Article(id=1322960944372003185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250468, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348068563, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348068563, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348068563, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348068563, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322960856543273127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='8', pageStart='2687', pageEnd='3074', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348047624, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348605344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963195874378645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963195874378646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2911, endPage=2924, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322960944569135474, articleId=1322960944372003185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Transmission line bolt defect classification method integrating vision-language feature alignment and textual decoupling, columnId=1249044019595125147, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Image Analysis and Recognition, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Intelligent analysis and processing of UAV-captured images by using computer vision has become the mainstream approach for power transmission line inspection. As the most widely used connection components in transmission lines,bolts play a critical role in structural integrity. However,under complex environmental conditions,bolts are prone to defects,such as lost nuts and pins,which may pose serious threats to the safe and stable operation of transmission systems. Therefore,bolt defect classification via computer vision techniques is essential to ensure transmission reliability. Vision-language models (VLMs) have high potential in bolt defect classification tasks where visual information is limited. However,vision-language pretraining approaches that are based on image-text contrastive learning typically require large-scale datasets and diverse textual descriptions. For instance,general-domain multimodal datasets often comprise millions of image-text pairs,and bolt defect datasets are characterized by small-scale data and limited textual descriptions. As a result,contrastive learning approaches cannot be directly applied to such tasks. To expand the applicability of VLMs in bolt defect classification,this study proposes a transmission line bolt defect classification method that integrates vision-language feature alignment and textual decoupling (VL-Bolt).
Method We analyze the alignment behavior of image-text pairs in a training batch and identify a key limitation of standard image-text contrastive learning: intraclass semantic overlap. When multiple samples from the same class are present in a batch,image-text contrastive learning incorrectly treats identical class descriptions as negative pairs,hindering effective alignment between images and their textual counterparts. This issue is particularly pronounced in small-scale bolt defect datasets with limited textual diversity. Then,we adopt the CLIP ViT-B/32 model as the backbone. However,because of the lack of power domain knowledge in CLIP’s pretraining and the high similarity between different bolt defect features,its performance in fine-grained classification is constrained. To address this issue,we introduce a text feature decoupling (TFD) loss,which explicitly disentangles textual features of different defect categories in the feature space. Building upon the decoupled textual features,we further design a text-anchor-guided visual feature alignment (TA-VFA) strategy tailored to bolt defect classification. In TA-VFA,decoupled text features serve as anchors to guide the alignment of their corresponding image features,facilitating the effective separation of image representations across different defect categories. This architecture inherently resolves the intraclass semantic overlap issue,making it suitable for the bolt defect classification task. Moreover,considering the limited scale of the bolt defect dataset,we propose a progressive fine-tuning strategy for the image encoder to mitigate overfitting and improve generalization. Specifically,only Transformer layer 11 is unfrozen during early training,and additional layers are gradually unfrozen at the late stages. This scheme enables the model to prioritize learning high-level semantic features relevant to bolt defects while retaining low-level structural information and the generalization ability gained during pretraining.
