Article(id=1322963027695378691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250564, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762444800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-07, revisedDate=1768924800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348565267, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1792080000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348565267, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348565267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348565267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322962941087195876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='10', pageStart='3441', pageEnd='3818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1792080000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348544618, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348641113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3618, endPage=3635, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322963029687673093, articleId=1322963027695378691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=A dual-modal salient object detection network for 360° omnidirectional images, columnId=1249044019595125147, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Image Analysis and Recognition, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Salient object detection (SOD) seeks to emulate human visual attention by locating and segmenting the most conspicuous objects in visual scenes. While deep-learning-based 2D RGB and RGB-D SOD methods have advanced substantially,360° omnidirectional (panoramic) images introduce unique challenges,most notably spherical-to-plane projection distortions (e.g.,equal rectangular projection(ERP) artifacts),severe polar-region deformation,and boundary discontinuities across the left-right wraparound. At the same time,depth cues are known to improve geometric reasoning in conventional RGB-D SOD,but their effective exploitation for 360° SOD is underexplored due to modality-alignment difficulties,noise in estimated depth,and the lack of fusion architectures tailored to panoramic projection effects. The objective of this work is to investigate and demonstrate how carefully designed cross-modal modeling and projection-aware feature processing can harness depth information to substantially improve salient object detection on ERP panoramic images,while remaining robust to depth estimation noise and projection artifacts.
Method We propose an asymmetric dual-branch U-Net architecture for RGB-D 360° SOD that explicitly accounts for ERP projection properties and for cross-modal alignment. The model contains three novel components: 1) a panoramic-aware receptive field module (PA-RFM) that enhances direction-sensitive context modeling via a longitude-latitude-global triplet attention scheme and a ring-padding/cropping strategy to respect horizontal periodicity; 2) an attention-guided fusion module (AFM) that performs adaptive,dynamic weighting of RGB and depth channels using combined channel and spatial attention plus a lightweight modality weight generator to suppress noisy depth responses while preserving boundary cues; and 3) a cross-modal guided collaborative decoder in which a fusion-centric decoding path is explicitly guided by an independent high-resolution RGB decoding path via attentional gating,yielding superior edge and texture recovery. The RGB encoder is a pretrained SAM2 Hiera backbone with lightweight adapters to limit finetuning cost; the depth encoder is a ResNet-34 modified for single-channel input. PA-RFM employs a four-branch multiscale dilated design with a panoramic context aggregation module (PCAM) at each branch to merge longitude attention (via circular padding + horizontal convolutions),latitude attention (via latitude-weighted vertical convolutions that attenuate polar exaggeration),and global semantic attention (via latitude-weighted global average pooling (GAP) and channel recalibration). Training is performed in PyTorch on NVIDIA RTX 3090 hardware using AdamW (lr = 1 × 10-3,weight decay = 5 × 10-4),cosine annealing to 1 × 10-7,batch size 4,up to 50 epochs,input resolution 512 × 1 024,and a structured loss composed of weighted BCE + weighted IoU with multilayer deep supervision.
Result We evaluate the proposed model on two public panoramic SOD benchmarks augmented with depth maps produced by a state-of-the-art 360° depth estimator: 360-SOD (500 ERP images; 400 train/100 test) and 360-SSOD (1 105 ERP images; 850 train/255 test). Quantitatively,our method achieves MAE = 0.015 1,max-F = 0.838 8,mean-F = 0.815 0,max-E = 0.933 1,mean-E = 0.924 0,and Sm = 0.873 6 on 360-SOD (same scores on 360-SSOD),outperforming 10 representative RGB-D 2D SOD methods and seven representative RGB 360° SOD methods in objective metrics and visual quality. Relative to the strongest competing baseline,our mean absolute error(MAE) is reduced by 13.7%,max-F increases by 4.64%,mean-F by 3.24%,and Sm by 1.96%,demonstrating substantial gains particularly in boundary accuracy and structural consistency. Extensive qualitative comparisons show our model is markedly better at detecting objects in severely distorted polar regions,maintaining left-right boundary continuity,and recovering fine edges in cluttered or low-contrast scenes. Ablation studies confirm the contribution of each module: PA-RFM yields the largest single-module improvement (vs. RFB and a no-PA-RFM baseline),PCAM’s three attention branches (longitude,latitude,global) act synergistically,and a ring-padding width of k = 2 provides the best tradeoff between boundary continuity and redundancy. AFM outperforms simple fusion strategies (add,concat,multiply) and several state-of-the-art (SOTA) fusion blocks (MobileSal,HIDANet,CPNet variants). The cross-modal guided decoder meaningfully improves edge/detail recovery over a variant that omits the RGB decoding path. We also test robustness to different depth estimators and find consistent improvements over RGB-only baselines; performance varies modestly with depth source,with Joint_360depth yielding the best overall results but not causing catastrophic degradation when replaced.
