Article(id=1241408722958864848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904503812, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904503812, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904503812, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904503812, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2063, endPage=2074, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408723365712386, articleId=1241408722958864848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Migration and enrichment characteristics of heavy metals during the weathering and soil-forming process of carbonate rocks:A case study of typical areas in South China., columnId=1234106389669409584, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Soil Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The weathered soil profiles were taken as the research objects from paddy and upland fields, which are typical agricultural lands in the carbonate rock regions of South China. The sources of soil heavy metals were traced via Pb isotope composition, and the vertical distribution and influencing factors of eight common types of heavy metals in the farmland soil profiles were systematically analyzed. The results revealed that the weathering of parent rocks was the main source of soil heavy metals in the study area, and the contents of heavy metals in the two profiles were found to be higher than the soil background value (0.056mg/kg). The enrichment of Cd tended to occur in the surface layer (0.49~2.15mg/kg) and the middle layer(0.75~1.87mg/kg) of the soil profiles, while that of the other elements tended to occur in the middle layer. The physicochemical properties and the mineral compositions of the soils, as well as the changes in the redox conditions exerted important impacts on the migration of heavy metals. The secondary enrichment of heavy metals in the soil profiles from the study area was attributed to the weathering process of carbonate rocks, while the impact of the leaching process on the migration and enrichment of heavy metals was more significant in the profile from the paddy field.

, correspAuthors=Qian-ying SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-xue SHI, Qian-ying SUN, Yang LU, Wen-cheng WU, Wei-jie CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408727316747182, articleId=1241408722958864848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=碳酸盐岩风化成土过程重金属的迁移富集特征——以华南典型地区为例, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以华南碳酸盐岩地区水田、旱地2种典型农用地风化土壤剖面为研究对象,通过Pb同位素组成对土壤重金属进行溯源,并系统分析了8种常见重金属在农田土壤剖面中的垂直分布及影响因素.结果表明,母岩风化是研究区土壤重金属的主要来源;两个剖面中重金属含量均高于土壤背景值(0.056mg/kg),Cd偏向于在表层(0.49~2.15mg/kg)与中层(0.75~1.87mg/kg)富集,其他元素均偏向于在中层富集.土壤理化性质、矿物组成,以及氧化还原条件变化对重金属迁移具有重要影响.碳酸盐岩风化过程造成了研究区土壤剖面中重金属元素的次生富集,水田剖面的淋溶作用对重金属的迁移富集影响更大.

, correspAuthors=孙乾迎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副研究员,
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施小学(2000-),女,安徽合肥人,安徽大学硕士研究生,主要从事农田土壤重金属迁移机制的研究..

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施小学(2000-),女,安徽合肥人,安徽大学硕士研究生,主要从事农田土壤重金属迁移机制的研究..

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施小学(2000-),女,安徽合肥人,安徽大学硕士研究生,主要从事农田土壤重金属迁移机制的研究..

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审图号GS(2019)3333号

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汽车尾气、大气沉降及雨水Pb同位素数据来自于文献[3]

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Q:石英;Cal:方解石

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碳酸盐岩风化成土过程重金属的迁移富集特征——以华南典型地区为例
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施小学 1, 2 , 孙乾迎 2, * , 卢阳 2 , 吴文成 2 , 陈伟杰 2
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(4): 2063-2074
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 2063-2074
碳酸盐岩风化成土过程重金属的迁移富集特征——以华南典型地区为例
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施小学1, 2 , 孙乾迎2, * , 卢阳2, 吴文成2, 陈伟杰2
作者信息
  • 1.安徽大学资源与环境专业,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东 广州 510655
  • 施小学(2000-),女,安徽合肥人,安徽大学硕士研究生,主要从事农田土壤重金属迁移机制的研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副研究员,
Migration and enrichment characteristics of heavy metals during the weathering and soil-forming process of carbonate rocks:A case study of typical areas in South China.
