Article(id=1271391601352971226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12264/JFSC2025-0182, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=1754755200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781052979076, onlineDateStr=2026-06-10, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781052979076, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781052979076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781052979076, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1271391553579848391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, year='2025', volume='32', issue='12', pageStart='1717', pageEnd='1844', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781052967652, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781053078366, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1271392018073849945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1271392018078044250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1763, endPage=1774, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1271391602909058013, articleId=1271391601352971226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=EN, title=Genetic parameter estimation and genotype-environment interaction analysis of ammonia-nitrogen tolerance and growth traits in Marsupenaeus japonicus across different growth stages, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To optimize the multi-trait synergistic breeding strategy for Marsupenaeus japonicus, this study was based on a G3 selected population. Twenty-eight full-sib/half-sib G4 families were constructed through fluorescent marker mixed culture and natural mating. A combination of linear mixed and generalized linear models was used to systematically evaluate genetic parameters of body length, body weight, and ammonia nitrogen tolerance traits at 120, 180, and 240 days of age, and to assess genotype-environment interaction effects under indoor and outdoor conditions. The results showed that growth traits exhibited moderate heritability, with body length ranging from 0.2992 to 0.4390 and body weight from 0.1324 to 0.3718. The heritability of ammonia nitrogen tolerance traits was low, ranging from 0.0914 to 0.1731. Genetic (0.8501~0.9145) and phenotypic (0.9001~0.9819) correlations between growth traits at different ages were all extremely significantly positive (P < 0.01), indicating that early selection can simultaneously improve phenotypes across multiple growth stages. Genetic correlations between growth and ammonia nitrogen tolerance traits ranged from –0.1957~0.0362 and those between growth and phenotypic correlations ranged from –0.0975~0.0955, with neither being significant (P>0.05), thereby suggesting regulation by independent genetic mechanisms. Genetic correlations of body length and body weight traits between indoor and outdoor environments were –0.017±0.176 and 0.136±0.185, respectively, both<0.8, indicating significant genotype-environment interaction effects on M. japonicus body length and body weight under different breeding conditions. Therefore, to achieve simultaneous improvement of growth and ammonia nitrogen tolerance traits, breeding values for both traits should be estimated, while a comprehensive selection index calculated to realize multi-trait synchronous improvement. Meanwhile, different breeding schemes should be tailored to specific indoor and outdoor breeding environments. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for designing efficient breeding programs for M. japonicus.

, correspAuthors=Jianyong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chengxiang HUANG, Bo ZHU, Keqin LIU, Jianyong LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1271391603693392865, articleId=1271391601352971226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=CN, title=日本囊对虾氨氮耐受力与生长性状的遗传参数及基因型与环境互作分析, columnId=1271391555995767499, journalTitle=中国水产科学, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为优化日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)多性状协同育种策略,本研究以G3选育群体为基础,通过荧光标记混养和自然交尾构建28个全(半)同胞G4家系,采用线性混合模型与广义线性模型相结合的方法,系统评估了120、180、240日龄体长体重、耐氨氮性状的遗传参数及室内外环境下的基因型与环境互作效应。结果表明,生长性状呈中等遗传力水平,其中体长为0.2992~0.4390,体重为0.1324~0.3718;耐氨氮性状遗传力较低,为0.0914~ 0.1731。不同日龄生长性状间的遗传相关(0.8501~0.9145)与表型相关(0.9001~0.9819)均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明早期选择可同步改良多个生长阶段的表型。生长与耐氨氮性状的遗传相关为–0.1957~0.0362,表型相关为–0.0975~0.0955,两者均不显著(P>0.05),提示二者受独立遗传机制调控。体长和体重性状在室内外环境间的遗传相关分别为–0.017±0.176和0.136±0.185,均小于0.8,表明日本囊对虾体长和体重在不同养殖环境下的性状间存在明显的基因型与环境互作效应。因此,要实现生长和耐氨氮性状的同步改良,可以考虑估算生长和耐氨氮性状育种值,计算综合选择指数实现多性状同步改良,同时要针对不同的室内外养殖环境制定不同的育种方案。本研究结果可为日本囊对虾高效育种方案设计提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=刘建勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘建勇,教授,研究方向为水产经济动物育种与增养殖. E-mail:
LIU Jianyong. E-mail:
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黄成香,男,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产经济动物育种与增养殖. E-mail:

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Aquaculture, 2015, 441: 8-15., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391621267525699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gitterle T, Rye M, Salte R, et al. Genetic (co)variation in harvest body weight and survival in Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei under standard commercial conditions[J]. Aquaculture, 2005, 243(1-4): 83-92., articleTitle=Gitterle T, Rye M, Salte R, et al. Genetic (co)variation in harvest body weight and survival in Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei under standard commercial conditions[J]. Aquaculture, 2005, 243(1-4): 83-92., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391621384966212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Prochaska J, Poompuang S, Koonawootrittriron S, et al. Genotype-by-environment interactions for the growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei under normal and low-salinity environments[J]. Aquaculture, 