Conclusion This study demonstrates that depth information can be effectively and robustly exploited for 360° omnidirectional SOD when combined with projection-aware receptive field design and modality-aware fusion and decoding strategies. The proposed PA-RFM addresses ERP-specific distortions (horizontal periodicity and polar exaggeration) via circular padding,latitude weighting and global recalibration; AFM adaptively reconciles noisy depth with RGB structure; and the cross-modal guided collaborative decoder preserves high-resolution RGB priors to restore fine boundaries and textures lost in fused representations. Together,these innovations lead to consistent and remarkable gains across standard panoramic SOD benchmarks,especially in polar regions and at projection boundaries. The approach is general and can be extended to other panoramic vision tasks and to setups with sensor-captured depth; future work will explore domain adaptation to real depth sensors,multiprojection fusion (ERP + CMP),and model compression for mobile/AR/VR deployment.
, authors=Xiaolei Chen
*, Zhihua Zhong, Yujie Shen, authorsList=Xiaolei Chen, Zhihua Zhong, Yujie Shen, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaolei Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322963035421286686, articleId=1322963027695378691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=双模态360度全景图像显著目标检测网络, columnId=1249044019838394781, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=图像分析和识别, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 显著目标检测(salient object detection,SOD)旨在模拟人类视觉注意力机制,从图像或视频中识别并分割最显著的物体。尽管基于深度学习的2D SOD已取得显著进展,但面向360°全景图像的SOD因球面投影畸变和边界不连续性等问题,面临独特挑战。同时,虽然深度信息在2D RGB-D SOD中被证明能增强几何推理能力,但由于模态对齐困难、噪声敏感性以及缺乏针对ERP(equal rectangular projection)畸变的融合框架,其在360° SOD中的应用仍探索不足。对此,提出一种新颖的非对称双分支U-Net网络用于RGB-D 360° SOD。
方法 该网络包含全景感知感受野模块(panoramic-aware receptive field module,PA-RFM)、注意力引导融合模块(attention-guided fusion module,AFM)和跨模态引导协同解码策略。PA-RFM通过经度—纬度—全局三重注意力机制缓解投影畸变;AFM实现自适应跨模态特征融合,有效利用深度信息;跨模态引导协同解码策略利用高分辨率RGB解码细节提升边界恢复精度。
结果 在两个基准数据集(360-SOD和360-SSOD)上的大量主客观实验表明,本文方法性能优于现有10种代表性RGB-D 2D SOD先进方法和7种代表性RGB 360° SOD先进方法。在360-SOD数据集中,相比于性能第2的模型,MAE(mean absolute error)降低了13.7%,max-F提升4.64%,mean-F提升3.24%,Sm(structure-measure)提升1.96%,同时也在360-SSOD数据集中展示竞争优势。
结论 本文提出的面向360°全景图像显著性检测的RGB-D网络,通过PA-RFM、AFM和跨模态引导协同解码三大模块协同优化,显著提升了检测精度与鲁棒性,同时验证了深度信息在360° SOD中的有效性与潜力。
, authors=陈晓雷
*, 钟智华, 申玉杰, authorsList=陈晓雷, 钟智华, 申玉杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈晓雷, authorNote=
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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,
26(12): 3535-3545 [DOI:
10.1109/TVCG.2020.3023636], articleTitle=Stage-wise salient object detection in 360 omnidirectional image via object-level semantical saliency ranking, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322963043742785891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China (61967012), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322963043809894756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(61967012), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322963035702305055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322963035723276576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, companyId=1322963035702305055, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Microelectronics Industry-Education Integration,Lanzhou University of Technology,Lanzhou 730050,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322963035731665185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, companyId=1322963035702305055, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=兰州理工大学微电子现代产业学院,兰州 730050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322963038994833723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
