Article(id=1322962968731853732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250511, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761580800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-28, revisedDate=1770998400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348551209, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1792080000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348551209, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348551209, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348551209, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322962941087195876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='10', pageStart='3441', pageEnd='3818', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1792080000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348544618, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348641113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963345913021358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322962941087195876, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3545, endPage=3571, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322962968949957541, articleId=1322962968731853732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=A survey on multimodal real-time interactive digital humans, columnId=1249044010699002654, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With the continued evolution of artificial intelligence,5G/6G communication,and multimodal interaction technologies,digital humans are rapidly transforming from static virtual avatars into intelligent agents capable of real-time,natural,and emotionally resonant communication. This transition marks a broader shift in human-computer interaction,moving beyond scripted responses toward context-aware,adaptive systems that can perceive,reason,and respond with human-like fluidity across multiple sensory channels. This paper presents a comprehensive review of real-time multimodal interactive digital humans,focusing on their conceptual evolution,technical framework,and key challenges. We trace the historical trajectory from early non-interactive virtual characters on platforms such as second life to today’s AI-driven agents that integrate language understanding,emotional intelligence,and physical embodiment in immersive environments. The survey systematically examines the core technologies underlying modeling,real-time driving,and rendering,and provides an integrated view of how multimodal data—including speech,facial expression,gaze,gestures,and physiological signals—can be perceived,fused,and generated to support coherent and lifelike human-machine interaction. From the perspective of modeling,we analyze the transition from traditional 3D parametric models to neural implicit representations such as NeRF and 3D Gaussian splatting,which enable high-fidelity reconstruction and photorealistic rendering while still supporting real-time performance. Recent advances in 3D Gaussian splatting,including reported rendering speeds of more than 300 frame/s on consumer hardware,have helped bridge the longstanding gap between visual fidelity and interactive responsiveness that previously constrained practical deployment. In terms of motion and expression control,the survey highlights the role of multimodal fusion and diffusion-based generation in synchronizing voice,facial animation,and body motion,thereby improving the naturalness and temporal consistency of interactive behavior. We critically examine the evolution from rule-based animation systems to end-to-end neural approaches that jointly model cross-modal dependencies,reducing the uncanny-valley effect through stronger temporal coherence and greater emotional authenticity. Rendering technologies are reviewed from both physically based and neural perspectives,with emphasis on balancing visual realism and latency in real-time deployment. Emerging hybrid approaches that combine explicit geometric representations with neural detail enhancement appear particularly promising for achieving both physical plausibility and computational efficiency in resource-constrained settings. Furthermore,the paper proposes a unified system architecture for digital humans consisting of four hierarchical layers: perception,fusion,generation,and extension,each responsible for multimodal sensing,semantic integration,expressive generation,and cross-domain adaptability,respectively. The perception layer integrates heterogeneous inputs ranging from microphone arrays and RGB-D cameras to emerging physiological sensors such as EEG and EDA,thereby establishing a rich basis for contextual understanding. Within this architecture,the integration of large multimodal models (LMMs) and large language models (LLMs) enables digital humans to perceive complex environmental and emotional cues,reason about user intent,and produce personalized,empathetic responses. Modern foundation models also support in-context adaptation,allowing digital humans to adjust their communication style dynamically according to interaction history,user characteristics,and situational context without explicit retraining. Representative technologies such as neural radiance fields,real-time diffusion-based speech synthesis,and emotion-driven dialogue generation are analyzed to illustrate their contributions to interactivity and immersion. Particular attention is given to latency-critical components,for which end-to-end response times below 200 ms are often essential to preserving conversational flow and user trust in real-world applications. Based on this synthesis,the paper identifies current challenges including latency optimization,multimodal alignment,semantic coherence,and emotional authenticity. We highlight the fundamental tension between computational complexity and real-time constraints,especially when deploying high-fidelity models on edge devices with limited power and thermal budgets. Addressing these issues will require advances in lightweight model compression,edge-native deployment,and cross-modal consistency learning. Promising directions include neural architecture search for modality-specific subnetworks and dynamic computation scaling based on interaction complexity. Looking ahead,digital-human research is expected to move toward more deeply integrated affective computing,multimodal reasoning,and socially adaptive intelligence,ultimately enabling human-machine interaction that is perceptually natural,emotionally grounded,and ethically trustworthy. At the same time,crucial issues such as digital identity,consent-based data usage,and robust watermarking mechanisms must be addressed to ensure responsible large-scale deployment. By summarizing state-of-the-art methods and mapping emerging trends,this study provides both theoretical insight and practical guidance for the development of the next generation of real-time multimodal interactive digital humans,with broad applications in education,healthcare,entertainment,and collaborative robotics.