Xiao-xue SHI1, 2 , Qian-ying SUN2, * , Yang LU2, Wen-cheng WU2, Wei-jie CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Resources and Environment, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2.South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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以华南碳酸盐岩地区水田、旱地2种典型农用地风化土壤剖面为研究对象,通过Pb同位素组成对土壤重金属进行溯源,并系统分析了8种常见重金属在农田土壤剖面中的垂直分布及影响因素.结果表明,母岩风化是研究区土壤重金属的主要来源;两个剖面中重金属含量均高于土壤背景值(0.056mg/kg),Cd偏向于在表层(0.49~2.15mg/kg)与中层(0.75~1.87mg/kg)富集,其他元素均偏向于在中层富集.土壤理化性质、矿物组成,以及氧化还原条件变化对重金属迁移具有重要影响.碳酸盐岩风化过程造成了研究区土壤剖面中重金属元素的次生富集,水田剖面的淋溶作用对重金属的迁移富集影响更大.

碳酸盐岩  /  农田土壤剖面  /  重金属  /  垂向迁移  /  影响因素

The weathered soil profiles were taken as the research objects from paddy and upland fields, which are typical agricultural lands in the carbonate rock regions of South China. The sources of soil heavy metals were traced via Pb isotope composition, and the vertical distribution and influencing factors of eight common types of heavy metals in the farmland soil profiles were systematically analyzed. The results revealed that the weathering of parent rocks was the main source of soil heavy metals in the study area, and the contents of heavy metals in the two profiles were found to be higher than the soil background value (0.056mg/kg). The enrichment of Cd tended to occur in the surface layer (0.49~2.15mg/kg) and the middle layer(0.75~1.87mg/kg) of the soil profiles, while that of the other elements tended to occur in the middle layer. The physicochemical properties and the mineral compositions of the soils, as well as the changes in the redox conditions exerted important impacts on the migration of heavy metals. The secondary enrichment of heavy metals in the soil profiles from the study area was attributed to the weathering process of carbonate rocks, while the impact of the leaching process on the migration and enrichment of heavy metals was more significant in the profile from the paddy field.

carbonate rock  /  soil profile of farmland  /  heavy metals  /  vertical migration  /  influence factor
施小学, 孙乾迎, 卢阳, 吴文成, 陈伟杰. 碳酸盐岩风化成土过程重金属的迁移富集特征——以华南典型地区为例. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2063 -2074 .
Xiao-xue SHI, Qian-ying SUN, Yang LU, Wen-cheng WU, Wei-jie CHEN. Migration and enrichment characteristics of heavy metals during the weathering and soil-forming process of carbonate rocks:A case study of typical areas in South China.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2063 -2074 .
土壤重金属污染是目前的主要环境问题之一.土壤中重金属来源主要分为自然源和人为源两大类[1].人为成因的土壤重金属污染包括燃煤和含铅石油燃烧、金属冶炼、污水灌溉、大气干湿沉降等多种来源[1-3].地质成因的重金属多与母岩风化及成土作用后期的次生富集有关,由地质成因引起的土壤重金属富集区通常被称为重金属地质高背景区.与人为成因土壤重金属污染相比,地质成因导致的高背景土壤在重金属富集过程、环境风险、控制原理等方面存在显著差异.
目前,国内外有关土壤重金属污染的研究主要聚焦于尾气排放、矿床开采、金属冶炼、污水灌溉等人为污染源,而针对地质高背景区的研究起步较晚,国内仅有部分研究者在广西、云南碳酸盐岩区[4-7]、重庆黑色页岩区[8-9]、珠三角等第四系沉积物区开展了相关工作.这些工作侧重于土壤中重金属的来源解析[10-12],或是对土壤中重金属的含量、空间分布、赋存状态等方面的研究[13-15].碳酸盐岩是地壳中极贫重金属元素的一类岩石,但碳酸盐岩土壤风化成土过程中,含二氧化碳的流体对岩石进行溶解和溶蚀的过程,会使得母岩中的主体物质碳酸钙/镁等被淋滤迁出,而残留在土体中的主要成土物质—铁、锰、铝氧化物、硅酸盐黏土和重金属元素等得以保留,从而导致岩石中的某些重金属元素在土壤中显著富集,形成具有重金属地质高背景特征的土壤[26].因此,近年来碳酸盐岩风化过程的研究受到越来越多的关注[16-19].然而,目前对于碳酸盐岩地质高背景地区岩石风化成土过程中重金属垂向迁移富集机制的研究尚不深入,不同用地类型土壤重金属环境行为的影响机理仍缺乏研究.
