Article(id=1322960996230374385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11834/jig.250451, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758470400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-22, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793348080928, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786809600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793348080928, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793348080928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793348080928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322960856543273127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, year='2026', volume='31', issue='8', pageStart='2687', pageEnd='3074', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786809600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-16', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793348047624, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793348605344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322963195874378645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322963195874378646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, issueId=1322960856543273127, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3015, endPage=3029, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322960996855325682, articleId=1322960996230374385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=EN, title=Emotion-controllable 3D talking face generation with hierarchical decoupling-guided VQ-VAE, columnId=1249044008786400014, journalTitle=Journal of Image and Graphics, columnName=Image Understanding and Computer Vision, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective Currently,the speech-driven 3D talking face generation technology has considerably matured,particularly with recent models based on vector quantized variational autoencoders (VQ-VAE),which achieve highly vivid facial expression generation by quantizing facial motion features. However,existing methods still suffer from limitations in facial reconstruction accuracy and emotional control stability. On the one hand,the facial detail reconstruction capability of VQ-VAE models requires further improvement. On the other hand,emotion guidance strategies in existing models remain relatively simplistic,failing to fully utilize multimodal information beyond speech,resulting in generated facial expressions that lack realism.
Method Inspired by the structures of conditional variational autoencoders and VQ-VAE-2,this study proposes the DecTalk3D model,a hierarchical decoupling method within the VQ-VAE framework. Facial features are decoupled into high-level and low-level features. Identity vectors and descriptive text are introduced as external conditions to decouple the high-level features. Afterward,the decoupled high-level features are used as internal conditions,working together with the two external conditions (identity vector and text) to further decouple the low-level features. This hierarchical decoupling mechanism aims to improve the facial reconstruction quality and the stability of emotional expression. During generation,speech and text information jointly guide facial generation in different ways: the text is encoded by the CLIP text encoder to leverage its rich semantic information for holistic expression control,while the speech is encoded by Wav2Vec 2.0 to precisely control lip movements and other subtle expressions. The model generates accurate facial motions by integrating multimodal information at different levels.
Result Experiments were conducted on the multi-view emotional audio-visual dataset(MEAD),3DMEAD and TA-MEAD datasets and included quantitative evaluation,visual analysis,and ablation studies. The proposed model was compared with FaceFormer,CodeTalker,FaceDiffuser,and ProbTalk3D. In terms of overall facial reconstruction accuracy,the proposed model achieved a 5.9% lower mean vertex error (MVE) than ProbTalk3D—which also incorporates emotional input—demonstrating that explicit emotion modeling effectively enhances geometric consistency and preserves facial structural accuracy,particularly for complex emotions. In terms of lip motion accuracy (LVE),the proposed model ranked second,with a 16.7% gap compared with the top-performing FaceDiffuser,while still outperforming FaceFormer and ProbTalk3D. The limited improvement may stem from the hierarchical decoupling approach,which,while decoupling emotional conditions,offers restricted decoupling for the mouth region,affecting detailed performance. In upper-face dynamic deviation (FDD),the proposed model significantly surpassed traditional methods even though it is inferior to ProbTalk3D,reflecting its ability to express emotional intensity. Moreover,the model showed notable advantages in distribution-based quality metrics: it achieved optimal mean estimation error (MEE) and coverage error (CE),with MEE 4.1% lower than ProbTalk3D and 58.4% lower than CodeTalker and CE 8.2% lower than ProbTalk3D and 61.6% lower than CodeTalker. This result indicated that hierarchical decoupling enhances distribution concentration and coverage of real samples,making generated facial motions close to real faces. However,the model had the lowest diversity score,highlighting a trade-off where hierarchical decoupling ensures semantic consistency but constrains variation—beneficial for emotion accuracy yet potentially limiting naturalness. Although traditional methods showed orders-of-magnitude differences in MVE and FDD due to lacking emotional input,and ProbTalk3D excelled in FDD and Diversity but lagged in accuracy,the proposed model balances high-precision reconstruction with superior distribution estimation through hierarchical decoupling and multimodal modeling.