, authors=Ruiqi Du1, Boai Yang2, Fengbo Zhou1, Wei Qu1, Tao Li1
, *, authorsList=Ruiqi Du, Boai Yang, Fengbo Zhou, Wei Qu, Tao Li, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322962979960005558, articleId=1322962968731853732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=多模态实时交互式数字人综述, columnId=1249044010992603937, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
多模态实时交互式数字人作为新一代人机交互的核心载体,正随着多模态大模型、AR(augmented reality)/VR (virtual reality),以及5G/6G等技术的快速发展,逐步从传统的单模态输入方式,演进为融合语音、视觉、动作乃至情感信号的多模态自然交互形式。数字人本身也经历了从非交互式虚拟形象到具备语义理解、情感感知与主动响应能力的智能体的转变。本文从发展脉络、关键特征与技术体系3个方面系统梳理了这一进程:首先回顾了数字人由静态展示向多模态交互演进的轨迹,突出其在沉浸感、实时响应与情感共鸣能力上的提升;随后重点剖析了建模、实时驱动与渲染三大核心技术,涵盖3D高斯溅射(3D Gaussian splatting)、神经辐射场(neural radiance field,NeRF)隐式表征、多模态融合驱动及神经渲染等前沿手段,揭示了高保真视觉呈现与低延迟交互之间的技术权衡;进一步提出了多模态数字人的通用系统框架,划分为感知、融合、生成与拓展4个层次,并总结了语言生成、情感语音合成与表情驱动等关键模块间的协同机制。未来,数字人技术的发展将更加注重轻量化部署、跨模态一致性保障与情感共生智能的实现,有望在教育培训、医疗健康、文化娱乐及人机协作等场景中,提供更加自然、可信且富有温度的人机交互体验。
, authors=杜瑞麒1, 杨柏蔼2, 周丰波1, 屈薇1, 李涛1
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1 湖南科技大学计算机科学与工程学院,湘潭 411201, bio={"content":"
杜瑞麒,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多模态交互与数字人集成。E-mail: 23010502021@mail.hnust.edu.cn
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杜瑞麒,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多模态交互与数字人集成。E-mail: 23010502021@mail.hnust.edu.cn
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2 School of Design,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322962980731757510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, authorId=1322962980593345475, language=CN, stringName=杨柏蔼, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=
2 湖南大学设计艺术学院,长沙 410082, bio={"content":"
杨柏蔼,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为智能设计与人机交互。E-mail: yangboai@hnu.edu.cn
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杨柏蔼,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为智能设计与人机交互。E-mail: yangboai@hnu.edu.cn
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2 湖南大学设计艺术学院,长沙 410082)])]), Author(id=1322962980840809416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2305010716@mail.hnust.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322962980903723978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, authorId=1322962980840809416, language=EN, stringName=Fengbo Zhou, firstName=Fengbo, middleName=null, lastName=Zhou, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1 School of Computer Science and Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322962980962444235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, authorId=1322962980840809416, language=CN, stringName=周丰波, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=
1 湖南科技大学计算机科学与工程学院,湘潭 411201, bio={"content":"
周丰波,男,本科生,主要研究方向为情感语音合成与实时人机对话系统。E-mail: 2305010716@mail.hnust.edu.cn
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周丰波,男,本科生,主要研究方向为情感语音合成与实时人机对话系统。E-mail: 2305010716@mail.hnust.edu.cn
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1 湖南科技大学计算机科学与工程学院,湘潭 411201, bio={"content":"
屈薇,女,讲师,主要研究方向为大语言模型与多模态数据融合。E-mail: weiqu23@mail.hnust.edu.cn
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屈薇,女,讲师,主要研究方向为大语言模型与多模态数据融合。E-mail: weiqu23@mail.hnust.edu.cn
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1 School of Computer Science and Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322962981402846165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, authorId=1322962981243462610, language=CN, stringName=李涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1
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1 湖南科技大学计算机科学与工程学院,湘潭 411201, bio={"content":"
李涛,通信作者,男,教授,主要研究方向为大语言模型、大数据与边缘计算。E-mail: tlee@hnust.edu.cn
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李涛,通信作者,男,教授,主要研究方向为大语言模型、大数据与边缘计算。E-mail: tlee@hnust.edu.cn
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10.1007/s11042-010-0526-y], articleTitle=On creating multimodal virtual humans—real time speech driven facial gesturing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322963003838177389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://doi.org/pdf/2312.14860.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=117, authorNames=Zuo L Y, An K Y, Zhang S L, Yan Z J, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
Zuo L Y,
An K Y,
Zhang S L and
Yan Z J.