Result In comparative experiments,VL-Bolt achieves a classification accuracy of 92.2% on the bolt defect dataset,surpassing the baseline by 3.9% and outperforming multiple ImageNet-pretrained vision models and four recent bolt defect classification models fine-tuned on bolt datasets. Compared with the multimodal MUCO-BD (multi-modal contrastive learning for bolt defect classification) model,the proposed VL-Bolt model has a slightly lower classification accuracy; however,it has approximately 29.9% fewer trainable parameters. Moreover,when the VL-Bolt model is pretrained with domain-specific knowledge with the same configuration as MUCO-BD,its performance surpasses that of MUCO-BD,demonstrating the superior adaptability of the proposed approach. We also compare our transfer strategy with four recently proposed transfer learning methods. Results demonstrate that VL-Bolt achieves superior accuracy and generalization performance. From the perspectives of algorithm principle and structure,the main reason for the poor classification performance of CLIP-Adapter,CoOp (context optimization),CoCoOp (conditional context optimization),and Tip-Adapter models is the excessively high interclass similarity of bolt defects. Compared with WiSE-FT (ensembling the weights of the zero-shot and fine-tuned models),a transfer method designed to enhance model generalization,VL-Bolt outperforms it by 2.2%,demonstrating the generalization advantage of the proposed transfer method. To verify the robustness of the proposed method,this study applies VL-Bolt to three publicly available datasets and compares its classification performance with that of end-to-end fine-tuning model. On the fine-grained classification datasets Flowers102 and StanfordCars,VL-Bolt achieves substantial improvements,particularly on StanfordCars,where it surpasses the end-to-end fine-tuning model by 10.7%. On the Caltech101 dataset,which is characterized by large interclass variations,VL-Bolt still demonstrates strong task adaptability,further validating the robustness of the proposed approach. Ablation studies confirm the contribution of each component of our method and its bolt classification task compatibility. The TA-VFA architecture avoids the intraclass semantic overlap issue,and its integration leads to a notable improvement in accuracy. The text feature decoupling mechanism can effectively mitigate interclass confusion to a certain extent. Notably,the progressive image encoder fine-tuning strategy guides the model to focus on target semantics,substantially improving accuracy. To identify the optimal layer depth for progressive fine-tuning,we analyze training loss and validation accuracy curves and find that unfreezing only Transformer layers 5 to 11 achieves optimal performance. Compared with end-to-end fine-tuning,the progressive image encoder fine-tuning strategy effectively stabilizes the training process and mitigates overfitting. In visualization experiments,the near-orthogonality of interclass text feature similarities validates the effectiveness of the proposed text feature decoupling loss. Moreover,using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding,we visualize the feature spaces learned by image-text contrastive learning,CLIP ViT-B/32,and VL-Bolt. Compared with the other methods,VL-Bolt shows better interclass separability with more natural boundary distributions,achieving reasonable balance in feature representation. Gradient-weighted class activation map visualizations further reveal that VL-Bolt focuses on bolt targets and defect regions while reducing attention to irrelevant background areas,thereby providing a solid foundation for downstream classification tasks.
Conclusion The proposed VL-Bolt substantially improves the classification performance of VLMs in bolt defect classification tasks. Specifically,the TFD loss and TA-VFA architecture demonstrate strong task adaptability and effectively mitigate the challenge of intraclass semantic overlap while reducing the burden of data preparation. Moreover,the progressive fine-tuning strategy for the image encoder suppresses overfitting and directs the model’s attention toward defect-relevant regions. Overall,this work provides new insights into the practical application of VLMs in power transmission line inspection.
, authors=Ke Zhang1
, 2
, 3
, *, Mingwei Gao4
, 5, Zhaoye Zheng5, Shuoshi Li1
, 2
