Article(id=1271391555119157960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12264/JFSC2025-0124, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756915200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-04, revisedDate=1760716800000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781052968045, onlineDateStr=2026-06-10, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781052968045, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781052968044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781052968044, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1271391553579848391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, year='2025', volume='32', issue='12', pageStart='1717', pageEnd='1844', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781052967652, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781053078366, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1271392018073849945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1271392018078044250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, issueId=1271391553579848391, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1836, endPage=1844, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1271391555865744074, articleId=1271391555119157960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=EN, title=Seasonal dynamics of Longicollum pagrosomi (Yamaguti, 1935) in the intestines of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Acanthocephalans are important intestinal parasitic helminths of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), and their infections can be detrimental to host growth and health. In this study, we systematically assessed seasonal infection dynamics and their association with host biological traits to enhance understanding of epidemiological characteristics and host-parasite interactions. Specifically, we aimed to elucidate prevalence patterns and establish a scientific basis for disease prevention and control. Accordingly, we conducted a year-long survey on L. crocea cultured in Sanduao Bay, Ningde, Fujian Province. The results showed that Longicollum pagrosomi (Yamaguti, 1935) displayed an aggregated distribution within the host population. Infection significantly reduced host condition factor (P<0.05), indicating that parasitism-induced physiological stress may impair host growth, reproduction, and disease resistance. Temporal analysis revealed significant monthly variations in L. pagrosomi prevalence (P<0.05), with maximum prevalence in August (90.0%) and minimum in September (18.2%). Mean intensity was highest in June (9.0) and lowest in December and March (1.0), indicating infections were concentrated in summer (June-August). These seasonal fluctuations are likely driven by environmental factors, such as water temperature, as elevated summer temperatures may accelerate the parasite life cycle and enhance transmission efficiency. Ontogenetic analysis showed prevalence increased with host body length, reaching a maximum in the 35–40 cm group (F, 66.7%), likely due to increased food intake and prolonged exposure in larger individuals. In contrast, mean intensity followed a bell-shaped pattern, peaking in the 25–30 cm group (D, 7.1), potentially reflecting dietary shifts during host development. A significant positive correlation was detected between L. pagrosomi abundance and host body length (r=0.25, P=0.004). Collectively, these findings demonstrate distinct seasonal and ontogenetic patterns in L. pagrosomi infection, establishing a scientific basis for targeted aquaculture management strategies, including intensified monitoring during summer and among specific size classes. This study advances understanding of marine parasite ecology by highlighting the roles of both abiotic (e.g., temperature) and biotic (e.g., host size) factors in shaping infection dynamics. Future research should elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying host-parasite interactions across seasons and developmental stages and assess the effects of environmental change on these patterns.

, correspAuthors=Peipei FU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanjie WANG, Xiaojun YAN, Lihua JIANG, Denghui ZHU, Zhen TAO, Shengwei XU, Xiao JIN, Peipei FU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1271391558751425241, articleId=1271391555119157960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, language=CN, title=大黄鱼肠道真鲷长颈棘头虫季节动态, columnId=1271391555995767499, journalTitle=中国水产科学, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

棘头虫是大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)肠道的重要寄生蠕虫种类,其感染可影响宿主的生长和健康,本研究系统评估其不同季节感染动态及与宿主生物学特征的关系,以阐明流行规律并为棘头虫病防治提供科学依据。为此,对福建宁德三都澳海区养殖的大黄鱼进行了为期1年的棘头虫感染调查。结果显示,真鲷长颈棘头虫(Longicollum pagrosomi Yamaguti,1935)在大黄鱼中呈聚焦分布,其感染可显著降低宿主肥满度(P<0.05)。各月份间真鲷长颈棘头虫的感染存在显著性差异(P<0.05),感染率在8月最高(90.0%),9月最低(18.2%);平均感染强度在6月最高(9.0),12月和3月最低(1.0);感染主要发生在夏季(6—8月)。感染率随体长增加而增加,35~40 cm(F)组感染率最高(66.7%);而平均感染强度随体长增加呈现“先升后降”趋势,25~30 cm(D)组的平均感染强度最高(7.1),且真鲷长颈棘头虫丰度与体长呈显著正相关关系(r=0.25,P=0.004)。上述研究结果表明,真鲷长颈棘头虫在大黄鱼体内具有显著的季节性与体长阶段性流行特征,感染高峰主要集中于夏季及中等体长阶段。

, correspAuthors=付佩佩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
付佩佩,助理研究员,主要研究方向为水产动物寄生虫学. E-mail:
FU Peipei. E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=北京中科期刊出版有限公司, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cItXqJp7LnFipysQ0808Qw==, magXml=z3Fj97SiHDH2/OMA0NJ5rg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=1Nr5iAkSMadf6GXG5eWcgA==, pdfFileSize=1499742, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mizNj/fm9hRAYErrxLcaqw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gyvhMQj8oAtkllSb2Jx89Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王艳杰,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水产动物寄生虫学. E-mail:

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a. 雌性;b. 雄性.