2023. Advancing VAD systems based on multi-task learning with improved model structures [EB/OL]. [2025-10-15]., articleTitle=Advancing VAD systems based on multi-task learning with improved model structures, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322962980215858103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962980224246712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, companyId=1322962980215858103, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 School of Computer Science and Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962980232635321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, companyId=1322962980215858103, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 湖南科技大学计算机科学与工程学院,湘潭 411201)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322962980303938490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962980312327099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, companyId=1322962980303938490, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 School of Design,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322962980320715708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, companyId=1322962980303938490, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 湖南大学设计艺术学院,长沙 410082)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322962982275261408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
The evolution of human-computer interaction, figureFileSmall=3OqRf/Boftmbpnc0NfB+Kg==, figureFileBig=coUe50aC52hNvHBfnHePnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962982333981665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
人机交互发展历程, figureFileSmall=3OqRf/Boftmbpnc0NfB+Kg==, figureFileBig=coUe50aC52hNvHBfnHePnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962982610805730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Qualitative comparison on head avatars(Shao et al.,2024), figureFileSmall=y92y9bOtcI/z4JYe5xQRqQ==, figureFileBig=H+xdJRfJnPH0dmyyFSEstg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962984284333027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
头部化身的定性比较(Shao等,2024), figureFileSmall=y92y9bOtcI/z4JYe5xQRqQ==, figureFileBig=H+xdJRfJnPH0dmyyFSEstg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962984351441892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Binding of Live2D facial texture(He et al.,2025b)((a)facial feature texture and binding effect; (b)lower level facial effect), figureFileSmall=RkqaYBiPlDCeFG+S2t8v4w==, figureFileBig=8ZGczRtQxTU/5RLqJzTW+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962984426939365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
Live2D面部纹理绑定(He等,2025b), figureFileSmall=RkqaYBiPlDCeFG+S2t8v4w==, figureFileBig=8ZGczRtQxTU/5RLqJzTW+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962984515019750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