, 3, Ding Nie6, Shuai Zhou6, authorsList=Ke Zhang, Mingwei Gao, Zhaoye Zheng, Shuoshi Li, Ding Nie, Shuai Zhou, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ke Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322960948625027459, articleId=1322960944372003185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=融合图文特征对齐和文本解耦的输电线路螺栓缺陷分类, columnId=1249044019838394781, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=图像分析和识别, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 视觉—语言模型在缺乏视觉信息的输电线路螺栓缺陷分类中潜力巨大,然而以图像—文本对比学习为代表的视觉—语言模型预训练算法需要大规模的图像和文本数据,实际螺栓缺陷分类研究中数据规模通常较小且缺少丰富的描述文本。为提升视觉—语言模型在螺栓缺陷分类上的适配度,提出一种融合图文特征对齐和文本解耦的输电线路螺栓缺陷分类方法(Transmission line bolt defect classification method integrating vision-language feature alignment and textual decoupling,VL-Bolt)。
方法 深入分析了图像—文本对比学习不适配螺栓缺陷分类任务的原因,归结为类内语义重叠的影响;针对零样本CLIP(contrastive language-image pre-training)模型中螺栓缺陷类间相似度较高的问题,提出文本特征解耦(text feature decoupling,TFD)损失函数,使不同缺陷类别文本在特征空间有效解耦;针对图像—文本对比学习中的类内语义重叠问题,提出适配螺栓缺陷分类的文本锚点引导的图像特征对齐方法(text-anchor-guided visual feature alignment,TA-VFA),实现同类别图像和文本特征对齐。同时,为提升模型泛化能力,提出渐进式图像编码器微调策略(progressive fine-tuning for the image encoder,PFT),逐层解冻图像编码器的Transformer层参数以实现稳定适配。
结果 实验结果表明,VL-Bolt 模型分类准确率达到92.2%,相比基线模型提升3.9%。同时,VL-Bolt在与其他4种迁移方法的对比中表现更优。相较端到端微调,PFT能够有效抑制过拟合问题。在Flowers102、StanfordCars和Caltech101等3个公开数据集上,VL-Bolt的准确率均较基线模型取得显著提升。
结论 本文方法有效提升了视觉—语言模型在螺栓缺陷分类任务中的性能,为视觉—语言模型在输电线路巡检中的实际应用提供了新的思路。
, authors=张珂1
, 2
, 3
, *, 高明伟4
, 5, 郑朝烨5, 李硕士1
, 2
, 3, 聂鼎6, 周帅6, authorsList=张珂, 高明伟, 郑朝烨, 李硕士, 聂鼎, 周帅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张珂, authorNote=
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, 3
, *, address=
1 Yanzhao Electric Power Laboratory of North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China
2 Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Internet of Things Technology; North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China
3 Hebei Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Power Internet of Things,Baoding 071003,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322960949581328796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, authorId=1322960949421945239, language=CN, stringName=张珂, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1
, 2
, 3
, *, address=
1 华北电力大学燕赵电力实验室,保定 071003
2 华北电力大学河北省电力物联网技术重点实验室,保定 071003
3 电力物联智慧化技术河北省工程研究中心,保定 071003, bio={"content":"
张珂,男,教授,主要研究方向为深度学习、计算机视觉、电力视觉和生物特征识别。E-mail: zhangkeit@ncepu.edu.cn
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张珂,男,教授,主要研究方向为深度学习、计算机视觉、电力视觉和生物特征识别。E-mail: zhangkeit@ncepu.edu.cn
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1 华北电力大学燕赵电力实验室,保定 071003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322960948935405959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960948947988872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960948935405959, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2 华北电力大学河北省电力物联网技术重点实验室,保定 071003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322960949031874954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960949040263563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960949031874954, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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4 Talent Workstation of Yunnan Power Grid Co.,Ltd.,Kunming 650521,China
5 Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1322960949799432610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, authorId=1322960949644243358, language=CN, stringName=高明伟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4
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4 云南电网有限责任公司人才工作站,昆明 650521
5 华北电力大学电子与通信工程系,保定 071003, bio={"content":"
高明伟,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力视觉和多模态学习。E-mail: 220242215118@ncepu.edu.cn
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高明伟,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电力视觉和多模态学习。E-mail: 220242215118@ncepu.edu.cn
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5 华北电力大学电子与通信工程系,保定 071003, bio={"content":"
郑朝烨,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为电力视觉和多模态学习。E-mail: zyezheng@163.com
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
郑朝烨,男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为电力视觉和多模态学习。E-mail: zyezheng@163.com
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, 2
, 3, address=
1 Yanzhao Electric Power Laboratory of North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China
2 Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Internet of Things Technology; North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China
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1 华北电力大学燕赵电力实验室,保定 071003