The network architecture of the proposed model, figureFileSmall=kzeSpiitxLRsg7ALOc8k/g==, figureFileBig=yrICc8MTSVazOpcjjrhLdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039066136892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
本文模型网络结构, figureFileSmall=kzeSpiitxLRsg7ALOc8k/g==, figureFileBig=yrICc8MTSVazOpcjjrhLdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039267463485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Structure of the panoramic-aware receptive field module(PA-RFM)((a)PA-RFM;(b)PCAM), figureFileSmall=upltfnUpF+6auMp1UMn6gg==, figureFileBig=lajigoPduaNbAROG/ByzrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039351349566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
全景感知感受野模块PA-RFM结构图, figureFileSmall=upltfnUpF+6auMp1UMn6gg==, figureFileBig=lajigoPduaNbAROG/ByzrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039426847039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Illustration of ring padding and cropping, figureFileSmall=5zDAEuIHzpLPfgYtGdvz8Q==, figureFileBig=ZvC5Heyb3u/A1s5qMZGKrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039514927424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
环形填充与裁剪示意图, figureFileSmall=5zDAEuIHzpLPfgYtGdvz8Q==, figureFileBig=ZvC5Heyb3u/A1s5qMZGKrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039582036289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Structure of the attention-guided fusion module (AFM), figureFileSmall=yYtHKi4QT0vkmDO7DxeXvg==, figureFileBig=Qf6mcyKV3NasFazA+6ljlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039657533762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
注意力引导融合模块AFM结构图, figureFileSmall=yYtHKi4QT0vkmDO7DxeXvg==, figureFileBig=Qf6mcyKV3NasFazA+6ljlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039724642627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Structure of the cross-modal guided collaborative decoding strategy, figureFileSmall=9UT7w9zGG9rNgrfX90VO8A==, figureFileBig=yqfNNEfcfzXw5c9fXkRj6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039800140100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
跨模态引导协同解码策略结构图, figureFileSmall=9UT7w9zGG9rNgrfX90VO8A==, figureFileBig=yqfNNEfcfzXw5c9fXkRj6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039854666053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Qualitative comparison of different methods on the 360-SOD dataset, figureFileSmall=RgLjUiP0vSqBe35J8/ZaGA==, figureFileBig=SYV08oEDKkU6cz6Wu4bWDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963039925969222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同方法在360-SOD数据集上的主观结果比较, figureFileSmall=RgLjUiP0vSqBe35J8/ZaGA==, figureFileBig=SYV08oEDKkU6cz6Wu4bWDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040001466695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Qualitative comparison of different methods on the 360-SSOD dataset, figureFileSmall=q7BgG9WasZLNicCl052CuQ==, figureFileBig=5dHJ41rk6oGIUY48/va6Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040064381256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