The overview of the MoDA framework(Li et al.,2025a), figureFileSmall=tfQVqX9jLz40xOCirbsBHQ==, figureFileBig=DRItsWZ78Z7JbJPa81LOwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962984741512167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
MoDA(Li等,2025a)框架概览, figureFileSmall=tfQVqX9jLz40xOCirbsBHQ==, figureFileBig=DRItsWZ78Z7JbJPa81LOwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962984817009640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
ASH method overview(Pang et al.,2024), figureFileSmall=SGPdiCi+GpUHpAOFZJw4YA==, figureFileBig=a+f4uoK5uVCiDv0+xkbp/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962984884118505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
ASH(Pang等,2024)方法概览, figureFileSmall=SGPdiCi+GpUHpAOFZJw4YA==, figureFileBig=a+f4uoK5uVCiDv0+xkbp/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962984955421674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Framework of multimodal real-time interactive digital humans, figureFileSmall=XKlFoXsnCZtj/crinYnmYA==, figureFileBig=nIvZ8o1elrxoQgxpAJ3X1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962985118999531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
多模态实时交互式数字人框架, figureFileSmall=XKlFoXsnCZtj/crinYnmYA==, figureFileBig=nIvZ8o1elrxoQgxpAJ3X1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962985194497004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
MFCC technical process(Basak et al.,2023), figureFileSmall=9eSmkIy9EUCeZZnJjK083Q==, figureFileBig=Qvd3rmvDUgHSVkFz3IQARQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962985261605869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
MFCC技术流程(Basak等,2023), figureFileSmall=9eSmkIy9EUCeZZnJjK083Q==, figureFileBig=Qvd3rmvDUgHSVkFz3IQARQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322962985328714734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Taxonomy and comparison of digital-human modeling techniques, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 方法/技术 | 核心思想 | 优势 | 局限 |
|---|
| 3D建模 | 3DMM参数化模型 (Bao等,2022) | 基于均值形状 + 形状/纹理基线性组合,拟合人脸几何与纹理 | 能恢复细粒度特征(腮帮、皱纹等);较成熟 | 依赖多视角或RGB-D数据,非端到端 |
NeRF/隐式表征 (Hong等,2022) | 用连续函数表示场景(体积积分) | 能捕捉复杂细节(牙缝、胡须) | 训练与推理开销大 |
高斯溅射/混合方法 (Shao等,2024) | 显式网格运动控制 + 隐式高斯细节渲染 | > 300 帧/s;移动端可运行 | 存在时间一致性等挑战 |
多视图姿态建模 (Ye等,2022) | 将多视图3D体素投影至2D平面,用卷积神经网络推理 | 多人姿态实时恢复,鲁棒性高 | 依赖多视图 |
单图像生成式管道 (Kim等,2025) | 单图像生成UV贴图 + SMPL-X骨架 | 实现端到端,支持Unity实时驱动 | 姿态复杂时几何一致性不足 |
跨模态建模 (Xue等,2021) | 利用毫米波信号重建动态网格 | 弱光/隐私保护优势 | 分辨率受限 |
| 服装与细节建模(Zielonka等,2025) | 高斯原语嵌入四面体笼结构,驱动服装层分解 | 细节与动画兼容性优越 | 方法复杂 |
| 2D建模 | 文化定制Live2D (Safitri和Wibawa,2022) | face-tracking + Live2D参数化 | 支持直播互动与文化定制 | 表达力有限 |
GAN(StyleGAN) (Melnik等,2024) | 解耦潜在空间 + 风格迁移 | 高质量语义编辑,身份保持 | 训练成本高 |
扩散模型 + 文本生成 (He等,2025a) | 根据自然语言生成可动画人物角色 | 可控性强,支持复杂属性描述 | 缺乏真实3D几何 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962985400017903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
数字人建模技术分类对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 方法/技术 | 核心思想 | 优势 | 局限 |
|---|