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10.1007/s11263-022-01653-1], articleTitle=Learning to prompt for vision-language models, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322960957378540001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China (62076093,62206095,61871182);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2023JG002,2023JC006,2025MS116);Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China (F2024502017), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322960957483397602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目 (62076093,62206095,61871182);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(2023JG002,2023JC006,2025MS116);河北省自然科学基金项目(F2024502017);河北省中央引导地方科技专项项目资助(264Z2101G), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322960948847325572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960948855714181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960948847325572, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1 华北电力大学燕赵电力实验室,保定 071003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322960948935405959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960948947988872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960948935405959, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Hebei Key Laboratory of Power Internet of Things Technology; North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960948960571785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960948935405959, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 华北电力大学河北省电力物联网技术重点实验室,保定 071003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322960949031874954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960949040263563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960949031874954, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 Hebei Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Technology for Power Internet of Things,Baoding 071003,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960949048652172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960949031874954, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3 电力物联智慧化技术河北省工程研究中心,保定 071003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322960949153509773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960949166092686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960949153509773, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
4 Talent Workstation of Yunnan Power Grid Co.,Ltd.,Kunming 650521,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960949174481295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960949153509773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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5 Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University,Baoding 071003,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960949254173074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960949237395856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
5 华北电力大学电子与通信工程系,保定 071003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322960949338059155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, xref=6, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960949346447764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960949338059155, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
6 Electric Power Research Institute,Yunnan Power Grid Co.,Ltd.,Kunming 650521,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322960949354836373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, companyId=1322960949338059155, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
6 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,昆明 650521)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322960953511391685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Intra-class semantic overlap, figureFileSmall=9coi1Jv8E+m5jrhWDQGIXA==, figureFileBig=Wgd+vr6aHfTkLN5vDFSmJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960953578500550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
类内语义重叠示意图, figureFileSmall=9coi1Jv8E+m5jrhWDQGIXA==, figureFileBig=Wgd+vr6aHfTkLN5vDFSmJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960953771438535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
An overview of VL-Bolt, figureFileSmall=xMeOcAO4CepkZ9yyOgY7PQ==, figureFileBig=Bvx8n2M+G2YlcWvokceuVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960953842741704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
VL-Bolt算法概览, figureFileSmall=xMeOcAO4CepkZ9yyOgY7PQ==, figureFileBig=Bvx8n2M+G2YlcWvokceuVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960953905656265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Progressive fine-tuning for the image encoder, figureFileSmall=ubJDqEw2DEOT4PoqyHtw2Q==, figureFileBig=TTMNJqoik2bOoymwXoh+NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960953981153738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
