectively. First,to bridge the substantial domain gap between normal-light and low-light images,characterized by distinct illumination distributions and feature representations,an illumination-invariant feature alignment (IIFA) module is developed. This module implements cross-domain feature fusion through a twofold strategy: global illumination feature alignment and illumination-independent feature extraction. The global illumination alignment component normalizes the illumination statistics (e.g.,brightness and contrast) of normal-light and low-light features to a unified space,reducing the impact of illumination intensity differences. The illumination-independent feature extraction component employs an attention mechanism to focus on object structural features (e.g.,shape and contour) that are less affected by illumination changes,while suppressing illumination-related noise features. Additionally,an adaptive sample priority processing mechanism is embedded in the IIFA module to adjust the weight of training samples based on their domain adaptation difficulty dynamically. Samples with larger domain distribution differences (e.g.,low-light images with extreme noise) are assigned higher weights during training,enabling the model to prioritize learning from challenging samples and adapt more effectively to interdomain distribution differences. Second,aiming at the prominent challenge of detecting small or distant objects in low-light environments where degraded details and low contrast make it difficult for the model to capture discriminative features,a two-stage feature enhancement (TSFE) module is proposed. The first stage of the module performs multiscale feature fusion to aggregate low-level detail features and high-level semantic features of small/distant objects,compensating for the detail loss caused by low illumination. The second stage applies a local feature reinforcement attention mechanism to highlight the key feature regions of small/distant objects (e.g.,object heads and limbs for pedestrian detection) while suppressing background noise. This two-stage enhancement strategy ensures that the model can accurately locate and identify small or distant objects even in low-light conditions by sequentially enhancing feature completeness and discriminability.
Result Comprehensive experiments are conducted on the ExDark dataset,a widely recognized low-light object detection benchmark that contains 8 856 low-light images covering 12 common object categories (e.g.,person,car,and bicycle) and various low-light scenarios (e.g.,night streets and dim rooms). The proposed model is compared with two mainstream low-light object detection methods: direct training on low-light datasets and normal-light pretraining followed by low-light fine-tuning. The evaluation metrics include mean average precision (mAP) for detection accuracy,precision (P) and recall (R) for category-specific performance,and frames per second (FPS) for detection efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms the comparison methods in all evaluation metrics,with particularly outstanding performance in small object detection. Specific metrics are as follows: In cross-domain adaptation scenarios (using normal-light pretrained models without fine-tuning on low-light data),the model achieves an mAP of 65.74% and an FPS of 57.03 frame/s,outperforming the direct low-light training method and maintaining comparable efficiency. When fine-tuned on the ExDark dataset,the proposed model achieves an mAP of 66.83%,a precision of 83.73%,and a recall of 54.78%,while maintaining an FPS of 48.81 frame/s,verifying the effectiveness of the IIFA and TSFE modules. The FPS of 48.81 also meets the real-time detection requirements of practical applications such as surveillance and autonomous driving.
Conclusion This framework effectively bridges cross-domain differences between normal-light and low-light images,enhances the detection capability for small and distant objects,and remarkably improves overall low-light object detection performance,providing an efficient solution to low-light detection challenges.