2025, 596(1): 741806., articleTitle=Prochaska J, Poompuang S, Koonawootrittriron S, et al. Genotype-by-environment interactions for the growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei under normal and low-salinity environments[J]. Aquaculture, 2025, 596(1): 741806., refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391621473046597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Eknath A E, Bentsen H B, Ponzoni R W, et al. Genetic improvement of farmed tilapias: Composition and genetic parameters of a synthetic base population of Oreochromis niloticus for selective breeding[J]. Aquaculture, 2007, 273(1): 1-14., articleTitle=Eknath A E, Bentsen H B, Ponzoni R W, et al. Genetic improvement of farmed tilapias: Composition and genetic parameters of a synthetic base population of Oreochromis niloticus for selective breeding[J]. Aquaculture, 2007, 273(1): 1-14., refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1271391604477727715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1271391604507087844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, companyId=1271391604477727715, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1271391604523865061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, companyId=1271391604477727715, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广东海洋大学水产学院,广东 湛江 524088)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1271391612241383429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=EN, label=Fig. 1., caption=Survival rates of different Marsupenaeus japonicus families at different days of age under ammonia nitrogen stress, figureFileSmall=yJ2x+o/tb7RrP2+iPvng6g==, figureFileBig=/G984uabjdIuqYCWJW1J8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391612375601158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=CN, label=图1, caption=日本囊对虾不同日龄不同家系在氨氮胁迫下的存活率, figureFileSmall=yJ2x+o/tb7RrP2+iPvng6g==, figureFileBig=/G984uabjdIuqYCWJW1J8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391612669202439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Statistical analysis of phenotypic parameters of body length and body weight at different days of age and survival rate under ammonia-nitrogen stress of Marsupenaeus japonicus

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性状trait日龄/d days of age最小值min最大值max平均值mean标准差SD变异系数/% coefficient of variation
体长/cm body length1203.58.46.030.9315.42
1804.312.38.240.8710.51
2406.413.110.310.656.30
体重/g body weight1201.177.163.321.3540.66
1804.1512.189.22.4226.30
2404.5716.2511.212.2820.33
耐氨氮存活率/% survival rate under ammonia-nitrogen tolerance1206.6776.638.8321.5755.54
18033.3386.6757.6114.7425.59
24023.3386.6766.3315.923.97
), ArticleFig(id=1271391612795031560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

日本囊对虾不同日龄体长、体重与氨氮胁迫下存活率的表型参数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状trait日龄/d days of age最小值min最大值max平均值mean标准差SD变异系数/% coefficient of variation
体长/cm body length1203.58.46.030.9315.42
1804.312.38.240.8710.51
2406.413.110.310.656.30
体重/g body weight1201.177.163.321.3540.66
1804.1512.189.22.4226.30
2404.5716.2511.212.2820.33
耐氨氮存活率/% survival rate under ammonia-nitrogen tolerance1206.6776.638.8321.5755.54
18033.3386.6757.6114.7425.59
24023.3386.6766.3315.923.97
), ArticleFig(id=1271391612916666377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Variance components and heritability of growth and ammonia-nitrogen tolerance traits of different families of the G4 population of Marsupenaeus japonicus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状trait日龄/d days of age加性遗传方差$\sigma _a^2$ additive genetic variance残差方差$\sigma _{\rm{e}}^2$ residual variance表型方差$\sigma _{\rm{p}}^2$ phenotypic Variance遗传力heritability
体长body length1200.47050.84121.31170.3587±0.0527
1800.21450.34170.55620.3857±0.0533
2400.36940.69671.06610.3465±0.0473
体重body weight1200.67431.43552.10980.3196±0.0522
1800.85602.13282.98880.2864±0.0495
2400.23011.08331.31340.1752±0.0428
耐氨氮性ammonia-nitrogen tolerance1200.08550.55880.64430.1327±0.0621
1800.07240.53750.60990.1187±0.0273
2400.25481.53581.79060.1423±0.0308
), ArticleFig(id=1271391613063467018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

日本囊对虾G4群体不同家系生长与耐氨氮性状的方差组分与遗传力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状trait日龄/d days of age加性遗传方差$\sigma _a^2$ additive genetic variance残差方差$\sigma _{\rm{e}}^2$ residual variance表型方差$\sigma _{\rm{p}}^2$ phenotypic Variance遗传力heritability
体长body length1200.47050.84121.31170.3587±0.0527
1800.21450.34170.55620.3857±0.0533
2400.36940.69671.06610.3465±0.0473
体重body weight1200.67431.43552.10980.3196±0.0522
1800.85602.13282.98880.2864±0.0495
2400.23011.08331.31340.1752±0.0428
耐氨氮性ammonia-nitrogen tolerance1200.08550.55880.64430.1327±0.0621
1800.07240.53750.60990.1187±0.0273
2400.25481.53581.79060.1423±0.0308
), ArticleFig(id=1271391613231239179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficients between body length and body weight at different days of age and ammonia-nitrogen tolerance traits of Marsupenaeus japonicus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 日龄days of age体长body length体重body weight氨氮耐性ammonia-nitrogen tolerance
体长body length120 0.9716±0.0103**–0.0670±0.0015
180 0.9116±0.0115**–0.0520±0.0120
240 0.9316±0.0121**–0.0370±0.0183
体重body weight1200.8832±0.0264** 0.0821±0.0134
1800.9023±0.0122** 0.0433±0.0161
2400.8645±0.0144** –0.0774±0.0201
耐氨氮性ammonia-nitrogen telerance120–0.0683±0.0137–0.0430±0.0021
180–0.1690±0.02670.0121±0.0241
240–0.0820±0.1247–0.0410±0.0114 
), ArticleFig(id=1271391613340291084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

日本囊对虾不同日龄体长、体重与耐氨氮性状的表型相关及遗传相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 日龄days of age体长body length体重body weight氨氮耐性ammonia-nitrogen tolerance
体长body length120 0.9716±0.0103**–0.0670±0.0015
180 0.9116±0.0115**–0.0520±0.0120
240 0.9316±0.0121**–0.0370±0.0183
体重body weight1200.8832±0.0264** 0.0821±0.0134