渐进式图像编码器微调策略示意图((a) the architecture of the CLIP ViT-B/32 image encoder;(b) progressive fine-tuning workflow)
, figureFileSmall=ubJDqEw2DEOT4PoqyHtw2Q==, figureFileBig=TTMNJqoik2bOoymwXoh+NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954048262603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Bolt defect dataset: sample counts and examples, figureFileSmall=J/L6+5F9pKD54f3ORlGn8g==, figureFileBig=7COJBIA5839MWkPyR+nT6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954111177164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
螺栓缺陷数据集样本数量和示例, figureFileSmall=J/L6+5F9pKD54f3ORlGn8g==, figureFileBig=7COJBIA5839MWkPyR+nT6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954195063245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Loss and accuracy curves ((a) progressive fine-tuning;(b) end-to-end fine-tuning), figureFileSmall=9/NchEzyAekPrU7mWBiQjQ==, figureFileBig=ktk4Xv9ckWRA1mpurqS79A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954287337934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
损失和准确率曲线, figureFileSmall=9/NchEzyAekPrU7mWBiQjQ==, figureFileBig=ktk4Xv9ckWRA1mpurqS79A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954358641103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Text feature similarity before and after decoupling, figureFileSmall=UwXsoXon0KeDy5NKDrEpDA==, figureFileBig=TNsC9G/euzF8p6weWAJiVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954434138576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
文本特征解耦前后相似度((a) before decoupling;(b) after decoupling)
, figureFileSmall=UwXsoXon0KeDy5NKDrEpDA==, figureFileBig=TNsC9G/euzF8p6weWAJiVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954513830353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The t-SNE visualization of bolt defects in the image, figureFileSmall=UEj3McOiDJzmBvPozfCpiw==, figureFileBig=xLcrajmyM5HTEsGPHekENg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954572550610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
螺栓缺陷在图像特征空间中的t-SNE可视化feature space ((a) image-text contrastive learning;
(b) CLIP ViT-B/32;(c) VL-Bolt)
, figureFileSmall=UEj3McOiDJzmBvPozfCpiw==, figureFileBig=xLcrajmyM5HTEsGPHekENg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954656436691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Visualization analysis with Grad-CAM, figureFileSmall=YWjgRV/QbbGyEY970T4K/w==, figureFileBig=yZdYk8UMXJjNhDnXml5c8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954727739860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
利用Grad-CAM技术可视化分析, figureFileSmall=YWjgRV/QbbGyEY970T4K/w==, figureFileBig=yZdYk8UMXJjNhDnXml5c8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322960954811625941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Results of different bolt defect classification models, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 模态 | 参数量/106 | 训练参数量/106 | 召回率/% | 精准率/% | F1值/% | 准确率/% |
|---|
| ViT-B/32(Dosovitskiy等,2021) | 图像 | 85.8 | 85.8 | 87.2 | 88.7 | 87.9 | 89.5 |
| RN50(He等,2016) | 图像 | 23.5 | 23.5 | 88.3 | 89.9 | 89.1 | 90.4 |
| EfficientNet(Tan和Le,2019) | 图像 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 86.1 | 87.4 | 86.7 | 87.8 |
| MobileNet v3(Howard等,2019) | 图像 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 85.5 | 86.9 | 86.2 | 87.4 |
| CLIP ViT-B/32(Radford等,2021) | 图像 | 86.2 | 86.2 | 85.9 | 88.0 | 86.8 | 88.3 |
| 改进DenseNet(李学渊 等,2022) | 图像 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 88.5 | 90.2 | 89.3 | 90.8 |
| 改进WRN(Liu等,2022) | 图像 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 88.0 | 88.9 | 88.4 | 89.8 |
| ATT-RN50(Lin等,2021) | 图像 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 88.1 | 89.7 | 88.8 | 90.1 |
| MUCO-BD-ViT(张珂 等,2025) | 图像—文本 | 86.2 | 151.3 | 94.2 | 95.5 | 94.8 | 96.2 |
| VL-Bolt(本文) | 图像—文本 | 86.2 | 108.7 | 89.6 | 91.2 | 90.6 | 92.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960954895512022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同模型的螺栓缺陷分类结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 模态 | 参数量/106 | 训练参数量/106 | 召回率/% | 精准率/% | F1值/% | 准确率/% |
|---|
| ViT-B/32(Dosovitskiy等,2021) | 图像 | 85.8 | 85.8 | 87.2 | 88.7 | 87.9 | 89.5 |
| RN50(He等,2016) | 图像 | 23.5 | 23.5 | 88.3 | 89.9 | 89.1 | 90.4 |
| EfficientNet(Tan和Le,2019) | 图像 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 86.1 | 87.4 | 86.7 | 87.8 |
| MobileNet v3(Howard等,2019) | 图像 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 85.5 | 86.9 | 86.2 | 87.4 |
| CLIP ViT-B/32(Radford等,2021) | 图像 | 86.2 | 86.2 | 85.9 | 88.0 | 86.8 | 88.3 |
| 改进DenseNet(李学渊 等,2022) | 图像 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 88.5 | 90.2 | 89.3 | 90.8 |
