Article(id=1271391635016462757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12264/JFSC2025-0133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720281600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-07, revisedDate=1724515200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781052987102, onlineDateStr=2026-06-10, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781052987102, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781052987102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781052987102, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1271391553579848391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, year='2025', volume='32', issue='12', pageStart='1717', pageEnd='1844', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781052967652, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781053078366, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1271392018073849945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1271392018078044250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1775, endPage=1785, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1271391635528167847, articleId=1271391635016462757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=EN, title=Dietary replacement of fishmeal with mixed vegetable proteins in juvenile Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris), columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, fishmeal supply has surpassed market demand, leading to consistently high prices. To alleviate market pressure and reduce farming costs, it is crucial to investigate economical plant protein alternatives in feed. In this study, we examined the feasibility of incorporating mixed plant proteins into diets for juvenile Chinese longsnout catfish and determined appropriate inclusion levels. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated using a mixed plant protein source (fermented soybean meal to rapeseed meal ratio of 4:1) to replace fishmeal in a basal diet at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% (V0, V10, V20, V30, V40, and V50, respectively). Juvenile catfish were fed these diets for 8 weeks, after which growth performance, serum biochemistry, liver antioxidant activity, lipid content, and liver morphology were assessed. The results showed that substituting 50% of dietary protein with vegetable protein sources significantly reduced (P<0.05) the specific growth rate (SGR), whereas the V50 group exhibited a significantly higher feed conversion ratio that of other groups (P<0.05). Blood total cholesterol initially decreased and subsequently increased, reaching its lowest level in V10 (P<0.05). Similarly, both aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase displayed decreasing-then-increasing trends, with lowest levels in V30 and V20, respectively (P<0.05). Liver malondialdehyde showed a decreasing-then-increasing trend, with significantly lower values in V10 and V20 groups than those of other groups (P<0.05). Total antioxidant capacity demonstrated an increasing-then-decreasing pattern, peaking at V10. Catalase activity showed a decreasing trend, with the V40 group showing significantly higher activity than that of the V50 group but lower than that of other groups (P<0.05). Histological analysis revealed progressive hepatic steatosis beginning at V30, accompanied by blurred hepatocyte membrane boundaries. Lipid droplet quantity exhibited a decreasing-then-increasing trend, reaching its lowest level at V20 (P<0.05). Under experimental conditions, moderate mixed vegetable protein supplementation improved juvenile Chinese longsnout catfish liver health. SGR was achieved with 37.47% fishmeal replacement by mixed vegetable protein; however, based on liver health indicators, a lower replacement level may be warranted.

, correspAuthors=Qingsong TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jianwei LI, Wenhuan ZHU, Wenguang HU, Xiaorui ZHANG, Tianle HUANG, Jian CHEN, Qingsong TAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1271391636941648303, articleId=1271391635016462757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=CN, title=长吻鮠幼鱼饲料中混合植物蛋白替代鱼粉的适宜比例研究, columnId=1271391555995767499, journalTitle=中国水产科学, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究植物蛋白在长吻鮠(Leriocassis longirostris)饲料中应用的可行性及其适宜含量,以长吻鮠幼鱼为研究对象,用0%、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的混合植物蛋白(发酵豆粕∶菜粕=4∶1)替代基础饲料中的鱼粉配制成6组等氮等脂饲料,记为V0、V10、V20、V30、V40和V50,进行为期8周的生长实验,测定幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化性能和脂肪含量以及组织形态观测。植物蛋白添加至50%时长吻鮠幼鱼特定生长率显著下降(P<0.05),V50组饲料系数显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);血液中胆固醇呈现先降低后上升趋势且在V10时达到最低(P<0.05);谷草转氨酶与谷丙转氨酶呈现先降低后上升趋势,分别在V30组和V20组达到最低(P<0.05)。肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)呈现先下降后上升趋势,V10和V20组显著低于其他各组(P<0.05);总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)呈现先升高后降低趋势,在V10时达到最高;过氧化氢酶(CAT)呈下降趋势,V40组显著高于V50组且显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。肝脏组织学显示,自V30开始,脂肪变性逐渐加重,肝细胞膜边界逐渐模糊;脂滴量呈现先降低后升高趋势,在V20时最低(P<0.05)。在本实验条件下,适量的混合植物蛋白添加对长吻鮠幼鱼肝脏组织健康有正向作用,以长吻鮠幼鱼特定生长率为依据,37.47%的混合植物蛋白替代鱼粉为最佳。

, correspAuthors=谭青松, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谭青松,副教授,研究方向为水产动物营养与饲料. E-mail:
TAN Qingsong. E-mail:
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李建蔚,女,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产动物营养与饲料. E-mail:

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The growth performance, antioxidant capacity, liver fat metabolism and intestinal flora composition responsiveness to fish meal replacement by peanut cake for juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2022, 23: 101060., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391658231935508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bojarski B, Witeska M, Kondera E. Blood biochemical biomarkers in fish toxicology—a review[J]. Animals, 2025, 15(7): 965., articleTitle=Bojarski B, Witeska M, Kondera E. Blood biochemical biomarkers in fish toxicology—a review[J]. Animals, 2025, 15(7): 965., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391658290655765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qin P X, Wang T R, Luo Y C. A review on plant-based proteins from soybean: Health benefits and soy product development[J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2022, 7: 100265., articleTitle=Qin P X, Wang T R, Luo Y C. A review on plant-based proteins from soybean: Health benefits and soy product development[J]. 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Cell Metabolism, 2024, 36(11): 2437-2448.e8., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391658416484887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Verni M, Verardo V, Rizzello C G. How fermentation affects the antioxidant properties of cereals and legumes[J]. Foods, 2019, 8(9): 362., articleTitle=Verni M, Verardo V, Rizzello C G. How fermentation affects the antioxidant properties of cereals and legumes[J]. Foods, 2019, 8(9): 362., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391658491982360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Z, Ran C, Ding Q W, et al. Ability of prebiotic polysaccharides to activate a HIF1α-antimicrobial peptide axis determines liver injury risk in zebrafish[J]. Communications Biology, 2019, 2: 274., articleTitle=Zhang Z, Ran C, Ding Q W, et al. Ability of prebiotic polysaccharides to activate a HIF1α-antimicrobial peptide axis determines liver injury risk in zebrafish[J]. Communications Biology, 2019, 2: 274., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391658550702617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Robinett N G, Peterson R L, Culotta V C. Eukaryotic copper-only superoxide dismutases (SODs): A new class of SOD enzymes and SOD-like protein domains[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2018, 293(13): 4636-4643., articleTitle=Robinett N G, Peterson R L, Culotta V C. Eukaryotic copper-only superoxide dismutases (SODs): A new class of SOD enzymes and SOD-like protein domains[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2018, 293(13): 4636-4643., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391658617811482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Melo N, de Souza S P, Konig I, et al. Sensitivity of different organs and tissues as biomarkers of oxidative stress in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) submitted to fasting[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2024, 291: 111595., articleTitle=Melo N, de Souza S P, Konig I, et al. Sensitivity of different organs and tissues as biomarkers of oxidative stress in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) submitted to fasting[J]. 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绿色箭头示正常细胞核;黄色箭头示脂肪空泡;红色箭头示细胞核偏移;黑色箭头代表脂滴;数据柱形标注不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=ppDNpnpM4T0mr6QaxALtdg==, figureFileBig=IHYWvTneJ/G6AfU72TtA6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391654423507441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Liver lipid content of Leriocassis longirostris fed with diets containing mixed vegetable, figureFileSmall=RqTAienXoW/VHLPglVsD0A==, figureFileBig=qgS5SFtYUchANzfFcSwRvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391654482227698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=CN, label=图3, caption=摄食混合植物蛋白替代鱼粉饲料的长吻鮠肝脏脂肪含量

数据柱形标注不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=RqTAienXoW/VHLPglVsD0A==, figureFileBig=qgS5SFtYUchANzfFcSwRvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391654545142259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Composition and nutrient levels of diets with different plant protein levels (air-dried)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
原料ingredient
 鱼粉(CP67%)fish meal65.5057.8050.0042.2034.5027.10
 发酵豆粕fermented soybean meal8.0016.0024.0032.0040.00
 菜籽粕rapeseed meal2.004.006.008.0010.00
 玉米淀粉corn starch15.5014.2112.9211.6310.349.05
 鱼油fish oil1.601.832.062.292.522.73
 豆油soya oil2.402.743.083.433.774.10
 乙氧基喹啉ethoxyquinoline(30%)0.100.100.100.100.100.10
 防霉剂mildew inhibitor0.200.200.200.200.200.20
 矿物质预混料a mineral premix a0.500.500.500.500.500.50
 维生素预混料b vitamin premix b0.500.500.500.500.500.50
 氯化胆碱choline chloride(50%)0.500.500.500.500.500.50
 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO421.501.501.501.501.501.50
 微晶纤维素microcrystalline cellulose9.137.325.603.872.06
 羧甲基纤维素钠sodium carboxymethylcellulose2.572.572.572.572.572.57
 DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met0.080.160.240.320.40
 L-苏氨酸L-Thr0.010.030.050.070.08
 L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys•HCl0.140.280.420.550.67
 合计total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00
营养水平c nutrient level c
 水分moisture14.2514.5915.6216.5516.2315.74
 粗蛋白质crude protein44.4044.0743.4943.4743.2744.11
 粗脂肪ether extract12.0812.1111.9111.7312.0312.05
粗灰分ash12.3812.3711.4810.8010.139.61
), ArticleFig(id=1271391654616445428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同植物蛋白水平饲料组成及营养成分(风干状态)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
原料ingredient
 鱼粉(CP67%)fish meal65.5057.8050.0042.2034.5027.10
 发酵豆粕fermented soybean meal8.0016.0024.0032.0040.00
 菜籽粕rapeseed meal2.004.006.008.0010.00
 玉米淀粉corn starch15.5014.2112.9211.6310.349.05
 鱼油fish oil1.601.832.062.292.522.73
 豆油soya oil2.402.743.083.433.774.10
 乙氧基喹啉ethoxyquinoline(30%)0.100.100.100.100.100.10
 防霉剂mildew inhibitor0.200.200.200.200.200.20
 矿物质预混料a mineral premix a0.500.500.500.500.500.50
 维生素预混料b vitamin premix b0.500.500.500.500.500.50
 氯化胆碱choline chloride(50%)0.500.500.500.500.500.50
 磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO421.501.501.501.501.501.50
 微晶纤维素microcrystalline cellulose9.137.325.603.872.06
 羧甲基纤维素钠sodium carboxymethylcellulose2.572.572.572.572.572.57
 DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met0.080.160.240.320.40
 L-苏氨酸L-Thr0.010.030.050.070.08
 L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys•HCl0.140.280.420.550.67
 合计total100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00
营养水平c nutrient level c
 水分moisture14.2514.5915.6216.5516.2315.74
 粗蛋白质crude protein44.4044.0743.4943.4743.2744.11
 粗脂肪ether extract12.0812.1111.9111.7312.0312.05
粗灰分ash12.3812.3711.4810.8010.139.61
), ArticleFig(id=1271391654792606197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Amino acid composition of experimental diets (DM basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
必需氨基酸EAA
 蛋氨酸Met1.771.761.731.791.791.76
 精氨酸Arg0.990.980.981.000.970.97
 组氨酸His1.031.031.041.011.010.98
 异亮氨酸Ile2.212.182.162.182.182.24
 亮氨酸Lue3.743.723.703.723.733.71
 赖氨酸Lys3.643.643.633.613.673.63
 苯丙氨酸Phe1.691.651.661.731.761.74
 苏氨酸Thr2.072.092.072.072.092.09
 缬氨酸Val1.901.921.931.911.961.88
非必需氨基酸NEAA
 天冬氨酸Asp4.814.824.864.994.825.01
 丝氨酸Ser2.012.052.042.072.032.07
 甘氨酸Gly2.882.872.842.832.752.84
 丙氨酸Ala2.942.942.962.932.922.89
 胱氨酸(Cys)20.200.220.240.240.230.24
 谷氨酸Glu6.937.017.077.097.127.19
 酪氨酸Tyr1.411.381.361.401.381.37
 总氨基酸TAA40.2240.2640.2740.5740.4140.61
), ArticleFig(id=1271391654859715062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验饲料的氨基酸组成(干物质基础)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
必需氨基酸EAA
 蛋氨酸Met1.771.761.731.791.791.76
 精氨酸Arg0.990.980.981.000.970.97
 组氨酸His1.031.031.041.011.010.98
 异亮氨酸Ile2.212.182.162.182.182.24
 亮氨酸Lue3.743.723.703.723.733.71
 赖氨酸Lys3.643.643.633.613.673.63
 苯丙氨酸Phe1.691.651.661.731.761.74
 苏氨酸Thr2.072.092.072.072.092.09
 缬氨酸Val1.901.921.931.911.961.88
非必需氨基酸NEAA
 天冬氨酸Asp4.814.824.864.994.825.01
 丝氨酸Ser2.012.052.042.072.032.07
 甘氨酸Gly2.882.872.842.832.752.84
 丙氨酸Ala2.942.942.962.932.922.89
 胱氨酸(Cys)20.200.220.240.240.230.24
 谷氨酸Glu6.937.017.077.097.127.19
 酪氨酸Tyr1.411.381.361.401.381.37
 总氨基酸TAA40.2240.2640.2740.5740.4140.61
), ArticleFig(id=1271391654931018231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Effects of replacement of fishmeal with mixed vegetable proteins on the growth performance and morphological indices of juvenile Leriocassis longirostris n=9; $\bar x \pm {\rm{SE}}$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
初体重/g IBW6.28±0.096.47±0.066.18±0.106.23±0.116.31±0.096.17±0.06
末体重/g FBW25.65±0.62b26.95±0.46a26.16±0.26ab26.24±0.25ab26.24±0.21ab22.15±0.12c
成活率/% SR100.00±0.0097.92±2.08100.00±0.00100.00±0.0097.92±2.0893.75±6.25
特定生长率/(%/d)SGR2.51±0.07a2.51±0.07a2.58±0.02a2.57±0.03a2.51±0.02a2.16±0.13b
增重率/% WGR309.03±15.99a316.95±11.03a323.67±3.80a321.31±7.87a316.16±9.02a258.91±4.77b
摄食率/(%体重/d)FR2.38±0.04c2.54±0.03bc2.69±0.02b2.59±0.02b2.68±0.06b2.95±0.11a
饲料系数FCR1.10±0.04c1.16±0.02bc1.22±0.01b1.18±0.01bc1.22±0.03b1.48±0.04a
蛋白质效率PER2.05±0.08a1.95±0.03ab1.88±0.02b1.94±0.02ab1.90±0.05b1.53±0.04c
肝体比/% HSI1.59±0.08bc1.53±0.03bc1.38±0.09c1.58±0.09bc1.66±0.07b1.98±0.10a
脏体比/% VSI7.94±0.45ab7.88±0.34ab7.01±0.20b8.44±0.26a8.57±0.61a8.88±0.22a
肠系膜脂肪比/% MFI0.99±0.05bc0.90±0.05c1.06±0.09bc1.02±0.09bc1.15±0.07ab1.35±0.07a
肥满度/(g/cm3)CF1.41±0.031.36±0.041.45±0.021.35±0.081.45±0.041.41±0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1271391654998127096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