1800.9023±0.0122** 0.0433±0.0161
2400.8645±0.0144** –0.0774±0.0201
耐氨氮性ammonia-nitrogen telerance120–0.0683±0.0137–0.0430±0.0021
180–0.1690±0.02670.0121±0.0241
240–0.0820±0.1247–0.0410±0.0114 
), ArticleFig(id=1271391613436760077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Phenotypic parameters of growth traits of Marsupenaeus japonicus in indoor and outdoor environment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状trait室内池(indoor pond,n=840)室外池(outdoor pond,n=840)
平均值mean标准差SD最大值max最小值min变异系数/% CV平均值mean标准差SD最大值max最小值min变异系数/% CV
体长/cm L7.800.559.507.007.057.760.358.487.134.51
体重/g W5.201.4610.753.4328.087.171.0710.076.0414.92
), ArticleFig(id=1271391613533229070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

室内外养殖环境下日本囊对虾生长性状的表型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状trait室内池(indoor pond,n=840)室外池(outdoor pond,n=840)
平均值mean标准差SD最大值max最小值min变异系数/% CV平均值mean标准差SD最大值max最小值min变异系数/% CV
体长/cm L7.800.559.507.007.057.760.358.487.134.51
体重/g W5.201.4610.753.4328.087.171.0710.076.0414.92
), ArticleFig(id=1271391613625503759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Genetic parameters of growth traits of Marsupenaeus japonicus in indoor and outdoor environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状trait遗传力heritabilities(h2±SE)遗传相关genetic correlation
室内indoor室外outdoor室内+室外indoor and outdoor室内+室外indoor and outdoor
体长body length0.3613±0.0440.3310±0.0380.284±0.026–0.017±0.176
体重body weight0.2923±0.0450.2672±0.0420.259±0.0330.136±0.185
), ArticleFig(id=1271391613747138576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391601352971226, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

室内外环境下的日本囊对虾生长性状的遗传参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性状trait遗传力heritabilities(h2±SE)遗传相关genetic correlation
室内indoor室外outdoor室内+室外indoor and outdoor室内+室外indoor and outdoor
体长body length0.3613±0.0440.3310±0.0380.284±0.026–0.017±0.176
体重body weight0.2923±0.0450.2672±0.0420.259±0.0330.136±0.185
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日本囊对虾氨氮耐受力与生长性状的遗传参数及基因型与环境互作分析
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黄成香 , 朱博 , 刘可钦 , 刘建勇 *, *
中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025,32(12): 1763-1774
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中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025, 32(12): 1763-1774
日本囊对虾氨氮耐受力与生长性状的遗传参数及基因型与环境互作分析
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黄成香 , 朱博, 刘可钦, 刘建勇*, *
作者信息
  • 广东海洋大学水产学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 黄成香,男,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产经济动物育种与增养殖. E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘建勇,教授,研究方向为水产经济动物育种与增养殖. E-mail:
LIU Jianyong. E-mail:
Genetic parameter estimation and genotype-environment interaction analysis of ammonia-nitrogen tolerance and growth traits in Marsupenaeus japonicus across different growth stages
Chengxiang HUANG , Bo ZHU, Keqin LIU, Jianyong LIU
Affiliations
  • College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0182
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为优化日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)多性状协同育种策略,本研究以G3选育群体为基础,通过荧光标记混养和自然交尾构建28个全(半)同胞G4家系,采用线性混合模型与广义线性模型相结合的方法,系统评估了120、180、240日龄体长体重、耐氨氮性状的遗传参数及室内外环境下的基因型与环境互作效应。结果表明,生长性状呈中等遗传力水平,其中体长为0.2992~0.4390,体重为0.1324~0.3718;耐氨氮性状遗传力较低,为0.0914~ 0.1731。不同日龄生长性状间的遗传相关(0.8501~0.9145)与表型相关(0.9001~0.9819)均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明早期选择可同步改良多个生长阶段的表型。生长与耐氨氮性状的遗传相关为–0.1957~0.0362,表型相关为–0.0975~0.0955,两者均不显著(P>0.05),提示二者受独立遗传机制调控。体长和体重性状在室内外环境间的遗传相关分别为–0.017±0.176和0.136±0.185,均小于0.8,表明日本囊对虾体长和体重在不同养殖环境下的性状间存在明显的基因型与环境互作效应。因此,要实现生长和耐氨氮性状的同步改良,可以考虑估算生长和耐氨氮性状育种值,计算综合选择指数实现多性状同步改良,同时要针对不同的室内外养殖环境制定不同的育种方案。本研究结果可为日本囊对虾高效育种方案设计提供理论依据。

日本囊对虾  /  氨氮耐受  /  遗传参数  /  遗传与表型相关性  /  基因型与环境互作

To optimize the multi-trait synergistic breeding strategy for Marsupenaeus japonicus, this study was based on a G3 selected population. Twenty-eight full-sib/half-sib G4 families were constructed through fluorescent marker mixed culture and natural mating. A combination of linear mixed and generalized linear models was used to systematically evaluate genetic parameters of body length, body weight, and ammonia nitrogen tolerance traits at 120, 180, and 240 days of age, and to assess genotype-environment interaction effects under indoor and outdoor conditions. The results showed that growth traits exhibited moderate heritability, with body length ranging from 0.2992 to 0.4390 and body weight from 0.1324 to 0.3718. The heritability of ammonia nitrogen tolerance traits was low, ranging from 0.0914 to 0.1731. Genetic (0.8501~0.9145) and phenotypic (0.9001~0.9819) correlations between growth traits at different ages were all extremely significantly positive (P < 0.01), indicating that early selection can simultaneously improve phenotypes across multiple growth stages. Genetic correlations between growth and ammonia nitrogen tolerance traits ranged from –0.1957~0.0362 and those between growth and phenotypic correlations ranged from –0.0975~0.0955, with neither being significant (P>0.05), thereby suggesting regulation by independent genetic mechanisms. Genetic correlations of body length and body weight traits between indoor and outdoor environments were –0.017±0.176 and 0.136±0.185, respectively, both<0.8, indicating significant genotype-environment interaction effects on M. japonicus body length and body weight under different breeding conditions. Therefore, to achieve simultaneous improvement of growth and ammonia nitrogen tolerance traits, breeding values for both traits should be estimated, while a comprehensive selection index calculated to realize multi-trait synchronous improvement. Meanwhile, different breeding schemes should be tailored to specific indoor and outdoor breeding environments. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for designing efficient breeding programs for M. japonicus.