不同方法在360-SSOD数据集上的主观结果比较, figureFileSmall=q7BgG9WasZLNicCl052CuQ==, figureFileBig=5dHJ41rk6oGIUY48/va6Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040131490121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Comparison of P-R curves of different models on the 360-SOD and 360-SSOD datasets, figureFileSmall=WATDGZ1271ZSg/V6WpV2lA==, figureFileBig=hVcFes7AddVUl645BzPuUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040198598986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
不同模型在360-SOD和360-SSOD数据集上的P-R曲线比较, figureFileSmall=WATDGZ1271ZSg/V6WpV2lA==, figureFileBig=hVcFes7AddVUl645BzPuUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040278290763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Comparison of F-measure curves of different models on the 360-SOD and 360-SSOD datasets, figureFileSmall=nAQTJsWQTu5/drtQ+NWznQ==, figureFileBig=Ol1SGGCoGGRVx9VD190LzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040357982540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
不同模型在360-SOD和360-SSOD数据集上的F-measure曲线比较, figureFileSmall=nAQTJsWQTu5/drtQ+NWznQ==, figureFileBig=Ol1SGGCoGGRVx9VD190LzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040441868621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Qualitative comparison demonstrating the effectiveness of the panoramic-aware receptive field module, figureFileSmall=y5lXrlioHqsXFxKWm0MnFw==, figureFileBig=Ok37CIZkPEly0Y9FE/dQ0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040508977486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
全景感知感受野模块PA-RFM有效性的主观结果对比, figureFileSmall=y5lXrlioHqsXFxKWm0MnFw==, figureFileBig=Ok37CIZkPEly0Y9FE/dQ0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040571892047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Qualitative comparison demonstrating the effectiveness of the attention-guided fusion module (AFM), figureFileSmall=xNKQsMuP5A5vB1HMcqaF9w==, figureFileBig=ZLfZlJ+14K4bKE2LIyh2Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040647389520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
注意力引导融合模块AFM有效性的主观结果对比, figureFileSmall=xNKQsMuP5A5vB1HMcqaF9w==, figureFileBig=ZLfZlJ+14K4bKE2LIyh2Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040718692689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Qualitative comparison demonstrating the effectiveness of the cross-modal guided collaborative decoding strategy, figureFileSmall=QKcQqPqJbRjq9SN0ffrErA==, figureFileBig=7Ufi0Iu+pW9KDS6OCpn/Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040789995858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
跨模态引导协同解码策略的有效性主观结果对比, figureFileSmall=QKcQqPqJbRjq9SN0ffrErA==, figureFileBig=7Ufi0Iu+pW9KDS6OCpn/Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322963040861299027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of objective metrics of different methods on the 360-SOD dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-Em↑ | mean-Em↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| RGB-D 2D SOD | VST(2021) | 0.022 9 | 0.735 3 | 0.691 9 | 0.884 6 | 0.853 7 | 0.814 7 |