本研究选取华南地区典型重金属地质高背景区不同类型(水田、旱地)碳酸盐岩风化土壤剖面,利用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)对剖面土壤重金属进行Pb同位素溯源,结合土壤理化性质、元素组成、相关性分析等,综合分析了研究区岩石风化成土过程中重金属的垂向迁移特征及其影响因素.本研究将有助于增进对碳酸盐岩地区土壤重金属环境行为的理解,并为土壤重金属污染的修复和治理提供理论支撑.
研究区域位于广东省连州市(24°37′~25°12′N,112°47′~112°07′E),该地区地处南岭山脉南麓,西、北、东三面均为山地,中部稍低,为丘陵地带(图1),降雨充沛,霜冻期短,无霜期约310d,年平均气温为19.7℃,属亚热带季风气候,年平均降雨量为1622.0mm,地区分层隶属于华南地层区桂湘赣地层分区连县小区,是以石灰岩为主的碱性土壤分布区,为典型的喀斯特地貌.本研究采样地点远离工矿企业,受人为活动影响较小.
选择水田(LZ-S)和旱地(LZ-H)两种不同用地类型,分别采集基岩(LZ-R)和土壤垂直剖面样品(图1).水田采样前,首先将采样区域灌溉水外排,挖掘约1.5m×1m的长方形剖面坑,深度到达母质层.水田采样深度为130cm,分别按A(0~20cm)、P(20~35cm)、W(35~55cm)、G(55~70cm)、C1(70~90cm)、C2(90~110cm)、C3(110~130cm)对各土壤发生层进行样品采集;旱地采样深度为120cm,分别按A(0~20cm)、E(20~30cm)、B1(30~50cm)、B2(50~70cm)、C1(70~90cm)、C2(90~120cm)对各土壤发生层进行样品采集.母岩选择在岩石出露良好的区域进行采样.采样完成后装入密封袋并对其进行编号,统一带回实验室进行处理.土壤样品均置于通风干燥的房间内自然风干,过2mm筛保存,取部分土壤样品用于重金属含量及主要元素测量.岩石样品首先在实验室内进行表面清洗,去除可能的风化层、杂质及土壤颗粒,另取部分岩石样品与土壤样品用玛瑙研钵轻轻研磨至200目以上,用于Pb同位素测试.
重金属含量(Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Zn、Ni、Cu)利用原子吸收光谱仪、ICP电感耦合等离子光谱仪以及原子荧光进行测定.同时利用日本ZSX primus III+对样品进行X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析,获得主要元素矿物组成比例(Al2O3、CaO、TFe2O3、K2O、MgO、Na2O、P2O5、SiO2、TiO2).其中,TFe2O3代表全铁含量,其计算公式为:
在1:2.5土壤/去离子水悬浮液中,用校准的pH电极测量土壤pH值[20].土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)利用三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法测量.土壤有机碳(TOC)利用重铬酸钾容量法-稀释热法测量[21].土壤粒度利用湿法测试,采用Malvern Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪对样品进行测定[22].在测试过程中采用国家标准土壤参比物质(GSS-1)以及重复样的测试进行全程分析质量控制,各类指标分析的准确度(ΔlgC)为0.10~0.12,精密度(RSD)为10%~20%,测量过程每个样品均设置3个重复,重复样的标准偏差小于10%,各元素回收率均在(95%±5%),测试结果符合质量控制要求.
通过连续提取实验测定土壤各提取态重金属含量,将土壤重金属划分为5种组分[52]:可交换态(F1,8mL 1mol/L MgCl2.6H2O,震荡1h,离心20min,过滤),碳酸盐结合态(F2,8mL 1mol/L NaAc,pH=5.0,震荡8h,离心20min,过滤),铁锰氧化物结合态(F3,20mL 0.04mol/L NH2OH·HCl,pH=1.5,震荡4h,离心20min,过滤),有机结合态(F4,5mL 30%H2O2有机质消化,5mL 3.2mol/L NH4OAc,pH=2,震荡3h,离心20min,过滤),残渣态(F5,硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解,定容).