| 3D建模 | 3DMM参数化模型 (Bao等,2022) | 基于均值形状 + 形状/纹理基线性组合,拟合人脸几何与纹理 | 能恢复细粒度特征(腮帮、皱纹等);较成熟 | 依赖多视角或RGB-D数据,非端到端 |
NeRF/隐式表征 (Hong等,2022) | 用连续函数表示场景(体积积分) | 能捕捉复杂细节(牙缝、胡须) | 训练与推理开销大 |
高斯溅射/混合方法 (Shao等,2024) | 显式网格运动控制 + 隐式高斯细节渲染 | > 300 帧/s;移动端可运行 | 存在时间一致性等挑战 |
多视图姿态建模 (Ye等,2022) | 将多视图3D体素投影至2D平面,用卷积神经网络推理 | 多人姿态实时恢复,鲁棒性高 | 依赖多视图 |
单图像生成式管道 (Kim等,2025) | 单图像生成UV贴图 + SMPL-X骨架 | 实现端到端,支持Unity实时驱动 | 姿态复杂时几何一致性不足 |
跨模态建模 (Xue等,2021) | 利用毫米波信号重建动态网格 | 弱光/隐私保护优势 | 分辨率受限 |
| 服装与细节建模(Zielonka等,2025) | 高斯原语嵌入四面体笼结构,驱动服装层分解 | 细节与动画兼容性优越 | 方法复杂 |
| 2D建模 | 文化定制Live2D (Safitri和Wibawa,2022) | face-tracking + Live2D参数化 | 支持直播互动与文化定制 | 表达力有限 |
GAN(StyleGAN) (Melnik等,2024) | 解耦潜在空间 + 风格迁移 | 高质量语义编辑,身份保持 | 训练成本高 |
扩散模型 + 文本生成 (He等,2025a) | 根据自然语言生成可动画人物角色 | 可控性强,支持复杂属性描述 | 缺乏真实3D几何 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962985534235632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of real-time digital human driving technologies, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 参考文献 | 输入模态 | 技术特点 | 优势 | 局限 |
|---|
| 文本驱动 | Liu等人(2025b) Tian等人(2023) Ali等人(2025) Huang等人(2024) | 文本(+单图像) | 文本到语音/图像/动作的映射,跨模态提示,个性化对话生成 | 架构简洁,支持语义驱动,易于集成语言模型 | 语义泛化有限,开放域表现不足,个性化控制弱 |
| 音频驱动 | Zoric等人(2011) Li等人(2022) Pan等人(2025) Song等人(2025) Li等人(2025a) Liu等人(2024) Lin等人(2025) | 语音(音高、韵律、情感) | 从规则映射到深度学习、扩散与Transformer,支持面部与全身动画 | 自然度高,能反映语音情感,适合连续交互 | 计算复杂,跨文化情感泛化不足,3D实时性仍受限 |
| 视觉驱动 | Chan等人(2019) Wu等人(2024a) Siarohin等人(2019) Liu等人(2023) Adiya等人(2024) Wiles等人(2018) | 视频 | 关键点中间表示,时序一致性建模,自监督关键点学习 | 跨身份动作迁移效果好,泛化能力强 | 对输入视频质量依赖高,复杂交互中稳定性不足 |
| 多模态驱动 | Zhou等人(2023) Saffaryazdi等人(2026) Chen等人(2025a) Li等人(2025a) Li等人(2024) | 文本、语音、图像、生理信号… | 多模态融合建模,扩散/自回归生成,大模型in-context推理 | 融合多信号,表现自然,支持毫秒级响应,具备预测与主动性 | 架构复杂,计算开销大,轻量化与可部署性仍是瓶颈 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962985597150193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
数字人实时驱动技术对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 参考文献 | 输入模态 | 技术特点 | 优势 | 局限 |
|---|
| 文本驱动 | Liu等人(2025b) Tian等人(2023) Ali等人(2025) Huang等人(2024) | 文本(+单图像) | 文本到语音/图像/动作的映射,跨模态提示,个性化对话生成 | 架构简洁,支持语义驱动,易于集成语言模型 | 语义泛化有限,开放域表现不足,个性化控制弱 |
| 音频驱动 | Zoric等人(2011) Li等人(2022) Pan等人(2025) Song等人(2025) Li等人(2025a) Liu等人(2024) Lin等人(2025) | 语音(音高、韵律、情感) | 从规则映射到深度学习、扩散与Transformer,支持面部与全身动画 | 自然度高,能反映语音情感,适合连续交互 | 计算复杂,跨文化情感泛化不足,3D实时性仍受限 |
| 视觉驱动 | Chan等人(2019) Wu等人(2024a) Siarohin等人(2019) Liu等人(2023) Adiya等人(2024) Wiles等人(2018) | 视频 | 关键点中间表示,时序一致性建模,自监督关键点学习 | 跨身份动作迁移效果好,泛化能力强 | 对输入视频质量依赖高,复杂交互中稳定性不足 |
| 多模态驱动 | Zhou等人(2023) Saffaryazdi等人(2026) Chen等人(2025a) Li等人(2025a) Li等人(2024) | 文本、语音、图像、生理信号… | 多模态融合建模,扩散/自回归生成,大模型in-context推理 | 融合多信号,表现自然,支持毫秒级响应,具备预测与主动性 | 架构复杂,计算开销大,轻量化与可部署性仍是瓶颈 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962985664259058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Technical comparison of representative speech synthesis models, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 方法/技术 | RTF(处理时间/音频时长) | 优势 | 局限 |
|---|