| TriTransNet(2021) | 0.021 7 | 0.774 0 | 0.732 1 | 0.902 6 | 0.897 0 | 0.820 4 |
| BTS-Net(2021) | 0.024 0 | 0.723 0 | 0.685 3 | 0.878 0 | 0.803 2 | 0.797 2 |
| SwinNet(2022) | 0.028 3 | 0.706 3 | 0.666 1 | 0.864 0 | 0.793 2 | 0.778 3 |
| MobileSal(2022) | 0.026 8 | 0.613 6 | 0.597 3 | 0.822 2 | 0.782 7 | 0.742 0 |
| SPSN(2022) | 0.019 3 | 0.774 8 | 0.758 4 | 0.893 8 | 0.877 9 | 0.831 4 |
| PICR-Net(2023) | 0.020 4 | 0.773 4 | 0.758 3 | 0.900 5 | 0.894 3 | 0.830 6 |
| HIDANet(2023) | 0.019 1 | 0.786 2 | 0.773 0 | 0.908 6 | 0.903 9 | 0.847 3 |
| DFormer-B(2024) | 0.017 5 | 0.799 9 | 0.775 8 | 0.929 2 | 0.920 4 | 0.856 8 |
| CPNet(2024) | 0.018 7 | 0.794 2 | 0.789 4 | 0.903 9 | 0.894 6 | 0.840 5 |
| RGB 360° SOD | FANet(2020) | 0.024 9 | 0.684 6 | 0.662 8 | 0.863 0 | 0.822 5 | 0.769 7 |
| MPFRNet(2023) | 0.019 1 | 0.765 1 | 0.754 9 | 0.884 8 | 0.874 4 | 0.841 8 |
| LDNet(2023) | 0.028 9 | 0.656 2 | 0.639 1 | 0.865 5 | 0.841 4 | 0.767 9 |
| DATFormer(2023) | 0.018 6 | 0.764 7 | 0.749 0 | 0.887 8 | 0.877 3 | 0.840 8 |
| ACoNet(2024) | 0.018 1 | 0.789 3 | 0.781 5 | 0.914 1 | 0.904 3 | 0.849 3 |
| DPNet(2025) | 0.019 0 | 0.801 6 | 0.786 4 | 0.920 7 | 0.909 6 | 0.848 6 |
| DSANet(2025) | 0.019 8 | 0.784 2 | 0.770 3 | 0.908 1 | 0.898 8 | 0.846 3 |
| RGB-D 360° SOD | 本文 | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963042530632020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同方法在360-SOD数据集上的客观指标对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-Em↑ | mean-Em↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| RGB-D 2D SOD | VST(2021) | 0.022 9 | 0.735 3 | 0.691 9 | 0.884 6 | 0.853 7 | 0.814 7 |
| TriTransNet(2021) | 0.021 7 | 0.774 0 | 0.732 1 | 0.902 6 | 0.897 0 | 0.820 4 |
| BTS-Net(2021) | 0.024 0 | 0.723 0 | 0.685 3 | 0.878 0 | 0.803 2 | 0.797 2 |
| SwinNet(2022) | 0.028 3 | 0.706 3 | 0.666 1 | 0.864 0 | 0.793 2 | 0.778 3 |
| MobileSal(2022) | 0.026 8 | 0.613 6 | 0.597 3 | 0.822 2 | 0.782 7 | 0.742 0 |
| SPSN(2022) | 0.019 3 | 0.774 8 | 0.758 4 | 0.893 8 | 0.877 9 | 0.831 4 |
| PICR-Net(2023) | 0.020 4 | 0.773 4 | 0.758 3 | 0.900 5 | 0.894 3 | 0.830 6 |
| HIDANet(2023) | 0.019 1 | 0.786 2 | 0.773 0 | 0.908 6 | 0.903 9 | 0.847 3 |
| DFormer-B(2024) | 0.017 5 | 0.799 9 | 0.775 8 | 0.929 2 | 0.920 4 | 0.856 8 |
| CPNet(2024) | 0.018 7 | 0.794 2 | 0.789 4 | 0.903 9 | 0.894 6 | 0.840 5 |
| RGB 360° SOD | FANet(2020) | 0.024 9 | 0.684 6 | 0.662 8 | 0.863 0 | 0.822 5 | 0.769 7 |
| MPFRNet(2023) | 0.019 1 | 0.765 1 | 0.754 9 | 0.884 8 | 0.874 4 | 0.841 8 |
| LDNet(2023) | 0.028 9 | 0.656 2 | 0.639 1 | 0.865 5 | 0.841 4 | 0.767 9 |
| DATFormer(2023) | 0.018 6 | 0.764 7 | 0.749 0 | 0.887 8 | 0.877 3 | 0.840 8 |
| ACoNet(2024) | 0.018 1 | 0.789 3 | 0.781 5 | 0.914 1 | 0.904 3 | 0.849 3 |
| DPNet(2025) | 0.019 0 | 0.801 6 | 0.786 4 | 0.920 7 | 0.909 6 | 0.848 6 |
| DSANet(2025) | 0.019 8 | 0.784 2 | 0.770 3 | 0.908 1 | 0.898 8 | 0.846 3 |
| RGB-D 360° SOD | 本文 | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963042631295317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of objective metrics of different models on the 360-SSOD dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-Em↑ | mean-Em↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| RGB-D 2D SOD | VST(2021) | 0.028 0 | 0.618 9 | 0.590 0 | 0.851 1 | 0.797 9 | 0.758 3 |