土壤矿物分析采用单晶X射线衍射(XRD)全谱分析测定,具体方法如下:取适量研磨至<200目的土壤细粉填入凹槽,并用平整的玻璃板将其压紧,使样品表面与样品板面平整光滑,使用bruker d8advance(铜靶X光管CuK α辐射、发射狭缝与散射狭缝1°、接受狭缝0.3mm)进行测定.根据土壤中矿物的晶格大小,确定矿物类型.
Pb同位素组成采用MC-ICP-MS(Neptune Plus,德国)进行测定.测试前首先准确称取粉末样品50~200mg置于Teflon溶样弹中;先后加入1~3mL高纯HNO3和高纯HF;置于190℃烘箱中加热24h以上.待溶样弹冷却后,于通风橱中开盖置于140℃电热板上蒸干,然后加入1mL HNO3并再次蒸干.随后用1.0mol/L HBr溶解样品,待上柱分离.化学分离主要用离心机将样品离心后,取上清液上柱.柱子填充AG树脂.用1.0mol/L HBr淋洗去除基体元素.最终用6.0mol/L HCI将Pb从柱上洗脱并收集.收集的Pb溶液蒸干后等待上机测试.测量指标包括208Pb/206Pb、206Pb/207Pb、208Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb以及206Pb/204Pb,本研究主要选取208Pb/206Pb和206Pb/207Pb组成进行分析.
为了研究重金属在成土过程中的输入输出情况,本研究利用元素从成土母岩到土壤中的质量迁移系数τ来评价不同重金属元素的富集程度,因Ti元素在表生环境中十分稳定,因此选择Ti作为质量平衡计算的参比元素[23-24].
质量迁移系数公式为:
式中:τ是迁移系数MTC的值;(X/Ti)sample是土壤样品中元素X与Ti含量比值;(X/Ti)parent是成土母岩(碳酸盐岩)中元素X与Ti含量比值.当τ>0时,说明成土过程中X元素有外来输入,易产生次生富集;当τ=0时,说明成土过程中X元素相对成土母岩/成土母质没有迁移;当τ<0时,说明成土过程中X元素发生了流失,易淋滤释出.
化学蚀变指数(CIA)是反映土壤风化强度的有效指标,其计算方式为:
通常在碳酸盐岩风化土壤中,CaO/Na2O的物质的量比例大于1,此时可认为n(CaO*)=n(Na2O)[25].
样点分布图采用ArcGIS 10.8软件绘制;数据描述性统计,多元统计包括逐步多元线性回归和斯皮尔曼相关性分析等利用SPSS 22完成;数据处理利用Excel 2021完成;图形绘制由Origin 2022完成.
本研究中,水田、旱地剖面Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Zn、Ni、Cu等元素在不同深度土壤样品中的含量可以直观地反映出研究区重金属元素的分布规律.由图2可知,Cd在两个土壤剖面中均倾向于在表层(0~20cm)与中层(20~70cm)富集,主要是由于高Cd含量的碳酸盐岩风化后,继承的风化产物中Cd含量较高,成土过程的次生富集作用又进一步使Cd在土壤中浓缩[26-27].因此,Cd的富集是母岩继承和次生富集双重作用的结果.两个剖面中其他重金属元素均倾向于在中层富集,一方面是表层土壤中的重金属通过灌溉或雨水淋溶向下迁移;另一方面,由于在重金属迁移过程中土壤组分和矿物对重金属的固定作用减缓了重金属向下的迁移速率.因此,深层土壤重金属含量往往较低[28].与旱地剖面相比,水田剖面中Cr、As深层含量较表层偏高(图2),可能与淹水条件下土壤中氧化还原电位(Eh)降低导致的重金属活化有关;淹水条件下Eh降低可导致土壤中铁锰氧化物的还原性溶解,从而使得先前被固定的重金属释放到土壤中[29-30],这一过程加速了土壤重金属的向下淋溶,从而导致了水田中As等重金属元素向下迁移.