, figureFileSmall=Y6RhF6/Lol+J0Uf6ve04Yw==, figureFileBig=mizNj/fm9hRAYErrxLcaqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391572210946851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555119157960, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Lesions in the intestine of Larimichthys crocea infected by Longicollum pagrosomi, figureFileSmall=r+TjC0ObhV2AtjE7T60H8w==, figureFileBig=8FaB82EzQP5mb7hegwJVrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1271391572328387364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555119157960, language=CN, label=图2, caption=真鲷长颈棘头虫感染致使的大黄鱼肠道病理损伤

a. 肠道整体观;b. 肠道局部解剖图;黄色箭头示肉芽肿;蓝色箭头示真鲷长颈棘头虫.

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Sample information of Larimichthys crocea and infection status of Longicollum pagrosomi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月/年month/year大黄鱼L. crocea真鲷长颈棘头虫L. pagrosomi
样本数sample number体长/cm length体重/g weight感染率/% prevalence平均感染强度mean intensity平均感染丰度mean abundance
9/20231115.9±1.242.38±7.7718.25.51
10/20231519.1±2.076.86±23.9940.01.50.6
11/20231520.3±1.590.93±23.2246.71.90.9
12/20231018.4±1.475.64±24.0940.01.00.4
1/20241021.5±1.6125.73±26.3160.04.02.4
2/20241024.4±2.4178.46±39.7730.04.71.4
3/20241032.5±2.3551.24±238.7240.01.00.4
4/20241124.6±1.8186.88±46.6545.51.60.7
5/20241026.5±1.1213.90±24.0240.08.53.4
6/20241026.5±1.7197.60±41.1980.09.07.2
7/20241030.2±2.8293.22±73.5970.07.35.1
8/20241030.4±3.1292.90±67.7490.06.15.5
汇总total13223.8±5.4184.3±150.349.24.62.3
), ArticleFig(id=1271391575859991342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555119157960, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大黄鱼样品信息及真鲷长颈棘头虫感染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月/年month/year大黄鱼L. crocea真鲷长颈棘头虫L. pagrosomi
样本数sample number体长/cm length体重/g weight感染率/% prevalence平均感染强度mean intensity平均感染丰度mean abundance
9/20231115.9±1.242.38±7.7718.25.51
10/20231519.1±2.076.86±23.9940.01.50.6
11/20231520.3±1.590.93±23.2246.71.90.9
12/20231018.4±1.475.64±24.0940.01.00.4
1/20241021.5±1.6125.73±26.3160.04.02.4
2/20241024.4±2.4178.46±39.7730.04.71.4
3/20241032.5±2.3551.24±238.7240.01.00.4
4/20241124.6±1.8186.88±46.6545.51.60.7
5/20241026.5±1.1213.90±24.0240.08.53.4
6/20241026.5±1.7197.60±41.1980.09.07.2
7/20241030.2±2.8293.22±73.5970.07.35.1
8/20241030.4±3.1292.90±67.7490.06.15.5
汇总total13223.8±5.4184.3±150.349.24.62.3