| TriTransNet(2021) | 0.028 3 | 0.626 3 | 0.622 5 | 0.857 8 | 0.837 2 | 0.745 1 |
| BTS-Net(2021) | 0.034 0 | 0.619 0 | 0.564 3 | 0.828 9 | 0.755 6 | 0.744 7 |
| SwinNet(2022) | 0.029 2 | 0.650 4 | 0.621 7 | 0.862 2 | 0.816 0 | 0.768 9 |
| MobileSal(2022) | 0.032 4 | 0.507 8 | 0.489 1 | 0.765 2 | 0.701 6 | 0.687 3 |
| DFM-Net(2022) | 0.040 7 | 0.574 7 | 0.508 4 | 0.855 5 | 0.743 3 | 0.719 0 |
| SPSN(2022) | 0.028 3 | 0.637 9 | 0.628 8 | 0.844 6 | 0.810 9 | 0.738 3 |
| PICR-Net(2023) | 0.029 9 | 0.609 9 | 0.601 3 | 0.850 9 | 0.824 7 | 0.732 0 |
| HIDANet(2023) | 0.028 1 | 0.661 3 | 0.640 9 | 0.862 3 | 0.854 7 | 0.778 2 |
| DFormer-B(2024) | 0.027 3 | 0.676 2 | 0.660 3 | 0.875 8 | 0.848 2 | 0.784 6 |
| CPNet(2024) | 0.027 8 | 0.675 2 | 0.667 6 | 0.877 8 | 0.864 9 | 0.774 8 |
| RGB 360° SOD | FANet(2020) | 0.041 5 | 0.561 9 | 0.533 5 | 0.802 7 | 0.770 3 | 0.711 9 |
| MPFRNet(2023) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| LDNet(2023) | 0.034 2 | 0.586 2 | 0.567 2 | 0.839 0 | 0.818 7 | 0.724 5 |
| DATFormer(2023) | 0.025 2 | 0.619 6 | 0.605 0 | 0.832 5 | 0.792 0 | 0.752 7 |
| ACoNet(2024) | 0.028 8 | 0.664 1 | 0.656 4 | 0.869 5 | 0.863 2 | 0.779 6 |
| RGB-D 360° SOD | 本文 | 0.027 3 | 0.693 8 | 0.670 6 | 0.875 9 | 0.856 4 | 0.787 1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963042706792790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
360-SSOD数据集上各模型客观指标对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-Em↑ | mean-Em↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| RGB-D 2D SOD | VST(2021) | 0.028 0 | 0.618 9 | 0.590 0 | 0.851 1 | 0.797 9 | 0.758 3 |
| TriTransNet(2021) | 0.028 3 | 0.626 3 | 0.622 5 | 0.857 8 | 0.837 2 | 0.745 1 |
| BTS-Net(2021) | 0.034 0 | 0.619 0 | 0.564 3 | 0.828 9 | 0.755 6 | 0.744 7 |
| SwinNet(2022) | 0.029 2 | 0.650 4 | 0.621 7 | 0.862 2 | 0.816 0 | 0.768 9 |
| MobileSal(2022) | 0.032 4 | 0.507 8 | 0.489 1 | 0.765 2 | 0.701 6 | 0.687 3 |
| DFM-Net(2022) | 0.040 7 | 0.574 7 | 0.508 4 | 0.855 5 | 0.743 3 | 0.719 0 |
| SPSN(2022) | 0.028 3 | 0.637 9 | 0.628 8 | 0.844 6 | 0.810 9 | 0.738 3 |
| PICR-Net(2023) | 0.029 9 | 0.609 9 | 0.601 3 | 0.850 9 | 0.824 7 | 0.732 0 |
| HIDANet(2023) | 0.028 1 | 0.661 3 | 0.640 9 | 0.862 3 | 0.854 7 | 0.778 2 |
| DFormer-B(2024) | 0.027 3 | 0.676 2 | 0.660 3 | 0.875 8 | 0.848 2 | 0.784 6 |
| CPNet(2024) | 0.027 8 | 0.675 2 | 0.667 6 | 0.877 8 | 0.864 9 | 0.774 8 |
| RGB 360° SOD | FANet(2020) | 0.041 5 | 0.561 9 | 0.533 5 | 0.802 7 | 0.770 3 | 0.711 9 |
| MPFRNet(2023) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| LDNet(2023) | 0.034 2 | 0.586 2 | 0.567 2 | 0.839 0 | 0.818 7 | 0.724 5 |
| DATFormer(2023) | 0.025 2 | 0.619 6 | 0.605 0 | 0.832 5 | 0.792 0 | 0.752 7 |
| ACoNet(2024) | 0.028 8 | 0.664 1 | 0.656 4 | 0.869 5 | 0.863 2 | 0.779 6 |
| RGB-D 360° SOD | 本文 | 0.027 3 | 0.693 8 | 0.670 6 | 0.875 9 | 0.856 4 | 0.787 1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963042790678871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of objective metrics using different depth estimation methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型方法 | 深度估计方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-Em↑ | mean-Em↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| 本文模型 | w/o depth (RGB only) | 0.022 0 | 0.730 4 | 0.702 1 | 0.852 6 | 0.841 4 | 0.809 6 |