为了量化土壤剖面中重金属的富集特征,本文根据土壤重金属元素平均含量超出土壤背景值的程度,对两个剖面土壤中重金属的富集程度进行排序.水田、旱地两剖面元素富集程度排序分别为Cd>Ni>As>Cu>Hg>Cr>Zn>Pb、Cd>Ni>Pb>As>Zn>Cr>Cu>Hg.以富集程度最高的Cd元素为例,LZ-S和LZ-H两个剖面土壤Cd含量平均值分别为广东省A层土壤背景值(0.056mg/kg)[31]的20.3倍、38.4倍.
Pb同位素已经被广泛用于识别各类地质环境样品中的重金属的来源[32-33].其中208Pb/206Pb和206Pb/207Pb测量的标准偏差相对较小,且具有不易发生矿物学变化的特性,常被用于识别人为来源的Pb[34].研究表明,自然源的206Pb/207Pb比值一般较高(>1.2),而人为产生Pb的206Pb/207Pb较低,在0.96~1.20之间[35],可据此区分不同的重金属污染来源.
本研究中碳酸盐岩(LZ-R)以及碳酸盐岩风化土壤剖面(LZ-S、LZ-H)样品的208Pb/206Pb和206Pb/207Pb组成见图3(a).研究区采集的碳酸盐岩以及土壤样品的208Pb/206Pb以及206Pb/207Pb均集中在自然源一侧,且206Pb/207Pb均大于1.2,说明碳酸盐岩自然风化是土壤剖面中Pb的主要来源,重金属元素受人为输入影响较小.表层土壤与深层土壤的206Pb/207Pb比值存在差异,且表层土壤该比值低于深层土壤(图3(b)),可能是由于少量具有较低206Pb/207Pb的外部来源的Pb被保留在表层土壤中[33].
土壤pH值、CEC、TOC以及质地等是影响土壤中重金属元素迁移和富集的重要因素.水田和旱地两个剖面土壤pH值总体随深度增加呈上升趋势(图4(a)),相关性分析结果显示,两个剖面pH值分别与Cr、Hg、Cu、Zn元素含量均呈正相关关系,可能是因为随着土壤pH值增加,表面电荷和电位负性更加明显,从而增加了土壤矿物对相关重金属的吸附[36].但是对于土壤中的阴离子(如As),pH值升高时由于土壤矿物表面带负电荷反而不容易被土壤矿物吸附.而在土壤有机质较高的情况下,As等阴离子容易和铁氧化物形成“重金属-铁氧化物-有机质”三元络合物,导致重金属阴离子在土壤中的富集[49].重金属阴离子与土壤介质的复杂络合特性使其无法和土壤pH值呈现简单的正相关关系.
水田剖面CEC范围在0.25~22.24cmol/kg之间,均值为6.386cmol/kg,旱地剖面CEC范围在2.33~13.58cmol/kg之间(图4(b)),均值为7.484cmol/kg.旱地剖面CEC略大于水田剖面,表明研究区旱地土壤保持养分的能力优于水田剖面,且两个剖面CEC与Cu、Ni、Zn、As、Hg均呈正相关关系.
两个土壤剖面的TOC最大值均在A(0~20cm)层,并且随着土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势(图4(c)).与水田相比,旱地剖面在0~60cm处TOC值下降趋势更为显著(图4(c)),主要是由于旱地处于干燥、氧气充足状态,有机质分解速度较快,且深层土壤无法得到有效的TOC补充,多次轮作翻耕使土壤颗粒结合形成大团聚体,进一步降低了深层土壤的固碳能力[37].水田剖面土壤TOC含量与Cd、Zn含量呈正相关关系,而旱地剖面土壤TOC含量与Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg含量呈正相关关系(图5),与TOC含量的变化趋势(图4(c))较为一致.两个剖面中TOC均与Cd呈正相关关系,一方面是由于TOC与铁氧化物的相互作用能明显增强还原环境下Cd的再释放[40],另一方面是由于有机质富含各种官能团,能够充当载体,与Cd等重金属离子出现络合反应,进而促使含重金属有机螯合物的形成[38].