, authors=Yang Wang1, Meijing Zhang2
, *, Jingjing Cao3, Hongju Cheng5, Xingsi Xue4, Wenxi Liu5, authorsList=Yang Wang, Meijing Zhang, Jingjing Cao, Hongju Cheng, Xingsi Xue, Wenxi Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Meijing Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322963044757799242, articleId=1322963039162597688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=跨域特征对齐与两阶段增强的低光目标检测方法, columnId=1249044019838394781, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=图像分析和识别, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 解决低光环境下图像噪声、对比度不足及细节退化导致的传统目标检测性能下滑问题,缓解高质量标注低光图像稀缺瓶颈,挖掘大规模自然图像数据集价值以提供高效训练支撑。
方法 提出一种创新的低光目标检测框架,以正常光照图像预训练模型为基础构建核心训练范式。首先,为弥合正常光照与低光图像间的域分布鸿沟,设计光照不变特征对齐模块(illumination-invariant feature alignment,IIFA),通过全局光照特征对齐与光照无关特征提取的协同机制实现跨域特征融合,并嵌入自适应样本优先级处理机制以适配域间分布差异;其次,针对低光场景下小型及远距离目标因细节退化、对比度不足导致的检测难题,提出一种基于两阶段增强策略的局部特征强化注意力模块(two-stage feature enhancement,TSFE),实现对关键目标特征的精准增强。
结果 在低光检测基准ExDark数据集上的实验结果表明,所提模型性能优于直接低光训练、正常光预训练后低光微调等现有方法,尤其在小型目标检测任务中表现突出。具体指标如下:IIFA跨域适应场景下平均精度均值(mean average precision,mAP)达65.74%,帧率(frames per second,FPS)达57.03帧/s;所提模型mAP达66.83%,精确率(precision,P)达83.73%,召回率(recall,R)达54.78%,同时保持48.81帧/s的FPS,综合性能与检测效率优势显著。
结论 本框架有效弥合跨域差异,提升小型及远距离目标检测能力,显著改善低光检测性能,提供了高效解决方案。
, authors=王洋1, 张美璟2
, *, 曹菁菁3, 程红举5, 薛醒思4, 刘文犀5, authorsList=王洋, 张美璟, 曹菁菁, 程红举, 薛醒思, 刘文犀, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张美璟, authorNote=
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1 福建农林大学机电工程学院,福州 350002, bio={"content":"
王洋,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉低光目标检测。E-mail:2937331762@qq.com
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王洋,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉低光目标检测。E-mail:2937331762@qq.com
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1 福建农林大学机电工程学院,福州 350002)])]), Author(id=1322963047324713313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhangmeijing@fjpsc.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322963047408599395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, authorId=1322963047324713313, language=EN, stringName=Meijing Zhang, firstName=Meijing, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2
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2 Department of Computer and Information Security Management,Fujian Police College,Fuzhou 350007,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322963047479902564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, authorId=1322963047324713313, language=CN, stringName=张美璟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2
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2 福建警察学院计算机与信息安全管理系,福州 350007, bio={"content":"
张美璟,通信作者,男,副教授,主要研究方向为人工智能、警务大数据分析与挖掘。E-mail: zhangmeijing@fjpsc.edu.cn
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张美璟,通信作者,男,副教授,主要研究方向为人工智能、警务大数据分析与挖掘。E-mail: zhangmeijing@fjpsc.edu.cn
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2 福建警察学院计算机与信息安全管理系,福州 350007)])]), Author(id=1322963047576371558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=bettycao@whut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322963047689617768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, authorId=1322963047576371558, language=EN, stringName=Jingjing Cao, firstName=Jingjing, middleName=null, lastName=Cao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=
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3 武汉理工大学交通与物流工程学院,武汉 430070, bio={"content":"
曹菁菁,女,副教授,主要研究方向为图像目标检测与语义分割。E-mail: bettycao@whut.edu.cn
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曹菁菁,女,副教授,主要研究方向为图像目标检测与语义分割。E-mail: bettycao@whut.edu.cn
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5 福州大学计算机与大数据学院,福州 350108, bio={"content":"
程红举,男,教授,主要研究方向为机器学习、多模态、数字孪生和区块链。E-mail: cscheng@fzu.edu.cn
