Article(id=1322949862639141696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322949743743213946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250459, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759075200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-29, revisedDate=1766678400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793345426473, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784131200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793345426473, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793345426473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793345426473, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322949743743213946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='7', pageStart='2279', pageEnd='2686', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784131200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793345398125, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348592997, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963144217330568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322949743743213946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963144217330569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322949743743213946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2434, endPage=2470, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322949862865634113, articleId=1322949862639141696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Progress of research on object detection and tracking methods for nighttime UAV aerial imagery, columnId=1249044010699002654, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Nighttime perception remains a critical bottleneck for the autonomous operation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Under low-light conditions,weak and uneven illumination amplifies noise and glare,background interference becomes increasingly complex,and targets often appear small,low in contrast,or partially occluded. Meanwhile,UAV platforms impose strict constraints on onboard computation and power consumption,requiring detection and tracking methods to achieve balance between robustness and efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review and empirical study of the application of deep learning in UAV nighttime target detection and tracking by synthesizing methodological trends,experimental findings,and future research directions. We characterize the unique challenges of UAV nighttime vision in contrast to daytime scenarios and highlight four interrelated issues: 1) limited perceptual signals and variable illumination,leading to degraded pixel-level cues; 2) feature degradation and background interference caused by artificial light sources and shadows; 3) restricted onboard resources that make the deployment of large-scale models difficult; and 4) complex imaging conditions,where target scale and appearance fluctuate frequently. These constraints underscore the need for specialized algorithmic paradigms rather than direct transfer of daytime methods. From the perspective of UAV nighttime target detection,this study systematically reviews four major research directions. First,nighttime image enhancement methods employ dedicated restoration networks to improve brightness and contrast before detection. Although these approaches can effectively enhance visual quality,the two-stage pipeline may introduce artifacts and does not always optimally align with detector objectives. Second,domain adaptation methods leverage adversarial learning,style transfer,or feature alignment to bridge the day-night distribution gap. Such methods reduce the dependence on annotated nighttime data but remain sensitive to interdomain diversity and often require carefully designed pseudo-labeling or regularization. Third,multimodal perception fusion,especially RGB-infrared (IR) fusion,utilizes complementary thermal cues to mitigate illumination deficiencies. State-of-the-art fusion networks (e.g.,M2D-LIF) have demonstrated substantial mean average precision (mAP) improvements on UAV nighttime benchmarks,with some models achieving over 80% mAP@0.5 on the DroneVehicle-Night subset. Fourth,lightweight models (e.g.,CSPDarkNet-based backbones) focus on balancing accuracy and efficiency under limited computational budgets. Experiments indicate that backbone choice is critical for enabling real-time nighttime detection without a considerable accuracy loss. For nighttime target tracking,this study categorizes four representative paradigms. 1) Enhancement-before-tracking: low-light enhancers are used as a preprocessing stage (sometimes co-optimized) to improve input quality and thereby downstream tracker performance. 2) Domain adaptation: extending static feature alignment to temporal modeling,sometimes combined with synthetic nighttime sequences or foundation models,to enhance robustness. 3) Prompt learning: reframing day-night transfer as a fast adaptation task and leveraging small-scale prompts for efficient transfer with minimal parameter updates. 4) Curriculum learning: ordering training samples from easy to difficult (e.g.,progressively increasing darkness or motion blur) to stabilize training and improve performance under extreme degradation. 5) Multimodal fusion: we further analyze the interplay among these paradigms and the tension between restoration- and task-oriented objectives. Subsequently,commonly used evaluation metrics and benchmark datasets for nighttime and all-weather UAV detection and tracking are introduced,and a nighttime UAV vehicle detection dataset called DroneVehicle-Night is constructed. Two complementary empirical studies are conducted to support this survey. The first study,which is based on DroneVehicle-Night (derived from DroneVehicle),contains tens of thousands of paired RGB-IR annotated images covering urban roads,residential areas,and parking lots,with five classes of vehicles annotated. Experiments reveal that under identical training conditions,IR consistently outperforms RGB (e.g.,CSPDarkNet-based detectors achieve high mAP@0.5 in IR),and multimodal fusion methods,such as M2D-LIF,achieve over 83.9% mAP@0.5,underscoring the value of modality complementarity in nighttime detection. The second study evaluates the transferability of generic UAV detectors to the nighttime scenario. From VisDrone2019,we construct a paired subset (521 nighttime/513 daytime images). Although generic detectors achieve 30%-45% mAP@0.5 on daytime data,their performance declines by 8%-12% at night,with small and low-contrast objects exhibiting the most severe degradation. These findings confirm that specialized nighttime and modality-aware methods are effective,and simple day-night transfer is insufficient. To further reflect the state of literature on nighttime tracking,this study summarizes the performance of 20 representative trackers on UAVDark135 and NAT2021 (results are cited from the original publications). Among them,Mamba-based methods (e.g.,MambaNUT-Small and MambaTrack) and several domain adaptation methods (e.g.,DARTer and DCPT) consistently rank among the top,achieving robust AUC-accuracy trade-offs while maintaining reasonable frame rates. These results highlight the importance of efficient sequence modeling and domain-aware adaptation in nighttime tracking. On the basis of the survey and empirical evidence,several key conclusions are derived. First,sensor modality selection is critical. IR and RGB-IR fusion substantially enhance robustness to low-light and complex backgrounds,whereas RGB-only pipelines remain fragile. Second,backbone design strongly influences the accuracy-efficiency balance. Compared with heavy backbones,such as ResNet50,CSPDarkNet variants offer more attractive real-time trade-offs on embedded platforms. Third,aside from frame-by-frame strategies,explicit temporal modeling and sequence-oriented architectures are indispensable for robust nighttime tracking. Fourth,day-night transfer remains a major challenge,as evidenced by the VisDrone experiments that highlight the urgent need for specialized nighttime designs and datasets. Finally,four promising research directions are identified: 1) cross-modal vision-language fusion that leverages large-scale language/vision models to enhance multimodal alignment and interactive tracking; 2) construction of rich multimodal nighttime datasets that extend beyond urban scenes to cover wild,mountainous,and aquatic environments; 3) unsupervised and weakly supervised learning to reduce annotation costs and improve cross-domain robustness; and 4) lightweight architecture design. Aside from accuracy,UAV tasks demand real-time and efficient models. Future work may explore long-sequence modeling with Mamba in combination with neural architecture search,dynamic inference,and efficient operators to balance accuracy,latency,and energy. In conclusion,this survey and empirical study provide a clear roadmap toward robust UAV nighttime perception and practical deployment. All algorithms and datasets used in this work are publicly available at https://github.com/bsfsf/DroneVehicle-Night and https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.32435, to facilitate future research.