Marsupenaeus japonicus  /  ammonia nitrogen tolerance  /  genetic parameters  /  genetic and phenotypic correlations  /  genotype-environment interaction
黄成香, 朱博, 刘可钦, 刘建勇. 日本囊对虾氨氮耐受力与生长性状的遗传参数及基因型与环境互作分析. 中国水产科学, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1763 -1774 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0182
Chengxiang HUANG, Bo ZHU, Keqin LIU, Jianyong LIU. Genetic parameter estimation and genotype-environment interaction analysis of ammonia-nitrogen tolerance and growth traits in Marsupenaeus japonicus across different growth stages[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1763 -1774 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0182
日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)又称日本对虾、花虾或沙虾[1],是印度-西太平洋海域的重要经济甲壳类物种,在我国主要分布于长江口以南沿海。因其肉质鲜美、适应性强及经济价值高等优势,已成为我国对虾养殖产业的核心品种之一[2-5]。然而,当前我国日本囊对虾养殖业普遍依赖台湾野生捕捞亲本或未经系统选育的累代养殖群体,导致苗种存在抗逆性弱、生长速率慢、养殖周期长等问题,严重制约产业可持续发展[6]。由于生长性状和耐氨氮性状能直接影响生产存活率与养殖利润,日本囊对虾作为我国重要本土养殖物种,通过遗传改良培育生长速度快、抗逆性强的新品系是突破产业瓶颈的关键路径。遗传参数估计是制定合理育种规划的基础。日本囊对虾生长性状具有中等遗传力,Hetzel等[7]通过一代选育使子代平均增重率提升10.7%,6个月体重遗传力为25.5%;郑静静[8]发现不同日龄生长性状遗传力为0.1040~0.2463,随日龄增加呈升高趋势;Liu等[9]在45日龄、75日龄、105日龄、135日龄和165日龄等不同日龄时,各生长性状相应的遗传力估计值分别为0.1545~0.1951、0.1672~ 0.1905和0.1596~0.1934,均处于中等水平,且随日龄增加而升高。钟声平等[10]报道G3代选育群体体长、体重遗传力达(0.3852±0.1517)和(0.3903±0.1979);蒋湘等[11]进一步证实日本囊对虾耐氨氮性状遗传力为0.12~0.15,表明该物种抗逆性状具有较高遗传增益空间。类似地,斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon[12-13]、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei[14-17]、罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii[18]、九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor[19]、马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi[20-22]、墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricus[23]、牡蛎[24]等物种已建立生长性状的遗传评估体系,部分物种同步涵盖抗逆性状评估。但日本囊对虾的研究仍存在三方面局限:(1)遗传参数估计多基于单一生长阶段,缺乏多发育阶段的动态评估;(2)耐氨氮与生长性状的遗传互作机制仍需在不同发育阶段和环境条件下进一步阐明;(3)线性混合模型与阈模型的统计模型差异可能导致参数估计偏差,影响育种方案可靠性。
在水产动物养殖的不同环境中,基因型与环境互作效应(G×E)对选育至关重要,其可通过尺度效应和重排效应干扰育种准确性[25]。在长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas[26]、三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii[27]、凡纳滨对虾[28]等物种中,G×E效应已被证实显著。对虾研究中,Van Song等[29]发现斑节对虾在室内循环池与室外池塘间的体重和存活率遗传相关性低至中等(0.17~0.31),提示需纳入环境因子;钱佳慧等[30]证实凡纳滨对虾家系的G×E效应对生长性状的影响大于家系效应;Coman等[31-32]则指出日本囊对虾的生长与存活受家系-密度-温度互作效应显著影响。我国日本囊对虾养殖模式多样,G×E效应可能导致不同环境下基因型表型排序改变,但目前关于室内外养殖环境下基因与环境互作效应不清楚,进一步凸显分析该效应的必要性。
当前,日本囊对虾工厂化高密度养殖是虾类产业升级的重要方向,其工厂化养成池密度高达300尾/m2,平均单产可达2.08 kg/m2[33]。随着市场需求增长与技术迭代,高密度高产出模式已成为未来主导趋势,故本研究采用336尾/m2的高密度测试进行室内外混养实验。鉴于120日龄为幼虾向成虾过渡的关键期、180日龄处于生长高峰期、240日龄接近商品规格,这三个日龄覆盖了日本囊对虾养殖周期中生长性状分化及抗逆性表现的关键阶段,故选取其作为测试时间点以系统解析相关性状的遗传规律。本研究以G3选育群体构建的28个全/半同胞G4代家系为材料,突破传统单阶段分析框架,采用线性混合模型即动物模型与广义线性模型即阈模型相结合的方法,系统评估120、180、240日龄体长、体重及耐氨氮性状的遗传参数,并解析多环境下的G×E效应。研究成果将为多性状协同选育指数构建、家系-个体联合选择策略优化提供理论支撑,助力日本囊对虾高产抗逆新品系的精准培育。
