Article(id=1271391555848975325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12264/JFSC2025-0191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750176000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-18, revisedDate=1756224000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781052968218, onlineDateStr=2026-06-10, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781052968218, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781052968218, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781052968218, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1271391553579848391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, year='2025', volume='32', issue='12', pageStart='1717', pageEnd='1844', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781052967652, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781053078366, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1271392018073849945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1271392018078044250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1717, endPage=1733, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1271391556348097503, articleId=1271391555848975325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=EN, title=Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Channa maculata and hybrid snakehead (C. maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂) during early development and screening of key growth-related genes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, is a cornerstone of modern aquaculture; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, particularly during the critical early developmental stages, remain poorly understood. Hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × C. argus ♂) displays marked growth superiority over its parents, making it an ideal model for dissecting the genetic basis of heterosis. In this study, we aimed to identify key regulatory genes and molecular pathways driving the early growth advantage in hybrid snakehead through comparative transcriptomic analysis against its maternal parent, C. maculata. Specifically, we constructed 12 cDNA libraries from whole-body samples at 13 days post-hatching (dph) and muscle tissues at 43 dph for both hybrid and parental groups. High-throughput RNA sequencing yielded approximately 500 million high-quality clean reads, with Q30 percentages consistently above 93.76% and mapping rates to the C. maculata reference genome (GCA_020496755.1) ranging from 68.73% to 95.90%, thereby confirming dataset reliability. Principal component analysis revealed distinct transcriptional profiles between hybrid and parental groups at both developmental stages, with the first principal component (PC1) accounting for 54.70% (13 dph) and 88.80% (43 dph) of total variance, indicating significant, stage-specific transcriptional reprogramming in the hybrid. Differential expression analysis, using a threshold of |log2 (Fold Change)|≥1 and false discovery rate<0.05, identified 721 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 427 up- and 294 down-regulated) at 13 dph and 385 DEGs (168 up- and 217 down-regulated) at 43 dph in hybrid group. Venn analysis revealed 23 core DEGs shared between both stages, suggesting their sustained importance in growth regulation. Gene ontology enrichment analysis highlighted a dynamic shift in biological functions: at 13 dph, DEGs were predominantly enriched in foundational processes—such as "metabolic process," "cellular process, " "binding," and "catalytic activity" —suggesting an early metabolic priming for rapid growth in hybrid group; at 43 dph, the functional landscape significantly shifted towards "developmental process", "multicellular organismal process", and "transporter activity", reflecting a transition to active tissue construction and morphological development. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis further emphasized the enrichment of pathways associated with neuro-regulation, feeding behavior, muscle development, and energy metabolism. Ten core candidate genes, including npy, slc25a5, ugp2, obscn, ache, coro1ca, tuba, lmod2, nr4a1, and trim33, were selected, and their expression patterns were successfully validated via qPCR. Notably, the consistent upregulation of neuropeptide Y (npy), a potent appetite stimulator, suggests enhanced feeding motivation. Moreover, the upregulation of genes involved in energy metabolism, such as UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 (ugp2) and solute carrier family 25 member 5 (slc25a5), indicates an optimized energy supply chain for fueling growth. Concurrently, the downregulation of growth inhibitors—such as tripartite motif-containing 33 (trim33)—may relieve myogenic inhibition. Furthermore, genes crucial for muscle structure and remodeling, including leiomodin-2 (lmod2) and coronin-1A (coro1ca), showed differential expression, underscoring active muscle development. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that early growth heterosis in hybrid snakehead is not governed by a single master gene but constitutes a complex trait orchestrated by the synergistic action of multiple genes across diverse biological pathways. We propose a model where enhanced neuroendocrine-driven feeding motivation, highly efficient energy metabolism, and accelerated muscle development collectively underpin growth superiority in hybrid group. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular basis of fish heterosis and establish a scientific basis for marker-assisted selection, genetic improvement, and sustainable aquaculture of snakehead.

, correspAuthors=Jianhua CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiajun LIU, Qing LUO, Haiyang LIU, Jiafeng LIU, Mi OU, Shuzhan FEI, Jianhua CHEN, Jian ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1271391564384383985, articleId=1271391555848975325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=CN, title=杂交鳢与斑鳢早期发育的比较转录组分析及生长优势关键基因的筛选, columnId=1271391555995767499, journalTitle=中国水产科学, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究利用高通量RNA测序技术,对斑鳢(Channa maculata)和杂交鳢(C. maculata ♀×C. argus ♂)在13 dph和43 dph两个关键早期阶段的全鱼和肌肉组织转录组进行了比较分析,旨在揭示杂交鳢早期生长优势的分子机制。结果显示,在13 dph阶段,共鉴定到721个DEGs,包括427个上调基因和294个下调基因;在43 dph阶段,鉴定出385个DEGs,包括168个上调基因和217个下调基因,两个时期共有23个重叠的DEGs。GO功能富集分析显示,DEGs主要富集于细胞过程、代谢过程、生物调控和发育过程。KEGG通路富集分析表明,13 dph阶段的DEGs主要与胆固醇代谢和能量生成相关,43 dph阶段则主要富集于脂质代谢、碳水化合物代谢和信号转导通路。通过整合功能注释和PPI网络分析及qPCR验证,本研究鉴定出10个在杂交鳢生长优势中可能发挥核心作用的候选基因(npyslc25a5ugp2obscnachecoro1catubalmod2nr4a1trim33)。这些基因主要参与神经递质调控、摄食行为、肌肉发育及能量代谢等关键生物学过程。本研究从转录组层面阐释了杂交鳢生长优势的分子基础,为深入解析杂种优势的分子调控网络奠定了基础,并为水产动物的分子育种提供了重要的理论依据和候选基因靶点。

