Article(id=1271391555706364706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12264/JFSC2025-0153, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=1750608000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781052968191, onlineDateStr=2026-06-10, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781052968191, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781052968191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781052968191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1271391553579848391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, year='2025', volume='32', issue='12', pageStart='1717', pageEnd='1844', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781052967652, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781053078366, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1271392018073849945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1271392018078044250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1786, endPage=1797, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1271391556121600804, articleId=1271391555706364706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=EN, title=Effects of dietary DMPT supplementation on growth performance, immune function, and digestive capacity in juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), a flagship species of the Yangtze River and national first-class key wild protected animal, currently relies on stock enhancement and release as the most effective and direct means of population conservation. However, juveniles from full artificial propagation exhibit weaker physical conditions than those from wild populations, including slow growth, low feeding efficiency, and poor stress resistance. To investigate the effects of dimethyl-β-propiothetin (DMPT) supplementation on growth, serum immunity, intestinal digestive enzyme activities, and gut microbiota composition of Chinese sturgeon juveniles, a 5-week feeding trial was conducted with sub-adult second-generation juveniles (initial body weight: 300.88 ± 17.64 g). DMPT was added to the basal diet at 0, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg (CK, A1, A2, and A3 groups, respectively), with 3 replicates per group and 10 fish per replicate. The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) in groups A1, A2, and A3 were significantly higher than those in the CK group. The feed conversion ratio in group A3 was significantly lower than that in the CK group. The contents of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement C3, complement C4, and lysozyme activity increased progressively with increasing DMPT levels, with values significantly higher in groups A2 and A3 than those in the CK group. Serum superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower in all treatment groups than that in the CK group, while alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in groups A2 and A3. Digestive enzyme activities exhibited a trend of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing with increasing DMPT levels. Protease and lipase activities in groups A1 and A2 were significantly higher than those in the CK group, while amylase activity in all treatment groups was significantly higher than that in the CK group. No significant differences were observed in ACE, Chao1, Shannon, or Simpson indices among the treatment and control groups; however, the phylogenetic diversity whole tree (PD_whole_tree) index in groups A2 and A3 was significantly higher than that in the CK group. At the phylum level, Fusobacteria was the absolute dominant gut phylum across all groups, followed by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes; Fusobacteria relative abundance initially decreased and subsequently increased with increasing DMPT levels. At the genus level, Cetobacterium was the absolute dominant genus, with relative abundance progressively increasing with higher DMPT supplementation. The secondary dominant genera in groups CK and A2 were Plesiomonas and Escherichia-Shigella, while those in A1 and A3 groups were Plesiomonas and Bacteroides. Liver gene expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) in groups A2 and A3 and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2 in group A3 were significantly higher than that in the CK group, with GHR, IGF-1, and IGF-2 expression increasing progressively with DMPT dosage. In conclusion, appropriate DMPT supplementation significantly improved growth performance, immune capacity, and digestive capacity in juvenile Chinese sturgeon. Among the four addition gradients (0, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg) established in this study, 1600 mg/kg was optimal for promoting growth and health. This dosage can effectively enhance liver growth-related gene expression, thereby promoting the growth of the fish; simultaneously, its key immune indicators were significantly superior to those of the control and low-dose groups. Although DMPT supplementation did not affect species richness or diversity of intestinal flora, it increased the relative abundance of dominant phyla and genera, thereby contributing to improved growth, intestinal health, and disease resistance.