), ArticleFig(id=1271391575939683119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555119157960, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Body length and grouping of Larimichthys crocea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别groupABCDEF
体长/cm length≤15.015.1‒20.020.1‒25.025.1‒30.030.1‒35.035.1‒40.0
数量number4333739163
), ArticleFig(id=1271391576023569200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555119157960, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大黄鱼体长范围与分组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别groupABCDEF
体长/cm length≤15.015.1‒20.020.1‒25.025.1‒30.030.1‒35.035.1‒40.0
数量number4333739163
), ArticleFig(id=1271391576141009713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555119157960, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Prevalence and mean intensity of Longicollum pagrosomi in different seasons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节season感染率/% prevalence平均感染强度mean intensity
春季(3—5月)spring(Mar.—May)41.93.5
夏季(6—8月)summer(Jun.—Aug.)80.07.4
秋季(9—11月)autumn(Sep.—Nov.)36.62.2
冬季(12—2月)winter(Dec.—Feb.)43.33.2
总计total49.24.6
), ArticleFig(id=1271391576229090098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1271160618791747662, articleId=1271391555119157960, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

真鲷长颈棘头虫不同季节的感染率和平均感染强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节season感染率/% prevalence平均感染强度mean intensity
春季(3—5月)spring(Mar.—May)41.93.5
夏季(6—8月)summer(Jun.—Aug.)80.07.4
秋季(9—11月)autumn(Sep.—Nov.)36.62.2
冬季(12—2月)winter(Dec.—Feb.)43.33.2
总计total49.24.6
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大黄鱼肠道真鲷长颈棘头虫季节动态
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王艳杰 1 , 严小军 1 , 江丽华 1 , 朱登辉 2 , 陶震 3 , 徐胜威 4 , 金霄 5 , 付佩佩 *, 1, *
中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025,32(12): 1836-1844
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中国水产科学 | 研究论文 2025, 32(12): 1836-1844
大黄鱼肠道真鲷长颈棘头虫季节动态
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王艳杰1 , 严小军1, 江丽华1, 朱登辉2, 陶震3, 徐胜威4, 金霄5, 付佩佩*, 1, *
作者信息
  • 1.浙江海洋大学国家海洋设施养殖工程技术研究中心,浙江 舟山 316022
  • 2.浙江海洋大学海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山 316022
  • 3.浙江海洋大学水产学院,浙江 舟山 316022
  • 4.宁波市海洋与渔业研究院,浙江 宁波 315048
  • 5.广东海洋大学水产学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 王艳杰,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水产动物寄生虫学. E-mail:

通讯作者:

付佩佩,助理研究员,主要研究方向为水产动物寄生虫学. E-mail:
FU Peipei. E-mail:
Seasonal dynamics of Longicollum pagrosomi (Yamaguti, 1935) in the intestines of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)
Yanjie WANG1 , Xiaojun YAN1, Lihua JIANG1, Denghui ZHU2, Zhen TAO3, Shengwei XU4, Xiao JIN5, Peipei FU1
Affiliations
  • 1National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 2Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 3College of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 4Ningbo Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute, Ningbo 315048, China
  • 5College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0124
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棘头虫是大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)肠道的重要寄生蠕虫种类,其感染可影响宿主的生长和健康,本研究系统评估其不同季节感染动态及与宿主生物学特征的关系,以阐明流行规律并为棘头虫病防治提供科学依据。为此,对福建宁德三都澳海区养殖的大黄鱼进行了为期1年的棘头虫感染调查。结果显示,真鲷长颈棘头虫(Longicollum pagrosomi Yamaguti,1935)在大黄鱼中呈聚焦分布,其感染可显著降低宿主肥满度(P<0.05)。各月份间真鲷长颈棘头虫的感染存在显著性差异(P<0.05),感染率在8月最高(90.0%),9月最低(18.2%);平均感染强度在6月最高(9.0),12月和3月最低(1.0);感染主要发生在夏季(6—8月)。感染率随体长增加而增加,35~40 cm(F)组感染率最高(66.7%);而平均感染强度随体长增加呈现“先升后降”趋势,25~30 cm(D)组的平均感染强度最高(7.1),且真鲷长颈棘头虫丰度与体长呈显著正相关关系(r=0.25,P=0.004)。上述研究结果表明,真鲷长颈棘头虫在大黄鱼体内具有显著的季节性与体长阶段性流行特征,感染高峰主要集中于夏季及中等体长阶段。

大黄鱼  /  真鲷长颈棘头虫  /  感染率  /  平均感染强度  /  季节动态

Acanthocephalans are important intestinal parasitic helminths of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), and their infections can be detrimental to host growth and health. In this study, we systematically assessed seasonal infection dynamics and their association with host biological traits to enhance understanding of epidemiological characteristics and host-parasite interactions. Specifically, we aimed to elucidate prevalence patterns and establish a scientific basis for disease prevention and control. Accordingly, we conducted a year-long survey on L. crocea cultured in Sanduao Bay, Ningde, Fujian Province. The results showed that Longicollum pagrosomi (Yamaguti, 1935) displayed an aggregated distribution within the host population. Infection significantly reduced host condition factor (P<0.05), indicating that parasitism-induced physiological stress may impair host growth, reproduction, and disease resistance. Temporal analysis revealed significant monthly variations in L. pagrosomi prevalence (P<0.05), with maximum prevalence in August (90.0%) and