实验在广东湛江国联水产开发股份有限公司纪家基地进行,所用亲本为广东海洋大学遗传育种中心与湛江国联水产开发股份有限公司联合选育至G3的日本囊对虾选育群体,在G3群体内,挑选各家系个头大、活力好的母虾,采用嵌入式荧光染料VIE注射标记来源家系,记录系谱来源家系后,按照育种方案,同时放入其他家系养殖池中进行自然交尾,将受精母虾挑出,放置于容积为1 m3的圆桶中单独培养,待母虾产卵后,所收集后代个体则为日本囊对虾人工选育G4家系群体。依照此法,1日内共建立亲缘关系清晰的全(半)同胞日本囊对虾家系28个。
家系构建完成后,按育苗实际流程开展中间培养,期间通过3次分苗逐步淘汰体弱个体:仔虾10日龄时,每个家系选留1200尾;17日龄时,每个家系选留800尾;24日龄时,每个家系最终选留400尾。在仔虾生长至30天时,平均体长为(2.38±0.12)cm,平均体重为(0.20±0.09)g,每个家系随机挑选300尾并对每尾对虾个体进行可视嵌入性荧光注射标记,将染料标记注射到对虾第六腹节的左右两侧,通过不同的颜色组合,区分不同的来源家系。将已标记的各家系个体混合放置于同一个室内水泥池(5 m×5 m×1.5 m)中进行混养,作抗逆实验的实验材料。当对虾生长至120、180、240日龄时,各家系逐条辨认并挑选10尾对虾进行耐氨氮实验,通过设置6个氨氮质量浓度梯度(4、8、16、32、64、128 mg/L)和1个对照组,每组设1个平行。每隔24 h统计对虾死亡个体数,并在96 h后统计存活个体数,依照线性回归法计算得出120、180、240日龄时半致死浓度分别为62.3、65.5、69.3 mg/L。
耐氨氮实验在同一个室内水泥池中进行,在各生长时期,每个家系选取30尾对虾分别放入规格为(1.0 m×0.5 m×1.0 m)网框分离,再将网框置于同一个室内水泥池中,以确保所有家系经受相同的氨氮胁迫环境条件,池中的养殖用水添加NH4Cl分析纯晶体(四川西陇科学有限公司,中国),将水体氨氮浓度调节为该时期的96 h半致死浓度,保持充氧,实验过程中不进行投喂,并设置养殖海水中不加NH4Cl对照组。实验期间每隔2 h捞出死亡个体,记录数量并测量体长、体重;96 h实验结束后,统计各家系存活个体数,测量存活个体的体长与体重。
育苗期间淘汰活力差、体质弱的虾苗,仔虾30日龄时采用VIE标记(第六腹节两侧,颜色组合区分家系),每个家系随机挑选50尾日本囊对虾,分别转移至室内外养殖池进行同环境混养,每组进行3个生物学重复,两种养殖环境下,室内外养殖池均使用高锰酸钾消毒并用淡水冲洗干净,养殖海水来自同一海域,经砂滤,强氯精消毒,暴晒3 d,并使用硫代硫酸钠解毒,池底铺上3~4 cm细沙,细沙用高锰酸钾消毒并清洗,以上药品的使用均按照说明书使用量进行。室内外均为水泥池,水泥池长4 m,宽4 m,高1.4 m。两组养殖环境管理模式一致:每日5:00,18:00,23:00投喂斑节对虾0、1、2号饲料(湛江海大饲料有限公司),视沙质情况进行洗沙,每日换水量1/2。24 h不间断充氧,保证溶氧充足。室内外环境的主要差异:温度波动和光照强度。各家系对虾养殖150日龄后,分别从两个模式下每个池每个家系中各挑选日本囊对虾10尾,测量其体长(L)、体重(W),并记录来源家系,各项生长指标与个体及来源家系一一对应。
使用游标卡尺计量对虾体长,电子天平计量对虾体重,测量体重之前先用滤纸吸干体表海水。记录个体的生长数据,并按家系顺序排列,所有个体亲缘关系、生长性状与抗逆性状一一对应,按照方差组分和遗传参数估计所使用软件ASReml的要求,对数据进行整理和排列。表型参数由SPSS软件包计算获得。使用Origin(2024)制作不同家系抗氨氮存活率柱状图。耐氨氮性状的表示方法:存活性状为二项分布的分类变量(存活、死亡),规定1为存活,0为死亡,按照广义线性模型(目标分布采用二项分布)建模并统计家系存活率。
数值数据以平均值±标准差($\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$)表示,用Excel(2022)软件进行方差分析或其他分析。
采用混合线性模型和约束极大似然法估算日本囊对虾生长性状的遗传参数。单性状动物模型为:
${Y_{ijk}} = u + {a_i} + {p_j} + {f_k} + {e_{ijk}}$
式中,i为个体数;j为池数;k为家系数,Yijk为第i尾虾的生长性状观测值;u为总体均值;ai为第i尾虾生长性状的加性遗传效应;pj为共同环境效应;fk为第k个家系的全同胞组随机效应;eijk为随机残差。
$遗传力的计算公式为:{\rm{ }}{h^2} = \frac{{\sigma _a^2}}{{\sigma _p^2}}$
式中,h2为遗传力,$\sigma _a^2$为加性遗传方差,$\sigma _p^2$为表型方差。
${\rm{表型方差}}\sigma _p^2 = \sigma _a^2 + \sigma _c^2 + \sigma _f^2 + \sigma _e^2$
式中,$\sigma _c^2$为共同环境方差,$\sigma _f^2$为全同胞方差,$\sigma _e^2$为残差方差。
表型相关或者遗传相关的计算公式为:
${r_{p/G\left( {xy} \right)}} = \frac{{{\delta _{p/G\left( {xy} \right)}}}}{{\sqrt {\delta _{p/G\left( x \right)}^2\delta _{p/G\left( y \right)}^2} }}$