, correspAuthors=Wei JIANG, Jing YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chao CHENG, Jianming ZHANG, Tingting SHU, Huantao QU, Dezhi ZHANG, Wei JIANG, Jing YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1271391562467582764, articleId=1271391555706364706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=CN, title=饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼生长、免疫和消化能力的影响, columnId=1271391555995767499, journalTitle=中国水产科学, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究饲料中添加DMPT(dimethyl-β-propiothetin,二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭)对中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼生长、血清免疫、肠道消化酶活性及肠道菌群组成的影响,在基础饲料中添加0、400、800、1600 mg/kg的DMPT,分别记作CK(对照)、A1、A2、A3组。用这4种实验饲料投喂初始体重为(300.88±17.64)g的子二代中华鲟幼鱼5周,每种饲料投喂3个重复组,每个重复组10尾鱼。结果表明,A1、A2、A3组中华鲟幼鱼的增重率和特定增长率显著高于CK组(P<0.05),A3组的饲料系数显著低于CK组(P<0.05)。血清免疫球蛋白M、补体C3、补体C4含量、溶菌酶活性均随着添加量的增加呈现不断升高的趋势,且A2和A3组均显著高于CK组。三个处理组的血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著低于CK组(P<0.05);A2和A3组碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于CK组(P<0.05)。蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性随着添加量的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。A1和A2组蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性均显著高于CK组;三个处理组淀粉酶活性显著高于CK组。3个处理组肠道菌群的ACE、Chao1、Shannon、Simpson指数与CK组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);A2和A3组的PD_whole_tree指数显著高于CK组。门水平上,各组中华鲟幼鱼肠道绝对优势菌门为梭杆菌门,次级优势菌门为变形菌门和厚壁菌门,且随着DMPT添加量的增加梭杆菌门的相对丰度呈现先降低后升高的趋势。属水平上,各组中华鲟幼鱼肠道绝对优势菌属为鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium),且其相对丰度随着DMPT添加量的增加呈现升高的趋势。A2和A3组的肝脏GHR基因表达量显著高于CK组;A3组的IGF-1、IGF-2基因表达量显著高于CK组。GHR、IGF-1、IGF-2基因表达量随着DMPT添加量的增加呈现不断升高的趋势。综上所述,饲料中添加适量的DMPT能够显著提升中华鲟幼鱼的生长性能,提高免疫能力和消化能力。在本研究设定的4个添加梯度中,1600 mg/kg为促进中华鲟幼鱼生长与健康的最适添加量。该添加量能够有效提高肝脏生长相关基因的表达,进而促进鱼体的生长;同时,该剂量组关键免疫指标均显著优于对照组及低剂量组。饲料中添加DMPT虽不影响中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群的物种丰富度和多样性,但能增加优势菌门和菌属的相对丰度,从而对提升鱼体生长性能、维护肠道健康及增强抗病能力发挥积极作用。

, correspAuthors=姜伟, 杨菁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
姜伟,男,正高级工程师,主要从事渔业资源与水生态修复方面研究. E-mail:
JIANG Wei, E-mail:
杨菁,女,高级工程师,主要从事中华鲟遗传保护研究. E-mail:
YANG Jing, E-mail:
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程超,男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事珍稀特有鱼类的健康养殖技术研究. E-mail:

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程超,男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事珍稀特有鱼类的健康养殖技术研究. E-mail:

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[管标,温海深,刘群,等. 急性温度胁迫对虹鳟肝脏代谢酶活性及生长相关基因表达的影响[J]. 大连海洋大学学报,2014, 29(6): 566-571.], refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1271391585083270043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C A, Xu Q Y, Chang Y P, et al. Effects of feeding attractants on growth and body composition, digestive enzyme and serum indices of Hucho taimen[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2011, 38(1): 65-71. [王常安,徐奇友,畅雅萍,等. 不同促摄食物质对哲罗鲑生长、体成分、消化酶和血液生化指标的影响[J]. 安徽农业大学学报,2011, 38(1): 65-71.], articleTitle=Wang C A, Xu Q Y, Chang Y P, et al. Effects of feeding attractants on growth and body composition, digestive enzyme and serum indices of Hucho taimen[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2011, 38(1): 65-71. [王常安,徐奇友,畅雅萍,等. 不同促摄食物质对哲罗鲑生长、体成分、消化酶和血液生化指标的影响[J]. 安徽农业大学学报,2011, 38(1): 65-71.], refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1271391562727629614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1271391562736018223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, companyId=1271391562727629614, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Fish Resource Conservation (Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute of China Three Gorges Corporation), Yichang, Hubei 443100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1271391562748601136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, companyId=1271391562727629614, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=三峡工程鱼类资源保护湖北省重点实验室(中国长江三峡集团有限公司中华鲟研究所),湖北 宜昌 443100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1271391574438126438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Effects of dietary DMPT supplementation in feed on the relative abundance of gut microbiota at phylum level in juvenile Acipenser sinensis, figureFileSmall=ykkf2AzyIb+MGLppDnA97g==, figureFileBig=EWOC+3eXLUI3SyLKbrwFcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391576078099303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=CN, label=图1, caption=饲料添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群基于门水平的相对丰度的影响, figureFileSmall=ykkf2AzyIb+MGLppDnA97g==, figureFileBig=EWOC+3eXLUI3SyLKbrwFcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391576631747432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Effects of dietary DMPT supplementation in feed on the relative abundance of gut microbiota at genus level in juvenile Acipenser sinensis, figureFileSmall=k90dMulO98X/XVMzjnkmbw==, figureFileBig=bI4XmxtzVlqFqHu1ghFDIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391577000846185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=CN, label=图2, caption=饲料添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群基于属水平的相对丰度的影响, figureFileSmall=k90dMulO98X/XVMzjnkmbw==, figureFileBig=bI4XmxtzVlqFqHu1ghFDIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391577416082282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effects of DMPT supplementation in feed on the expression of liver growth related genes in juvenile Chinese sturgeon, figureFileSmall=6tvpG2esmhdBF2Auc/iN2w==, figureFileBig=meXwFeyn7Ampqr2ilBVISg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391577491579755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=CN, label=图3, caption=饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼肝脏生长相关基因表达的影响

柱形图上方不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=6tvpG2esmhdBF2Auc/iN2w==, figureFileBig=meXwFeyn7Ampqr2ilBVISg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391577760015212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Primer information for fluorescent quantitative PCR

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引物名称primer name引物序列(5′–3′)primer sequence(5′–3′)片段长度/bpfragment length退火温度/℃ annealing temperature
GHR-SGCCTGAACATCAAGGACGACG28460
GHR-AGCTCACCTGGGCATAGAAATCC
IGF1-SCTGTTAAGCCAGCCAAATCCTC14660
IGF1-ACATTGGAAACTGGCAGGCTC
IGF2-SACCATCGCCCTCACAGTCTACAT11660
IGF2-AAAGCCTCTGTCACCACAAACGA
β-actin-SGCTATGTACGTTGCCATCCAGG22060
β-actin-ACCGTGGTAGTGAAGCTGTAGCC  
), ArticleFig(id=1271391577856484205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

荧光定量PCR引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物名称primer name引物序列(5′–3′)primer sequence(5′–3′)片段长度/bpfragment length退火温度/℃ annealing temperature
GHR-SGCCTGAACATCAAGGACGACG28460