| DA(2025) | 0.016 0 | 0.830 0 | 0.806 4 | 0.921 1 | 0.915 4 | 0.873 1 |
| EGFormer(2023) | 0.016 3 | 0.824 3 | 0.807 9 | 0.920 5 | 0.909 5 | 0.864 3 |
| CRF360D(2025) | 0.017 1 | 0.817 9 | 0.798 0 | 0.920 4 | 0.910 1 | 0.872 5 |
| Joint_360depth(2022)(本文使用方法) | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963042861982040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
使用不同深度估计方法的客观指标对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型方法 | 深度估计方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-Em↑ | mean-Em↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| 本文模型 | w/o depth (RGB only) | 0.022 0 | 0.730 4 | 0.702 1 | 0.852 6 | 0.841 4 | 0.809 6 |
| DA(2025) | 0.016 0 | 0.830 0 | 0.806 4 | 0.921 1 | 0.915 4 | 0.873 1 |
| EGFormer(2023) | 0.016 3 | 0.824 3 | 0.807 9 | 0.920 5 | 0.909 5 | 0.864 3 |
| CRF360D(2025) | 0.017 1 | 0.817 9 | 0.798 0 | 0.920 4 | 0.910 1 | 0.872 5 |
| Joint_360depth(2022)(本文使用方法) | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963042950062425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison of objective metrics for the effectiveness of the panoramic-aware receptive field module (PA-RFM), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| with RFB | 0.016 2 | 0.817 3 | 0.800 9 | 0.917 7 | 0.907 3 | 0.870 3 |
| w/o PA-RFM | 0.016 6 | 0.814 0 | 0.801 1 | 0.920 1 | 0.900 8 | 0.861 0 |
| with PA-RFM | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963043017171290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
全景感知感受野模块PA-RFM有效性的客观指标对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| with RFB | 0.016 2 | 0.817 3 | 0.800 9 | 0.917 7 | 0.907 3 | 0.870 3 |
| w/o PA-RFM | 0.016 6 | 0.814 0 | 0.801 1 | 0.920 1 | 0.900 8 | 0.861 0 |
| with PA-RFM | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963043101057371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Comparison of objective metrics for the effectiveness of the PCAM module and different combinations of three attention mechanisms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| NO. | Lon | Lat | Glob | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| 1 | - | - | - | 0.021 5 | 0.747 1 | 0.719 7 | 0.872 0 | 0.859 7 | 0.820 1 |
| 2 | √ | - | - | 0.019 3 | 0.796 6 | 0.779 2 | 0.888 3 | 0.876 3 | 0.843 1 |
| 3 | - | √ | - | 0.018 1 | 0.801 0 | 0.783 9 | 0.914 7 | 0.908 5 | 0.856 8 |
| 4 | - | - | √ | 0.018 6 | 0.809 6 | 0.799 6 | 0.927 4 | 0.914 2 | 0.839 3 |
| 5 | √ | √ | - | 0.016 6 | 0.816 4 | 0.780 0 | 0.924 8 | 0.909 3 | 0.868 3 |
| 6 | √ | - | √ | 0.017 1 | 0.829 9 | 0.801 3 | 0.934 0 | 0.919 9 | 0.854 7 |
| 7 | - | √ | √ | 0.017 4 | 0.832 7 | 0.811 4 | 0.929 3 | 0.918 4 | 0.855 3 |
| 8 | √ | √ | √ | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963043176554844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
PCAM模块的有效性及3种注意力不同组合的客观指标对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| NO. | Lon | Lat | Glob | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| 1 | - | - | - | 0.021 5 | 0.747 1 | 0.719 7 | 0.872 0 | 0.859 7 | 0.820 1 |
| 2 | √ | - | - | 0.019 3 | 0.796 6 | 0.779 2 | 0.888 3 | 0.876 3 | 0.843 1 |
| 3 | - | √ | - | 0.018 1 | 0.801 0 | 0.783 9 | 0.914 7 | 0.908 5 | 0.856 8 |
| 4 | - | - | √ | 0.018 6 | 0.809 6 | 0.799 6 | 0.927 4 | 0.914 2 | 0.839 3 |
| 5 | √ | √ | - | 0.016 6 | 0.816 4 | 0.780 0 | 0.924 8 | 0.909 3 | 0.868 3 |