minimum in September (18.2%). Mean intensity was highest in June (9.0) and lowest in December and March (1.0), indicating infections were concentrated in summer (June-August). These seasonal fluctuations are likely driven by environmental factors, such as water temperature, as elevated summer temperatures may accelerate the parasite life cycle and enhance transmission efficiency. Ontogenetic analysis showed prevalence increased with host body length, reaching a maximum in the 35–40 cm group (F, 66.7%), likely due to increased food intake and prolonged exposure in larger individuals. In contrast, mean intensity followed a bell-shaped pattern, peaking in the 25–30 cm group (D, 7.1), potentially reflecting dietary shifts during host development. A significant positive correlation was detected between L. pagrosomi abundance and host body length (r=0.25, P=0.004). Collectively, these findings demonstrate distinct seasonal and ontogenetic patterns in L. pagrosomi infection, establishing a scientific basis for targeted aquaculture management strategies, including intensified monitoring during summer and among specific size classes. This study advances understanding of marine parasite ecology by highlighting the roles of both abiotic (e.g., temperature) and biotic (e.g., host size) factors in shaping infection dynamics. Future research should elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying host-parasite interactions across seasons and developmental stages and assess the effects of environmental change on these patterns.

Larimichthys crocea  /  Longicollum pagrosomi  /  prevalence  /  mean intensity  /  seasonal dynamics
王艳杰, 严小军, 江丽华, 朱登辉, 陶震, 徐胜威, 金霄, 付佩佩. 大黄鱼肠道真鲷长颈棘头虫季节动态. 中国水产科学, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1836 -1844 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0124
Yanjie WANG, Xiaojun YAN, Lihua JIANG, Denghui ZHU, Zhen TAO, Shengwei XU, Xiao JIN, Peipei FU. Seasonal dynamics of Longicollum pagrosomi (Yamaguti, 1935) in the intestines of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2025 , 32 (12) : 1836 -1844 . DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0124
大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea Richardson,1846)是我国极具经济价值的海水养殖鱼类[1],网箱养殖是其主要模式[2],但病害问题长期制约产业发展,寄生虫病是关键影响因素之一[3]。大黄鱼常见的寄生虫病原包括刺激隐核虫(Crvptocaryon irritans[4]、盾纤毛虫(Scuticociliatia sp.)[5]、本尼登虫(Neobenedenia sp.)[3]和锥虫(Typanosoma sp.)[6-7]等,还未见其肠道蠕虫的相关研究。