GHR-AGCTCACCTGGGCATAGAAATCC
IGF1-SCTGTTAAGCCAGCCAAATCCTC14660
IGF1-ACATTGGAAACTGGCAGGCTC
IGF2-SACCATCGCCCTCACAGTCTACAT11660
IGF2-AAAGCCTCTGTCACCACAAACGA
β-actin-SGCTATGTACGTTGCCATCCAGG22060
β-actin-ACCGTGGTAGTGAAGCTGTAGCC  
), ArticleFig(id=1271391578171057006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Effects of dietary DMPT supplementation in feed on growth performance of juvenile Acipenser sinensis n=9; $\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目itemCKA1A2A3
初始体重/g initial body mass308.56±15.78299.83±18.03311.64±20.18283.51±16.55
终末体重/g final body mass389.43±22.16a395.56±20.56ab415.36±12.51c407.12±19.23bc
增重率/% weight gain26.27±1.01a32.16±1.27b33.64±4.74b43.87±1.42c
特定增长率/% specific growth rate0.78±0.02a0.93±0.03b0.96±0.12b1.21±0.03c
饲料系数feed coefficient1.78±0.14b1.72±0.09ab1.61±0.21ab1.44±0.16a
肝体指数/% liver body index1.55±0.361.28±0.221.47±0.341.33±0.48
肥满度/(g/cm3)relative fatness0.61±0.040.57±0.050.59±0.050.57±0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1271391578246554479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼生长性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目itemCKA1A2A3
初始体重/g initial body mass308.56±15.78299.83±18.03311.64±20.18283.51±16.55
终末体重/g final body mass389.43±22.16a395.56±20.56ab415.36±12.51c407.12±19.23bc
增重率/% weight gain26.27±1.01a32.16±1.27b33.64±4.74b43.87±1.42c
特定增长率/% specific growth rate0.78±0.02a0.93±0.03b0.96±0.12b1.21±0.03c
饲料系数feed coefficient1.78±0.14b1.72±0.09ab1.61±0.21ab1.44±0.16a
肝体指数/% liver body index1.55±0.361.28±0.221.47±0.341.33±0.48
肥满度/(g/cm3)relative fatness0.61±0.040.57±0.050.59±0.050.57±0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1271391578338829168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Effects of dietary DMPT supplementation in feed on serum immune parameters of juvenile Acipenser sinensis n=9; $\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目itemCKA1A2A3
免疫球蛋白M/(ng/mL)immunoglobulin M1975.16±345.85a2178.28±147.64a2679.21±259.06b2641.84±277.07b
补体C3/(μg/mL)complement C3103.82±20.05a148.09±11.78b157.03±9.65b175.06±7.07c
补体C4/(μg/mL)complement C4134.28±20.19a163.77±19.45b172.62±22.96bc193.95±14.16c
超氧化物歧化酶/(U/mL)superoxide dismutase233.80±16.84c193.73±8.30b166.14±6.88a149.69±16.83a
溶菌酶/(U/L)lysozyme4.75±0.81a8.63±0.49b9.14±0.47b10.48±0.76c
碱性磷酸酶/(IU/mL)alkaline phosphatase158.30±12.04a151.34±17.07a186.80±22.60b205.97±9.31b
), ArticleFig(id=1271391578640819057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼血清免疫指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目itemCKA1A2A3
免疫球蛋白M/(ng/mL)immunoglobulin M1975.16±345.85a2178.28±147.64a2679.21±259.06b2641.84±277.07b
补体C3/(μg/mL)complement C3103.82±20.05a148.09±11.78b157.03±9.65b175.06±7.07c
补体C4/(μg/mL)complement C4134.28±20.19a163.77±19.45b172.62±22.96bc193.95±14.16c
超氧化物歧化酶/(U/mL)superoxide dismutase233.80±16.84c193.73±8.30b166.14±6.88a149.69±16.83a
溶菌酶/(U/L)lysozyme4.75±0.81a8.63±0.49b9.14±0.47b10.48±0.76c
碱性磷酸酶/(IU/mL)alkaline phosphatase158.30±12.04a151.34±17.07a186.80±22.60b205.97±9.31b
), ArticleFig(id=1271391578712122226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Effects of dietary DMPT supplementation in feed on digestive enzyme activities of juvenile Acipenser sinensis n=9; $\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目itemCKA1A2A3
蛋白酶/(U/mL)protease772.02±140.38a1228.37±168.22b1038.84±134.78b818.71±129.60a
脂肪酶/(U/L)lipase413.95±94.14a700.76±45.72c606.81±74.15b437.07±8.91a
淀粉酶/(IU/L)amylase207.21±20.15a391.14±42.74c326.35±37.82b295.07±40.15b
), ArticleFig(id=1271391580368872307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼肠道消化酶活性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目itemCKA1A2A3
蛋白酶/(U/mL)protease772.02±140.38a1228.37±168.22b1038.84±134.78b818.71±129.60a
脂肪酶/(U/L)lipase413.95±94.14a700.76±45.72c606.81±74.15b437.07±8.91a
淀粉酶/(IU/L)amylase207.21±20.15a391.14±42.74c326.35±37.82b295.07±40.15b
), ArticleFig(id=1271391580469535604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Effects of dietary DMPT supplementation in feed on alpha diversity of intestinal flora in juvenile Acipenser sinensis n=9; $\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目itemCKA1A2A3
覆盖范围coverage0.991.000.991.00
ACE指数ACE index1711.82±44.641717.06±124.561560.23±34.281653.74±50.54
Chao1指数Chao1 index1668.35±82.961683.01±130.611497.63±41.451616.42±51.03
Simpson指数Simpson index0.84±0.190.95±0.040.97±0.040.98±0.05
Shannon指数Shannon index7.73±1.767.99±1.38.39±1.188.42±1.23
PD_whole_tree指数PD_whole_tree index67.32±11.75a117.99±22.62ab136.01±24.15b144.84±31.95b
), ArticleFig(id=1271391580557615989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555706364706, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群α多样性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目itemCKA1A2A3
覆盖范围coverage0.991.000.991.00
ACE指数ACE index1711.82±44.641717.06±124.561560.23±34.281653.74±50.54
Chao1指数Chao1 index1668.35±82.961683.01±130.611497.63±41.451616.42±51.03
Simpson指数Simpson index0.84±0.190.95±0.040.97±0.040.98±0.05
Shannon指数Shannon index7.73±1.767.99±1.38.39±1.188.42±1.23
PD_whole_tree指数PD_whole_tree index67.32±11.75a117.99±22.62ab136.01±24.15b144.84±31.95b
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饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼生长、免疫和消化能力的影响
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程超 , 张建明 , 舒婷婷 , 曲焕韬 , 张德志 , 姜伟 *, * , 杨菁 *, *
中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025,32(12): 1786-1797
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中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025, 32(12): 1786-1797
饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼生长、免疫和消化能力的影响
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程超 , 张建明, 舒婷婷, 曲焕韬, 张德志, 姜伟*, * , 杨菁*, *
作者信息
  • 三峡工程鱼类资源保护湖北省重点实验室(中国长江三峡集团有限公司中华鲟研究所),湖北 宜昌 443100
  • 程超,男,硕士研究生,工程师,主要从事珍稀特有鱼类的健康养殖技术研究. E-mail:

通讯作者:

姜伟,男,正高级工程师,主要从事渔业资源与水生态修复方面研究. E-mail:
JIANG Wei, E-mail:
杨菁,女,高级工程师,主要从事中华鲟遗传保护研究. E-mail:
YANG Jing, E-mail:
Effects of dietary DMPT supplementation on growth performance, immune function, and digestive capacity in juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)
Chao CHENG , Jianming ZHANG, Tingting SHU, Huantao QU, Dezhi ZHANG, Wei JIANG , Jing YANG
Affiliations
  • Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Fish Resource Conservation (Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute of China Three Gorges Corporation), Yichang, Hubei 443100, China
doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0153
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为探究饲料中添加DMPT(dimethyl-β-propiothetin,二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭)对中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼生长、血清免疫、肠道消化酶活性及肠道菌群组成的影响,在基础饲料中添加0、400、800、1600 mg/kg的DMPT,分别记作CK(对照)、A1、A2、A3组。用这4种实验饲料投喂初始体重为(300.88±17.64)g的子二代中华鲟幼鱼5周,每种饲料投喂3个重复组,每个重复组10尾鱼。结果表明,A1、A2、A3组中华鲟幼鱼的增重率和特定增长率显著高于CK组(P<0.05),A3组的饲料系数显著低于CK组(P<0.05)。血清免疫球蛋白M、补体C3、补体C4含量、溶菌酶活性均随着添加量的增加呈现不断升高的趋势,且A2和A3组均显著高于CK组。三个处理组的血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著低于CK组(P<0.05);A2和A3组碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于CK组(P<0.05)。蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性随着添加量的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。A1和A2组蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性均显著高于CK组;三个处理组淀粉酶活性显著高于CK组。3个处理组肠道菌群的ACE、Chao1、Shannon、Simpson指数与CK组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);A2和A3组的PD_whole_tree指数显著高于CK组。门水平上,各组中华鲟幼鱼肠道绝对优势菌门为梭杆菌门,次级优势菌门为变形菌门和厚壁菌门,且随着DMPT添加量的增加梭杆菌门的相对丰度呈现先降低后升高的趋势。属水平上,各组中华鲟幼鱼肠道绝对优势菌属为鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium),且其相对丰度随着DMPT添加量的增加呈现升高的趋势。A2和A3组的肝脏GHR基因表达量显著高于CK组;A3组的IGF-1、IGF-2基因表达量显著高于CK组。GHR、IGF-1、IGF-2基因表达量随着DMPT添加量的增加呈现不断升高的趋势。综上所述,饲料中添加适量的DMPT能够显著提升中华鲟幼鱼的生长性能,提高免疫能力和消化能力。在本研究设定的4个添加梯度中,1600 mg/kg为促进中华鲟幼鱼生长与健康的最适添加量。该添加量能够有效提高肝脏生长相关基因的表达,进而促进鱼体的生长;同时,该剂量组关键免疫指标均显著优于对照组及低剂量组。饲料中添加DMPT虽不影响中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群的物种丰富度和多样性,但能增加优势菌门和菌属的相对丰度,从而对提升鱼体生长性能、维护肠道健康及增强抗病能力发挥积极作用。

DMPT  /  中华鲟  /  生长  /  免疫  /  消化酶  /  肠道菌群  /  基因表达

The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), a flagship species of the Yangtze River and national first-class key wild protected animal, currently relies on stock enhancement and release as the most effective and direct means of population conservation. However, juveniles from full artificial propagation exhibit weaker physical conditions than those from wild populations, including slow growth, low feeding efficiency, and poor stress resistance. To investigate the effects of dimethyl-β-propiothetin (DMPT) supplementation on growth, serum immunity, intestinal digestive enzyme activities, and gut microbiota composition of Chinese sturgeon juveniles, a 5-week feeding trial was conducted with sub-adult second-generation juveniles (initial body weight: 300.88 ± 17.64 g). DMPT was added to the basal diet at 0, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg (CK, A1, A2, and A3 groups, respectively), with 3 replicates per group and 10 fish per replicate. The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) in groups A1, A2, and A3 were significantly higher than those in the CK group. The feed conversion ratio in group A3 was significantly lower than that in the CK group. The contents of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM), complement C3, complement C4, and lysozyme activity increased progressively with increasing DMPT levels, with values significantly higher in groups A2 and A3 than those in the CK group. Serum superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower in all treatment groups than that in the CK group, while alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in groups A2 and A3. Digestive enzyme activities exhibited a trend of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing with increasing DMPT levels. Protease and lipase activities in groups A1 and A2 were significantly higher than those in the CK group, while amylase activity in all treatment groups was significantly higher than that in the CK group. No significant differences were observed in ACE, Chao1, Shannon, or Simpson indices among the treatment and control groups; however, the phylogenetic diversity whole tree (PD_whole_tree) index in groups A2 and A3 was significantly higher than that in the CK group. At the phylum level, Fusobacteria was the absolute dominant gut phylum across all groups, followed by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes; Fusobacteria relative abundance initially decreased and subsequently increased with increasing DMPT levels. At the genus level, Cetobacterium was the absolute dominant genus, with relative abundance progressively increasing with higher DMPT supplementation. The secondary dominant genera in groups CK and A2 were Plesiomonas and Escherichia-Shigella, while those in A1 and A3 groups were Plesiomonas and Bacteroides. Liver gene expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) in groups A2 and A3 and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2 in group A3 were significantly higher than that in the CK group, with GHR, IGF-1, and IGF-2 expression increasing progressively with DMPT dosage. In conclusion, appropriate DMPT supplementation significantly improved growth performance, immune capacity, and digestive capacity in juvenile Chinese sturgeon. Among the four addition gradients (0, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg) established in this study, 1600 mg/kg was optimal for promoting growth and health. This dosage can effectively enhance liver growth-related gene expression, thereby promoting the growth of the fish; simultaneously, its key immune indicators were significantly superior to those of the control and low-dose groups. Although DMPT supplementation did not affect species richness or diversity of intestinal flora, it increased the relative abundance of dominant phyla and genera, thereby contributing to improved growth, intestinal health, and disease resistance.