混合植物蛋白代替鱼粉对长吻鮠幼鱼生长性能与形体指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
初体重/g IBW6.28±0.096.47±0.066.18±0.106.23±0.116.31±0.096.17±0.06
末体重/g FBW25.65±0.62b26.95±0.46a26.16±0.26ab26.24±0.25ab26.24±0.21ab22.15±0.12c
成活率/% SR100.00±0.0097.92±2.08100.00±0.00100.00±0.0097.92±2.0893.75±6.25
特定生长率/(%/d)SGR2.51±0.07a2.51±0.07a2.58±0.02a2.57±0.03a2.51±0.02a2.16±0.13b
增重率/% WGR309.03±15.99a316.95±11.03a323.67±3.80a321.31±7.87a316.16±9.02a258.91±4.77b
摄食率/(%体重/d)FR2.38±0.04c2.54±0.03bc2.69±0.02b2.59±0.02b2.68±0.06b2.95±0.11a
饲料系数FCR1.10±0.04c1.16±0.02bc1.22±0.01b1.18±0.01bc1.22±0.03b1.48±0.04a
蛋白质效率PER2.05±0.08a1.95±0.03ab1.88±0.02b1.94±0.02ab1.90±0.05b1.53±0.04c
肝体比/% HSI1.59±0.08bc1.53±0.03bc1.38±0.09c1.58±0.09bc1.66±0.07b1.98±0.10a
脏体比/% VSI7.94±0.45ab7.88±0.34ab7.01±0.20b8.44±0.26a8.57±0.61a8.88±0.22a
肠系膜脂肪比/% MFI0.99±0.05bc0.90±0.05c1.06±0.09bc1.02±0.09bc1.15±0.07ab1.35±0.07a
肥满度/(g/cm3)CF1.41±0.031.36±0.041.45±0.021.35±0.081.45±0.041.41±0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1271391655090401785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Effect of replacement of fishmeal with mixed vegetable proteins on whole fish body composition of juvenile Leriocassis longirostris (fresh weight basis) n=3; $\bar x \pm {\rm{SE}}$; %

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
水分moisture70.17±0.1169.52±0.3269.10±0.3370.24±0.1169.94±0.9070.34±0.14
粗蛋白crude protein16.98±0.3616.91±0.1517.87±0.1917.16±0.3217.41±0.2116.66±0.24
粗脂肪ether extract10.26±0.09a10.16±0.16a10.35±0.04a9.76±0.15b10.19±0.05a10.41±0.13a
粗灰分ash2.35±0.29b2.40±0.16b2.43±0.06a2.40±0.15ab2.38±0.10ab2.59±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1271391656717791741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