, correspAuthors=陈建华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈建华,正高级实验师,研究方向为水产动物繁育及健康养殖. E-mail:
CHEN Jianhua. E-mail:
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刘佳骏,男,硕士研究生,研究方向为鱼类繁殖与遗传育种. E-mail:

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刘佳骏,男,硕士研究生,研究方向为鱼类繁殖与遗传育种. E-mail:

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Biological Chemistry, 2019, 400(11): 1443-1464., refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1271391565441348595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1271391565500068852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, companyId=1271391565441348595, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology; College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1271391565521040373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, companyId=1271391565441348595, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.江苏海洋大学海洋科学与水产学院,江苏省海洋生物技术重点实验室,江苏 连云港 222005)]), AuthorCompany(id=1271391566947103734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1271391566976463863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, companyId=1271391566947103734, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1271391566984852472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, companyId=1271391566947103734, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国水产科学研究院珠江水产研究所,农业农村部热带亚热带水产种质资源利用与养殖重点实验室,广东 广州 510380)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1271391576438812718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Principal component analysis (PCA) of transcriptomes from Channa maculata and hybrid snakehead (C. maculata♀×C. argus♂), figureFileSmall=EDwxas6dDD9nBlbJINVc6g==, figureFileBig=8xKCaeYBIE+hRL6JSlhLpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391576782745647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, language=CN, label=图1, caption=斑鳢与杂交鳢转录组主成分分析结果

a.13 dph全鱼样本的PCA分析;b. 43 dph肌肉组织样本的PCA分析.

, figureFileSmall=EDwxas6dDD9nBlbJINVc6g==, figureFileBig=8xKCaeYBIE+hRL6JSlhLpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391576967295024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=DEG analysis between Channa maculata and hybrid snakehead (C. maculata♀×C. argus♂) at different developmental stages, figureFileSmall=VChIguchiwYady9UXbMGKQ==, figureFileBig=RRizltCQxEdZzgm4E6+PBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391577231536177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, language=CN, label=图2, caption=斑鳢与杂交鳢在不同发育阶段的DEGs分析

a. 13 dph阶段的DEGs火山图;b. 43 dph阶段的DEGs火山图;c.两个阶段共有DEGs的韦恩图.

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a. 13 dph阶段的DEGs表达热图;b. 43 dph阶段的DEGs表达热图.

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a. 13 dph时期的表达聚类;b. 43 dph时期的表达聚类.

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a.13 dph阶段DEGs的GO富集分析;b.43 dph阶段DEGs的GO富集分析. 红色柱状图代表杂交鳢中上调基因富集的GO条目,蓝色柱状图代表下调基因富集的GO条目.

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a. 13 dph阶段DEGs显著富集的KEGG通路;b. 43 dph阶段DEGs显著富集的KEGG通路.

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a. 13 dph阶段差异基因的PPI网络;b. 43 dph阶段差异基因的PPI网络.

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Primer sequence of real-time quantitative PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称primer name引物序列(5′−3′)primer sequence(5′−3′)
ache-FGAGGTGCTGCTTGGCATAAA
ache-RCATCGCTCCAGTCTGTGTACTG
obscn-FACTGATGAGGATGGATTGATGGA
obscn-RGTGCTCTGCATGAAATGGGC
npy-FAGGCAGAGGTATGGGAAGAGA
npy-RATCTTGACTGTGGAAGCGTGT
coro1ca-FTGTAGCAAGTTCGGCTCTGAC
coro1ca-RTTTTCCTGTTGCCTGAAGCC
slc25a5-FGGTAACCTGGCATCTGGTGG
slc25a5-RTCACCAAGCAATCTCCCAGG
ugp2-FTCGATCCAGCCCTACGAGAA
ugp2-RAGTTTGACCACAGCGAGCTT
tuba-FACGTTCCAAGAGCCATCTTCA
tuba-RAGCGTCCTCCTTCCCTGTAA
lmod2-FCTGTGCTCAGCAGACATTGC
lmod2-RAGGGGTCAGTCTCACAGGAT
nr4a1-FTACAGGTTGGCCTCCCATAA
nr4a1-RATGGAGTCGATCCAGTCACC
trim33-FCCAAGGGAAATCAACTGAAGAAG
trim33-RCTATAAGATGTTGAACACGCTCCT
β-actin-FGCAAGCAGGAGTATGATGAG
β-actin-RTTGGGATTGTTTCAGTCAGT
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实时荧光定量PCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称primer name引物序列(5′−3′)primer sequence(5′−3′)
ache-FGAGGTGCTGCTTGGCATAAA
ache-RCATCGCTCCAGTCTGTGTACTG
obscn-FACTGATGAGGATGGATTGATGGA
obscn-RGTGCTCTGCATGAAATGGGC
npy-FAGGCAGAGGTATGGGAAGAGA
npy-RATCTTGACTGTGGAAGCGTGT
coro1ca-FTGTAGCAAGTTCGGCTCTGAC
coro1ca-RTTTTCCTGTTGCCTGAAGCC
slc25a5-FGGTAACCTGGCATCTGGTGG
slc25a5-RTCACCAAGCAATCTCCCAGG
ugp2-FTCGATCCAGCCCTACGAGAA
ugp2-RAGTTTGACCACAGCGAGCTT
tuba-FACGTTCCAAGAGCCATCTTCA
tuba-RAGCGTCCTCCTTCCCTGTAA
lmod2-FCTGTGCTCAGCAGACATTGC
lmod2-RAGGGGTCAGTCTCACAGGAT
nr4a1-FTACAGGTTGGCCTCCCATAA
nr4a1-RATGGAGTCGATCCAGTCACC
trim33-FCCAAGGGAAATCAACTGAAGAAG
trim33-RCTATAAGATGTTGAACACGCTCCT
β-actin-FGCAAGCAGGAGTATGATGAG
β-actin-RTTGGGATTGTTTCAGTCAGT
), ArticleFig(id=1271391580423401536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Quality assessment statistics of transcriptome sequencing data of Channa maculata and hybrid snakehead (C. maculata♀×C. argus♂) at 13 dph and 43 dph