式中,${r_{p/G\left({xy} \right)}}$为两生长性状xy的表型或遗传相关系数,衡量性状关联程度,取值‒1~1。${\delta _{p/G\left({xy} \right)}}$是两性状xy的表型或遗传协方差,反映性状协同变化情况。$\delta _{p/G\left(x \right)}^2$$\delta _{p/G\left(y \right)}^2$分别为性状xy的表型或遗传方差,体现性状数据离散度。公式通过协方差与方差乘积开方的比值,标准化计算性状相关系数。用阈模型和广义线性混合模型方法(非线性连接函数为logistic)估计存活性状的方差组分。
育种分析模型为公母畜模型:
${P_r}({y_{ijkls}} = 1) = {P_r}({L_{ijkls}} > 0) = \frac{{{{\rm{e}}^{u + {H_i} + b{d_j} + {s_k} + {m_l}}}}}{{1 + {{\rm{e}}^{u + {H_i} + b{d_j} + {s_k} + {m_l}}}}}$
式中,${y_{ijkls}}$为第s个体的存活状态(1为存活,0为死亡),${L_{ijkls}}$为潜在变量,如果${L_{ijkls}} >0$,那么${y_{ijkls}} = 1$,如果${y_{ijkls}} \le 0$,那么${y_{ijkls}} = 0$u为总体平均值,${H_i}$为固定效应,${d_j}$为日龄协变量,b为回归系数,${s_k}$为第k个父本加性遗传效应,${m_{l\;}}$为第l个母本加性遗传效应。
$存活性状遗传力公式为:{h^2} = \frac{{4\sigma _{{\rm{sd}}}^2}}{{2\sigma _{{\rm{sd}}}^2 + \sigma _{\rm{e}}^2}}$
式中,${\rm{\sigma }}_{{\rm{sd}}}^2$为公母畜方差组分均值,$\sigma _{\rm{e}}^2$为残差方差组分,logistic分布值为π2/3。
使用Excel(2022)和Origin(2024)软件对生长性状测量值进行初步统计分析,记录共56组体长与体重参数用于后续分析。对于同一性状(如体长),通过独立样本t检验比较其在两种养殖环境(室内vs.室外)下的均值差异。
依照ASReml软件要求,建立多性状个体动物模型以估计两种养殖环境下体长与体质量的遗传力,模型如下:
${Y_{ijk}} = u + {b_i} + {l_{ijk}} + {a_i} + {e_{ijk}}$
式中,i为个体编号;Yijk为对虾个体i的性状观测值;u为性状总体均值;bi为第i个环境固定效应;ai为个体i的加性遗传效应;lijk为初始体长协变量;eijk为随机残差。
因每尾对虾的生长性状在单一环境中检测,同性状无需考虑固定环境效应,故模型中未纳入环境固定效应项。利用ASReml-R4.0将室内、室外环境下的同一生长性状视为不同性状,估计两者的遗传相关:若相关系数<0.8,则表明存在显著的基因型-环境互作效应(G×E);反之则不显著。
采用Z检验分析室内外环境下生长性状遗传力的差异显著性,公式为:
$Z = \frac{{h_{{\rm{indoor}}}^2 - h_{{\rm{outdoor}}}^2}}{{\sqrt {{\rm{SE}}_{{\rm{indoor}}}^2 + {\rm{SE}}_{{\rm{outdoor}}}^2} }}$
式中,$h_{{\rm{indoor}}}^2$$h_{{\rm{outdoor}}}^2$分别为室内、室外环境的遗传力估计值,${\rm{S}}{{\rm{E}}_{{\rm{indoor}}}}$${\rm{S}}{{\rm{E}}_{{\rm{outdoor}}}}$为对应的标准误。当|Z|≥1.96时,差异在0.05水平上显著。
日本囊对虾体长、体重与耐氨氮存活率的表型性状的统计详见表1图1,这3个性状的变异系数为6.30%~55.54%,其中120日龄体重与120日龄耐氨氮性的变异系数较高,分别为40.66%和55.54%;而120日龄体长的变异系数为15.42%。由图1得出3个不同时期日本囊对虾各家系存活率分别为6.67%~76.6%,33.33%~86.67%,23.33%~86.67%,家系间的差异极大。且由图1可以看出随着日龄的增加,大多数的实验家系耐氨氮存活率上升,仅有小部分家系存活率不变甚至下降。表明随着日龄的增长,日本囊对虾的抗氨氮能力整体上升。上述结果表明,日本囊对虾G4群体生长性状与耐氨氮性状存在丰富的遗传变异,选育潜力大。
不同时期日本囊对虾的生长性状遗传力与方差组分见表2。3个生长阶段的生长性状遗传力均处于中高度遗传力水平,其中180日龄体长遗传力最高,为0.3857±0.0533;240日龄体重遗传力最低,为0.1752±0.0428。耐氨氮性状遗传力显著低于生长性状,表明抗逆性状相对生长性状的可遗传能力较低,受环境因子影响更大,增加了选育难度,建议通过多世代选育逐步积累遗传效应。
日本囊对虾的体长与体重在120、180和240日龄均表现出极强的正表型相关,其相关系数分别为0.9716±0.0103、0.9116±0.0115和0.9316± 0.0121,所有相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),显示二者生长发育高度协同。耐氨氮性状与体长的表型相关均为负值,范围在–0.0685~ –0.0187之间,且该负相关性随日龄增长而逐渐减弱。遗传相关方面,体长与耐氨氮性状的遗传关联随日龄变化不显著,120日龄(–0.0683± 0.0137)到240日龄均为负相关(–0.0820±0.1247)。体重与耐氨氮性状的遗传相关较弱且不稳定,120日龄为(–0.0430±0.0021),180日龄接近零(0.0121± 0.0241)。整体来看,120日龄生长性状与耐氨氮性状的遗传相关性较强,到240日龄,其表型和遗传相关均减弱,表明早期生长与抗逆性之间的权衡机制更为显著。