DMPT  /  Acipenser sinensis  /  growth  /  immunity  /  digestive enzyme  /  intestine microbiota  /  gene expression
程超, 张建明, 舒婷婷, 曲焕韬, 张德志, 姜伟, 杨菁. 饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼生长、免疫和消化能力的影响. 中国水产科学, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1786 -1797 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0153
Chao CHENG, Jianming ZHANG, Tingting SHU, Huantao QU, Dezhi ZHANG, Wei JIANG, Jing YANG. Effects of dietary DMPT supplementation on growth performance, immune function, and digestive capacity in juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1786 -1797 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0153
中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)是长江的旗舰物种,被誉为“长江鱼王”,它还是一种稀有的“活化石”,其历史可以追溯到1.5亿年前的中生代。中华鲟是一种大型溯河洄游鱼类,主要分布在长江和近海流域,是国家一级重点野生保护动物,被列为世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录中的极危物种[1]。目前,增殖放流是保护中华鲟种群最有效、最直接的手段,但通过全人工繁殖技术繁殖的子二代中华鲟苗种质量较野生群体偏差,主要体现在生长速度慢、摄食效率低、抗逆性差等方面[2]
研究表明,诱食剂能够改善饲料适口性和引诱性,提高饲料效率,促进鱼类生长[3]。二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭(dimethyl-β-propiothetin,DMPT)又称为硫代甜菜碱,是广泛存在于海藻和部分盐生植物体内的活性甲基类物质。在鱼类养殖中,DMPT作为一种诱食剂,已被证明对鱼类的生长性能、免疫反应和肠道消化功能具有积极的影响。关于DMPT对鱼类诱食作用的研究已经有很多报道。饲料中添加0.2%的DMPT时,太门哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)的增重率和摄食率显著高于CK组[4]。张宝彤等[5]发现在饲料中添加DMPT不仅能够提高草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)的生长性能,还对脂肪代谢和非特异性免疫有显著的提升。肠道微生物影响鱼类的摄食、生长、代谢以及免疫,肠道微生物菌群的动态平衡以及正常分布是鱼类健康生长的重要基础[6]。研究表明鱼类肠道微生物菌群组成与环境因子有着密切的联系,如温度、食物组成、水深等,其中食物组成对肠道微生物菌群的影响十分明显[7]。高彤等[8]发现饲料中添加诱食剂能够明显提高凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道菌群的物种多样性水平。
DMPT作为诱食剂应用于鲟形目鱼类的报道并不多见,研究表明,饲料中添加适量的DMPT对施氏鲟有着较好的诱食效果,可显著提升其生长性能和消化酶活性[9-10]。但关于DMPT对中华鲟影响的研究未见报道。本研究旨在探究饲料中添加不同剂量的DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼生长性能、血清免疫、消化酶活性及肠道菌群组成的影响,确定中华鲟幼鱼饲料中DMPT的最适添加量,为进一步提升中华鲟幼鱼摄食效率提供理论依据。
实验用鱼来自中国长江三峡集团有限公司中华鲟研究所,通过人工催产、干法受精及流水孵化等方式在2022年10月获得中华鲟仔鱼。2023年7月,选取规格一致,健康无伤的9月龄中华鲟150余尾。中华鲟幼鱼置于流水养殖系统中暂养2周,养殖容器为直径1 m,高0.5 m的圆柱形玻纤缸。暂养期间日投喂量按照鱼体重的1.0%进行投喂,分2次进行投喂。DMPT购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,含量98%。
实验共分为4个组,在基础饲料中添加0、400、800、1600 mg/kg的DMPT,分别记作CK(对照)、A1、A2、A3组,每组设置3个重复组,每组10尾幼鱼。基础日粮为广东越群海洋生物科技股份有限公司源牌鲟鱼苗料,该饲料粗蛋白≥46%、粗脂肪≥8%、粗灰分≤16%、水分≤10%。将基础日粮粉碎,采用逐次增量的等量递增混合方法将DMPT添加到基础日粮中,再重新放入制粒机中制粒。采用气相色谱法[11]测定4种饲料样品中DMPT含量,得出CK、A1、A2、A3组DMPT含量分别为4.80、379.53、754.28、1544.69 mg/kg。
开始实验前用CK组饲料预饲两周,随后停食48 h,挑选均匀健康的鱼按实验设计进行分组,实验共进行5周。每天饲喂两次,日投喂量为鱼体体重的1%,每周调整一次投喂量。实验用水为地下井水,水温保持在(22.0±0.5)℃,配备充氧装置,溶解氧含量稳定保持在6 mg/L以上。
在实验结束时,对所有实验鱼进行禁食处理24 h,以确保胃内容物排空。随后,使用电子天平精确测量每条鱼的体重、体长。解剖鱼体,取出肝脏称重。同时,统计实验期间各组投喂的饲料总量。实验鱼的初末体重(g)的测量及增重率(WGR,%)、特定增长率(SGR,%/d)、肥满度(CF,g/cm3)、存活率(SR,%)、肝体指数(HIS,%)、饲料系数(FCR)等的计算参考周东来等[12]的方法。
采用尾静脉采血的方法收集血液样本。将采集的血液置于离心管中,在4 ℃下以3000 r/min离心10 min分离出血清并转移至新的离心管中,保存在−80 ℃冰箱中备用。使用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒,严格按照试剂盒的说明,测定血清中补体蛋白3(C3)、补体蛋白4(C4)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、溶菌酶(LYS)的含量。试剂盒购置于上海酶联生物科技有限公司。