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本名称sample name原始序列raw reads有效序列clean readsQ20/%Q30/%GC含量/% GC percent比对率/%mapping rate
BB16136029300580169762297.7293.9648.0368.73
BB27203779700681666699197.7393.7646.8471.43
BB36310743600586214143497.9094.3147.4073.20
BW15458605300508881324497.8894.3247.1078.99
BW26212462100576026223497.8594.2846.7775.61
BW36084906300571137797497.9494.3846.6871.98
BB-M16317637600626162323098.2794.8750.0495.50
BB-M26640637100656820804498.2294.7550.2395.79
BB-M36371246700632032189998.1094.3949.7795.90
BW-M16760873800669818807698.1994.6550.0492.55
BW-M26406542000633971055398.1694.5849.9091.88
BW-M36788083500672860146598.2594.8450.0892.24
), ArticleFig(id=1271391580515676225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555848975325, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

斑鳢与杂交鳢在13 dph和43 dph的转录组测序数据质量评估统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本名称sample name原始序列raw reads有效序列clean readsQ20/%Q30/%GC含量/% GC percent比对率/%mapping rate
BB16136029300580169762297.7293.9648.0368.73
BB27203779700681666699197.7393.7646.8471.43
BB36310743600586214143497.9094.3147.4073.20
BW15458605300508881324497.8894.3247.1078.99
BW26212462100576026223497.8594.2846.7775.61
BW36084906300571137797497.9494.3846.6871.98
BB-M16317637600626162323098.2794.8750.0495.50
BB-M26640637100656820804498.2294.7550.2395.79
BB-M36371246700632032189998.1094.3949.7795.90
BW-M16760873800669818807698.1994.6550.0492.55
BW-M26406542000633971055398.1694.5849.9091.88
BW-M36788083500672860146598.2594.8450.0892.24
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杂交鳢与斑鳢早期发育的比较转录组分析及生长优势关键基因的筛选
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刘佳骏 1, 2 , 罗青 2 , 刘海洋 2 , 刘嘉峰 2 , 欧密 2 , 费树站 2 , 陈建华 *, 1, * , 赵建 2
中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025,32(12): 1717-1733
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中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025, 32(12): 1717-1733
杂交鳢与斑鳢早期发育的比较转录组分析及生长优势关键基因的筛选
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刘佳骏1, 2 , 罗青2, 刘海洋2, 刘嘉峰2, 欧密2, 费树站2, 陈建华*, 1, * , 赵建2
作者信息
  • 1.江苏海洋大学海洋科学与水产学院,江苏省海洋生物技术重点实验室,江苏 连云港 222005
  • 2.中国水产科学研究院珠江水产研究所,农业农村部热带亚热带水产种质资源利用与养殖重点实验室,广东 广州 510380
  • 刘佳骏,男,硕士研究生,研究方向为鱼类繁殖与遗传育种. E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈建华,正高级实验师,研究方向为水产动物繁育及健康养殖. E-mail:
CHEN Jianhua. E-mail:
Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Channa maculata and hybrid snakehead (C. maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂) during early development and screening of key growth-related genes
Jiajun LIU1, 2 , Qing LUO2, Haiyang LIU2, Jiafeng LIU2, Mi OU2, Shuzhan FEI2, Jianhua CHEN1 , Jian ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology; College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0191
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本研究利用高通量RNA测序技术,对斑鳢(Channa maculata)和杂交鳢(C. maculata ♀×C. argus ♂)在13 dph和43 dph两个关键早期阶段的全鱼和肌肉组织转录组进行了比较分析,旨在揭示杂交鳢早期生长优势的分子机制。结果显示,在13 dph阶段,共鉴定到721个DEGs,包括427个上调基因和294个下调基因;在43 dph阶段,鉴定出385个DEGs,包括168个上调基因和217个下调基因,两个时期共有23个重叠的DEGs。GO功能富集分析显示,DEGs主要富集于细胞过程、代谢过程、生物调控和发育过程。KEGG通路富集分析表明,13 dph阶段的DEGs主要与胆固醇代谢和能量生成相关,43 dph阶段则主要富集于脂质代谢、碳水化合物代谢和信号转导通路。通过整合功能注释和PPI网络分析及qPCR验证,本研究鉴定出10个在杂交鳢生长优势中可能发挥核心作用的候选基因(npyslc25a5ugp2obscnachecoro1catubalmod2nr4a1trim33)。这些基因主要参与神经递质调控、摄食行为、肌肉发育及能量代谢等关键生物学过程。本研究从转录组层面阐释了杂交鳢生长优势的分子基础,为深入解析杂种优势的分子调控网络奠定了基础,并为水产动物的分子育种提供了重要的理论依据和候选基因靶点。