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4 School of Computer Science and Mathematics,Fujian University of Technology,Fuzhou 350118,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322963048293597555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, authorId=1322963048130019696, language=CN, stringName=薛醒思, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=
4 福建理工大学计算机科学与数学学院,福州 350118, bio={"content":"
薛醒思,男,教授,主要研究方向为自然语言处理、异构大数据集成、知识网谱和语义网。E-mail: jack8375@gmail.com
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薛醒思,男,教授,主要研究方向为自然语言处理、异构大数据集成、知识网谱和语义网。E-mail: jack8375@gmail.com
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Two-stage feature enhancement module ((a)MCFE; (b) CFE), figureFileSmall=mmkEiLjhpFci6b0aynLfVA==, figureFileBig=Az5KvaVk1eaO84hndpRNLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963049816129926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
两阶段特征增强模块, figureFileSmall=mmkEiLjhpFci6b0aynLfVA==, figureFileBig=Az5KvaVk1eaO84hndpRNLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963051472880007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Context-aware feature enhancement module ((a) dynamic residual block (DRB); (b) adaptive attention gate (AAG);, figureFileSmall=lqhBkg1JsaI3EG0WIu1LOA==, figureFileBig=bv0k39lHtArp4sjjOn34Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963051548377480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
上下文感知特征提取模块(c) efficient spatial attention (ESA); (d) multi scale feature enhancement (MSE))
, figureFileSmall=lqhBkg1JsaI3EG0WIu1LOA==, figureFileBig=bv0k39lHtArp4sjjOn34Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963051644846473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Comparing the visualization of different methods in low illumination, figureFileSmall=CZX77jlLwkJvwm0ps+RnDg==, figureFileBig=qD1BpbK79lIqnddXAeJ7LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963051753898378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
低光照环境下不同方法可视化效果对比((a) original images; (b) ground truth; (c) NSA-UDA; (d) DAOD; (e) DPA; (f) SFDA; (g) ours)
, figureFileSmall=CZX77jlLwkJvwm0ps+RnDg==, figureFileBig=qD1BpbK79lIqnddXAeJ7LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963051825201547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Effects of the components in our framework, figureFileSmall=6Cz7S8JPdWz+UZqygLQQKA==, figureFileBig=vDm6miNGeJrrbgXvzYXVBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963051892310412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
本文框架各组件模块的有效性((a) integration effect of the CDFA module; (b) supplementary effect of the IIFR module; (c) addition effect of the DCA
module; (d) integration effect of the MCFE module;
(e) supplementary effect of the CFE module)
, figureFileSmall=6Cz7S8JPdWz+UZqygLQQKA==, figureFileBig=vDm6miNGeJrrbgXvzYXVBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963051963613581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Visualization of the results with and without IIFA that includes CDFA,IIFR and DCA, figureFileSmall=LB7x13j5DZHpxCFlqQ9AVw==, figureFileBig=TPlHBG0ytHDqSlwELAQiOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963052039111054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
加入IIFA前后的结果可视化,IIFA包含CDFA、IIFR和DCA((a) original images; (b) without IIFA module; (c) with IIFA module; (d) ground truth)
, figureFileSmall=LB7x13j5DZHpxCFlqQ9AVw==, figureFileBig=TPlHBG0ytHDqSlwELAQiOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963052135580047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Heat map before and after adding MCFE, figureFileSmall=X87Z+bNgLOxEBa8R5RCY1w==, figureFileBig=1MyplRnJJpTWtntRxkYxLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963052211077520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
添加MCFE前后热力图((a) original images; (b) without MCFE module;
(c) with MCFE module)