Conclusion Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical decoupling-based method produces accurate and stable facial reconstructions,excelling in maintaining facial geometric consistency and expressing complex emotions. The model’s key innovation lies in its layered feature decoupling within the VQ-VAE framework,using identity vectors and text as external conditions and high-level features as an internal condition,which significantly enhances reconstruction quality and emotional controllability. This framework offers practical value for HCI,digital humans,and animation. Quantitative evaluation shows superior performance in MVE,LVE,and FDD,alongside stable MEE and CE scores,confirming the model’s ability to effectively integrate multimodal information for generating realistic expressions. Ablation studies validate the critical roles of the hierarchical feature decoupling and the synergy between internal and external conditions. However,limitations remain: generated lip movements are less pronounced compared with real speech,the current two-level feature decoupling is relatively simplistic,and the diversity and subtlety of emotional expressions require further improvement. Future work will focus on improving lip-sync quality,exploring finer-grained decoupling dimensions for differentiated guidance,and enhancing expression diversity while preserving accuracy. The source code is available on GitHub (https://github.com/chen114514sheng/DecTalk3D) and archived on ScienceDB (https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00240.00095).
, authors=Sheng Chen1, Qiang Sun1
, *, Xiatian Zhu2, authorsList=Sheng Chen, Qiang Sun, Xiatian Zhu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiang Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322960999728423931, articleId=1322960996230374385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, language=CN, title=分层解耦引导的情感可控VQ-VAE 3D说话人脸生成方法, columnId=1249044009054835474, journalTitle=中国图象图形学报, columnName=图像理解和计算机视觉, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的 基于语音驱动的3D说话人脸生成技术已经较为成熟,尤其是基于向量量化变分自编码器(vector quantized variational autoencoders,VQ-VAE)的模型,但现有的基于VQ-VAE的人脸生成模型重建的人脸细节有限,现有方法情感引导方式较为简单,未能充分利用多模态信息,为此,提出了DecTalk3D模型。
方法 在VQ-VAE框架下对人脸特征进行分层解耦,将其分为顶层特征和底层特征,并引入身份向量和描述文本作为外部条件解耦顶层特征,随后顶层特征再作为内部条件,与外部条件一起解耦底层特征,实现特征的分层解耦,以提升人脸的重建质量并增强情感表达的稳定性。在生成过程中,语音和文本共同引导人脸生成,从而充分利用多模态信息。
结果 在MEAD(multi-view emotional audio-visual dataset)、3DMEAD和TA-MEAD数据集上的定量实验表明,DecTalk3D在生成人脸的平均顶点误差(mean vertex error,MVE)、平均估计误差(mean estimation error,MEE)和覆盖误差(coverage error,CE)等关键指标上均达到最优,唇部顶点误差(lip vertex error,LVE)为次优。可视化分析显示生成的表情整体上更生动逼真。消融实验验证了外部条件与内部条件对模型效果的关键作用。
, authors=陈胜1, 孙强1
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孙强,通信作者,男,副教授,主要研究方向为情感计算与人智交互。E-mail:qsun@xaut.edu.cn
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10.1609/aaai.v38i7.28594], articleTitle=ExpCLIP: bridging text and facial expressions via semantic alignment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1322961006116347942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province,China(2025CY-JJQ-186);International Science and Technology Cooperation Promotion Project of Xi'an University of Technology(2024GHCJ014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1322961006229594151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划资助(2025CY-JJQ-186);西安理工大学国际科技合作促进项目(2024GHCJ014), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322961000059773948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961000072356861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, companyId=1322961000059773948, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1 西安理工大学自动化与信息工程学院,西安;710048)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322961001599083519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322961001603277824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, companyId=1322961001599083519, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2 萨里大学以人为本人工智能研究所&视觉、 语音和信号处理中心,吉尔福德 GU2 7XH,英国)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322961003469742106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