斑鳢  /  杂交鳢  /  早期发育  /  转录组  /  肌肉  /  杂交优势

Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, is a cornerstone of modern aquaculture; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, particularly during the critical early developmental stages, remain poorly understood. Hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × C. argus ♂) displays marked growth superiority over its parents, making it an ideal model for dissecting the genetic basis of heterosis. In this study, we aimed to identify key regulatory genes and molecular pathways driving the early growth advantage in hybrid snakehead through comparative transcriptomic analysis against its maternal parent, C. maculata. Specifically, we constructed 12 cDNA libraries from whole-body samples at 13 days post-hatching (dph) and muscle tissues at 43 dph for both hybrid and parental groups. High-throughput RNA sequencing yielded approximately 500 million high-quality clean reads, with Q30 percentages consistently above 93.76% and mapping rates to the C. maculata reference genome (GCA_020496755.1) ranging from 68.73% to 95.90%, thereby confirming dataset reliability. Principal component analysis revealed distinct transcriptional profiles between hybrid and parental groups at both developmental stages, with the first principal component (PC1) accounting for 54.70% (13 dph) and 88.80% (43 dph) of total variance, indicating significant, stage-specific transcriptional reprogramming in the hybrid. Differential expression analysis, using a threshold of |log2 (Fold Change)|≥1 and false discovery rate<0.05, identified 721 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 427 up- and 294 down-regulated) at 13 dph and 385 DEGs (168 up- and 217 down-regulated) at 43 dph in hybrid group. Venn analysis revealed 23 core DEGs shared between both stages, suggesting their sustained importance in growth regulation. Gene ontology enrichment analysis highlighted a dynamic shift in biological functions: at 13 dph, DEGs were predominantly enriched in foundational processes—such as "metabolic process," "cellular process, " "binding," and "catalytic activity" —suggesting an early metabolic priming for rapid growth in hybrid group; at 43 dph, the functional landscape significantly shifted towards "developmental process", "multicellular organismal process", and "transporter activity", reflecting a transition to active tissue construction and morphological development. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis further emphasized the enrichment of pathways associated with neuro-regulation, feeding behavior, muscle development, and energy metabolism. Ten core candidate genes, including npy, slc25a5, ugp2, obscn, ache, coro1ca, tuba, lmod2, nr4a1, and trim33, were selected, and their expression patterns were successfully validated via qPCR. Notably, the consistent upregulation of neuropeptide Y (npy), a potent appetite stimulator, suggests enhanced feeding motivation. Moreover, the upregulation of genes involved in energy metabolism, such as UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 (ugp2) and solute carrier family 25 member 5 (slc25a5), indicates an optimized energy supply chain for fueling growth. Concurrently, the downregulation of growth inhibitors—such as tripartite motif-containing 33 (trim33)—may relieve myogenic inhibition. Furthermore, genes crucial for muscle structure and remodeling, including leiomodin-2 (lmod2) and coronin-1A (coro1ca), showed differential expression, underscoring active muscle development. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that early growth heterosis in hybrid snakehead is not governed by a single master gene but constitutes a complex trait orchestrated by the synergistic action of multiple genes across diverse biological pathways. We propose a model where enhanced neuroendocrine-driven feeding motivation, highly efficient energy metabolism, and accelerated muscle development collectively underpin growth superiority in hybrid group. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular basis of fish heterosis and establish a scientific basis for marker-assisted selection, genetic improvement, and sustainable aquaculture of snakehead.