在各种土壤质地中,粘粒对重金属的固存作用更强,重金属在粘粒含量较高的土壤中具有更小的迁移率[39].本研究两个剖面质地均以粘粒为主且粘粒含量均在70cm处出现高值,而重金属在该层位的含量也较高,两个剖面中粘粒含量随着土壤深度的增加呈上升趋势(图4(d)).相关性分析结果显示,水田和旱地剖面土壤中粘粒含量分别与As呈显著正相关关系(图5),可能是由于土壤中粘粒组分往往伴随着较高含量的土壤有机质和铁铝氧化物的存在,这两种组分都是土壤As的重要络合物质,从而降低As在土壤中的迁移性[28].
综上所述,两个剖面pH值、TOC变化趋势较为一致,但旱地剖面分解有机质速度更快且土壤保持养分的能力优于水田剖面.统计相关性分析结果总体表明,Cd的迁移富集主要受TOC影响,As主要受CEC及土壤质地(粘粒组分)控制.
土壤矿物组成是影响重金属元素迁移和富集的重要因素.通过XRD分析结果可知(图6),两个剖面土壤样品的矿物组成主要以石英和方解石为主,与碳酸盐岩母岩矿物组成一致.相关性分析结果表明,研究区两个土壤剖面K2O、Na2O、CaO与Cd、Pb、Cu均呈显著正相关(图5).一方面说明在碳酸盐岩溶解过程中,K、Ca、Na等主要元素被淋溶并导致重金属元素发生次生富集[26],另一方面也佐证了碳酸盐岩自然风化是本研究中两种土壤剖面重金属的主要来源,与Pb同位素分析结果一致(图3).此外,从图5(a)可以看出,水田剖面上Al2O3与Zn、Hg呈显著正相关,Al2O3是土壤中含铝矿物的重要组分,土壤中常见的含铝矿物主要有粘土矿物和长石类矿物[40-41],其中粘土矿物具有粒度小、比表面积大和可变电荷等特点,对重金属离子具有强烈的吸附作用,这表明土壤中的Zn、Hg可能受到含铝粘土矿物吸附固定的影响.
除粘土矿物外,铁锰氧化物也被证明是土壤重金属主要吸附载体[42].两个剖面中TFe2O3均与As、Pb、Zn等呈正相关关系(图5),前人研究表明,这些元素可通过类质同象形式进入铁氧化物晶格或被这些矿物吸附[43].其中As表现为显著正相关,可能是因为As为典型的亲铁元素,铁氧化物的存在对As吸附固定产生重要影响[44].与旱地剖面相比,水田剖面上MnO与Cd、Ni呈正相关关系,可能与铁锰氧化物的还原以及淹水土壤中氧化还原电位降低导致的活化有关[29].
为阐明重金属在成土过程中的输入或流失情况,通过质量迁移系数τ来评价不同重金属元素的富集程度.结果表明(图7(a)图7(b)),两个剖面7种重金属元素的质量迁移系数存在明显差异.LZ-S剖面As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn质量迁移系数τ>0;LZ-H剖面As、Pb、Zn质量迁移系数τ>0,Cu、Ni元素质量迁移系数τ<0.结合同位素结果可知,重金属主要来自于自然源(图3),即成土母岩.因此,推断两个剖面土壤的重金属元素是在碳酸盐岩风化土壤剖面发育和土地长期利用的长期过程中发生了次生富集,导致了在不同深度土壤中不同程度的富集和流失(图2).
风化作用持续时间的长短,直接影响到风化壳的发育程度,最终导致碳酸盐岩发育土壤的pH值、TOC以及土壤的铁锰氧化物和粘土矿物等矿物组成发生显著变化[26].为了量化土壤的风化程度,本文进一步对土壤CIA进行了分析,土壤CIA值越高,说明风化程度越强[26].结果显示,研究区水田和旱地剖面的CIA值均大于85(图7(c)),表明在母岩风化过程中,Ca、Na和K等组分相对于Al发生了较强烈的淋溶作用[45].但是,与旱地剖面相比,水田剖面CIA值相对较高,说明水田剖面由于母岩风化导致的主要元素淋溶程度比旱地剖面大[46].相关性分析结果表明,水田剖面CIA与Cr、As、Hg呈正相关关系(图5),且Cr、As、Hg深层含量高于表层(图2),与水田剖面CIA结果一致(图7(d)),进一步说明与旱地剖面相比,水田剖面更强的淋溶作用对重金属的迁移富集影响更大.