解剖鱼体获取肠道组织,用预冷的生理盐水冲洗干净,去除内容物。将肠道组织剪成小段,放入匀浆器中,加入适量的预冷生理盐水,制备成10%的组织匀浆。将匀浆液在4 ℃下以3000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液用于测定蛋白酶(protease)、淀粉酶(amylase)、脂肪酶(lipase)的活性。试剂盒购置于上海酶联生物科技有限公司。
使用TGuide S96磁珠法粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒进行微生物总DNA提取。提取样品总DNA后,根据保守区设计得到引物,在引物末端加上测序接头,进行PCR扩增并对其产物进行纯化、定量和均一化形成测序文库,建好的文库先进行文库质检,质检合格的文库用Illumina NovaSeq 6000进行高通量测序。对测序数据进行质量控制和预处理,然后使用QIIME2软件进行生物信息学分析,包括计算α多样性指数(如ACE指数、Chao1丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数等)以及确定优势菌群结构和相对丰度。
使用TRIzol试剂提取肝脏总RNA,将其反转录成cDNA。根据NCBI已知生长激素受体(GHR)、胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)、胰岛素样生长因子2(IGF-2)、β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)序列(GenBank数据库登录号KP218614.1、MK028132.1、MK028133.1、KY457447.1)使用Premier5.0软件设计引物,由生工生物工程上海股份有限公司合成(表1)。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)反应体系(15 μL):cDNA模板(10倍稀释)2.0 μL,预混料2×Universal Blue SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix 7.5 μL,2.5 μmol/L基因引物(上游+下游)各1.5 μL,去核酸酶水4.0 μL。反应程序:95 ℃,30 s预变性;95 ℃,15 s变性,60 ℃ 30 s退火/延伸,40个循环;熔解的反应条件为65~95 ℃,读板30 s记录荧光量。所有qRT-PCR进行3次重复,以β-actin为内参基因对得到的各样本的Ct值做均一化处理,使用${2^{ - \Delta \Delta {C_{\rm{t}}}}}$方法进行相关基因定量。
所有实验数据均以平均值±标准差($\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$)表示。采用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行数据分析,先对数据进行正态性检验和方差齐性检验。对于符合正态分布和方差齐性的数据,采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),然后进行Duncan’s多重比较检验,以确定不同处理组之间的差异显著性。P<0.05被认为具有统计学显著性差异。
饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼生长性能的影响见表2。A1、A2、A3三个处理组的增重率和特定增长率均显著高于CK组(P<0.05),且A3组显著高于A1、A2组(P<0.05)。A3组的饲料系数显著低于CK组(P<0.05),其他两个处理组与CK组无明显差异。三个处理组的肝体指数和肥满度与CK组无明显差异(P>0.05)。
饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼血清免疫能力的影响见表3。A2和A3组的免疫球蛋白M含量和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于CK组(P<0.05),A1组与CK组之无显著差异。三个处理组的补体C3含量和溶菌酶活性均显著高于CK组(P<0.05),且A3组显著高于其他两个处理组(P<0.05)。三个处理组的补体C4含量均显著高于CK组(P<0.05),且A3组显著高于A1组(P<0.05)。血清免疫球蛋白M、补体C3、补体C4含量、溶菌酶活性均随着添加量的升高而升高。三个处理组的超氧化物歧化酶活性显著低于CK组(P<0.05),且A2和A3组显著低于A1组(P<0.05)。
饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼肠道消化酶活性的影响见表4。A1和A2组蛋白酶活性显著高于CK组(P<0.05),A3组与CK组之间无显著差异。A1和A2组脂肪酶活性显著高于CK组(P<0.05),且A1组显著高于A2组(P<0.05),A3组和CK组之间无显著差异。三个处理组淀粉酶活性显著高于CK组(P<0.05),且A1组显著高于其他两个处理组(P<0.05)。
饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群α多样性的影响见表5。本实验中,所有组的Coverage数值均接近100%。A1、A2和A3组的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和CK组之间无显著差异。A2和A3组的PD_whole_tree指数显著高于CK组(P<0.05),但A1组和CK组之间无显著差异。
饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群组成的影响见图1图2。在门分类水平上,各组中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群的优势菌门相同,但其相对丰度有差别。各组中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群中的绝对优势菌门为梭杆菌门(Fusobacteriota),且其相对丰度随着饲料中DMPT的添加量升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势。各组间比较,A2组梭杆菌门相对丰度最低,占比为27.28%;A3组的最高,占比为36.28%。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为各组肠道菌群中的次级优势菌门。各组间比较,A3组变形菌门相对丰度最低,占比为12.20%;CK组变形菌门相对丰度最高,占比为23.47%。A2组厚壁菌门相对丰度最低,占比为13.82%;CK组厚壁菌门相对丰度最高,占比为20.70%。