, authors=Shifan Bi1
, 2, Liang Ye1
, 2
, *, Zhixiang Wang1
, 2, Ziyang Zhang1
, 2, Hanyu Hong1
, 2, Nong Sang3, authorsList=Shifan Bi, Liang Ye, Zhixiang Wang, Ziyang Zhang, Hanyu Hong, Nong Sang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang Ye, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322949879449912140, articleId=1322949862639141696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=夜间无人机航拍图像目标检测与跟踪方法研究进展, columnId=1249044010992603937, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
视觉目标检测与跟踪技术已在白天场景中取得显著突破,为无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)在智能领域的广泛应用提供了强大支撑。然而,这些方法在夜间场景往往表现不佳,检测与跟踪精度显著下降。夜间作为无人机应用中不可或缺的场景,其复杂性与挑战性凸显了开展夜间无人机航拍图像目标检测与跟踪研究的必要性和现实意义。针对夜间无人机目标航拍图像检测与跟踪技术的现状及发展趋势,本文分析了感知能力有限、可视化特征不足、硬件平台资源受限以及复杂成像条件等因素所带来的挑战。从夜间无人机航拍图像目标检测研究出发,综述了夜间图像增强、域适应学习、多模态感知融合和轻量化模型等方法的研究进展。在夜间无人机航拍图像目标跟踪方面,重点综述了基于深度学习的5类范式,包括先增强后跟踪、域自适应、视觉提示学习、课程学习和多模态融合,系统总结了相关方法的优缺点及所应对的挑战。随后,介绍了夜间及全天候无人机航拍图像目标检测与跟踪常用的评价指标与典型数据集,并在构建的夜间无人机车辆目标检测集DroneVehicle-Night上进行性能评估与对比分析;同时,从VisDrone2019(vision meets drone 2019)的测试集中筛选昼夜样本,对现有检测方法的夜间适应性进行了对比测试;此外,还汇总了包含4类跟踪范式在内的20种算法在夜间无人机航拍图像目标跟踪数据集UAVDark135(unmanned aerial vehicle dark tracking 135)与NAT2021(nighttime aerial tracking 2021)上的性能评估结果。最后,对夜间无人机航拍图像目标检测与跟踪未来的发展方向进行了展望,为该领域的后续研究提供参考。本文实验中用到的算法、构建的数据集已经汇总至https://github.com/bsfsf/DroneVehicle-Night和https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.32435。
, authors=毕诗帆1
, 2, 叶亮1
, 2
, *, 王志祥1
, 2, 张梓阳1
, 2, 洪汉玉1
, 2, 桑农3, authorsList=毕诗帆, 叶亮, 王志祥, 张梓阳, 洪汉玉, 桑农, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=叶亮, authorNote=
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1 School of Electrical and Information Engineering,Wuhan Institute of Technology,Wuhan 430205,China
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1 武汉工程大学电气信息学院,武汉 430205
2 武汉工程大学光学信息与模式识别湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430205, bio={"content":"
毕诗帆,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为目标检测与跟踪。E-mail:22403010120@stu.wit.edu.cn
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毕诗帆,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为目标检测与跟踪。E-mail:22403010120@stu.wit.edu.cn
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1 School of Electrical and Information Engineering,Wuhan Institute of Technology,Wuhan 430205,China
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1 武汉工程大学电气信息学院,武汉 430205
2 武汉工程大学光学信息与模式识别湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430205, bio={"content":"
叶亮,通信作者,男,讲师,主要研究方向为图像处理与图像分析、计算机视觉。E-mail:yeliang@wit.edu.cn
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叶亮,通信作者,男,讲师,主要研究方向为图像处理与图像分析、计算机视觉。E-mail:yeliang@wit.edu.cn
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王志祥,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为目标检测。E-mail:22403010147@wit.edu.com
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1 武汉工程大学电气信息学院,武汉 430205)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322949880200692560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322949880209081169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, companyId=1322949880200692560, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2 武汉工程大学光学信息与模式识别湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430205)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322949880288772947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322949880297161556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, companyId=1322949880288772947, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3 