The model architecture and training pipeline on stage 1, figureFileSmall=k4qVx7Xt4MgDtjjReGsEyQ==, figureFileBig=zExKIWIJtrDq/lQlSCHKOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961003545239579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
第1阶段模型结构和训练流程, figureFileSmall=k4qVx7Xt4MgDtjjReGsEyQ==, figureFileBig=zExKIWIJtrDq/lQlSCHKOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961003767537692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
The model architecture and training pipeline on stage 2, figureFileSmall=+CYPXPwBJBtBrXke3m1jQA==, figureFileBig=ob/ShbUedA+AbpAuMPZdBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961003830452253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
第2阶段模型结构和训练流程, figureFileSmall=+CYPXPwBJBtBrXke3m1jQA==, figureFileBig=ob/ShbUedA+AbpAuMPZdBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961003897561118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
The comparisons on mean motions, figureFileSmall=AOEM9cMG/DtXxyNpMyb8Rg==, figureFileBig=h+sj6yZUIXRzBxKIlonTxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961003960475679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
平均运动比较, figureFileSmall=AOEM9cMG/DtXxyNpMyb8Rg==, figureFileBig=h+sj6yZUIXRzBxKIlonTxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961004027584544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
The visual comparison of facial video frames, figureFileSmall=YxXyKaj65UZt3VXy2v7O9w==, figureFileBig=lGoz251L0C5V19ysR6RNXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961004094693409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
人脸视频帧的视觉比较, figureFileSmall=YxXyKaj65UZt3VXy2v7O9w==, figureFileBig=lGoz251L0C5V19ysR6RNXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322961004165996578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
The results for quantitative analysis, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | MVE↓ | LVE↓ | FDD↓ | MEE↓ | CE↓ | diversity↑ |
|---|
| FaceFormer | N/A | 0.616 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| CodeTalker | N/A | 1.624 3 | N/A | 1.291 8 | 1.271 3 | 1.290 1 |
| FaceDiffuser | N/A | 0.488 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| ProbTalk3D | 0.715 7 | 0.624 5 | 0.005 1 | 0.560 5 | 0.532 5 | 0.357 6 |
| DecTalk3D(本文) | 0.673 8 | 0.586 7 | 0.155 4 | 0.537 4 | 0.488 6 | 0.254 7 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961004254076963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
定量分析结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | MVE↓ | LVE↓ | FDD↓ | MEE↓ | CE↓ | diversity↑ |
|---|
| FaceFormer | N/A | 0.616 8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| CodeTalker | N/A | 1.624 3 | N/A | 1.291 8 | 1.271 3 | 1.290 1 |
| FaceDiffuser | N/A | 0.488 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| ProbTalk3D | 0.715 7 | 0.624 5 | 0.005 1 | 0.560 5 | 0.532 5 | 0.357 6 |
| DecTalk3D(本文) | 0.673 8 | 0.586 7 | 0.155 4 | 0.537 4 | 0.488 6 | 0.254 7 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961004333768740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
The results for the ablation study, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | MVE↓ | LVE↓ | FDD↓ | MEE↓ | CE↓ | diversity↑ |
|---|
| 完整模型 | 0.673 8 | 0.586 7 | 0.155 4 | 0.537 4 | 0.488 6 | 0.254 7 |
| 无s、t | 1.030 5 | 1.060 0 | 0.846 5 | 1.000 9 | 0.867 6 | 0.341 1 |
| 无Qtop | 0.711 8 | 0.670 7 | 0.202 1 | 0.643 0 | 0.605 4 | 0.131 5 |
| 无s、t、Qtop | 1.041 7 | 1.079 6 | 0.577 5 | 1.048 9 | 0.970 5 | 0.160 0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322961004434432037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024232475115590, articleId=1322960996230374385, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | MVE↓ | LVE↓ | FDD↓ | MEE↓ | CE↓ | diversity↑ |
|---|
| 完整模型 | 0.673 8 | 0.586 7 | 0.155 4 | 0.537 4 | 0.488 6 | 0.254 7 |
| 无s、t | 1.030 5 | 1.060 0 | 0.846 5 | 1.000 9 | 0.867 6 | 0.341 1 |
| 无Qtop | 0.711 8 | 0.670 7 | 0.202 1 | 0.643 0 | 0.605 4 | 0.131 5 |
| 无s、t、Qtop | 1.041 7 | 1.079 6 | 0.577 5 | 1.048 9 | 0.970 5 | 0.160 0 |
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