, figureFileSmall=X87Z+bNgLOxEBa8R5RCY1w==, figureFileBig=1MyplRnJJpTWtntRxkYxLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963052273992081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Visualization of the results with and without TSFE that includes MCFE and CFE, figureFileSmall=LYzAXVSLYZhb7X2NaRFoOA==, figureFileBig=b5GB8yf6lSv91eFiJrzcjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963052345295250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
加入TSFE前后的结果可视化(TSFE包含MCFE和CFE)((a) original images; (b) without TSFE module; (c) with TSFE module; (d) ground truth)
, figureFileSmall=LYzAXVSLYZhb7X2NaRFoOA==, figureFileBig=b5GB8yf6lSv91eFiJrzcjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963052420792723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison with the state-of-the-art domain adaptation methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | backbone | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| TDD(He等,2022) | VGG-16 | 47.28 | 72.15 | 47.67 | 10.74 |
| NSA-UDA(Zhou等,2023b) | VGG-16 | 55.70 | 78.36 | 49.28 | 8.38 |
| PDA(Hsu等,2020) | ResNet-50 | 49.73 | 74.69 | 47.48 | 12.62 |
| DAOD(He等,2025) | ResNet-50 | 64.87 | 83.78 | 52.16 | 16.15 |
| SWDA(Saito等,2019) | ResNet-101 | 52.66 | 79.47 | 48.30 | 11.60 |
| DPA(Zheng等,2025) | ResNet-101 | 65.19 | 82.65 | 54.92 | 14.83 |
| S-DAYOLO(Li等,2022b) | CSPDarkNet | 55.23 | 77.71 | 50.40 | 37.32 |
| SSDA-YOLO(Zhou等,2023a) | CSPDarkNet | 54.69 | 78.50 | 49.92 | 34.49 |
| SFDA(Varailhon等,2025) | CSPDarkNet | 64.98 | 81.69 | 55.73 | 31.81 |
| IIFA | CSPDarkNet | 65.74 | 81.47 | 53.20 | 57.03 |
| 本文 | CSPDarkNet | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 48.41 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963052483707284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
与当前先进域适应方法的对比实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | backbone | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| TDD(He等,2022) | VGG-16 | 47.28 | 72.15 | 47.67 | 10.74 |
| NSA-UDA(Zhou等,2023b) | VGG-16 | 55.70 | 78.36 | 49.28 | 8.38 |
| PDA(Hsu等,2020) | ResNet-50 | 49.73 | 74.69 | 47.48 | 12.62 |
| DAOD(He等,2025) | ResNet-50 | 64.87 | 83.78 | 52.16 | 16.15 |
| SWDA(Saito等,2019) | ResNet-101 | 52.66 | 79.47 | 48.30 | 11.60 |
| DPA(Zheng等,2025) | ResNet-101 | 65.19 | 82.65 | 54.92 | 14.83 |
| S-DAYOLO(Li等,2022b) | CSPDarkNet | 55.23 | 77.71 | 50.40 | 37.32 |
| SSDA-YOLO(Zhou等,2023a) | CSPDarkNet | 54.69 | 78.50 | 49.92 | 34.49 |
| SFDA(Varailhon等,2025) | CSPDarkNet | 64.98 | 81.69 | 55.73 | 31.81 |
| IIFA | CSPDarkNet | 65.74 | 81.47 | 53.20 | 57.03 |
| 本文 | CSPDarkNet | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 48.41 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963052555010453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison results of MCFE with existing advanced attention mechanisms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络结构 | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | 参数量/M | FLOPs/G | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| SE(Hu等,2018) | 65.82 | 81.57 | 54.91 | 122.39 | 384.26 | 51.28 |
| CBAM(Woo等,2018) | 65.16 | 82.35 | 53.91 | 122.04 | 384.26 | 48.79 |
| CA(Hou等,2021) | 64.39 | 81.70 | 54.02 | 122.09 | 384.28 | 43.48 |
| MCFE | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 122.04 | 384.25 | 48.81 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963052613730710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
MCFE与现有先进注意力机制的对比结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络结构 | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | 参数量/M | FLOPs/G | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| SE(Hu等,2018) | 65.82 | 81.57 | 54.91 | 122.39 | 384.26 | 51.28 |
| CBAM(Woo等,2018) | 65.16 | 82.35 | 53.91 | 122.04 | 384.26 | 48.79 |
| CA(Hou等,2021) | 64.39 | 81.70 | 54.02 | 122.09 | 384.28 | 43.48 |
| MCFE | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 122.04 | 384.25 | 48.81 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963052676645271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