华中科技大学多谱信息智能处理技术全国重点实验室,武汉 430074)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322949887469421444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Overall framework of this review, figureFileSmall=1gI9NTefjhCGf9a+BlVzAA==, figureFileBig=zyrXlF2bDmFSp/rYqfTZoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949887544918917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
本文整体结构, figureFileSmall=1gI9NTefjhCGf9a+BlVzAA==, figureFileBig=zyrXlF2bDmFSp/rYqfTZoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949887830131590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Challenges in object detection and tracking from, figureFileSmall=cq/4V+aDwOU2P4UWJFiTJg==, figureFileBig=KKuaVR4dpDKaNLqPyuDVNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949887914017671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
夜间无人机航拍图像目标检测与跟踪挑战nighttime UAV aerial imagery ((a) limited nighttime
perception;(b) insufficient visual features;(c) complex
imaging conditions;(d) limited computational resources
on the platform)
, figureFileSmall=cq/4V+aDwOU2P4UWJFiTJg==, figureFileBig=KKuaVR4dpDKaNLqPyuDVNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949888085984136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Example samples from the DroneVehicle-Night dataset ((a) urban road under streetlights;(b) low-illumination parking lot;(c) residential area with severe light pollution), figureFileSmall=dReWDoKnc0bYsuus4LD2lA==, figureFileBig=rT7ctTsbyPTTjXsRvGbt6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949888174064521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
DroneVehicle-Night数据集样本示例, figureFileSmall=dReWDoKnc0bYsuus4LD2lA==, figureFileBig=rT7ctTsbyPTTjXsRvGbt6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949888249561994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Day-night comparison of detection algorithms, figureFileSmall=il/Scg+JGxhr1a9VqXtG6Q==, figureFileBig=biicUyAki92luURCAQ847g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949888341836683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
检测算法昼夜对比, figureFileSmall=il/Scg+JGxhr1a9VqXtG6Q==, figureFileBig=biicUyAki92luURCAQ847g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949888513803148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Comparison of speed and accuracy on the UAVDark135 dataset, figureFileSmall=FsnKypuvcFIXKskavVIs2Q==, figureFileBig=Ez8g/qBMd5ECrw7aI6MlMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949888631243661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
UAVDark135数据集上速度与精度比较, figureFileSmall=FsnKypuvcFIXKskavVIs2Q==, figureFileBig=Ez8g/qBMd5ECrw7aI6MlMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322949888975176590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison with the total number of published reviews on object detection and tracking, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
任务 类别 | 文献 | 年份 | 任务范围 | 夜间 场景 | 无人机 视角 | 分类角度 |
|---|
| 检测 | 曹家乐等人(2022) | 2022 | 通用视觉目标检测 | × | × | 按传感器数量(单目/双目)划分大类。单目按锚点机制/预测模式细分,双目按特征空间细分,同时补充子模块设计(特征、预测头、损失)。 |
| 陈震元等人(2023) | 2023 | 弱监督目标检测 | × | × | 按核心网络架构改进方向分为3类,分别优化候选框生成器、新增分割分支以及优化自训练检测网络。 |