棘头虫由吻、颈和躯干三部分组成,可通过吻部嵌入宿主肠壁,引发肠道穿孔、组织损伤及营养障碍,严重感染时可导致宿主死亡[8-9]。目前,全球已记录超过1300种棘头虫[10],其中超过一半的物种以硬骨鱼类为终末宿主[11]。真鲷长颈棘头虫(Longicollum pagrosomi Yamaguti,1935)隶属于古棘头虫纲、棘吻目、泡吻科、长颈属,其生活史属于间接型,以长颈麦杆虫(Caprella equilibra)、加州麦杆虫(Caprella californica)和理石叶钩虾(Jassa marmorata)等端足目甲壳动物为中间宿主[12]。真鲷长颈棘头虫无明显的宿主特异性,终末宿主广泛。在我国东海地区主要寄生于条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus[13]和真鲷(Pagrus major[14],在台湾地区则寄生于红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythropterus[15]。其感染可引发肠黏膜损伤与炎症,干扰营养吸收,影响宿主生长,严重感染时威胁宿主生存[16]
季节性研究是理解宿主-寄生虫生态动态的重要手段。水生动物的寄生虫群落会因非生物因素和生物因素的时间变化而呈现季节性差异[17]。由季节性旱季-雨季交替所引发的环境变化会导致潜在的中间宿主或终末宿主种群数量发生增加或减少,从而影响寄生虫在肠道中的感染进程[18]。此外,温度等非生物因素的季节性变化越显著,寄生虫感染的季节性也可能越明显[19]。研究寄生虫病的季节动态不仅有助于识别感染高峰期[20-21],亦可揭示潜在的环境驱动因素,从而为制定科学精准的防控策略提供依据。
近年来,真鲷长颈棘头虫已成为威胁大黄鱼养殖安全的主要肠道寄生虫之一[22],但其流行病学特征尚不明确。本研究以福建省宁德市海域养殖大黄鱼为研究对象,围绕真鲷长颈棘头虫的感染情况,开展为期1年的季节动态调查,旨在揭示其感染强度和流行率的季节变化规律,明确其流行的关键时段和高风险因素,为大黄鱼棘头虫病的科学防控提供理论支撑,促进大黄鱼养殖业的可持续健康发展。
本研究于2023年9月至2024年8月期间开展,每月定期(下旬)从福建省宁德市三都澳白秤潭海域采集网箱养殖大黄鱼样本(表1)。所有样本均由同一养殖户提供并在相同条件下养殖。养殖网箱规格为5 m(长)×5 m(宽)×8 m(高),养殖水体盐度为31,pH为8.1;每日16:00按时投喂商用配合饲料。
将大黄鱼置于冰上低温运回实验室,测量并记录大黄鱼体长(L)和体重(W)。为便于统计不同体长大黄鱼体内棘头虫的感染情况,根据体长将大黄鱼分为以下6组,分别用A、B、C、D、E和F表示(表2)。
将大黄鱼置于解剖盘中,用剪刀从肛门沿侧线剖开,从内脏团中完整分离出肠道,剪开肠道,从中后肠肠壁上小心剥离棘头虫,置于生理盐水中。虫体清洗干净后置于体视显微镜(Leica MZ10F)下进行形态学观察和鉴定,并记录数量。另取4个棘头虫固定于100%酒精中,用于分子鉴定。
采用北京天根生化科技有限公司的TIANamp基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取棘头虫基因组DNA。提取过程遵循试剂盒说明书的操作流程。提取的基因组DNA测定浓度、纯度及质量后,冻存于–20 ℃,用于后续PCR扩增。引物对18SF(5′-AGATTAAGCCATGCATGCGT-3′)和18SR(5′-GCAGGTTCACCTACGGAAA-3′)用于扩增棘头虫的部分18S rRNA基因片段[23];引物对A-COX1F(5′-GTGCGTCGGTGGTTAATGTCA-3′)和A-COX1R(5′-TGGGAGAATGAGGATGTATA-3′)[(由生工生物工程(上海)有限公司合成]用于扩增棘头虫的部分线粒体cox1基因片段。PCR反应体系为20 μL,包含10 μL 2×Es Taq Master Mix(康为世纪)、正、反向引物各1 μL(10 pmol)及1 μL DNA模板,PCR扩增程序参照文献[24]中的方法执行。取2 μL扩增产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,并送至生工生物工程(上海)有限公司进行测序,使用ABI3730XL测序仪及上述引物进行双向测序。序列通过SeqMan软件进行手动拼接,并在NCBI(BLAST)中进行序列同源性分析。棘头虫的18S rRNA和cox1基因序列上传至NCBI的GenBank数据库中,序列登陆号为PQ345333– PQ345336和PQ345339–PQ345342。
感染率(prevalence)=感染真鲷长颈棘头虫大黄鱼尾数/大黄鱼尾数×100%;平均感染强度(mean intensity)=真鲷长颈棘头虫数/感染真鲷长颈棘头虫大黄鱼尾数;平均感染丰度(mean abundance)=真鲷长颈棘头虫数/大黄鱼尾数[25]。肥满度(condition factor,CF)=体重(W,g)/体长(L,cm)3×100。真鲷长颈棘头虫在不同月份的感染水平变化以及其在不同体长大黄鱼中的感染差异用异质性G检验(G-test of heterogeneity)分析;感染与未感染真鲷长颈棘头虫的大黄鱼肥满度的差异用t检验(t-test)分析。真鲷长颈棘头虫在大黄鱼种群中的分布型式根据方均比${S^2}/\bar X$衡量,其中S2为真鲷长颈棘头虫的种群方差,$\bar X$为真鲷长颈棘头虫数量的平均值,${S^2}/\bar X > 1$,为聚集分布;${S^2}/\bar X = 1$为随机分布;${S^2}/\bar X < 1$,为均匀分布。负二项分布的参数k用最大释然法(maximum likelihood)估计,负二项分布的拟合用卡方检验[25]。皮尔逊相关系数用于确定大黄鱼体长与真鲷长颈棘头虫丰度之间的相关性。统计学显著性水平设定为0.05。