Channa maculata  /  Channa maculata ♀×Channa argus ♂  /  early development  /  transcriptome  /  muscle  /  heterosis
刘佳骏, 罗青, 刘海洋, 刘嘉峰, 欧密, 费树站, 陈建华, 赵建. 杂交鳢与斑鳢早期发育的比较转录组分析及生长优势关键基因的筛选. 中国水产科学, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1717 -1733 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0191
Jiajun LIU, Qing LUO, Haiyang LIU, Jiafeng LIU, Mi OU, Shuzhan FEI, Jianhua CHEN, Jian ZHAO. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Channa maculata and hybrid snakehead (C. maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂) during early development and screening of key growth-related genes[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1717 -1733 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0191
随着全球水产养殖业的快速发展以及市场对优质水产品需求的日益增长,杂交育种已成为提升鱼类养殖效益和优化种质资源的核心策略之一。该技术通过整合不同物种的优良特性,旨在培育出生长迅速、抗病能力强、环境适应性优异的新品种,从而显著提高了多种经济鱼类的养殖产量和经济效益[1-6]。其中,杂交鳢(Channa maculata×C. argus)即是通过杂交育种方法显著改善养殖性能的代表性淡水经济鱼类。
杂交鳢有效融合了双亲的优良性状[7],与亲本斑鳢(C. maculata)和乌鳢(C. argus)相比,在生长速度、抗寒能力以及饲料转化效率上均表现出显著的杂交优势[8-9]。尽管已有研究对杂交鳢的形态学、生长性能及基础生理生化指标进行了广泛报道[10],但其杂交优势形成的具体机制,特别是基因表达层面和调控网络的深层解析,尚未得到充分阐明,这限制了对其优良性状的精确理解与定向改良。
转录组学作为功能基因组学的重要技术,能够全面解析特定时空条件下基因表达的动态图谱,为揭示复杂生物学过程的分子机制提供强有力工具[11],在水产动物中,通过比较杂交后代与亲本的转录组,已成功在罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus[12]、鲤(Cyprinus carpio[13]、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella[14]、鳜(Siniperca chuatsi[15]、大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides[16]和长吻鮠(Leiocassis longirostris[17]等多个物种中,鉴定出与生长、代谢和免疫等关键性状相关的基因和调控通路。这些研究证实,转录组分析是揭示杂交优势分子基础的有效途径,为本研究提供了坚实的理论基础和方法学参考。
肌肉是鱼类的主要可食用组织,其生长是衡量养殖动物生产性能的核心指标[18]。鱼类肌肉的生长是一个涉及细胞增殖分化、蛋白质合成、能量代谢和内分泌调控的复杂过程,其中以胰岛素样生长因子(insulin like growth factor,IGF)轴为代表的信号通路扮演着核心调控角色[19,20]。利用转录组学技术,研究人员在鲤[21]、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala[22]和鳜[23]等鱼类中,成功挖掘出调控生长优势的关键基因与通路。因此,对肌肉组织进行转录组分析是解析杂交鳢生长优势分子机制的理想切入点。
本研究运用高通量RNA测序技术,旨在解析杂交鳢生长优势的分子调控网络。为此,我们比较了杂交鳢与斑鳢在两个关键早期发育时期,即13 dph(孵化后天数,days post-hatch)全鱼和43 dph的肌肉组织转录组。这两个时间点的选取紧密围绕水产养殖中从活体饵料到人工配合饲料转换的关键环节:13 dph处于鱼苗完全依赖活体饵料、尚未接触人工饲料的阶段,其转录组数据能反映由遗传决定的生理基础状态,有助于揭示杂交鳢是否存在先天的发育优势。43 dph则在鱼苗完成对人工配合饲料的适应之后,其转录组数据能揭示两种鳢在消化吸收、营养代谢和肌肉生长等方面对人工饲料的长期响应差异,是阐明杂交鳢高效利用饲料实现快速生长分子机制的关键。通过对这两个时期基因表达谱、功能通路等方面的差异分析,本研究旨在筛选并鉴定核心候选基因。研究结果将为揭示鳢科鱼类杂种优势的形成机理提供新见解,并为分子辅助育种提供重要的参考依据。
亲本斑鳢和乌鳢均由广东省肇庆市百晟源水产良种有限公司提供。通过人工控制配对繁殖,获得了两个品系:纯种斑鳢(C. maculata ♀×C. maculata ♂,记为BB)和杂交鳢(C. maculata ♀×C. argus ♂,记为BW)。实验鱼在孵化后即被转移至250 L养殖水箱中暂养,养殖条件均严格控制在以下范围:水温(26±1)℃,pH 7.0~7.5,溶解氧浓度≥6.0 mg/L,氨氮浓度<0.5 mg/L,亚硝态氮浓度<0.05 mg/L。光照周期设定为12 h光照与12 h黑暗。实验鱼每日8:00和17:00按体重的3%~5%投喂商品饲料(购买自珠海海龙)。
本研究选取13 dph和43 dph两个时间节点进行取样,在13 dph时随机选取健康的斑鳢和杂交鳢鱼苗各9尾,分为3个生物学重复组,采集全鱼样本。实验鱼经MS-222麻醉后,立即置于液氮中速冻,随后转移至‒80 ℃冰箱保存备用。在43 dph时,同样随机选取健康的斑鳢和杂交鳢鱼苗各9尾,分为3个生物学重复组。实验鱼经MS-222麻醉后,在无菌条件下迅速解剖并取其背部肌肉组织,立即置于液氮中速冻,随后转至‒80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
使用TRIzol试剂(Invitrogen,美国)从13 dph的全鱼样本和43 dph的肌肉组织中提取总RNA。提取的总RNA质量通过Agilent 2100生物分析仪(Agilent Technologies,美国)及无RNase琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行评估。随后通过Oligo(dT)磁珠富集总RNA中的mRNA,并使用片段化缓冲液将富集得到的mRNA进行片段化处理。之后,以NEBNext Ultra RNA文库制备试剂盒(NEB #7530,美国)将片段化mRNA逆转录为cDNA。生成的cDNA经末端修复、接头连接和PCR扩增后,构建用于后续测序的文库。最终构建的测序文库由广州基迪奥生物科技有限公司在Illumina Novaseq 6000平台进行双端测序。