| 袁翔等人(2023) | 2023 | 遥感影像小目标检测 | √ | √ | 按遥感影像类型分为光学、SAR和红外3类小目标检测算法。 |
| 石争浩等人(2023) | 2023 | 航空遥感场景下的目标检测 | × | √ | 以“框架 + 场景改进”双维度,聚焦大尺寸、多方向、尺度与小目标问题。 |
| 潘晓英等人(2023) | 2023 | 通用小目标检测 | × | √ | 按技术策略 + 问题导向分为8类,涵盖数据增强、特征融合、注意力等主流技术,同时补充场景化与主流检测器改进。 |
| 冷佳旭等人(2023) | 2023 | 无人机视角下的目标检测 | √ | √ | 按解决的不均衡问题分为5大类方法,涵盖数据增强、多尺度融合等主流策略。 |
| 李昌财等人(2024) | 2024 | 自动驾驶车载三维目标检测 | √ | × | 按传感器类型与数量分为5类,每类再按数据预处理/模型架构细分。 |
| 跟踪 | 李玺等人(2019) | 2019 | 单目标跟踪综述 | × | × | 从网络结构、网络功能、网络训练三维度分类,补充4类融合算法。 |
| Marvasti-Zadeh等人(2022) | 2022 | 通用视觉目标跟踪 | × | √ | 从9个维度划分,既覆盖技术本质(如CNN/SNN),也贴合任务需求(如航拍/长期跟踪)。 |
| 李成龙等人(2023) | 2023 | 多模态视觉跟踪 | √ | √ | 以信息融合方式为核心,重点将RGB-T分为结合式/判别式融合两大类细分,其他按融合阶段/数据处理方式补充分类。 |
| Javed等人(2023) | 2023 | DCF与Siamese网络两大范式的视觉目标跟踪 | × | √ | 以范式划分 + 技术原理为核心,DCF按特征通道 + 优化策略细分,Siamese按训练流程 + 功能改进细分,同时补充跨范式的骨干网络、目标状态估计等子模块。 |
| Jiao等人(2023) | 2023 | 通用视觉目标跟踪 | × | √ | 梳理单/多目标跟踪及短/长跟踪中的技术进展,分为网络架构、利用方式、跟踪挑战改进和高级主题4类。 |
| 高桃峰等人(2025) | 2025 | 卫星视频单目标跟踪 | × | × | 按跟踪策略(生成式/判别式)划分,判别式进一步按相关滤波、深度学习(CNN/Transformer)细分。 |
检测与 跟踪 | 本文 | 2025 | 夜间无人机目标检测与跟踪 | √ | √ | 以“夜间场景 + 无人机视角”为核心,将检测分4类(增强/域适应/多模态/轻量化),跟踪分5类(先增强后跟踪/域自适应/提示学习/课程学习/RGB-T跟踪)。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949889063256975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
与已发表目标检测与跟踪综述对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
任务 类别 | 文献 | 年份 | 任务范围 | 夜间 场景 | 无人机 视角 | 分类角度 |
|---|
| 检测 | 曹家乐等人(2022) | 2022 | 通用视觉目标检测 | × | × | 按传感器数量(单目/双目)划分大类。单目按锚点机制/预测模式细分,双目按特征空间细分,同时补充子模块设计(特征、预测头、损失)。 |
| 陈震元等人(2023) | 2023 | 弱监督目标检测 | × | × | 按核心网络架构改进方向分为3类,分别优化候选框生成器、新增分割分支以及优化自训练检测网络。 |
| 袁翔等人(2023) | 2023 | 遥感影像小目标检测 | √ | √ | 按遥感影像类型分为光学、SAR和红外3类小目标检测算法。 |
| 石争浩等人(2023) | 2023 | 航空遥感场景下的目标检测 | × | √ | 以“框架 + 场景改进”双维度,聚焦大尺寸、多方向、尺度与小目标问题。 |
| 潘晓英等人(2023) | 2023 | 通用小目标检测 | × | √ | 按技术策略 + 问题导向分为8类,涵盖数据增强、特征融合、注意力等主流技术,同时补充场景化与主流检测器改进。 |
| 冷佳旭等人(2023) | 2023 | 无人机视角下的目标检测 | √ | √ | 按解决的不均衡问题分为5大类方法,涵盖数据增强、多尺度融合等主流策略。 |
| 李昌财等人(2024) | 2024 | 自动驾驶车载三维目标检测 | √ | × | 按传感器类型与数量分为5类,每类再按数据预处理/模型架构细分。 |
| 跟踪 | 李玺等人(2019) | 2019 | 单目标跟踪综述 | × | × | 从网络结构、网络功能、网络训练三维度分类,补充4类融合算法。 |
| Marvasti-Zadeh等人(2022) | 2022 | 通用视觉目标跟踪 | × | √ | 从9个维度划分,既覆盖技术本质(如CNN/SNN),也贴合任务需求(如航拍/长期跟踪)。 |
| 李成龙等人(2023) | 2023 | 多模态视觉跟踪 | √ | √ | 以信息融合方式为核心,重点将RGB-T分为结合式/判别式融合两大类细分,其他按融合阶段/数据处理方式补充分类。 |
| Javed等人(2023) | 2023 | DCF与Siamese网络两大范式的视觉目标跟踪 | × | √ | 以范式划分 + 技术原理为核心,DCF按特征通道 + 优化策略细分,Siamese按训练流程 + 功能改进细分,同时补充跨范式的骨干网络、目标状态估计等子模块。 |
| Jiao等人(2023) | 2023 | 通用视觉目标跟踪 | × | √ | 梳理单/多目标跟踪及短/长跟踪中的技术进展,分为网络架构、利用方式、跟踪挑战改进和高级主题4类。 |
| 高桃峰等人(2025) | 2025 | 卫星视频单目标跟踪 | × | × | 按跟踪策略(生成式/判别式)划分,判别式进一步按相关滤波、深度学习(CNN/Transformer)细分。 |
检测与 跟踪 | 本文 | 2025 | 夜间无人机目标检测与跟踪 | √ | √ | 以“夜间场景 + 无人机视角”为核心,将检测分4类(增强/域适应/多模态/轻量化),跟踪分5类(先增强后跟踪/域自适应/提示学习/课程学习/RGB-T跟踪)。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949889352663953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Typical UAV aerial image object detection datasets, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 模态 | 年份 | 数量/幅 | 特点 | 分辨率/像素 | 下载地址 | 引用次数 |
|---|
| UAVDT | RGB | 2018 | 77 819 | 分为低、中、高3个飞行高度且包含日间、夜间、雾3种天气 | 1 080 × 540 | https://sites.google.com/view/grli-uavdt | 1 003 |
| VisDrone | RGB | 2021 | 10 209 | 使用不同型号的无人机、不同场景、各种天气和照明条件拍摄,但类不平衡 | 960 × 540~ 2 000 × 1 500 | https://github.com/VisDrone/VisDrone-Dataset | 872 |
| UAVVaste | RGB | 2021 | 772 | 近地拍摄,所包含图像中目标框较小,适用于小目标检测 | 3 840 × 2 160 | https://github.com/PUTvision/UAVVaste | 131 |