ConvNeXt-TTS (Okamoto等,2024) | 基于ConvNeXt的Transformer-free端到端TTS与VC模型,结合WaveNeXt声码器,实现卷积结构的高效时序建模 | 0.05 | 速度快,比Transformer快约3倍;合成质量优于HiFi-GAN与JETS;模型轻量、结构统一 | 未引入语言建模或上下文增强;在多说话人物与情感泛化上略弱 |
FireRedTTS-1S (Guo等,2025a) | 大规模语言模型式TTS,采用text→semantic→acoustic两阶段流匹配或多流语言模型,支持实时流式合成 | 0.1(流匹配)~0.3(多流语言模型) | 可进行高保真实时合成;支持中英双语、50万小时级数据;支持零样本语者克隆 | GPU资源需求高 |
NaturalSpeech (Tan等,2024) | 基于变分自编码器(variational autoencoder)的端到端TTS模型,提出可微分时长预测与记忆机制,首次实现与人类语音无统计显著差异 | 0.013 | 合成质量接近人类语音;端到端消除级联误差;提升韵律与表达力 | 需完整输入文本,无法逐字生成 |
RapFlow-TTS (Park等,2025) | 基于Consistency Flow Matching的快速高保真TTS,引入速度一致性约束与时间调度策略 | 0.031 | 推理速度快,仅需2步生成;自然度接近扩散模型;支持少步合成与质量平衡 | 模型依赖高质量对齐 |
SyncSpeech (Sheng等,2025) | 双流低延迟TTS,基于Temporal Masked Transformer,同步生成流式语音(边接收边输出) | 0.05~0.08 | 首包延迟极低;与大模型流式接口兼容;中英双语表现优良 | 依赖精确的文本—语音token对齐数据; 对时长预测误差较敏感 |
Speaker Transfer TTS (RoBERTa + VITS) (Zhang等,2024) | 基于VITS(variational inference text-to-speech)并融合RoBERTa文本特征的说话人迁移TTS,提升低资源说话人音色自适应能力 | 0.021 | 样本说话人迁移效果显著;RoBERTa增强文本韵律特征 | 仅支持中文 |
Diff-TTS (Jeong等,2021) | 扩散模型式TTS,采用似然优化与加速采样,实现稳定非自回归生成 | 0.035 | 扩散模型首次应用于TTS;高稳定性与高保真;可控制音高与节奏 | 依赖外部对齐工具; 推理仍需多次迭代 |
F5-TTS (Chen等,2025b) | 基于Flow Matching与ConvNeXt V2的非自回归TTS,结合Diffusion Transformer与Sway Sampling策略 | 0.15 | 训练与推理均高效;自然度和流畅度高;多语言、多说话人适应性强 | 依赖梅尔谱表示导致序列较长;缺乏对情感等副语言特征的显式控制 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322962985760728051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322962968731853732, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
代表性语音合成模型技术对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 方法/技术 | RTF(处理时间/音频时长) | 优势 | 局限 |
|---|
ConvNeXt-TTS (Okamoto等,2024) | 基于ConvNeXt的Transformer-free端到端TTS与VC模型,结合WaveNeXt声码器,实现卷积结构的高效时序建模 | 0.05 | 速度快,比Transformer快约3倍;合成质量优于HiFi-GAN与JETS;模型轻量、结构统一 | 未引入语言建模或上下文增强;在多说话人物与情感泛化上略弱 |
FireRedTTS-1S (Guo等,2025a) | 大规模语言模型式TTS,采用text→semantic→acoustic两阶段流匹配或多流语言模型,支持实时流式合成 | 0.1(流匹配)~0.3(多流语言模型) | 可进行高保真实时合成;支持中英双语、50万小时级数据;支持零样本语者克隆 | GPU资源需求高 |
NaturalSpeech (Tan等,2024) | 基于变分自编码器(variational autoencoder)的端到端TTS模型,提出可微分时长预测与记忆机制,首次实现与人类语音无统计显著差异 | 0.013 | 合成质量接近人类语音;端到端消除级联误差;提升韵律与表达力 | 需完整输入文本,无法逐字生成 |
RapFlow-TTS (Park等,2025) | 基于Consistency Flow Matching的快速高保真TTS,引入速度一致性约束与时间调度策略 | 0.031 | 推理速度快,仅需2步生成;自然度接近扩散模型;支持少步合成与质量平衡 | 模型依赖高质量对齐 |
SyncSpeech (Sheng等,2025) | 双流低延迟TTS,基于Temporal Masked Transformer,同步生成流式语音(边接收边输出) | 0.05~0.08 | 首包延迟极低;与大模型流式接口兼容;中英双语表现优良 | 依赖精确的文本—语音token对齐数据; 对时长预测误差较敏感 |
Speaker Transfer TTS (RoBERTa + VITS) (Zhang等,2024) | 基于VITS(variational inference text-to-speech)并融合RoBERTa文本特征的说话人迁移TTS,提升低资源说话人音色自适应能力 | 0.021 | 样本说话人迁移效果显著;RoBERTa增强文本韵律特征 | 仅支持中文 |
Diff-TTS (Jeong等,2021) | 扩散模型式TTS,采用似然优化与加速采样,实现稳定非自回归生成 | 0.035 | 扩散模型首次应用于TTS;高稳定性与高保真;可控制音高与节奏 | 依赖外部对齐工具; 推理仍需多次迭代 |
F5-TTS (Chen等,2025b) | 基于Flow Matching与ConvNeXt V2的非自回归TTS,结合Diffusion Transformer与Sway Sampling策略 | 0.15 | 训练与推理均高效;自然度和流畅度高;多语言、多说话人适应性强 | 依赖梅尔谱表示导致序列较长;缺乏对情感等副语言特征的显式控制 |
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