为获得高质量读段(clean reads),首先使用fastp软件(版本0.18.0)对原始读段(raw reads)进行质控,包括去除含接头(adapter)的、含N比例大于10%的、全部由A碱基组成的以及含50%以上质量值Q≤20的reads[24]。随后,评估处理后clean reads的Q20、Q30和GC含量。质控合格的clean reads使用HISAT2软件,与C. maculata参考基因组(GCA_020496755.1)进行比对[25]。每个样品的映射读段(mapped reads)利用StringTie软件(版本v1.3.1)通过基于参考基因组的方法进行组装,并据此定量基因丰度。
对于每个转录区域[26],使用RSEM软件计算FPKM(fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads)值,以量化其表达丰度和变化[27]。为评价实验结果的可靠性和操作稳定性,对样本间的数据进行相关性分析,并计算相关系数。使用R软件包prcomp(http://www.r-project.org/)进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),以揭示不同处理组间的关联性。利用DESeq2软件在两个不同组别间进行差异表达基因分析[28]
根据|log2(Fold Change)|≥1且FDR(false discovery rate,错误发现率)<0.05鉴定差异表达基因和转录本。在GO分析中[29],所有差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)均被映射到基因本体数据库(http://www.geneontology.org/)GO术语中。此映射过程通过GOseq软件完成。随后,确定在每个GO术语中,与基因组背景相比表现出显著富集的DEGs数量。富集的显著性通过使用超几何检验进行判定。DEGs相关的信号通路则通过KEGG数据库进行分析[30]。KOBAS软件用于评估DEGs在KEGG通路中的统计学富集程度。P值经过FDR校正,并以FDR≤0.05作为显著富集的阈值。
为探究DEGs编码蛋白间的相互作用关系,本研究利用在线数据库STRING(https://string-db.org/)构建PPI网络。将筛选出的DEGs列表提交至STRING数据库,并采用中等置信度(medium confidence score >0.4)作为最低互作阈值。通过对网络拓扑结构的分析,鉴定出连接度排名靠前的蛋白质作为核心蛋白(Hub-proteins)。
为验证转录组测序结果的可靠性,根据基因在转录组分析中的表达水平及其在KEGG通路中的参与度,筛选了10个候选基因进行qPCR验证。选用β-actin作为内参基因,并预先通过实验确认了其在不同样本间的表达稳定性。qPCR引物(表1)通过NCBI Primer设计。qPCR反应在Applied Biosystem 7300实时荧光定量PCR仪上进行,使用SYBR Green PCR Master Mix(Roche,San Diego,美国)。
qPCR反应体系20 μL:含10 μL SYBR Green qPCR预混液、1 μL cDNA模板、0.8 μL正反向引物和7.4 μL ddH2O。qPCR反应条件为:95 ℃ 60 s,随后45个循环的扩增,每个循环包括95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 10 s,70 ℃ 10 s。基因相对表达量以2–ΔΔCt法计算,每个样本设置3个技术重复和3个生物学重复。通过熔解曲线分析验证RT-qPCR产物扩增的特异性。数据以GraphPad Prism软件(版本9.5)进行统计分析,并通过t检验比较组间差异,以P<0.05为差异显著性判断标准。
对斑鳢和杂交鳢在13 dph和43 dph肌肉组织的12个样本进行转录组测序,分别获得246496842和253582362条clean reads。经质控评估,所有样本的Q20百分比均高于97.72%,Q30百分比均高于93.76%,GC含量在46.68%至50.23%之间,无明显GC/AT偏好性。各样品的参考基因组比对率在68.73%至95.90%之间(表2)。以上数据表明,本次测序数据质量高,结果可靠,可用于后续的差异表达分析。
PCA结果显示,不同实验组的样本在转录组表达谱上存在显著差异(图1)。在13 dph,第一主成分(PC1)解释了54.70%的总变异,并能将BB组和BW组的样本有效区分开(图1a);在43 dph,PC1的解释度增至88.80%,同样实现了两组样本的清晰分离(图1b)。所有组内的生物学重复样本均紧密聚类,表明实验重复性良好,且组间差异显著大于组内差异,为后续分析奠定了基础。
以|log2(Fold Change)|≥1且FDR<0.05为筛选标准,在杂交鳢相对于斑鳢的比较中,在13 dph时期,共鉴定出721个DEGs,其中427个基因上调,294个基因下调(图2a),在43 dph时期,共鉴定出385个DEGs,其中168个基因上调,217个基因下调(图2b)。韦恩图(Venn diagram)分析结果(图2c)显示,23个DEGs(vtcn1npyiniptrim33tnfaip2-likenr4a1ugp2lyg2achec5ar1obscndusp22basb14tubaslc25a5aldobcoro1caccl1cmac_lg19g005800sult1c1mki67bcl2l14lmod2)均存在于两个发育时期中。
聚类热图(heatmap)(图3)展示了DEGs在不同组别间的表达模式。无论是在13 dph还是43 dph,BB和BW组呈现出鲜明的组间表达差异和优良的组内表达一致性。
为了研究斑鳢与杂交鳢各发育时期的共性分子调控机制,将13 dph和43 dph两个时期共有的23个DEGs进行分析热图聚类分析(图4)。结果发现其表达模式具有明显的发育阶段特异性。在13 dph时(图4a),BW组中的npyugp2ache等基因的表达水平高于BB组,而bcl2114nr4al等基因则在BB组中高表达。值得注意的是,至43 dph时期(图4b),部分基因的表达趋势发生了转变,lmod2nr4al在杂交鳢中的表达由13 dph的相对下调转变为显著上调。这种变化表明,这些共有的DEGs在杂交鳢的不同发育时期可能发挥着不同的生物学功能。
为了探究斑鳢和杂交鳢在不同发育阶段的转录组学特征及DEGs的功能,13 dph和43 dph样本中显著上调及下调的DEGs分别被用于GO功能富集分析(图5)。
在13 dph阶段(图5a),DEGs显著富集于640个GO术语(P<0.05)。在生物过程(biological process,BP)类别中,主要富集于细胞过程(cellular process)、代谢过程(metabolic process)和生物调控(biological regulation);分子功能(molecular function,MF)类别主要富集于结合(binding)和催化活性(catalytic activity);细胞组分(cellular component,CC)类别则主要富集于细胞解剖实体(cellular anatomical entity)和含蛋白复合物(protein-containing complex)。其中,上调基因主要与代谢和结合功能相关,而下调基因更多地参与生物调控和催化活动。