| AFO | RGB | 2021 | 3 647 | 适用于水上搜救任务,环境多样且小目标为主 | 1 280 × 720~ 3 840 × 2 160 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/jangsienicajzkowy/afo-aerial-dataset-of-floating-objects | 96 |
Drone Vehicle | RGB + IR | 2022 | 56 878 | RGB和红外图像各占一半,专注于车辆检测和计数 | 840 × 712 | https://github.com/VisDrone/DroneVehicle | 353 |
| HIT-UAV | IR | 2023 | 2 898 | 首个无人机高空红外热数据集,可进行多项研究活动 | 640 × 512 | https://gitcode.com/open-source-toolkit/f9a26/tree/main | 121 |
| OSIV | IR | 2025 | 39 583 | 首个基于场景划分的红外无人机视角车辆检测数据集 | 704 × 704 | https://github.com/rslab1111/OSIV | 1 |
| FIReStereo | IR | 2025 | 204 594 | 包含立体热成像图像、激光雷达数据、惯性测量单元数据以及在城市和森林环境中、不同条件下采集的真实深度图 | 640 × 512 | https://github.com/firestereo/firestereo | 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949889436550034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
无人机航拍图像目标检测典型数据集
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 模态 | 年份 | 数量/幅 | 特点 | 分辨率/像素 | 下载地址 | 引用次数 |
|---|
| UAVDT | RGB | 2018 | 77 819 | 分为低、中、高3个飞行高度且包含日间、夜间、雾3种天气 | 1 080 × 540 | https://sites.google.com/view/grli-uavdt | 1 003 |
| VisDrone | RGB | 2021 | 10 209 | 使用不同型号的无人机、不同场景、各种天气和照明条件拍摄,但类不平衡 | 960 × 540~ 2 000 × 1 500 | https://github.com/VisDrone/VisDrone-Dataset | 872 |
| UAVVaste | RGB | 2021 | 772 | 近地拍摄,所包含图像中目标框较小,适用于小目标检测 | 3 840 × 2 160 | https://github.com/PUTvision/UAVVaste | 131 |
| AFO | RGB | 2021 | 3 647 | 适用于水上搜救任务,环境多样且小目标为主 | 1 280 × 720~ 3 840 × 2 160 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/jangsienicajzkowy/afo-aerial-dataset-of-floating-objects | 96 |
Drone Vehicle | RGB + IR | 2022 | 56 878 | RGB和红外图像各占一半,专注于车辆检测和计数 | 840 × 712 | https://github.com/VisDrone/DroneVehicle | 353 |
| HIT-UAV | IR | 2023 | 2 898 | 首个无人机高空红外热数据集,可进行多项研究活动 | 640 × 512 | https://gitcode.com/open-source-toolkit/f9a26/tree/main | 121 |
| OSIV | IR | 2025 | 39 583 | 首个基于场景划分的红外无人机视角车辆检测数据集 | 704 × 704 | https://github.com/rslab1111/OSIV | 1 |
| FIReStereo | IR | 2025 | 204 594 | 包含立体热成像图像、激光雷达数据、惯性测量单元数据以及在城市和森林环境中、不同条件下采集的真实深度图 | 640 × 512 | https://github.com/firestereo/firestereo | 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949889507853203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
A brief comparison of night tracking datasets, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 视频序列数 | 总帧数 | 数据划分 | 挑战属性 数量 | 挑战属性名称 | 引用次数 |
|---|
| UAVDark70/135 | 70/135 | 66 k/125 k | Test | 5 | LR,FM,IV,VC,OCC | 57/71 |
| DarkTrack2021 | 110 | 100 k | Test | 6 | VC,FM,OCC,LR,LAI,OV | 69 |
| NAT2021 | 1 603 | 470 k | Train/Test | 12 | BC,ARC,CM,FM,OCC,FO,OV,SV,SOB,VC,IV,LAI | 118 |
| WebUAV-3M | 4 500 | 3.3 M | Train/Val/Test | 15 | LR,PO,FO,OV,FM,CM,VC,ROT,DEF,BC,SV,ARC,IV,MB,CM | 37 |
| NUT-L | 42 | 95 k | Test | 9 | OCC,FM,VC,IV,LR,SOB,SV,LAI,FO | 24 |
| LMOT | 32 | 35 k | Train/Val/Test | 5 | OCC,OV,SOB,LAI,PO | 7 |
| LLOT | 269 | 132 k | Test | 12 | IV,SV,FM,OV,LAI,MB,ARC,LR,SOB,PO,ROT,CM | 1 |
| NT-VOT211 | 211 | 211 k | Test | 8 | CM,DEF,FM,MB,SSG,SOB,OCC,OV | 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949889776288660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
夜间跟踪数据集简单对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 视频序列数 | 总帧数 | 数据划分 | 挑战属性 数量 | 挑战属性名称 | 引用次数 |
|---|
| UAVDark70/135 | 70/135 | 66 k/125 k | Test | 5 | LR,FM,IV,VC,OCC | 57/71 |