从室内外水泥池分别收集840尾日本囊对虾生长性状样本,室内外养殖环境下生长性状描述性统计见表4。结果显示,室内池体长与室外池无显著差异(P>0.05),但室内池体重显著低于室外池(t=31.52,P<0.001);同时,室外池体重变异系数显著低于室内池(F=3.68,P<0.001),表明开放环境既利于提升对虾体重,又能降低体重表型的离散程度,而室内可控环境更有助于维持体长性状的表型稳定性。
两种养殖环境下日本囊对虾生长性状及室内外养殖环境下同一生长性状的遗传力统计见表5。室内养殖环境下,日本囊对虾体长与体重的遗传力分别为(0.3613±0.044)、(0.2923±0.045),处于中等遗传力水平。室外养殖环境下日本囊对虾体长与体重的遗传力分别为(0.3310±0.038)、(0.2672± 0.042),呈中等遗传力水平,室内养殖环境体长与体重的遗传力均高于室外,但差异不显著。日本囊对虾在室内外环境下的体长和体重遗传相关分别为(–0.017±0.176)、(0.136±0.185),均小于0.8,表明室内外养殖环境下体长与体重G×E效应显著。
本研究测得日本囊对虾G4群体120日龄、180日龄和240日龄体长遗传力分别为(0.3587± 0.0527)、(0.3857±0.0533)和(0.3465±0.0473),体重遗传力依次为(0.3196±0.0522)、(0.2864±0.0495)和(0.1752±0.0428)。与王全超[34]报道的凡纳滨对虾体长遗传力0.452、体重0.321,以及史天一[35]测得的日本囊对虾体长遗传力(0.4956±0.0642)、体重(0.4462±0.0547)相比,本研究G4群体体长遗传力略高于体重。值得注意的是,郑静静[8]和Liu等[9]对G2、G3选育群体的研究显示,其遗传力估值已降至0.15~0.20区间。这一现象揭示生长性状的表型差异受遗传与环境因素共同调控,其中遗传因素贡献了17%~39%的变异量,其余由环境效应及基因-环境互作效应决定。从选育实践来看,若以提升生长速度为目标,优先选择体长作为选育指标可能更具效率,因其遗传力估值普遍高于体重且受环境干扰相对较小。钟声平等[36]基于G1野生驯化群体的研究显示,60日龄体长和体重遗传力分别高达0.43±0.11和0.44±0.12,与本研究120日龄的中等遗传力结果一致,这种世代间遗传力波动可能与选育过程中遗传多样性变化相关:G1因包含野生种质资源具有较高加性遗传方差,而后续世代在人工选择压力下遗传多样性降低,导致G2~G3遗传力下降。本研究G4遗传力回升至0.17~0.39,这种阶段性波动是否与选育策略中的家系构建或近交控制存在关联,尚需结合不同世代同阶段的遗传力数据进一步分析,目前暂不能明确其内在联系,后续将通过多世代追踪数据验证该趋势。
不同日龄的体长与体重遗传力呈现出差异化的变化趋势。体长遗传力在180日龄达峰,为(0.3857±0.0533),较120日龄的(0.3587±0.0527)和240日龄的(0.3465±0.0473)分别提升7.5%和11.3%,这与180日龄处于快速生长期、遗传潜能差异通过生长速率充分显现密切相关,符合甲壳类生长模式的阶段性特征。而体重遗传力在240日龄显著下降,为0.1752±0.0428,推测与后期生长重心转向繁殖准备、环境因素(如摄食竞争)对体重的影响增强有关,与体长遗传力的变化机制存在明显差异。这反映了环境方差贡献率的增加。郑静静等[37]对凡纳滨对虾、唐瞻杨等[38]对尼罗罗非鱼及马文超等[39]对红鳍东方鲀的研究也观察到类似趋势。这可能是随着生长周期的增长,日本囊对虾受母体效应影响逐渐减小的结果,具体而言,养殖后期因个体大小差异导致的摄食竞争及密度胁迫可能掩盖了遗传效应。
本研究中日本囊对虾120日龄,180日龄,240日龄的遗传力分别为(0.1327±0.0621)、(0.1187± 0.0273)和(0.1423±0.0308),不同日龄日本囊对虾耐氨氮性状遗传力均属于低遗传力,表明其表型变异更多受环境因素如氨氮暴露时间和个体生理状态的影响。这一结果与蒋湘等[11]对日本囊对虾耐氨氮遗传力(0.13±0.06)、周发林等[40]对斑节对虾耐氨氮遗传力(0.11±0.04)的研究结果一致,均属于低等遗传力,但低于大菱鲆耐氨氮性状的遗传力(0.47±0.19)[41],提示相同抗逆性状的遗传结构存在物种特异性。此外,本研究发现耐氨氮存活率随日龄增加呈上升趋势(表1),但其遗传力未显著升高,可能与高龄个体生理耐受性增强掩盖了遗传潜力有关。鉴于抗逆性状的低遗传力,传统个体选择效率有限,建议采用家系选育结合基因型-环境互作分析,以提升选育响应。
本研究显示,日本囊对虾各日龄段的体长与体重均呈现极强的表型相关及遗传相关:表型相关系数为0.9001~0.9819,遗传相关系数为0.8501~ 0.9145,且所有相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),表明两者生长发育高度协同,这与王成伟等[42]在脊尾白虾中测得的体重与体长表型相关系数0.7420、遗传相关系数0.9514的结果相互印证,共同揭示了甲壳类生长性状的协同遗传调控机制——选择任一生长性状均可同步改良另一性状,为早期选育流程简化提供了数据支撑。
值得注意的是,生长与耐氨氮性的关联呈现显著的日龄依赖性:幼龄期(120日龄)体长与耐氨氮性呈弱负遗传相关(r_A= –0.0683±0.0137,P>0.05),与同期体重-耐氨氮性的弱负遗传相关(r_A= ‒0.0430±0.0021,P>0.05)趋势一致,未出现正向关联;至成体期(240日龄),体长-耐氨氮性遗传相关(r_A= ‒0.0820±0.1247,P>0.05)、体重-耐氨氮性遗传相关(r_A= ‒0.0410±0.0114,P>0.05)仍维持弱负水平,且相关系数绝对值未显著升高,提示生长与抗逆性的权衡机制在不同日龄均较微弱。