在43 dph时期,DEGs显著富集于715个GO术语(P<0.05),富集模式出现明显变化(图5b)。BP类别中,发育过程(developmental process)和多细胞生物过程(multicellular organismal process)的富集程度相对增强。MF类别中,转运体活性(transporter activity)成为新的富集热点。CC类别中,DEGs与13 dph阶段同样多富集于细胞解剖实体(cellular anatomical entity)和含蛋白复合物(protein-containing complex)。此阶段上调基因主要驱动多细胞生物过程和转运体活性,而下调基因则更多地与发育调控和结合功能相关。
为深入探究差异表达基因(DEGs)参与的关键信号通路,经KEGG通路富集分析显示(图6),在13 dph阶段(图6a),DEGs显著富集于30条KEGG通路(P<0.05)。主要包括集合管酸分泌(collecting duct acid secretion)、突触囊泡循环(synaptic vesicle cycle)、氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation)和吞噬体(phagosome)等通路。其中,集合管酸分泌通路显示出最高的基因富集比率和显著性。
在43 dph阶段(图6b),DEGs显著富集于24条KEGG通路(P<0.05),主要富集在与代谢和信号转导相关的通路中。其中,脂肪细胞中的脂肪分解调控(regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes)通路显示出最高的富集比率和显著性。脂肪细胞因子信号通路(adipocytokine signaling pathway)和果糖和甘露糖代谢(fructose and mannose metabolism)通路也表现出较高的富集程度。此外,氨基酸生物合成(biosynthesis of amino acids)、半乳糖代谢(galactose metabolism)和戊糖磷酸途径(pentose phosphate pathway)等代谢通路富集明显。信号转导通路方面,cAMP信号通路(cAMP signaling pathway)和HIF-1信号通路(HIF-1 signaling pathway)富集的基因数量相对较多。
为探究DEGs编码蛋白之间的相互作用,STRING数据库被用于对筛选出的DEGs构建蛋白质互作网络。分析结果(图7)显示,两个时期的DEGs均形成了紧密的功能互作模块。通过网络拓扑结构分析,鉴定出10个处于核心节点位置的蛋白(Hub proteins),包括神经肽Y(Neuropeptide Y,Npy)、溶质载体家族25成员5(solute carrier family 25 member 5,Slc25a5)、UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶2(UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2,Ugp2)、遮蔽蛋白肌球蛋白轻链激酶(obscurin,cytoskeletal calmodulin and titin-interacting RhoGEF protein,Obscn)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)、冠蛋白1A(coronin 1A,Coro1ca)、α-微管蛋白(α-tubulin,Tuba)、平滑肌素2(leiomodin 2,Lmod2)、核受体亚家族4 A组成员1(nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1,Nr4a1)、三结构域蛋白33(tripartite motif containing 33,Trim33)。这10个蛋白在网络中处于核心位置,表现出较高的连接度,形成了网络中的主要功能节点。
为验证转录组测序结果的可靠性,10个核心候选基因(npyslc25a5ugp2obscnachecoro1catubalmod2nr4a1trim33)被选取用于RT-qPCR检测。结果显示(图8),所有10个基因通过RT-qPCR测得的相对表达量变化趋势与转录组测序的FPKM值变化趋势高度一致。这一结果证实了本研究中转录组测序数据的准确性和可靠性,表明后续基于这些数据进行的分析是可信的。
本研究通过比较斑鳢和杂交鳢在13 dph和43 dph两个关键早期发育阶段的转录组,揭示了杂交鳢的生长优势并非一种静态特性,而是一个具有显著时序性特征的动态过程。这一动态特征在PCA中得到了直观体现:PC1对总体变异的解释率从13 dph的54.70%显著跃升至43 dph的88.80%,这有力地表明,随着早期发育的推进,杂交鳢与斑鳢的转录组调控轨迹正迅速分化。
尽管13 dph样本的参考基因组比对率较低为68.73%–78.99%,但数据的生物学分析价值并未因此受损。各组样本内部重复性良好,且不同实验组在主成分空间中清晰分离(图1),表明生物学差异是样本间变异的主要来源。事实上,较低的比对率在利用近缘物种参考基因组或分析发育早期样本的转录组研究中并不少见,在褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus[31]、大西洋鲑(Salmo salar[32]及杂交石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂[33]的研究中,即便比对率存在波动或处于相对较低水平,研究者们依然成功地识别出关键基因与调控通路,证明了数据的可靠性与有效性。
在13 dph,功能富集分析显示,差异表达基因(DEGs)的调控主要集中于维持基础的细胞与代谢过程(图5a),其核心则是通过激活氧化磷酸化等通路来保障高效的能量供给(图6a)。具体而言,GO富集分析表明,此阶段差异基因在生物学过程类别中主要富集于细胞过程、代谢过程和生物调节等基础生命活动条目。这表明,在形态差异显现之前,杂交鳢已在基础细胞功能和代谢调节层面进行了优化。
这一功能特征也得到了KEGG通路富集分析的支持(图6a)。分析发现,差异基因显著富集于氧化磷酸化通路。该通路是细胞产生ATP的核心途径,其基因的上调预示杂交鳢可能拥有更高的基础能量代谢效率,能为细胞的各项生命活动提供充足的能量。此外,吞噬体等与细胞内稳态和防御相关的通路也被激活,暗示杂交鳢可能具备更强的细胞稳定性与环境胁迫抵抗力。因此,在13 dph,杂交鳢的分子调控策略侧重于构建一个更高效、更稳健的代谢和生理基础,为后续的快速生长奠定基础。
与13 dph的基础保障策略形成对比,43 dph的转录组调控重心发生了明显变化。此时,GO富集的主要方向转向了更为宏观的发育过程(图5b),而KEGG通路则揭示了其分子机制:与营养物质合成与代谢相关的通路被全面激活(图6b)。GO富集分析的变化清晰地印证了这一点:在生物学过程类别中,发育过程和多细胞生物过程的富集程度显著增强。这标志着分子调控的重点已从单个细胞的内部活动,转移至整个生物体的组织构建与生长发育。
KEGG通路富集结果则揭示了其生长优势的核心分子机制(图6b)。此时,差异基因不再主要富集于基础能量生产,而是显著富集在一系列与营养物质高效利用和生物合成直接相关的通路上。例如,脂肪细胞中的脂肪分解调控、果糖和甘露糖代谢以及氨基酸生物合成等通路的激活,表明杂交鳢能够更高效地分解、转化饲料中的脂类、糖类和蛋白质,并利用这些物质前体进行机体组织的快速合成。同时,cAMP信号通路和HIF-1信号通路等关键信号通路的富集,可能扮演了重要的上游调控角色,系统性地调控这些复杂的代谢网络。