混合植物蛋白代替鱼粉对长吻鮠幼鱼全鱼体成分的影响(湿重基础)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
水分moisture70.17±0.1169.52±0.3269.10±0.3370.24±0.1169.94±0.9070.34±0.14
粗蛋白crude protein16.98±0.3616.91±0.1517.87±0.1917.16±0.3217.41±0.2116.66±0.24
粗脂肪ether extract10.26±0.09a10.16±0.16a10.35±0.04a9.76±0.15b10.19±0.05a10.41±0.13a
粗灰分ash2.35±0.29b2.40±0.16b2.43±0.06a2.40±0.15ab2.38±0.10ab2.59±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1271391656789094910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Effect of replacement of fishmeal with mixed vegetable proteins on serum biochemical indices of juvenile Leriocassis longirostris n=3;$\bar x \pm {\rm{SE}}$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
高密度脂蛋白/(mmol/L)HDL0.59±0.02a0.51±0.03b0.48±0.01b0.46±0.01b0.44±0.03b0.45±0.03b
低密度脂蛋白/(mmol/L)LDL2.04±0.10b1.95±0.10b1.70±0.19b1.92±0.14b2.14±0.10b2.61±0.14a
胆固醇/(mmol/L)TC4.34±0.08b4.04±0.08c4.13±0.11bc4.24±0.03bc4.32±0.07b4.78±0.10a
甘油三酯/(mmol/L)TG5.67±0.63b5.37±0.45b5.40±0.21b5.73±0.14b5.96±0.06ab7.09±0.39a
葡萄糖/(mmol/L)GLU4.04±0.18ab3.83±0.08bc3.56±0.09c3.53±0.04c3.83±0.08bc4.27±0.03a
总蛋白/(g/L)TP29.78±0.8029.37±0.7528.86±1.0028.70±1.4127.60±0.8527.29±0.75
谷草转氨酶/(U/L)AST422.09±21.98a386.85±14.20ab350.49±9.88b346.45±21.95b373.73±28.77ab434.35±23.58a
谷丙转氨酶/(U/L)ALT10.07±0.48bc8.74±0.77cd6.59±0.62d9.34±0.35bcd12.02±0.71ab13.67±1.68a
), ArticleFig(id=1271391656852009471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

混合植物蛋白代替鱼粉对长吻鮠幼鱼血清生化指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
高密度脂蛋白/(mmol/L)HDL0.59±0.02a0.51±0.03b0.48±0.01b0.46±0.01b0.44±0.03b0.45±0.03b
低密度脂蛋白/(mmol/L)LDL2.04±0.10b1.95±0.10b1.70±0.19b1.92±0.14b2.14±0.10b2.61±0.14a
胆固醇/(mmol/L)TC4.34±0.08b4.04±0.08c4.13±0.11bc4.24±0.03bc4.32±0.07b4.78±0.10a
甘油三酯/(mmol/L)TG5.67±0.63b5.37±0.45b5.40±0.21b5.73±0.14b5.96±0.06ab7.09±0.39a
葡萄糖/(mmol/L)GLU4.04±0.18ab3.83±0.08bc3.56±0.09c3.53±0.04c3.83±0.08bc4.27±0.03a
总蛋白/(g/L)TP29.78±0.8029.37±0.7528.86±1.0028.70±1.4127.60±0.8527.29±0.75
谷草转氨酶/(U/L)AST422.09±21.98a386.85±14.20ab350.49±9.88b346.45±21.95b373.73±28.77ab434.35±23.58a
谷丙转氨酶/(U/L)ALT10.07±0.48bc8.74±0.77cd6.59±0.62d9.34±0.35bcd12.02±0.71ab13.67±1.68a
), ArticleFig(id=1271391656914924032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Effect of replacement of fishmeal with mixed vegetable proteins on liver antioxidant indexes of juvenile Leriocassis longirostris n=3;$\bar x \pm {\rm{SE}}$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
丙二醛/(nmol/mg prot)MDA0.60±0.05c0.24±0.05d0.24±0.05d0.49±0.05c0.76±0.02b0.92±0.04a
超氧化物歧化酶/(U/mg prot)SOD1838.28±98.531838.76±102.111710.37±216.911516.40±218.601583.73±155.481579.68±70.46
过氧化氢酶/(U/mg prot)CAT419.13±12.69a407.83±26.79a391.47±30.82a384.21±22.88a316.87±11.42b182.62±1.29c
总抗氧化能力/(U/mg prot)T-AOC1132.97±77.10ab1295.63±121.51a1086.55±145.77ab980.34±54.82b931.55±48.98b852.60±27.48b
), ArticleFig(id=1271391656977838593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391635016462757, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

混合植物蛋白代替鱼粉对长吻鮠幼鱼肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目item组别group
V0V10V20V30V40V50
丙二醛/(nmol/mg prot)MDA0.60±0.05c0.24±0.05d0.24±0.05d0.49±0.05c0.76±0.02b0.92±0.04a
超氧化物歧化酶/(U/mg prot)SOD1838.28±98.531838.76±102.111710.37±216.911516.40±218.601583.73±155.481579.68±70.46
过氧化氢酶/(U/mg prot)CAT419.13±12.69a407.83±26.79a391.47±30.82a384.21±22.88a316.87±11.42b182.62±1.29c
总抗氧化能力/(U/mg prot)T-AOC1132.97±77.10ab1295.63±121.51a1086.55±145.77ab980.34±54.82b931.55±48.98b852.60±27.48b
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长吻鮠幼鱼饲料中混合植物蛋白替代鱼粉的适宜比例研究
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李建蔚 1 , 朱文欢 2 , 胡文广 1 , 张孝睿 1 , 黄天乐 2 , 陈见 3 , 谭青松 *, 1, *
中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025,32(12): 1775-1785
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中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025, 32(12): 1775-1785
长吻鮠幼鱼饲料中混合植物蛋白替代鱼粉的适宜比例研究
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李建蔚1 , 朱文欢2, 胡文广1, 张孝睿1, 黄天乐2, 陈见3, 谭青松*, 1, *
作者信息
  • 1.华中农业大学水产学院,农业农村部淡水生物繁育重点实验室,池塘健康养殖湖北省工程实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2.武汉市水产技术推广指导中心,湖北 武汉 430012
  • 3.武汉市农业科学院水产研究所,湖北 武汉 430207
  • 李建蔚,女,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产动物营养与饲料. E-mail:

通讯作者:

谭青松,副教授,研究方向为水产动物营养与饲料. E-mail:
TAN Qingsong. E-mail:
Dietary replacement of fishmeal with mixed vegetable proteins in juvenile Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris)
Jianwei LI1 , Wenhuan ZHU2, Wenguang HU1, Xiaorui ZHANG1, Tianle HUANG2, Jian CHEN3, Qingsong TAN1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2Wuhan Fisheries Technology Extension and Instruction Center, Wuhan 430012, China
  • 3Fisheries Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430207, China
doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0133
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为探究植物蛋白在长吻鮠(Leriocassis longirostris)饲料中应用的可行性及其适宜含量,以长吻鮠幼鱼为研究对象,用0%、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的混合植物蛋白(发酵豆粕∶菜粕=4∶1)替代基础饲料中的鱼粉配制成6组等氮等脂饲料,记为V0、V10、V20、V30、V40和V50,进行为期8周的生长实验,测定幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化性能和脂肪含量以及组织形态观测。植物蛋白添加至50%时长吻鮠幼鱼特定生长率显著下降(P<0.05),V50组饲料系数显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);血液中胆固醇呈现先降低后上升趋势且在V10时达到最低(P<0.05);谷草转氨酶与谷丙转氨酶呈现先降低后上升趋势,分别在V30组和V20组达到最低(P<0.05)。肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)呈现先下降后上升趋势,V10和V20组显著低于其他各组(P<0.05);总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)呈现先升高后降低趋势,在V10时达到最高;过氧化氢酶(CAT)呈下降趋势,V40组显著高于V50组且显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。肝脏组织学显示,自V30开始,脂肪变性逐渐加重,肝细胞膜边界逐渐模糊;脂滴量呈现先降低后升高趋势,在V20时最低(P<0.05)。在本实验条件下,适量的混合植物蛋白添加对长吻鮠幼鱼肝脏组织健康有正向作用,以长吻鮠幼鱼特定生长率为依据,37.47%的混合植物蛋白替代鱼粉为最佳。

混合植物蛋白  /  长吻鮠  /  生长性能  /  肝脏抗氧化  /  脂肪蓄积  /  鱼粉替代

In recent years, fishmeal supply has surpassed market demand, leading to consistently high prices. To alleviate market pressure and reduce farming costs, it is crucial to investigate economical plant protein alternatives in feed. In this study, we examined the feasibility of incorporating mixed plant proteins into diets for juvenile Chinese longsnout catfish and determined appropriate inclusion levels. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated using a mixed plant protein source (fermented soybean meal to rapeseed meal ratio of 4:1) to replace fishmeal in a basal diet at levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% (V0, V10, V20, V30, V40, and V50, respectively). Juvenile catfish were fed these diets for 8 weeks, after which growth performance, serum biochemistry, liver antioxidant activity, lipid content, and liver morphology were assessed. The results showed that substituting 50% of dietary protein with vegetable protein sources significantly reduced (P<0.05) the specific growth rate (SGR), whereas the V50 group exhibited a significantly higher feed conversion ratio that of other groups (P<0.05). Blood total cholesterol initially decreased and subsequently increased, reaching its lowest level in V10 (P<0.05). Similarly, both aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase displayed decreasing-then-increasing trends, with lowest levels in V30 and V20, respectively (P<0.05). Liver malondialdehyde showed a decreasing-then-increasing trend, with significantly lower values in V10 and V20 groups than those of other groups (P<0.05). Total antioxidant capacity demonstrated an increasing-then-decreasing pattern, peaking at V10. Catalase activity showed a decreasing trend, with the V40 group showing significantly higher activity than that of the V50 group but lower than that of other groups (P<0.05). Histological analysis revealed progressive hepatic steatosis beginning at V30, accompanied by blurred hepatocyte membrane boundaries. Lipid droplet quantity exhibited a decreasing-then-increasing trend, reaching its lowest level at V20 (P<0.05). Under experimental conditions, moderate mixed vegetable protein supplementation improved juvenile Chinese longsnout catfish liver health. SGR was achieved with 37.47% fishmeal replacement by mixed vegetable protein; however, based on liver health indicators, a lower replacement level may be warranted.