为了进一步阐明土壤化学风化与重金属元素的关系,本文进一步分析了土壤剖面钙铝系数比.研究区两个土壤剖面中钙铝系数间均存在显著的负相关关系(图7(e)图7(f)).说明随着风化程度的加强,剖面土壤脱钙富铁铝化程度增大,赋存在粘土矿物等酸不溶物中的重金属元素将被释放出来,导致土壤中相关重金属含量增加[47-48].这一结果进一步验证了碳酸盐岩的风化成土作用(表生地质过程)造成了研究区水田和旱地土壤剖面中重金属的次生富集.
全球碳酸盐岩分布面积占陆地总面积的12%,我国是世界上岩溶面积最大的国家,西南地区分布最为广泛[45,53].研究表明,西南岩溶区土壤重金属超标主要与风化成土过程导致的地质高背景有关[45],地质高背景区土壤重金属的环境行为对于农用地安全利用具有重要影响.目前国内外土壤质量评价标准主要依据土壤重金属的总量和土壤的pH值,而土壤中重金属的生态风险并不完全取决于其总量,不同的赋存形态对土壤重金属的迁移和转化能力影响更大[45].
Tessier连续提取实验结果显示(图8),研究区Cd在水田剖面中C层以残渣态为主,占比63%,而在旱地剖面中以及水田其他层位主要以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,占比均在60%以上,表明土壤中Cd比较稳定.Pb在水田和旱地两个剖面中主要以残渣态(平均占比57%、51%)和有机结合态(平均占比38%、30%)为主,说明Pb在土壤中主要赋存在硅酸盐矿物和硫化物中[51].Cu、Zn、Cr在两个剖面中主要以残渣态为主,占比均在70%以上,说明重金属元素迁移能力较弱,在土壤中能稳定存在.
研究区两个土壤剖面均表现出重金属含量高而有效态含量低的特点,类似的情况同样出现在我国西南和国外部分岩溶地区[45,55,57].如马宏宏等[53]在广西碳酸盐岩地质高背景区进行的土壤调查发现,土壤中各重金属元素的含量均明显高于全国土壤背景值,但重金属的生物有效性均较低.Wen等[11]同样在广西岩溶区耕地土壤中发现As、Cr等重金属含量均超出全国土壤背景值,且均以残渣态为主(>85%),可交换态比例较低.对我国西南以及北美加勒比地区岩溶区土壤重金属生物有效性进行了分析和评价的研究结果显示,与土壤中Cd、As、Pb等重金属异常高的浓度相比,研究区稻米等农产品中的重金属含量均较低[57-58].
岩溶区土壤重金属的高含量主要与自然地质背景和特殊的成土过程有关,但是其生物有效态的含量和农作物重金属超标率显著偏低,这与非地质高背景的人为活动污染区明显不同[54].例如,Li等[56]通过对比喀斯特与非喀斯特地区农用地,结果表明岩溶区土壤碳酸盐使土壤pH值升高,铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物对Cd的吸附作用显著降低了Cd的生物有效性.因此,如何科学评价地质高背景区土壤环境质量,并制定合理的指标体系,进一步建立农产品质量与土壤环境质量的相关性,仍需深入探索.
3.1 研究区两个碳酸盐岩风化土壤剖面中重金属在不同土壤发生层均有不同程度的富集,Cd主要倾向于在表层(0.49~2.15mg/kg)和中层(0.75~1.87mg/kg)富集,其他重金属均偏向于在中层富集,其中Cd富集程度最高,具有明显的地质高背景特征.
3.2 统计相关性分析结果整体显示,Cd的迁移和富集主要受TOC以及粘土矿物的影响;而As主要受CEC、土壤质地(粘粒含量)以及铁锰氧化物控制.
3.3 分析结果表明,碳酸盐岩风化过程造成了研究区土壤剖面中重金属元素的次生富集,两个剖面CIA值均大于85,且水田CIA值高于旱地剖面,其淋溶作用对重金属的迁移富集影响更大.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42177183)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
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    1.安徽大学资源与环境专业,安徽 合肥 230601
    2.生态环境部华南环境科学研究所,广东 广州 510655

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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