CFE and comparison results with existing advanced multi-scale fusion mechanisms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络结构 | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | 参数量/M | FLOPs/G | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| SPP(He等,2015) | 63.73 | 80.54 | 52.81 | 71.94 | 269.27 | 59.56 |
| PPM(Zhao等,2017) | 62.96 | 79.47 | 53.69 | 69.63 | 261.19 | 54.39 |
| ASPP(Chen等,2017) | 64.40 | 82.69 | 52.12 | 72.17 | 269.66 | 52.69 |
| CFE | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 122.04 | 384.25 | 48.81 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963052756337048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
CFE与现有先进多尺度融合机制的对比结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络结构 | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | 参数量/M | FLOPs/G | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| SPP(He等,2015) | 63.73 | 80.54 | 52.81 | 71.94 | 269.27 | 59.56 |
| PPM(Zhao等,2017) | 62.96 | 79.47 | 53.69 | 69.63 | 261.19 | 54.39 |
| ASPP(Chen等,2017) | 64.40 | 82.69 | 52.12 | 72.17 | 269.66 | 52.69 |
| CFE | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 122.04 | 384.25 | 48.81 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963052819251609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison of category results with state-of-the-art methods(AP), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 类别 |
|---|
| Bus | Car | Dog | Person | Table | Cat | Boat | Chair | Cup | Motor | Bike | Bottle |
|---|
| NSA-UDA(Zhou等,2023b) | 74.39 | 61.34 | 73.84 | 68.10 | 11.57 | 63.49 | 32.60 | 53.72 | 53.35 | 54.77 | 62.95 | 58.32 |
| DAOD(He等,2025) | 87.46 | 76.02 | 82.32 | 76.06 | 19.35 | 73.66 | 46.39 | 56.26 | 59.34 | 62.50 | 73.38 | 65.70 |
| DPA(Zheng等,2025) | 88.65 | 76.98 | 83.36 | 76.52 | 21.88 | 72.58 | 47.52 | 54.40 | 58.49 | 61.22 | 74.29 | 66.41 |
| SFDA(Varailhon等,2025) | 87.71 | 75.95 | 81.49 | 76.59 | 20.76 | 71.71 | 46.38 | 55.86 | 58.06 | 63.49 | 73.81 | 67.95 |
| IIFA | 90.07 | 76.89 | 82.87 | 77.23 | 22.87 | 71.44 | 48.23 | 57.38 | 58.14 | 62.97 | 72.31 | 68.42 |
| 本文 | 91.06 | 77.01 | 83.09 | 77.68 | 23.53 | 72.89 | 49.22 | 58.33 | 59.73 | 63.82 | 76.65 | 69.00 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963052890554778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
与前沿方法在各类别上结果对比(AP)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 类别 |
|---|
| Bus | Car | Dog | Person | Table | Cat | Boat | Chair | Cup | Motor | Bike | Bottle |
|---|
| NSA-UDA(Zhou等,2023b) | 74.39 | 61.34 | 73.84 | 68.10 | 11.57 | 63.49 | 32.60 | 53.72 | 53.35 | 54.77 | 62.95 | 58.32 |
| DAOD(He等,2025) | 87.46 | 76.02 | 82.32 | 76.06 | 19.35 | 73.66 | 46.39 | 56.26 | 59.34 | 62.50 | 73.38 | 65.70 |
| DPA(Zheng等,2025) | 88.65 | 76.98 | 83.36 | 76.52 | 21.88 | 72.58 | 47.52 | 54.40 | 58.49 | 61.22 | 74.29 | 66.41 |
| SFDA(Varailhon等,2025) | 87.71 | 75.95 | 81.49 | 76.59 | 20.76 | 71.71 | 46.38 | 55.86 | 58.06 | 63.49 | 73.81 | 67.95 |
| IIFA | 90.07 | 76.89 | 82.87 | 77.23 | 22.87 | 71.44 | 48.23 | 57.38 | 58.14 | 62.97 | 72.31 | 68.42 |
| 本文 | 91.06 | 77.01 | 83.09 | 77.68 | 23.53 | 72.89 | 49.22 | 58.33 | 59.73 | 63.82 | 76.65 | 69.00 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963052966052251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparison of object size results with state-of-the-art methods(AP)/%, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 目标尺寸 |
|---|
| 小 | 中 | 大 |
|---|
| NSA-UDA (Zhou等,2023b) | 1.27 | 11.45 | 31.46 |
| DAOD (He等,2025) | 1.49 | 13.95 | 35.79 |
| DPA (Zheng等,2025) | 1.50 | 15.07 | 42.16 |
| SFDA (Varailhon等,2025) | 1.58 | 15.13 | 39.85 |
| IIFA | 1.69 | 15.10 | 40.78 |
| 本文 | 2.48 | 16.44 | 41.97 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963053037355420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
与前沿方法在各目标尺寸上的结果对比(AP)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 目标尺寸 |