mixed vegetable proteins  /  Leiocassis longirostris  /  growth performance  /  hepatic antioxidants  /  lipid accumulation  /  replacement of fish meal
李建蔚, 朱文欢, 胡文广, 张孝睿, 黄天乐, 陈见, 谭青松. 长吻鮠幼鱼饲料中混合植物蛋白替代鱼粉的适宜比例研究. 中国水产科学, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1775 -1785 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0133
Jianwei LI, Wenhuan ZHU, Wenguang HU, Xiaorui ZHANG, Tianle HUANG, Jian CHEN, Qingsong TAN. Dietary replacement of fishmeal with mixed vegetable proteins in juvenile Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris)[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1775 -1785 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0133
鱼粉因氨基酸组成平衡、易被水产动物吸收、含有促生长因子等优点,成为养殖水产动物最理想的蛋白源[1]。近年来,全球鱼粉供不应求,价格高昂[2]。为缓解市场压力,降低养殖成本,大量研究开始关注植物蛋白原料代替饲料中鱼粉[3]。发酵豆粕和菜籽粕在水产饲料中均具有良好的应用潜力。豆粕粗蛋白和必需氨基酸含量高,是较为理想的鱼粉替代蛋白源,但其含有抗营养因子,且蛋氨酸含量低,在一定程度上限制其在水产饲料中的应用。通过微生物发酵得到的发酵豆粕,其常规营养成分含量升高,抗营养因子含量大幅降低[4]。菜籽粕的蛋氨酸含量高,必需氨基酸指数及钙、磷、镁、硒等营养盐也高于豆粕[5],因此推测,菜籽粕与发酵豆粕混合使用可以达到氨基酸互补的效果。以往研究多数关注发酵豆粕或菜籽粕在水产动物饲料中的适宜含量和应用效果[6-9],但两者混合后的应用效果还鲜有报道。
长吻鮠(Leriocassis longirostris)属硬骨鱼纲(Osteichthyes),鲇形目(Siluriformes),鲿科(Bagridae),鮠属(Leiocassis),俗称长江鮰鱼、江团、肥沱等,是我国特有的名贵淡水肉食性鱼类,近年来长吻鮠的养殖产量大幅提高,2023年较2022年增长103.35%[10]。养殖量的增加也意味着长吻鮠配合饲料需求量增加,这将增加鱼粉的消耗。关于长吻鮠的营养需要已有一些研究[11]。但关于长吻鮠饲料中的植物蛋白利用,还未见文献报道。如何科学配伍不同植物蛋白源以实现鱼粉的有效替代,同时保障长吻鮠的生长性能和消化系统健康,是长吻鮠养殖中面临的核心难题。本研究在保障饲料等氮等脂的前提下,通过混合植物蛋白替代不同比例的鱼粉配制6组饲料饲喂长吻鮠幼鱼,综合评价替代效果,为今后植物蛋白在长吻鮠幼鱼配合饲料中的应用提供理论依据和参考。
参考长吻鮠幼鱼的营养需求量[11],以鱼粉、发酵豆粕和菜籽粕为蛋白源,豆油和鱼油为脂肪源,以玉米淀粉为糖源配制6种等氮等脂的实验饲料(表1)。为满足长吻鮠作为肉食性鱼类对高优质蛋白需求及为替代评估提供稳定基准,V0组饲料仅以鱼粉为蛋白源。实验组分别以10%、20%、30%、40%、50%的发酵豆粕与菜籽粕4∶1混合的植物蛋白替代鱼粉,分别记为V10、V20、V30、V40和V50,并补充晶体氨基酸使各组蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和赖氨酸含量与对照组饲料一致。矿物质预混料与维生素预混料来自北京英惠尔生物技术有限公司。全部饲料原料粉碎过60目筛后,按配方称重,微量成分采取逐级扩大法混合均匀,最后加入鱼油、豆油以及水混合均匀,用制粒机制成粒径为2.0 mm的颗粒饲料,在阴凉通风处阴干后保存于–20 ℃冰箱备用。饲料氨基酸组成见表2
长吻鮠幼鱼购自国家级湖北石首长吻鮠良种场,用食盐浸泡消毒后在流水养殖系统中暂养2周,期间饲喂混合实验饲料。暂养结束后,选择体质健康、规格均匀、初始体重为(6.28±0.27)g的幼鱼288尾随机分配到直径80 cm,高度60 cm的18个圆形玻璃纤维鱼缸,每缸16尾。然后将6种饲料随机分配到各鱼缸,每种饲料3个重复。
养殖期为8周,期间每日07:00和15:00饱食投喂2次,投饵1 h后收集残饵并烘干,在实验结束后计算溶失率以校正摄食量。养殖采用曝气自来水,每缸水流为0.25 L/min。水温为(26±2)℃,自然光照,24 h持续充气保证溶氧含量>5.0 mg/L,pH为7.0~7.4。本实验经华中农业大学实验动物管理和伦理委员会审查并批准。
养殖实验开始时和结束后将鱼禁食24 h,对每缸鱼称重,记录尾数。称重后每缸随机取5尾鱼用0.01% MS-222麻醉,擦干体表水分,逐尾测量体长、称重。用1 mL注射器尾静脉取血,置于1.5 mL离心管中,室温静置4 h后,在3500 r/min、4 ℃条件下离心15 min,取上清于‒80 ℃保存。再解剖内脏,称量内脏团重、肝脏重和肠系膜脂肪重。取肝脏样品于液氮中速冻后转入‒80 ℃中保存,用于后续指标测定;另取肝脏用4%多聚甲醛固定,观察其组织学变化。每缸另取5尾鱼保存于‒20 ℃冰箱,用于全鱼体成分分析。
生长性能和形体指标按下列公式计算。
成活率(SR,%)=100%×终末尾数/初始尾数;
特定生长率(SGR,%/d)=100%×(ln末重–ln初重)/天数;
摄食率(FR,%体重/d)=100%×饲料干物质摄入量/[(末体重+初体重)×养殖周期/2];
增重率(WGR,%)=100%×(末均重–初均重)/初均重;
饲料系数(FCR)=干物质摄食量/(终末体重–初始体重);
蛋白质效率(PER)=增重量/蛋白质摄入量;
肝体比(HSI,%)=100%×肝脏质量/体重;
脏体比(VSI,%)=100%×内脏质量/体重;
肠系膜脂肪比(MFI,%)=100%×肠系膜脂肪重量/体重;
肥满度(CF,g/cm3)=100×体重/体长3
饲料和全鱼营养成分均按标准方法测定。水分含量按GB/T6435-2014采用105 ℃常压烘干法测定;灰分按GB/T6438-2007采用箱式马弗炉550 ℃灼烧法测定;粗蛋白按GB/T6432-2018采用凯氏定氮法测定;粗脂肪按GB/T6433-2025采用索氏抽提法测定。饲料氨基酸含量测定:饲料样品经冷冻干燥后,按GB 5009.124-2016方法测定氨基酸含量。肝脏脂肪含量经氯仿/甲醇法提取后采用重量分析法测定[12]