为了进一步从分子层面解析上述生物学过程,通过对蛋白互作网络进行分析,筛选出npyslc25a5ugp2obscnachecoro1catubalmod2nr4a1trim33这10个位于网络中心节点的关键基因。这些基因主要参与了与能量代谢、肌肉发育和神经调控等生物学过程,在表达模式可分为三种类型:npy、slc25a5、ugp2、obscn、ache、coro1ca、tuba在两个发育时期均持续上调,可能是维持杂交优势的主要因素;lmod2nr4a1在13 dph下调,43 dph上调,暗示其在发育不同时期发挥着特异性的调控功能;trim33在两个时期均下调,可能是通过解除对某一通路的抑制从而促进了生长。
杂交鳢的生长优势与其摄食效率的提升密切相关。本研究发现,关键的神经调控基因npyache在两个发育时期均显著上调,可能共同构成了其摄食优势的分子基础。
Npy作为一种强效的促食欲神经肽,其持续上调直接增强了杂交鳢的摄食动机[34-35],同时,Npy还能通过与GH/IGF轴的互作促进机体生长[36-39],这一双重调控机制已在金鱼(Carassius auratus[40]和罗非鱼(Oreochromis mossambicus[41]以及橙斑石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides[42]和鲇(Clarias garipinus[43]等多种鱼类中得到验证。相应地,ache的高表达确保了乙酰胆碱的快速水解,从而提升神经肌肉信号传递的效率与精确性[44-45],这可能赋予了杂交鳢更敏捷的捕食能力。
更重要的是,npyache的功能存在协同效应。已有研究表明,Npy(或其同源物Npf)与胆碱能信号系统紧密偶联,共同维持摄食相关的稳态平衡[46-47]。因此,npyache的协同上调可能在杂交鳢中形成了一个高效的正反馈环路:npy的表达增强驱动强烈的摄食欲望,而ache的高效活动则确保了捕食行为的精准与敏捷。这一增强摄食-高效捕食的分子协同机制,有效提升了能量获取效率,从而转化为显著的生长优势,这可能是杂交鳢杂种优势的关键分子驱动力之一。
充足的能量摄入必须匹配高效的能量转化,才能最终实现生长优势。本研究发现,在发育全程均显著上调的ugp2slc25a5基因,分别从能量储备和能量利用两个层面,强化了支持杂交鳢快速生长的能量代谢网络。
Ugp2作为糖原合成途径中的关键限速酶,其持续上调表明杂交鳢对糖原储备能力得到显著增强,这与在其他快速生长的鱼类如:鳙(Aristichthys nobilis[48]和罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii[49]一致。这种能量储备能力的增强,为杂交鳢高强度的新陈代谢活动提供了充足且易于调动的能量库,是其持续高速生长的物质基础。另一方面,slc25a5基因编码的ADP/ATP转运蛋白是连接细胞质与线粒体基质能量流的枢纽[50,51],其上调确保了能量的有效利用和输出。这也与KEGG分析中氧化磷酸化通路富集,以及GO分析中多个线粒体相关功能的上调高度吻合,共同表明杂交鳢的线粒体功能相较于斑鳢更加强大,能够更高效地将能量底物转化为可直接利用的ATP以满足巨大的能量需求。
综上,ugp2slc25a5的协同上调构建了一条从营养储备到ATP生成的高效能量供应链。结合前述的摄食增强机制,杂交鳢通过高效摄食与高效能量转化的双重优势,共同驱动了其杂种生长优势的形成。
在强大的能量供应支持下,杂交鳢的生长优势最终体现在肌肉组织的快速构建上。本研究鉴定出多组关键基因,它们通过不同的表达调控模式,共同为杂交鳢的肌肉生长提供了分子基础。
首先,多个与肌原纤维结构和组装相关的基因持续上调,为肌肉的快速生长提供了坚实的结构保障。其中,obscn作为肌小节组装和结构维持的关键调节因子[52-53],不仅参与肌纤维结构的维持,还与肌内脂肪含量和代谢密切相关[54,55]。这种多功能性在不同物种中得到验证,如虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss[56]和三系杂交鲍鱼[57]。而coro1ca通过调控肌动蛋白纤维网络[58,59],参与细胞骨架重组和能量代谢调控[60]tuba则在细胞分裂和物质运输过程中发挥关键作用[61],两者的协同作用为肌肉组织的形成提供了结构基础。
其次,lmod2nr4a1的动态表达模式,揭示了杂交鳢在肌肉发育过程中存在着一种高效的时序调控策略。它们在13 dph时下调,但在43 dph时转为显著上调。lmod2是薄肌丝组装的关键因子,直接影响肌纤维的有序排列和收缩功能[62-64]nr4a1则作为多功能转录因子,既参与能量代谢调控[65],又在肌纤维形成中起关键作用[66]。这种从表达模式在不同发育时期的转换,可能反映了杂交鳢在早期阶段优先保障肌细胞的增殖,而后随着lmod2nr4a1的上调,则向着肌纤维的快速分化、成熟与功能化的方向转变。
此外,生长抑制信号的解除也为杂交鳢的持续生长清除了障碍。转化生长因子β(TGF-β)信号通路中的负调控因子trim33在两个时期均持续下调[67,68]。杂交鳢中trim33的持续下调可能反映了杂交鳢的肌肉生长发育被解除了部分抑制,为肌肉的持续高效生长创造了有利条件。
本研究采用转录组测序的方法,以斑鳢和杂交鳢在13 dph和43 dph两个关键发育时期的全鱼和肌肉组织为材料,进行转录组差异性表达分析,并结合功能富集与通路分析手段,挖掘出影响杂交鳢生长优势形成的,涉及多个生物学途径的关键候选基因。研究表明,杂交鳢的生长优势并非由单一基因决定,而是在神经调控、摄食行为、肌肉发育和能量代谢等多个关键生物学过程中,由多基因共同参与调控而成的结果。同时,筛选并验证的10个核心候选基因(npyslc25a5ugp2obscnachecoro1catubalmod2nr4a1trim33),其动态和协同表达模式可能是杂交鳢生长优势形成的重要原因。因此,本研究不仅丰富了对鳢科鱼类杂交优势产生机制的认识和理解,同时也为进一步利用分子辅助选择等方式开展鳢科鱼类遗传改良工作提供了坚实的理论基础和丰富的基因资源。
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2025年第32卷第12期
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doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0191
  • 接收时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-18
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    1.江苏海洋大学海洋科学与水产学院,江苏省海洋生物技术重点实验室,江苏 连云港 222005
    2.中国水产科学研究院珠江水产研究所,农业农村部热带亚热带水产种质资源利用与养殖重点实验室,广东 广州 510380

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陈建华,正高级实验师,研究方向为水产动物繁育及健康养殖. E-mail:
CHEN Jianhua. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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