| 6 | √ | - | √ | 0.017 1 | 0.829 9 | 0.801 3 | 0.934 0 | 0.919 9 | 0.854 7 |
| 7 | - | √ | √ | 0.017 4 | 0.832 7 | 0.811 4 | 0.929 3 | 0.918 4 | 0.855 3 |
| 8 | √ | √ | √ | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963043247858013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Comparison of objective metrics for the effectiveness of the attention-guided fusion module (AFM), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| NO. | RGB | depth | 融合方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| 1 | √ | - | - | 0.022 0 | 0.730 4 | 0.702 1 | 0.852 6 | 0.841 4 | 0.809 6 |
| 2 | √ | √ | add | 0.020 8 | 0.744 5 | 0.712 8 | 0.879 9 | 0.862 4 | 0.818 5 |
| 3 | √ | √ | concat | 0.015 7 | 0.821 7 | 0.806 6 | 0.918 5 | 0.911 4 | 0.831 4 |
| 4 | √ | √ | multi | 0.016 6 | 0.814 5 | 0.809 5 | 0.901 9 | 0.881 4 | 0.845 0 |
| 5 | √ | √ | AFM | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963043344327006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
注意力引导融合模块AFM有效性的客观指标对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| NO. | RGB | depth | 融合方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| 1 | √ | - | - | 0.022 0 | 0.730 4 | 0.702 1 | 0.852 6 | 0.841 4 | 0.809 6 |
| 2 | √ | √ | add | 0.020 8 | 0.744 5 | 0.712 8 | 0.879 9 | 0.862 4 | 0.818 5 |
| 3 | √ | √ | concat | 0.015 7 | 0.821 7 | 0.806 6 | 0.918 5 | 0.911 4 | 0.831 4 |
| 4 | √ | √ | multi | 0.016 6 | 0.814 5 | 0.809 5 | 0.901 9 | 0.881 4 | 0.845 0 |
| 5 | √ | √ | AFM | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963043415630175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Comparison of objective metrics between the AFM module and feature fusion modules of other SOTA methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| MobileSal | 0.015 9 | 0.833 0 | 0.813 4 | 0.926 0 | 0.916 4 | 0.863 4 |
| HIDANet | 0.016 3 | 0.837 3 | 0.811 2 | 0.932 3 | 0.923 1 | 0.873 4 |
| CPNet | 0.016 5 | 0.835 5 | 0.810 0 | 0.928 2 | 0.916 3 | 0.866 3 |
| 本文 | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963043491127648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
AFM 模块与其他SOTA 方法的特征融合模块客观指标对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| MobileSal | 0.015 9 | 0.833 0 | 0.813 4 | 0.926 0 | 0.916 4 | 0.863 4 |
| HIDANet | 0.016 3 | 0.837 3 | 0.811 2 | 0.932 3 | 0.923 1 | 0.873 4 |
| CPNet | 0.016 5 | 0.835 5 | 0.810 0 | 0.928 2 | 0.916 3 | 0.866 3 |
| 本文 | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963043554042209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=
Comparison of objective metrics for the effectiveness of the cross-modal guided collaborative decoding strategy, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| w/o RGB | 0.016 9 | 0.832 8 | 0.805 1 | 0.925 5 | 0.915 7 | 0.872 4 |
| 本文 | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322963043625345378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322963027695378691, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
跨模态引导协同解码策略有效性的客观指标对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | MAE↓ | max-F↑ | mean-F↑ | max-E↑ | mean-E↑ | Sm↑ |
|---|
| w/o RGB | 0.016 9 | 0.832 8 | 0.805 1 | 0.925 5 | 0.915 7 | 0.872 4 |
| 本文 | 0.015 1 | 0.838 8 | 0.815 0 | 0.933 1 | 0.924 0 | 0.873 6 |
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