|---|
| 小 | 中 | 大 |
|---|
| NSA-UDA (Zhou等,2023b) | 1.27 | 11.45 | 31.46 |
| DAOD (He等,2025) | 1.49 | 13.95 | 35.79 |
| DPA (Zheng等,2025) | 1.50 | 15.07 | 42.16 |
| SFDA (Varailhon等,2025) | 1.58 | 15.13 | 39.85 |
| IIFA | 1.69 | 15.10 | 40.78 |
| 本文 | 2.48 | 16.44 | 41.97 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963053129630109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Module ablation research, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络结构 | 评价指标 |
|---|
| CDFA | IIFR | DCA | MCFE | CFE | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| - | - | - | - | - | 62.07 | 78.81 | 47.73 | 54.91 |
| √ | - | - | - | - | 63.19 | 79.97 | 49.00 | 62.33 |
| - | √ | - | - | - | 63.44 | 80.75 | 50.05 | 71.94 |
| - | - | √ | - | - | 63.58 | 81.05 | 49.28 | 60.98 |
| √ | √ | - | - | - | 64.45 | 80.36 | 51.30 | 75.03 |
| √ | - | √ | - | - | 64.64 | 80.79 | 51.29 | 62.31 |
| - | √ | √ | - | - | 64.34 | 80.79 | 52.40 | 62.96 |
| √ | √ | √ | - | - | 65.74 | 81.47 | 53.20 | 57.03 |
| √ | √ | √ | √ | - | 66.16 | 82.54 | 53.18 | 49.25 |
| √ | √ | √ | - | √ | 65.92 | 82.03 | 54.48 | 42.15 |
| √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 48.41 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963053217710494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
各模块消融实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络结构 | 评价指标 |
|---|
| CDFA | IIFR | DCA | MCFE | CFE | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| - | - | - | - | - | 62.07 | 78.81 | 47.73 | 54.91 |
| √ | - | - | - | - | 63.19 | 79.97 | 49.00 | 62.33 |
| - | √ | - | - | - | 63.44 | 80.75 | 50.05 | 71.94 |
| - | - | √ | - | - | 63.58 | 81.05 | 49.28 | 60.98 |
| √ | √ | - | - | - | 64.45 | 80.36 | 51.30 | 75.03 |
| √ | - | √ | - | - | 64.64 | 80.79 | 51.29 | 62.31 |
| - | √ | √ | - | - | 64.34 | 80.79 | 52.40 | 62.96 |
| √ | √ | √ | - | - | 65.74 | 81.47 | 53.20 | 57.03 |
| √ | √ | √ | √ | - | 66.16 | 82.54 | 53.18 | 49.25 |
| √ | √ | √ | - | √ | 65.92 | 82.03 | 54.48 | 42.15 |
| √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 48.41 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963053293207967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Ablation study on the loss function, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| LDET | LMMD | LContrast | LDCA | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| √ | - | - | - | 63.04 | 79.86 | 49.15 | 43.73 |
| √ | √ | - | - | 64.09 | 81.68 | 51.46 | 48.10 |
| √ | √ | √ | - | 65.38 | 82.59 | 53.04 | 56.24 |
| √ | √ | √ | √ | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 48.41 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963053377094048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
损失函数消融研究
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| LDET | LMMD | LContrast | LDCA | mAP/% | 精确率/% | 召回率/% | FPS/(帧/s) |
|---|
| √ | - | - | - | 63.04 | 79.86 | 49.15 | 43.73 |
| √ | √ | - | - | 64.09 | 81.68 | 51.46 | 48.10 |
| √ | √ | √ | - | 65.38 | 82.59 | 53.04 | 56.24 |
| √ | √ | √ | √ | 66.83 | 83.73 | 54.78 | 48.41 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963053473563041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=
Detection of AP effects by MCFE and CFE for small,medium,and large objects /%, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络结构 | 目标尺寸 |
|---|
| MCFE | CFE | 小 | 中 | 大 |
| √ | - | 1.85 | 15.36 | 41.36 |
| - | √ | 1.77 | 15.56 | 41.78 |
| √ | √ | 2.48 | 16.44 | 41.97 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963053544866210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963039162597688, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
MCFE和CFE检测小型、中型和大型物体的AP效果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络结构 | 目标尺寸 |
|---|
| MCFE | CFE | 小 | 中 | 大 |
| √ | - | 1.85 | 15.36 | 41.36 |
| - | √ | 1.77 | 15.56 | 41.78 |
| √ | √ | 2.48 | 16.44 | 41.97 |
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