| DarkTrack2021 | 110 | 100 k | Test | 6 | VC,FM,OCC,LR,LAI,OV | 69 |
| NAT2021 | 1 603 | 470 k | Train/Test | 12 | BC,ARC,CM,FM,OCC,FO,OV,SV,SOB,VC,IV,LAI | 118 |
| WebUAV-3M | 4 500 | 3.3 M | Train/Val/Test | 15 | LR,PO,FO,OV,FM,CM,VC,ROT,DEF,BC,SV,ARC,IV,MB,CM | 37 |
| NUT-L | 42 | 95 k | Test | 9 | OCC,FM,VC,IV,LR,SOB,SV,LAI,FO | 24 |
| LMOT | 32 | 35 k | Train/Val/Test | 5 | OCC,OV,SOB,LAI,PO | 7 |
| LLOT | 269 | 132 k | Test | 12 | IV,SV,FM,OV,LAI,MB,ARC,LR,SOB,PO,ROT,CM | 1 |
| NT-VOT211 | 211 | 211 k | Test | 8 | CM,DEF,FM,MB,SSG,SOB,OCC,OV | 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949891420455829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Simple performance evaluation on the DroneVehicle-Night dataset /%, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 发表信息 | 主干网络 | 模态 | AP50 |
|---|
| Car | Truck | Freight-car | Bus | Van | mAP50 |
|---|
| Faster R-CNN | TPAMI 2017 | ResNet50 | RGB | 74.9 | 27.5 | 28.0 | 77.4 | 40.3 | 49.6 |
| RetinaNet | ICCV 2017 | ResNet50 | 72.5 | 12.2 | 23.4 | 49.4 | 31.0 | 37.7 |
| S2A-Net | TGRS 2021 | ResNet50 | 72.2 | 21.1 | 23.8 | 78.1 | 36.8 | 46.4 |
| YOLOv8s | Ultralytics 2023 | CSPDarkNet53 | 88.6 | 45.7 | 52.5 | 89.6 | 52.3 | 65.7 |
| Faster R-CNN | TPAMI 2017 | ResNet50 | IR | 89.8 | 47.4 | 52.2 | 88.2 | 48.0 | 65.1 |
| RetinaNet | ICCV 2017 | ResNet50 | 89.1 | 18.2 | 35.3 | 70.3 | 32.9 | 49.2 |
| S2A-Net | TGRS 2021 | ResNet50 | 89.4 | 41.8 | 56.6 | 88.9 | 45.8 | 64.5 |
| YOLOv8 | Ultralytics 2023 | CSPDarkNet53 | 98.1 | 69.3 | 75.8 | 96.5 | 58.7 | 79.7 |
| CFT | arXiv 2022 | CSPDarkNet53 | RGB + IR | 97.4 | 71.2 | 75.5 | 96.3 | 61.6 | 80.4 |
| CALNet | ACM MM 2023 | CSPDarkNet53 | 89.8 | 72.6 | 68.9 | 88.8 | 59.0 | 75.8 |
| C2Former | TGRS 2024 | ResNet50 | 90.0 | 67.2 | 62.9 | 89.1 | 57.8 | 73.4 |
| ICAFusion | PR 2024 | CSPDarkNet53 | 98.1 | 77.2 | 81.2 | 96.1 | 64.0 | 83.3 |
| DAMSDet | ECCV 2024 | ResNet50 | 95.8 | 72.5 | 79.4 | 94.2 | 64.0 | 81.2 |
| M2D-LIF | ICCV 2025 | CSPDarkNet53 | 97.6 | 80.9 | 76.0 | 96.1 | 68.9 | 83.9 |
| MS2Fusion | Inf.Fusion 2025 | CSPDarkNet53 | 98.2 | 75.4 | 79.2 | 96.2 | 65.2 | 82.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949891512730518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
DroneVehicle-Night数据集上性能简单评估
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 发表信息 | 主干网络 | 模态 | AP50 |
|---|
| Car | Truck | Freight-car | Bus | Van | mAP50 |
|---|
| Faster R-CNN | TPAMI 2017 | ResNet50 | RGB | 74.9 | 27.5 | 28.0 | 77.4 | 40.3 | 49.6 |
| RetinaNet | ICCV 2017 | ResNet50 | 72.5 | 12.2 | 23.4 | 49.4 | 31.0 | 37.7 |
| S2A-Net | TGRS 2021 | ResNet50 | 72.2 | 21.1 | 23.8 | 78.1 | 36.8 | 46.4 |
| YOLOv8s | Ultralytics 2023 | CSPDarkNet53 | 88.6 | 45.7 | 52.5 | 89.6 | 52.3 | 65.7 |
| Faster R-CNN | TPAMI 2017 | ResNet50 | IR | 89.8 | 47.4 | 52.2 | 88.2 | 48.0 | 65.1 |
| RetinaNet | ICCV 2017 | ResNet50 | 89.1 | 18.2 | 35.3 | 70.3 | 32.9 | 49.2 |
| S2A-Net | TGRS 2021 | ResNet50 | 89.4 | 41.8 | 56.6 | 88.9 | 45.8 | 64.5 |
| YOLOv8 | Ultralytics 2023 | CSPDarkNet53 | 98.1 | 69.3 | 75.8 | 96.5 | 58.7 | 79.7 |
| CFT | arXiv 2022 | CSPDarkNet53 | RGB + IR | 97.4 | 71.2 | 75.5 | 96.3 | 61.6 | 80.4 |
| CALNet | ACM MM 2023 | CSPDarkNet53 | 89.8 | 72.6 | 68.9 | 88.8 | 59.0 | 75.8 |
| C2Former | TGRS 2024 | ResNet50 | 90.0 | 67.2 | 62.9 | 89.1 | 57.8 | 73.4 |