在属分类水平上,各组中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群中的绝对优势菌属为鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium),鲸杆菌属在A3组的相对丰度最高,占比为33.79%。CK组和A2组的次级优势菌属依次为邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)和埃希氏-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia_Shigella);A1组次级优势菌属依次为邻单胞菌属和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides);A3组次级优势菌属依次为拟杆菌属和邻单胞菌属。各组间比较,A3组邻单胞菌属相对丰度最低,占比为4.38%;A2组的相对丰度最高,占比为11.38%。拟杆菌属在A3组的相对丰度高于其在A1组,占比为8.29%。埃希氏-志贺氏菌属在CK组的相对丰度高于其在A2组,占比为5.89%。
饲料中添加DMPT对中华鲟幼鱼肝脏生长相关基因表达的影响见图3GHR、IGF-1、IGF-2基因表达量随着DMPT添加量的增加呈现不断升高的趋势。其中,A2和A3组的GHR基因表达量显著高于CK组(P<0.05),A1组和CK组之间未出现显著差异。A3组的IGF-1、IGF-2基因表达量显著高于CK组(P<0.05),A1、A2和CK组之间未出现显著差异。
DMPT作为一种高效的鱼类诱食剂,能够刺激鱼类的嗅觉和味觉感受器,从而提高鱼类的摄食积极性[13]。本研究结果显示,处理组A1、A2、A3的增重率和特定增长率均显著高于CK组,且A3组显著高于A1、A2组。这一结果表明,在饲料中添加DMPT能够促进中华鲟幼鱼的生长,且DMPT添加量为1600 mg/kg的A3组中,这种促生长作用更为显著,这与翘嘴鳜(Siniperca chuatsi[14]、哲罗鱼[4]和草鱼[5]的研究结果是一致的。本研究中A3组的饲料系数显著低于CK组,这一结果表明在饲料中添加一定量的DMPT能够使中华鲟幼鱼更有效地利用饲料中的营养物质,促进自身的生长,这与翘嘴鳜[14]和黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco[15]的研究结果是一致的。肝体指数和肥满度是反映鱼类生长和健康状况的重要指标[16]。本研究中饲料中添加DMPT对肝体指数和肥满度未产生显著影响,表明DMPT在促进生长的同时,不会对鱼类的身体形态和肝脏发育造成负面影响。
免疫球蛋白M作为鱼类体液免疫的关键抗体,在体液免疫中发挥关键作用,是评价鱼体免疫应答反应的重要指标[17]。在本研究中,饲料中添加一定量的DMPT能够显著提升免疫球蛋白M的含量,进而增强中华鲟幼鱼的体液免疫能力。补体系统是鱼类免疫系统的重要组成部分,是机体抵御病原体的第一道防线,C3和C4是补体系统的主要成分[18]。本研究中,3个处理组的补体C3、C4含量均显著高于CK组,这表明DMPT能够促进中华鲟幼鱼补体系统的激活,增强其免疫防御能力。血清中的溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶在鱼类非特异性免疫防御中发挥重要作用,可以在一定程度上反映鱼类非特异性免疫机能的强弱[19]。本研究结果显示,3个处理组的中华鲟幼鱼溶菌酶活性均显著高于CK组;A2和A3组的碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于CK组,这表明饲料中添加适量的DMPT可以有效提高中华鲟幼鱼的非特异性免疫能力,增强其对病原体的抵抗能力。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是一种重要的抗氧化酶,能够清除体内过多的自由基,维持机体氧化还原平衡[20]。本研究中三个处理组的超氧化物歧化酶活性显著低于CK组,推测是由于DMPT增强了中华鲟幼鱼的先天免疫和适应性免疫,使得机体对自由基的产生和清除机制发生了改变。
有研究表明,适宜的促摄食物质可促进鱼类肠道蛋白酶的分泌,提高蛋白消化效率[21]。蛋白酶负责蛋白质的消化分解,其活性变化影响蛋白质的吸收利用[22]。本研究中,400和800 mg/kg DMPT添加量更有利于促进中华鲟幼鱼肠道蛋白酶活性的提升。薛飞等[23]研究饲料中添加DMPT对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)消化酶的影响时发现,饲料中添加不同剂量的DMPT能够不同程度地提高异育银鲫的蛋白酶活性,这与本研究的结果是一致的。脂肪酶作为生物体脂质水解的关键酶,参与脂质代谢为生物提供营养和能量[24]。本研究中,A1和A2组中华鲟幼鱼肠道脂肪酶活性显著高于CK组,这与施氏鲟的研究结果是一致的[9]。这表明适量的DMPT添加量有助于鱼体对脂肪的吸收,为生长提供更多的能量。另外,本研究发现,A3组的蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性与CK组无显著差异,这与尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus[25]的研究结果是一致的,推断饲料中添加1600 mg/kg的DMPT对蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性产生一定的抑制效果,具体机制还需进一步研究。淀粉酶在机体中的主要功能是将淀粉等碳水化合物水解为小分子糖类,这些小分子糖类能够被肠道吸收,进而为鱼体生长、发育、代谢等生命活动提供能量[26]。本研究发现,三个处理组淀粉酶活性均显著高于CK组,且A1组淀粉酶活性最高,这表明适宜的DMPT添加量能有效提升中华鲟幼鱼肠道淀粉酶活性。由肠道消化酶活性的研究结果可知,不同添加量的DMPT在促进消化酶活性方面呈现出不同的效果。
α多样性反映微生物群落内物种丰富度及物种多样性。本研究中,所有组的Coverage数值均接近100%,这表明本次测序结果能够较为全面地反映中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群的真实情况。Chao1和ACE指数衡量物种丰富度即物种数量的多少。Shannon和Simpson指数用于衡量物种多样性,受微生物群落中物种丰富度和物种均匀度的影响。PD_whole_tree指数是一种基于系统发育树计算的多样性指标,通过衡量微生物群落中物种的进化距离总和来反映其系统发育多样性[27]。本研究中,三个处理组的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数与CK组之间无显著差异,表明本研究的DMPT添加量对中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群的丰富度和多样性无显著影响。A2和A3组的PD_whole_tree指数显著高于CK组,表明这两组的肠道菌群在系统发育多样性上有所增加,推测适宜的DMPT添加量会对肠道菌群的进化关系产生影响。