进一步分析表型相关与遗传相关的关联发现,120日龄体长-耐氨氮性表型相关(r= ‒0.0670± 0.0015,P>0.05)与遗传相关(r_A= ‒0.0683±0.0137,P>0.05)数值接近,未出现显著解离,表明环境因素对遗传效应的掩盖作用较弱,这与耐氨氮性状低遗传力特征(表2,遗传力0.0914~0.1731)相呼应,进一步支持“生长与耐氨氮受独立遗传机制调控”的结论。该结果为多性状协同选育提供关键依据——无需担心性状间负向干扰,可通过综合选择指数兼顾生长与抗逆育种值,同时凸显分子标记辅助选择(MAS)在精准挖掘抗逆遗传位点、提升低遗传力性状选育效率中的应用潜力[43-44]
数量性状的遗传力不仅由性状本身特性决定,还受个体及群体所处生活环境的影响。本研究中,日本囊对虾在室内与室外两种养殖环境下的体长和体重遗传力存在差异,分别为(0.3613±0.044)、(0.2923±0.045)和(0.3310±0.038)、(0.2672±0.042),均表现为中等遗传力水平。这可能与室内外养殖环境中光照强度、温度等环境因子的差异有关,进而导致个体生长性状表现出差异。
在同一物种不同环境的遗传力评估中,由于同一基因型的方差组分受环境因子影响,遗传力估计值会产生差异。该现象在水产动物研究中已被国内外学者广泛报道:Enez等[45]估计不同站点和队列的太平洋牡蛎死亡综合征遗传力为0.16~ 0.42;Tan等[46]发现凡纳滨对虾在两种养殖密度下的生长和存活性状遗传力存在差异,其中生长性状遗传力为0.21~0.44,存活性状遗传力分别为(0.36±0.06)和(0.22±0.04);栾生等[47]基于两个养殖地点的凡纳滨对虾群体,分析体重和存活性状遗传参数,发现体重遗传力为0.10~0.52,存活性状遗传力为0.23~0.51,呈中低至中高遗传力水平,与本研究结果一致。本研究中室内养殖环境下的体长和体重遗传力高于室外,可能与尺度效应相关,即室内环境更稳定,环境方差较小,使得遗传方差占比相对更高。上述研究多报道低或中低遗传力,而本研究生长性状遗传力多表现为中高水平。分析认为,本研究采用的是选育第四世代的日本囊对虾人工群体,理论上随选育世代增加,若遗传多样性降低,遗传力可能逐步降低;本研究G4遗传力回升,可能与家系构建中的近交控制或种质优化有关,需进一步验证。
G×E效应作为评估品种环境适应能力的重要参考指标,直接影响优良性状在不同环境中的表达[48]。当前对虾G×E效应研究主要集中于凡纳滨对虾生长性状,而日本囊对虾的相关研究较少。Castillo-Juárez等[49]将凡纳滨对虾养殖于两个养殖场,在9.1尾/m2和14.8尾/m2密度下,发现体重性状存在显著G×E效应;Li等[50]在18 ℃与28 ℃条件下评估体重的G×E效应,结果显示其效应显著(K>0.5)。但Gitterle等[51]在哥伦比亚五个养殖场的研究中,发现凡纳滨对虾体重G×E效应不显著。Prochaska等[52]则发现凡纳滨对虾生长性状在正常盐度(NS)与低盐度(LS)间的遗传相关高达0.87±0.07,表明盐度环境对基因型表达影响微弱,即G×E效应较弱。
本研究中,日本囊对虾在两种养殖环境下的体长和体重遗传相关分别为−0.017±0.176和0.136±0.185,存在显著的G×E效应。这可能是由于G×E效应受环境差异程度影响:环境差异越大,遗传相关评估值越小,G×E效应越显著[53]。尽管本研究两组环境保持相同的日常管理与投喂,但室内外养殖池在光照、温度、浮游生物种类等环境因子上存在显著差异,导致G×E效应明显。此外,室内外环境下体长与体重的遗传相关差异显著(P<0.05)。鉴于当前日本囊对虾人工选育多在室内进行,而实际养殖以室外高位池为主,环境差异显著,本研究及前人结果表明:在新品种(系)推广过程中,需要针对不同的养殖模式建立育种群体进行选育,降低环境差异影响,以保证人工选育对虾在不同养殖场景中均能表达优良经济性状。
本研究基于日本囊对虾G4选育群体的28个全/半同胞家系,采用线性混合模型与阈模型相结合的方法,系统评估了120、180、240日龄生长性状(体长、体重)和耐氨氮性状的遗传参数及互作效应。结果表明,生长性状呈现稳定的中等遗传力水平,其中体长为0.2992~0.4390,体重为0.1324~0.3718;而耐氨氮性状遗传力较低,为0.0914~0.1731。不同日龄生长性状间存在极显著的遗传正相关(0.8501~0.9145)与表型正相关(0.9001~0.9819),证实早期选择可有效同步改良多发育阶段表型。生长与耐氨氮性状的遗传相关为−0.1957~0.0362,表型相关为−0.0975~0.0955,均未达到显著水平(P>0.05),提示二者受独立遗传机制调控。进一步分析显示,日本囊对虾在室内外养殖环境下的生长性状遗传相关显著偏低,其中体长为(−0.017±0.176),体重为(0.136±0.185),表明存在明显的基因型与环境互作效应。据此,本研究提出通过家系内个体生长性状选择与家系间抗逆性状选育相结合的复合策略实现多性状协同改良,并需针对不同养殖环境制定特异性育种方案,为日本囊对虾高效精准育种体系的构建提供理论支撑。
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2025年第32卷第12期
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doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0182
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
  • 修回日期:2025-08-10
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    广东海洋大学水产学院,广东 湛江 524088

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刘建勇,教授,研究方向为水产经济动物育种与增养殖. E-mail:
LIU Jianyong. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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