本实验中获取的棘头虫的雌、雄个体的形态如图1a图1b所示。虫体圆柱形,颈部较长且有明显膨大;吻突短,呈棒状且向前部逐渐膨大,吻突表面具10~14纵列钩子,每列含11~16个钩子,前端钩子通常较短且更弯曲。雌虫(图1a)内部结构简单;雄虫(图1b)含2个前后排列的椭圆形精巢,位于躯干中部;黏液腺6个,位于精巢后方;尾端具交合伞。上述形态学特征与学者们对真鲷长颈棘头虫的描述高度一致[13-15],而吻部形态特征与Li等[26]报道的舟山泡吻棘头虫不同。
扩增的棘头虫18S rRNA基因片段总长度为1638 bp,4个样本间的相似性为100%。BLAST同源性分析显示,该棘头虫与寄生在条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)肠道的两种棘头虫真鲷长颈棘头虫(Longicollum pagrosomi)和舟山泡吻棘头虫(Pomphorhynchus zhoushanesis Li,Chen,Amin &Yang,2017)的相似度最高,为100%;随后依次为Pomphorhynchus laevis Zoega in Müller,1776(98.17%)、Pomphorhynchus tereticollis Rudolphi,1809(98.05%)、Acanthocephalus anguillae Müller,1780(97.86%)、Rhadinorhynchus pristis Rudolphi,1802(97.62%)和Echinorhynchus gymnocyprii Liu,Wang &Yang,1981(97.44%)。
扩增的棘头虫cox1基因片段总长度为697 bp,4个样本间的相似性为99.28%~100%。BLAST同源性分析表明,此棘头虫与寄生在条石鲷肠道的真鲷长颈棘头虫和舟山泡吻棘头虫的相似性最高,为98.80%;其次是Pomphorhynchus patagonicus Ortubay,Ubeda,Semenas &Kennedy,1991(74.11%)。上述分子生物学结果表明,仅基于18S rRNA和cox1基因序列,尚不足以准确区分大黄鱼源棘头虫究竟属于真鲷长颈棘头虫还是舟山泡吻棘头虫。
结合形态学鉴定结果与分子序列分析,研究结果支持寄生于大黄鱼肠道内的棘头虫为真鲷长颈棘头虫。
本研究共计采集132尾大黄鱼,体长为(23.80± 5.36)cm,体重为(184.29±150.29)g,其中感染棘头虫的大黄鱼有65尾,未感染棘头虫的大黄鱼有67尾,感染率为49.2%,平均感染强度为4.6,平均感染丰度为2.3(表1)。调查期间,共分离得到真鲷长颈棘头虫299条。感染严重时,真鲷长颈棘头虫吻部可穿透肠壁,并在肠壁上形成肉芽肿(图2)。
真鲷长颈棘头虫各月份间的感染存在显著性差异(G=21.82>χ20.05 = 19.68,df=11,P<0.05)。感染率在2024年8月达到全年最高值,为90.0%,而2023年9月最低,仅为18.2%(图3)。此外,2024年1月、6月和7月的感染率也较高,均超过50.0%(图3)。其平均感染强度的变化趋势与感染率基本一致,其中2024年6月最高,为9.0,而2023年12月和2024年3月最低,仅为1.0(图3)。
从季节趋势来看(表3),真鲷长颈棘头虫的感染率和平均感染强度在秋季处于最低水平,分别为36.6%和2.2;夏季是真鲷长颈棘头虫感染的高峰期,其感染率和平均感染强度达到最高水平,分别为80.0%和7.4;而春、冬两季,其感染率和平均感染强度基本持平,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
统计分析表明,不同体长之间大黄鱼体内真鲷长颈棘头虫的感染差异不显著(G=9.87 <χ20.05= 11.07,df=5,P>0.05,图4)。感染率随体长增加呈现增加的趋势。具体而言,体长为0~15 cm(A组)的大黄鱼体内真鲷长颈棘头虫的感染率最低,为25.0%;随着体长增加,感染率逐渐上升,体长为35~40 cm(F组)达到峰值,为66.7%。
不同体长大黄鱼体内真鲷长颈棘头虫的平均感染强度的变化趋势与感染率不同,随体长呈先增加后降低的趋势(图4)。在体长较小的区间15~ 25 cm(B、C组),平均感染强度随体长增加而增加,均小于3.0;当体长达到25~30 cm(D组)时,平均感染强度达到最高值7.1。然而,体长超过30 cm后(E、F组),平均感染强度随体长增加而下降,体长35到40 cm(F组)的平均感染强度最低,为2.0。此外,相关性分析表明真鲷长颈棘头虫丰度与大黄鱼体长之间存在显著正相关(r=0.25,P=0.004;图5)。
未感染真鲷长颈棘头虫的大黄鱼肥满度显著高于感染组(t=2.659,df=130,P<0.05,图6a)。且在不同体长组中,未感染真鲷长颈棘头虫组大黄鱼的肥满度均高于感染组(图6b),但两组间的肥满度差异均不显著(P>0.05)。其中,在体长30~ 35 cm(E组)中,未感染真鲷长颈棘头虫的大黄鱼的肥满度最高,为1.75,虽远高于感染组(1.04),但两组间差异不显著(P >0.05)。