| ICAFusion | PR 2024 | CSPDarkNet53 | 98.1 | 77.2 | 81.2 | 96.1 | 64.0 | 83.3 |
| DAMSDet | ECCV 2024 | ResNet50 | 95.8 | 72.5 | 79.4 | 94.2 | 64.0 | 81.2 |
| M2D-LIF | ICCV 2025 | CSPDarkNet53 | 97.6 | 80.9 | 76.0 | 96.1 | 68.9 | 83.9 |
| MS2Fusion | Inf.Fusion 2025 | CSPDarkNet53 | 98.2 | 75.4 | 79.2 | 96.2 | 65.2 | 82.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949891605005207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Hardware configuration table, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 环境 | 参数 |
|---|
| CPU | 13th cen Intel(R)core(TM)i7-13700F |
| GPU | NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4080 |
| 显存 | 16 GB |
| 运行内存 | 32 GB |
| 操作系统 | Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS |
| 语言 | Python3.8.20 |
| 框架 | Pytorch2.4.1 |
| CUDA版本 | CUDA12.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949891680502680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
硬件配置表
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 环境 | 参数 |
|---|
| CPU | 13th cen Intel(R)core(TM)i7-13700F |
| GPU | NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4080 |
| 显存 | 16 GB |
| 运行内存 | 32 GB |
| 操作系统 | Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS |
| 语言 | Python3.8.20 |
| 框架 | Pytorch2.4.1 |
| CUDA版本 | CUDA12.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949891743417241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 日间 | 夜间 |
|---|
| P | R | mAP50 | P | R | mAP50 |
|---|
| YOLOv5-s | 46.9 | 35.5 | 34.7 | 43.9 | 26.5 | 26.0 |
| YOLOv9-s | 52.5 | 40.6 | 41.0 | 44.9 | 31.7 | 32.1 |
| YOLOv10-m | 51.3 | 40.9 | 40.0 | 48.0 | 31.6 | 32.2 |
| YOLOv11-s | 49.3 | 40.4 | 39.1 | 39.7 | 32.1 | 29.6 |
| YOLOv13-s | 45.7 | 37.5 | 35.9 | 42.1 | 26.3 | 27.3 |
| Gold-YOLO | 50.9 | 36.0 | 34.7 | 41.5 | 28.1 | 26.0 |
| HIC-YOLOv5 | 50.0 | 41.2 | 41.2 | 43.6 | 32.7 | 33.4 |
| QueryDet | 52.3 | 46.1 | 44.8 | 48.8 | 33.4 | 34.1 |
| ClusDet | 51.0 | 46.5 | 45.2 | 47.9 | 34.2 | 33.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949891814720410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 日间 | 夜间 |
|---|
| P | R | mAP50 | P | R | mAP50 |
|---|
| YOLOv5-s | 46.9 | 35.5 | 34.7 | 43.9 | 26.5 | 26.0 |
| YOLOv9-s | 52.5 | 40.6 | 41.0 | 44.9 | 31.7 | 32.1 |
| YOLOv10-m | 51.3 | 40.9 | 40.0 | 48.0 | 31.6 | 32.2 |
| YOLOv11-s | 49.3 | 40.4 | 39.1 | 39.7 | 32.1 | 29.6 |
| YOLOv13-s | 45.7 | 37.5 | 35.9 | 42.1 | 26.3 | 27.3 |
| Gold-YOLO | 50.9 | 36.0 | 34.7 | 41.5 | 28.1 | 26.0 |
| HIC-YOLOv5 | 50.0 | 41.2 | 41.2 | 43.6 | 32.7 | 33.4 |
| QueryDet | 52.3 | 46.1 | 44.8 | 48.8 | 33.4 | 34.1 |
| ClusDet | 51.0 | 46.5 | 45.2 | 47.9 | 34.2 | 33.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322949891911189403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322949862639141696, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=
Brief performance evaluation of nighttime UAV aerial image object tracking methods and state-of-the-art tracking approaches, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 发表信息 | NAT2021 | UAVDark135 | 平均FPS /(帧/s) |
|---|
| AUC/% | P/% | Pnorm/% | AUC/% | P/% | Pnorm/% |
|---|
| Ocean(Zhang等,2020) | ECCV 2020 | 38.6 | 58.1 | 49.9 | 48.1 | 60.8 | 60.3 | 43 |
| SiamAPN++(Cao等,2021b) | IROS 2021 | 41.2 | 60.2 | 51.4 | 33.0 | 43.2 | 29.5 | 114 |
| HiFT(Cao等,2021a) | ICCV 2021 | 37.0 | 54.5 | 46.7 | 34.8 | 45.4 | 32.9 | 123 |