血清中高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、葡萄糖(GLU)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总蛋白(TP)含量采用迪瑞医疗CS-T240 Plus全自动生化分析仪测定。
肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)指标均采用南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒测定,按产品说明书进行操作。
肝脏样品经石蜡包埋进行H&E染色,同时制备冰冻切片进行油红O染色,用显微镜观察,油红O染色脂滴面积测量使用软件Image Pro plus 6.0。
用SPSS Statistics Client 27 Win64软件对实验数据进行统计分析。先对处理效果进行单因素方差分析,若结果差异显著,则采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,显著性水平为0.05。实验数据表示为平均值±标准误($\bar x \pm {\rm{SE}}$)。
表3所示,植物蛋白替代鱼粉会影响长吻鮠的生长,50%替代水平会显著降低SGR和WGR。V0组FBW显著低于V10组,但显著高于V50组(P<0.05);各组间SR差异不显著(P>0.05);植物蛋白替代鱼粉会影响长吻鮠的摄食和饲料利用,随着替代水平增加,FR和FCR均呈上升趋势,在50%替代水平时显著高于其他组,而PER呈下降趋势,V50组显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。
植物蛋白替代鱼粉会影响长吻鮠的形体,50%植物替代鱼粉会显著升高HSI和MFI(P<0.05);长吻鮠VSI在植物替代水平20%时显著低于后3个替代水平(P<0.05);各组间CF差异不显著(P>0.05)。
本实验条件下,以SGR为评价指标进行回归分析表明,饲料中可含有37.47%植物蛋白代替鱼粉(图1)。
表4所示,植物蛋白替代鱼粉会影响长吻鮠的体成分,其中鱼体粗脂肪在替代水平为30%时显著低于其他组;V0组粗灰分显著低于V20和V50组(P<0.05)。全鱼水分与粗蛋白各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表5所示,植物蛋白替代鱼粉会影响长吻鮠的血清生化指标,其中50%植物替代水平会显著升高LDL和TG(P<0.05);V0组的HDL显著高于其他组(P<0.05);TC随植物替代水平的增加呈先降后升趋势,V10组最低,V40与V0组显著低于V50组并显著高于V10组(P<0.05)。血清葡萄糖浓度随植物替代水平的增加呈先降后升趋势,V20与V30组最低,V50组最高(P<0.05)。各替代水平间TP无显著差异(P>0.05)。AST和ALT随植物替代水平的增加呈先降后升趋势,AST在V20和V30组显著低于V0与V50组;ALT在V20组最低,V0和V50组最高(P<0.05)。
表6所示,植物蛋白替代鱼粉会影响长吻鮠肝脏的抗氧化能力。随着植物蛋白替代水平增加,MDA呈先降后升趋势,在V10和V20组最低,V0与V30组其次,V50组最高(P<0.05);T-AOC在10%替代组显著高于30%、40%和50%替代组(P<0.05);CAT呈下降趋势,V50组最低,V40组其次,两者均显著低于其他组(P<0.05);SOD在各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
植物蛋白替代鱼粉会影响长吻鮠的肝脏组织形态和脂肪含量。如图2a所示,V0组肝细胞存在体积变大、肿胀的现象;植物蛋白替代水平为20%时,长吻鮠肝细胞形态较为正常,排列均匀、规则;但当植物蛋白水平更高时,肝细胞肿胀,空泡化加重,胞内充斥大量脂滴,表现出脂肪肝的症状。图2b中可见,随着饲料中混合植物蛋白增加,肝脏中脂滴面积呈先降后升趋势,在V20组最低,显著低于其他实验组(P<0.05);图3同样显示,长吻鮠幼鱼肝脏脂肪呈显著的先降后升趋势,V20组最低显著低于其他实验组(P<0.05)。
养殖动物的生长与饲料利用是评价饲料营养价值的重要依据。本实验中,混合植物蛋白替代不高于40%时,对长吻鮠的生长无影响,这说明混合植物蛋白替代鱼粉是可行的;而50%替代水平对长吻鮠生长产生了抑制,大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides[6]中也存在发酵豆粕过量替代鱼粉导致生长下降的现象,这可能是受其中抗营养因子影响,如植酸和蛋白酶抑制剂,均会阻碍蛋白质的消化吸收,降低鱼的生长[13]。本研究中,50%植物替代水平时长吻鮠摄食最高,生长却最慢,在大口黑鲈[8]与金头鲷(Sparus aurata[14]中也有相同发现,这可能是植物中的低聚糖和非淀粉多糖增加了肠道食糜黏度,阻碍营养物质的消化吸收[13],从而可吸收养分和能量摄入不足,需要提高摄食。本研究中,长吻鮠饲料系数与蛋白效率的变化均表明超40%的植物替代会显著降低饲料利用效率,在金头鲷[14]、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco[9]和大口黑鲈[8]中也有类似结果。当然也有与之不同的结果,如大口黑鲈[6]在整个研究中饲料利用效率都未降低,但这可能是其植物替代水平不足20%所致。植物替代量的增多也意味着饲料中的抗体营养因子增多,如植酸和蛋白酶抑制剂,会阻碍蛋白质的消化吸收。而低聚糖和非淀粉多糖会增加肠道食糜黏度,阻碍营养物质的消化吸收[13],这些都是降低饲料利用效率与蛋白质效率的重要因素。另外,蛋白质效率在V20与V40组时显著低于V0组,而这两组的特定生长率与增重率均与V0组无显著差异,这可能是短期内机体通过代谢调节,如提高蛋白质周转效率维持了鱼体生长,若长期处于此状态,可能导致因能量消耗过高或氮蓄积不足,导致生长性能滞后[15]。肝脏是储存脂肪的重要场所,脂肪在肝脏中蓄积会使肝体比升高,与青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)类似[7],长吻鮠在50%植物蛋白替代鱼粉时HSI和MFI显著高于未替代组,这可能是高水平植物蛋白对脂代谢造成了影响[16],导致了脂肪在肝脏和肠系膜上堆积,此结果与肝脏中脂肪含量相互印证。在大口黑鲈[8]和褐牙鲆[17]的研究中,发酵豆粕替代50%以上鱼粉仍未对鱼体粗脂肪产生影响。但长吻鮠鱼体粗脂肪在30%植物蛋白替代鱼粉时显著低于其他组,与之类似的是花生粕替代44%鱼粉时,珠珍龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)体脂肪显著低于未替代组[18],造成不同趋势的原因可能是由于鱼种、蛋白源种类以及配比等多方面原因。基于植物蛋白替代鱼粉对长吻鮠生长性能的影响,37.47%替代水平较为合适。