根据${S^2}/\bar X = 9.62 > 1$n=132,${S^2}/\bar X > {F_{0.01}}$P<0.01的比值,可以推测真鲷长颈棘头虫在大黄鱼肠道中的分布呈聚集型。此外,负二项分布拟合失败(K = 0.26,χ2=49.02>χ20.05=22.36,P<0.01)。
真鲷长颈棘头虫在宿主大黄鱼中的感染率与感染强度呈现出明显的季节性波动,其感染水平在秋季最低,夏季最高,春、冬两季持平。这种季节变换可能与此寄生虫的生活史特性和水温等有关。水温直接影响鱼类寄生虫的发育速率[27]。在夏季较高水温下,棘头虫卵的孵化及其在中间宿主中的生长速率均显著加快。此外,真鲷长颈棘头虫的中间宿主为麦杆虫和钩虾,这些甲壳动物的丰度在夏季达到最高[28],提高了感染成功率和传播效率,因此夏季为真鲷长颈棘头虫感染大黄鱼的高峰季。这一现象在其他鱼类寄生虫中也有报道[19-20],说明季节变化在寄生虫的传播过程中具有重要作用。
随着大黄鱼体长的增加,真鲷长颈棘头虫的感染率也随之增加,体长为35~40 cm的大黄鱼肠道内棘头虫感染率达到最高。表明宿主的体长是影响棘头虫感染风险的重要因素之一,体型较大的个体由于摄食量更大、暴露时间更长,更容易摄入含感染性虫卵的中间宿主,从而导致感染率显著升高。这一趋势在黄鳝与隐藏新棘虫[PallisentisNeosentiscelatus]系统中也有报道[29]。真鲷长颈棘头虫的感染强度随大黄鱼体长变化呈现“先升高后降低”的趋势,在体长为25~30 cm的个体中感染水平达到峰值。这可能与大黄鱼的食物组成改变有关。真鲷长颈棘头虫的中间宿主是麦秆虫和钩虾等端足目甲壳动物,它们是大黄鱼幼鱼的主要食物。随着大黄鱼体长的增长,大黄鱼成鱼以捕食小鱼、虾类、虾蛄类和蟹类等个体较大的动物为主[30],因此真鲷长颈棘头虫的感染强度在25~30 cm体长组最大后开始下降。
真鲷长颈棘头虫的寄生显著影响大黄鱼肥满度。特别是在体长30~35 cm区间,未感染组的肥满度(1.75)远高于感染组(1.04),表明真鲷长颈棘头虫对此阶段的大黄鱼影响最大。这一现象的产生可能与个体处于快速生长期、对能量与营养需求较高有关,而寄生虫通过竞争宿主营养资源,对其生长造成了明显抑制作用[31]。相比之下,在其他体长区间,感染组与未感染组的肥满度差异较小,可能与寄生虫感染强度较低、宿主适应性增强以及充足的营养条件等有关[32],可减轻寄生虫的负面作用。因此,在低感染强度或充足营养条件下,棘头虫的影响较小,而在特定生长阶段,尤其是在高感染强度条件下,其负面作用则更加显著。
此外,真鲷长颈棘头虫在大黄鱼体内的分布呈现出较高的聚集度,其方均比为9.62,显示感染集中在少数宿主个体。然而,基于当前数据,负二项分布模型未能有效拟合该分布特征。已有研究表明,当寄生虫的感染率和平均丰度较高时,负二项分布往往难以适应这种高丰度-高感染率的分布模式[33]。此外,本次调查中还观察到存在少量感染强度较高的个体,进一步加剧了分布的偏离性。这类极端值显著影响了整体的分布形态,可能是造成负二项分布拟合失败的重要原因之一。因此,未来研究中应考虑引入更灵活的分布模型(例如Weibull分布),以更准确地描述棘头虫在宿主中的分布规律。
本研究揭示了大黄鱼感染真鲷长颈棘头虫在季节变化与体长阶段上的规律,提示在寄生虫病害的监测与防控中,应综合考虑宿主的生长发育特征,以识别高风险群体并制定精准干预策略。夏季为感染高峰期,体长在25~30 cm的个体为高感染群体,管理实践中应重点关注。研究结果为养殖实践提供了科学依据,有助于管理者结合季节与宿主体长特征实施更具针对性的策略,从而有效降低寄生虫病害带来的经济损失。未来还需进一步探讨寄生虫感染对宿主长期生长、繁殖与免疫功能的影响,以全面阐明宿主寄生虫之间的生态关系与生理互作机制,从而为寄生虫病害的综合防控提供更加系统的科学支撑。
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2025年第32卷第12期
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doi: 10.12264/JFSC2025-0124
  • 接收时间:2025-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-04
  • 修回日期:2025-10-18
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    1.浙江海洋大学国家海洋设施养殖工程技术研究中心,浙江 舟山 316022
    2.浙江海洋大学海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山 316022
    3.浙江海洋大学水产学院,浙江 舟山 316022
    4.宁波市海洋与渔业研究院,浙江 宁波 315048
    5.广东海洋大学水产学院,广东 湛江 524088

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付佩佩,助理研究员,主要研究方向为水产动物寄生虫学. E-mail:
FU Peipei. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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