在门分类水平上,各组中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群的优势菌门是一致的,但其相对丰度存在差异。梭杆菌门作为中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群的绝对优势菌门,在肠道中具有重要的功能。它参与了食物的消化过程,能够帮助分解一些复杂的营养物质,促进宿主对营养的吸收[28]。同时,梭杆菌门还与肠道黏膜的相互作用密切相关,对维持肠道黏膜的完整性和免疫功能有一定的作用[29]。其相对丰度随着饲料中DMPT的添加量的增加呈现先降低后升高的趋势,推测本研究采用的DMPT添加量(800 mg/kg)为梭杆菌门的生长提供了更有利的条件。本研究中,变形菌门和厚壁菌门为肠道菌群的次级优势菌门,这与斑马鱼(Danio rerio[30]和鲫(Carassius auratus[28]的研究结果是一致的。变形菌门中的一些菌种能够参与肠道内的物质代谢,并且与肠道的免疫调节相关,在抵御病原体入侵方面有一定的作用。厚壁菌门在能量代谢和营养吸收中扮演关键角色,它可以帮助宿主发酵难以消化的碳水化合物,产生短链脂肪酸等有益代谢产物,这些产物不仅能为宿主提供能量,还对肠道健康和免疫功能有积极影响[31]。在本研究中,四组之间比较,变形菌门在A3组的相对丰度最低,CK组最高;厚壁菌门在A2组的相对丰度最低,CK组最高。依据研究结果推测不同的DMPT添加量影响了不同菌门在肠道中的生态位,进而改变了它们的相对丰度。
在属分类水平上,鲸杆菌属是中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群的绝对优势菌属,且在A3组的相对丰度最高。鲸杆菌属在鱼类肠道中被认为具有促进营养物质消化吸收的功能,能够产生多种胞外酶分解摄入的蛋白质和碳水化合物,从而提高宿主对饲料的利用率,推测A3组中华鲟幼鱼生长性能最佳可能与其肠道中鲸杆菌属相对丰度最高有关[32]。不同组的次级优势菌属存在差异,如CK组和A2组依次为邻单胞菌属和埃希氏-志贺氏菌属;A1组为邻单胞菌属和拟杆菌属;A3组为拟杆菌属和邻单胞菌属。邻单胞菌属中大多都是致病菌和机会致病菌,但也有研究表明其在健康鱼类肠道菌群中也可以参与一定的代谢活动[33]。在本实验中,各组间比较,邻单胞菌属在A3组的相对丰度最低,这表明1600 mg/kg的DMPT添加量对其生长有一定的抑制作用。拟杆菌属在肠道中具有重要的消化功能,它能够降解多种多糖类物质,产生短链脂肪酸,为宿主提供能量,同时还参与调节肠道免疫功能[34]。拟杆菌属在A3组的相对丰度高于A1组,这表明不同DMPT添加量对其生长的影响不同。埃希氏-志贺氏菌属中包含了一些与肠道疾病相关的菌种,在A2组的相对丰度低于其在CK组,推测适宜的DMPT添加量对这类潜在有害菌属的生长有一定的抑制作用[35]
生长激素受体(GHR)是生长激素(GH)-IGF-1轴信号通路的关键受体,GH经血液循环到达肝胰脏,与肝细胞表面GHR结合,刺激细胞分泌IGF-1,促进细胞增殖和分化[36]。IGF-1和IGF-2作为GH发挥生长功能的主要介导因子,由肝脏合成并分泌,能够促进蛋白质合成、抑制细胞凋亡,从而推动鱼类的生长发育[37]。本实验中,A3组在GHRIGF-1IGF-2基因表达水平的显著提升,与该组最高的增重率和特定增长率的变化趋势是一致的,表明DMPT可能通过激活GH-IGF轴来增强中华鲟幼鱼的生长性能。这一机制与邹青[25]在吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)上的研究结果相似。A1组在生长性能上显著高于CK组,但其GHRIGF-1IGF-2的表达水平并未出现显著变化。推测在DMPT低添加量条件下,生长促进作用主要依赖于增加摄食量和消化效率,而DMPT高添加量则进一步通过调控基因表达促进鱼类生长。在研究促摄食物质对太门哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen[38]、施氏鲟[9]生长影响的研究中也出现了类似结果。这种调控模式的出现可能与DMPT对肠道菌群、消化酶活性及免疫状态的综合影响有关。
综上所述,本研究结果表明饲料中添加适量的DMPT能够显著提升中华鲟幼鱼的生长性能,提高免疫能力和消化能力。在本研究设定的0、400、800、1600 mg/kg四个添加梯度中,1600 mg/kg(A3组)为促进中华鲟幼鱼生长与健康的最适添加量:该添加量下,中华鲟幼鱼的增重率、特定增长率显著高于其他所有组,饲料系数显著低于对照组,生长性能达到最优水平;同时,其血清免疫球蛋白M、补体C3、补体C4含量及溶菌酶活性等关键免疫指标均显著优于对照组及低剂量组,肝脏中GHRIGF-1IGF-2等促生长相关基因表达量也显著升高,能够通过上调促生长基因表达进而有效促进鱼体生长。此外,饲料中添加DMPT虽未改变中华鲟幼鱼肠道菌群物种丰富度和多样性,但可增加优势菌门和菌属的相对丰度,与1600 mg/kg添加量的生长促进、免疫增强作用形成协同,进一步提升鱼体肠道健康与抗病能力。
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2025年第32卷第12期
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doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0153
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-06-23
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    三峡工程鱼类资源保护湖北省重点实验室(中国长江三峡集团有限公司中华鲟研究所),湖北 宜昌 443100

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姜伟,男,正高级工程师,主要从事渔业资源与水生态修复方面研究. E-mail:
JIANG Wei, E-mail:
杨菁,女,高级工程师,主要从事中华鲟遗传保护研究. E-mail:
YANG Jing, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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