| 改进WRN(Liu等,2022) | 图像 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 88.0 | 88.9 | 88.4 | 89.8 |
| ATT-RN50(Lin等,2021) | 图像 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 88.1 | 89.7 | 88.8 | 90.1 |
| MUCO-BD-ViT(张珂 等,2025) | 图像—文本 | 86.2 | 151.3 | 94.2 | 95.5 | 94.8 | 96.2 |
| VL-Bolt(本文) | 图像—文本 | 86.2 | 108.7 | 89.6 | 91.2 | 90.6 | 92.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960954971009495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison results between VL-Bolt and MUCO-BD, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 预训练 | 微调 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| MUCO-BD-ViT | BDCD | BDCD | 88.5 |
| TLID | BDCD | 96.2 |
| | | |
| VL-Bolt | BDCD | BDCD | 80.5 |
| TLID | BDCD | 96.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960955071672792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
VL-Bolt与MUCO-BD的对比结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 预训练 | 微调 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| MUCO-BD-ViT | BDCD | BDCD | 88.5 |
| TLID | BDCD | 96.2 |
| | | |
| VL-Bolt | BDCD | BDCD | 80.5 |
| TLID | BDCD | 96.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960955134587353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
The bolt defect classification results of different transfer methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 迁移方法 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| CLIP-Adapter(Gao等,2024) | 81.9 |
| CoOp(Zhou等,2022b) | 79.4 |
| CoCoOp(Zhou等,2022a) | 56.3 |
| Tip-Adapter(Zhang等,2022) | 41.2 |
| Tip-Adapter-F(Zhang等,2022) | 79.1 |
| WiSE-FT α = 0.5(Wortsman等,2022) | 89.4 |
| WiSE-FT最优α(Wortsman等,2022) | 90.0 |
| VL-Bolt(本文) | 92.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960955210084826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
不同迁移方法的螺栓缺陷分类结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 迁移方法 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| CLIP-Adapter(Gao等,2024) | 81.9 |
| CoOp(Zhou等,2022b) | 79.4 |
| CoCoOp(Zhou等,2022a) | 56.3 |
| Tip-Adapter(Zhang等,2022) | 41.2 |
| Tip-Adapter-F(Zhang等,2022) | 79.1 |
| WiSE-FT α = 0.5(Wortsman等,2022) | 89.4 |
| WiSE-FT最优α(Wortsman等,2022) | 90.0 |
| VL-Bolt(本文) | 92.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960955281387995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Classification accuracy on public datasets, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 类别/类 | 最佳 解冻层 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| 端到端微调 | VL-Bolt |
|---|
| Flowers102 | 102 | 6~11 | 97.8 | 99.3 |
| StanfordCars | 196 | 4~11 | 77.2 | 87.9 |
| Caltech101 | 102 | 6~11 | 91.8 | 96.7 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960955352691164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
公开数据集分类准确率
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 类别/类 | 最佳 解冻层 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| 端到端微调 | VL-Bolt |
|---|
| Flowers102 | 102 | 6~11 | 97.8 | 99.3 |
| StanfordCars | 196 | 4~11 | 77.2 | 87.9 |
| Caltech101 | 102 | 6~11 | 91.8 | 96.7 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960955419800029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Results of ablation experiments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| TA-VFA | TFD | PFT | 参数量 /106 | 计算量 /109 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| √ | √ | √ | 86.2 | 17.6 | 92.2 |
| √ | - | √ | 86.2 | 17.6 | 91.7 |
| √ | √ | - | 86.2 | 17.6 | 89.6 |
| √ | - | - | 86.2 | 17.6 | 88.9 |
| - | - | - | 86.2 | 17.6 | 22.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960955495297502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| TA-VFA | TFD | PFT | 参数量 /106 | 计算量 /109 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| √ | √ | √ | 86.2 | 17.6 | 92.2 |
| √ | - | √ | 86.2 | 17.6 | 91.7 |
| √ | √ | - | 86.2 | 17.6 | 89.6 |
| √ | - | - | 86.2 | 17.6 | 88.9 |
| - | - | - | 86.2 | 17.6 | 22.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960957173019103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
The bolt defect classification accuracy of different classification heads, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 主干 | 分类头 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| 微调后的图像编码器 | 已解耦文本特征分类头 | 92.2 |
| 可训练的线性层 | 92.2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322960957248516576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960944372003185, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
不同分类头的螺栓缺陷分类准确率
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 主干 | 分类头 | 准确率/% |
|---|
| 微调后的图像编码器 | 已解耦文本特征分类头 | 92.2 |
| 可训练的线性层 | 92.2 |
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