| SiamRPN++(Li等,2019a) | CVPR 2019 | 41.3 | 61.5 | 52.1 | 37.2 | 47.4 | 35.0 | 152 |
| MAT(Zhao等,2023) | CVPR 2023 | 47.7 | 64.8 | 58.8 | 47.7 | 57.2 | 57.6 | 56 |
| SiamCAR(Guo等,2020b) | CVPR 2020 | 45.6 | 65.8 | 59.5 | 40.6 | 52.5 | 52.3 | 37 |
| DarkLighter_SiamRPN++(Ye等,2021) | IROS 2021 | - | - | - | 38.5 | 49.5 | - | 108 |
| SCT+SiamRPN++(Ye等,2022a) | IRAL 2022 | - | - | - | 42.1 | 54.7 | - | 31 |
| LDEnhancer_SiamRPN++(Yao等,2024) | IROS 2024 | - | - | - | 43.4 | 56.0 | 41.4 | 30 |
| HighlightNet_SiamAPN+(Fu等,2022) | IROS2022 | - | - | - | 42.4 | 53.9 | - | 32 |
| UDAT_SiamCAR(Ye等,2022b) | CVPR2022 | 48.1 | 67.9 | 60.9 | 48.6 | 60.7 | 61.3 | 36 |
| PDST_SiamCAR(Zhang等,2023c) | ACM MM2023 | 50.2 | 69.1 | 63.1 | 50.3 | 63.3 | 64.0 | - |
| TCTrack++(Cao等,2023b) | TPAMI2023 | 41.7 | 61.1 | 52.8 | 37.8 | 47.4 | 47.4 | 122 |
| DCPT(Zhu等,2024) | ICRA2024 | 52.6 | 69.0 | 63.5 | 57.7 | 70.3 | 70.1 | 35 |
| SAM-DA(Fu等,2024b) | ICARM2024 | 47.1 | 67.3 | 59.2 | 47.6 | 60.4 | 59.4 | 37 |
| TDA-Track(Fu等,2024a) | IROS2024 | 42.3 | 61.7 | 53.5 | 36.9 | 49.5 | 49.9 | 114 |
| NiDR(Lei等,2024) | TGRS2024 | 47.0 | 65.2 | 57.1 | 51.1 | 64.2 | 62.9 | 71 |
| MambaTrack(Zhang等,2025a) | ICASSP 2025 | 53.2 | 67.5 | 56.8 | 57.2 | 67.6 | 61.4 | 42 |
| MambaNUT-Small(Wu等,2025b) | IROS2025 | 52.4 | 70.1 | 64.6 | 57.1 | 70.0 | 69.3 | 72 |
| DARTer(Li等,2025d) | ICMR2025 | 53.2 | 70.2 | 63.7 | 58.2 | 71.6 | 72.1 | 74 |
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夜间无人机航拍图像目标跟踪方法与先进跟踪方法的简要性能评估
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| 方法 | 发表信息 | NAT2021 | UAVDark135 | 平均FPS /(帧/s) |
|---|
| AUC/% | P/% | Pnorm/% | AUC/% | P/% | Pnorm/% |
|---|
| Ocean(Zhang等,2020) | ECCV 2020 | 38.6 | 58.1 | 49.9 | 48.1 | 60.8 | 60.3 | 43 |
| SiamAPN++(Cao等,2021b) | IROS 2021 | 41.2 | 60.2 | 51.4 | 33.0 | 43.2 | 29.5 | 114 |
| HiFT(Cao等,2021a) | ICCV 2021 | 37.0 | 54.5 | 46.7 | 34.8 | 45.4 | 32.9 | 123 |
| SiamRPN++(Li等,2019a) | CVPR 2019 | 41.3 | 61.5 | 52.1 | 37.2 | 47.4 | 35.0 | 152 |
| MAT(Zhao等,2023) | CVPR 2023 | 47.7 | 64.8 | 58.8 | 47.7 | 57.2 | 57.6 | 56 |
| SiamCAR(Guo等,2020b) | CVPR 2020 | 45.6 | 65.8 | 59.5 | 40.6 | 52.5 | 52.3 | 37 |
| DarkLighter_SiamRPN++(Ye等,2021) | IROS 2021 | - | - | - | 38.5 | 49.5 | - | 108 |
| SCT+SiamRPN++(Ye等,2022a) | IRAL 2022 | - | - | - | 42.1 | 54.7 | - | 31 |
| LDEnhancer_SiamRPN++(Yao等,2024) | IROS 2024 | - | - | - | 43.4 | 56.0 | 41.4 | 30 |
| HighlightNet_SiamAPN+(Fu等,2022) | IROS2022 | - | - | - | 42.4 | 53.9 | - | 32 |
| UDAT_SiamCAR(Ye等,2022b) | CVPR2022 | 48.1 | 67.9 | 60.9 | 48.6 | 60.7 | 61.3 | 36 |
| PDST_SiamCAR(Zhang等,2023c) | ACM MM2023 | 50.2 | 69.1 | 63.1 | 50.3 | 63.3 | 64.0 | - |
| TCTrack++(Cao等,2023b) | TPAMI2023 | 41.7 | 61.1 | 52.8 | 37.8 | 47.4 | 47.4 | 122 |
| DCPT(Zhu等,2024) | ICRA2024 | 52.6 | 69.0 | 63.5 | 57.7 | 70.3 | 70.1 | 35 |
| SAM-DA(Fu等,2024b) | ICARM2024 | 47.1 | 67.3 | 59.2 | 47.6 | 60.4 | 59.4 | 37 |
| TDA-Track(Fu等,2024a) | IROS2024 | 42.3 | 61.7 | 53.5 | 36.9 | 49.5 | 49.9 | 114 |
| NiDR(Lei等,2024) | TGRS2024 | 47.0 | 65.2 | 57.1 | 51.1 | 64.2 | 62.9 | 71 |
| MambaTrack(Zhang等,2025a) | ICASSP 2025 | 53.2 | 67.5 | 56.8 | 57.2 | 67.6 | 61.4 | 42 |
| MambaNUT-Small(Wu等,2025b) | IROS2025 | 52.4 | 70.1 | 64.6 | 57.1 | 70.0 | 69.3 | 72 |
| DARTer(Li等,2025d) | ICMR2025 | 53.2 | 70.2 | 63.7 | 58.2 | 71.6 | 72.1 | 74 |
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