血清的生化指标与机体物质的转运、代谢与吸收等生理活动有着密切联系,在一定程度上反映鱼体的健康状况[19]。此外,长吻鮠的TC与GLU均随着植物蛋白替代水平的增加呈先降后升趋势,大口黑鲈中也有类似趋势[6]。但珍珠龙胆石斑鱼血清中TC水平随花生粕的添加而降低[18],这种变化差异可能是因为不同的植物蛋白源引起。发酵豆粕中的生物活性肽等对糖脂代谢的促进作用使TC与GLU降低,以及植物蛋白饲料含有大量非淀粉多糖,导致一定程度的发酵豆粕添加可降低胆固醇水平[20]。但添加超量时,这种降血糖和TC的作用则不复存在,因此GLU和TC表现为升高。HDL和LDL是一对运转TC的脂蛋白,前者将TC由外周组织运往肝脏,后者将其从肝脏运至全身,LDL的增多会降低HDL的含量[7]。本实验中,植物蛋白替代会显著降低HDL水平,且50%替代时LDL会显著升高,从而影响血清TC的含量,使得TC呈现先降后升的趋势。但与本研究不一致的是,青鱼血清中LDL和HDL均随植物蛋白的增加而降低[7],这可能是植物蛋白源不同和鱼种不同所致。在替代量至50%时长吻鮠血清中TG显著高于未替代组,可能是外源添加的晶体氨基酸与蛋白原料的吸收效率不同,降低了其利用效率,而游离氨基酸促进肝脏合成脂肪酸的效率是葡萄糖的两倍,肝脏将游离脂肪酸转化为TG储存,增加了其在肝脏和血清中的累积[21]
AST和ALT在血清中含量很少,肝细胞膜通透性升高时,AST和ALT会从肝脏进入血液[19],本研究中AST和ALT含量呈先降后升趋势,这说明本实验中过量植物蛋白替代鱼粉增加了长吻鮠肝细胞膜通透性,这与肝脏H&E染色结果相互印证,大口黑鲈也呈同样趋势[8]。但在青鱼中,血清AST和ALT含量随着发酵豆粕的增加而升高[7],这可能是由于基础饲料配方结构不同所致。豆类中的一些物质,如胞外多糖等确实对维持细胞膜的完整有益[22-23],由此认为在本实验中一定量的植物蛋白添加改善了肝脏健康,减少了血清中的AST和ALT含量。而青鱼基础饲料中用了多种植物蛋白源,再额外添加发酵豆粕时,饲料中抗营养因子的含量则可能超过了动物的耐受量,从而导致肝脏受损[7]
肝脏是鱼体重要的代谢器官,机体内自由基作用于脂质发生过氧化反应,其终产物为MDA,因而MDA的量可反映机体脂质过氧化的程度[24],SOD、T-AOC、CAT则反映机体的抗氧化能力[25]。本实验MDA水平随着混合植物蛋白的增加呈先降后升趋势,而T-AOC、CAT水平则在高替代量时降低。这表明过高比例的植物蛋白替代鱼粉会降低鱼体的抗氧化能力。黄颡鱼中肝脏MDA水平随着棉籽粕和菜籽粕替代量的增加而升高,T-SOD、CAT和T-AOC水平则降低[9],虽然这与本研究结果不完全相符,但都表明高水平的植物蛋白替代量会降低鱼类肝脏抗氧化能力。这可能是由于植物中大量的抗营养因子,如菜籽粕中的硫甙会分解形成腈类化合物等会使肝脏解毒负担过重,抗氧化能力降低[13]。但豆类中的酚类物质、胞外多糖和维生素等可以提高鱼体的抗氧化能力[22-23],因此使得本研究中在一定量的植物蛋白替代鱼粉时不出现肝脏抗氧化能力的降低。另外,本研究中未替代组MDA含量过高的原因可能是鱼粉中的高不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,易产生脂质过氧化物[1]
植物蛋白替代鱼粉会影响长吻鮠的肝脏形态,20%植物蛋白替代时,长吻鮠的肝脏损伤最轻,进一步提高替代量则损伤加重,这与上述长吻鮠血清中AST和ALT含量变化相符。这可能是由于豆类中的异黄酮能通过调控过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体调控脂代谢,减轻肝脏损伤[20]。这种肝脏损伤先减轻后加重的趋势与大多数植物蛋白替代鱼粉的研究结果不同,如青鱼[7]和黄颡鱼[9]中,均发现适量添加发酵豆粕对肝脏无影响,过量添加则对肝脏的损伤加重。这可能是由于基础饲料中用了多种植物蛋白源,再额外添加发酵豆粕时,饲料中抗营养因子的含量则可能超过了动物的耐受量,从而导致肝脏受损,即使异黄酮可促进脂代谢,发酵豆粕也不宜过多用于替代鱼粉,菜籽粕中的硫甙会分解形成腈类化合物,也会损伤鱼类肝脏[7]
肝脏油红O染色和脂肪含量均表明植物蛋白替代鱼粉会影响长吻鮠的肝脏脂肪蓄积,这与H&E染色结果相符,20%植物替代鱼粉时,长吻鮠肝脏损伤最轻,脂肪含量最低,进一步替代肝脏脂肪含量会提高。金头鲷[14]的脂肪累积趋势与本研究相似,但在珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的研究中,22%以下花生粕替代鱼粉对其脂肪积累无影响,若进一步提升替代量,则会增加脂肪积累,但没有出现本研究中适量植物蛋白替代降低肝脏脂肪现象[18]。这可能是由于植物蛋白源的不同所致,豆类中的异黄酮和其中的低饱和脂肪就有降低胆固醇的作用[20]。另外,本实验血清中脂蛋白含量的变化说明植物替代过量会影响长吻鮠脂蛋白合成,这将影响脂肪运转,使脂肪在胞内堆积[21],但本研究中未能对植物蛋白中所含有的抗营养因子进行单独研究,无法确定其具体的分子触发因素,因此在机制解释上存在一定局限性。结合肝脏形态、脂肪含量与抗氧化能力考虑,长吻鮠20%植物蛋白替代鱼粉时,对肝脏健康较好。
本研究表明,发酵豆粕和菜籽粕可作为长吻鮠幼鱼的饲料原料,在一定程度上替代鱼粉不会对长吻鮠生长、血清生化、肝脏抗氧化及肝脏组织结构造成不良影响。在本实验条件下,以特定生长率回归分析判断,在以全鱼粉为蛋白源的饲料中添加37.47%的混合植物蛋白替代适量鱼粉可行,但若考虑长吻鮠肝脏健康,可适当降低替代比例。
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doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0133
  • 接收时间:2024-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-07
  • 修回日期:2024-08-25
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    1.华中农业大学水产学院,农业农村部淡水生物繁育重点实验室,池塘健康养殖湖北省工程实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
    2.武汉市水产技术推广指导中心,湖北 武汉 430012
    3.武汉市农业科学院水产研究所,湖北 武汉 430207

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谭青松,副教授,研究方向为水产动物营养与饲料. E-mail:
TAN Qingsong. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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