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A new block filter material with well-developed pores and stable chemical properties was prepared from a biomass ash by short-term and high-temperature sintering. The phosphorus adsorption properties, as well as the kinetics and thermodynamic behaviors, of this material were investigated in this paper. The results of the static adsorption experiments show that the biomass ash filter achieved higher phosphorus adsorption per unit under conditions of higher initial phosphorus concentration, higher reaction temperature, longer adsorption time, or lower solid-liquid ratio. Among these parameters, the solid-liquid ratio was the primary controlling parameter affecting phosphorus adsorption by the filter material. The maximum adsorption per unit of the filter material reached 7.72mg/g, when the initial concentration of phosphorus was 90mg/L, the reaction temperature was 55℃, the adsorption time was 1250min, the pH was 3, and the solid-liquid ratio was 1:200(g:mL). The surface of the material exhibited a heterogeneous structure, and its phosphorus adsorption was primarily driven by multilayer physical endothermic adsorption, supplemented by monolayer or multilayer spontaneous chemical adsorption. Under the dynamic adsorption conditions, the phosphorus adsorption capacity of this filter material per unit was 9.8, 22.27 and 27.22 times that of three common commercial filter materials, including coconut shell biochar, ceramsite and natural zeolite, respectively. This indicates excellent adsorption properties, enabling water purification while achieving biomass ash disposal and recycling, making it highly valuable for promotion.

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以生物质灰为原料,短时高温烧结制得孔隙发达、化学性能稳定的新型块体滤材,并对其磷素吸附性能及所涉动力学、热力学行为展开研究.静态吸附试验结果表明,在较高磷素初始浓度或反应温度、较长吸附时间或较低固液比下,生物质灰滤材对磷素的单位吸附量更高,其中固液比为影响滤材磷吸附的主控因素.当磷素初始浓度为90mg/L、反应温度55℃、吸附时间1250min、pH=3、固液比为1:200(g:mL)时,该滤材单位吸附量最高可达7.72mg/g.生物质灰滤材表面呈非均质结构,对磷素的吸附以多层物理吸热吸附为主,单层或多层化学自发吸附为辅.在动态吸附条件下,该滤材磷素单位吸附量可达椰壳生物炭、陶粒、天然沸石3种常见商用滤材的9.8、22.27、27.22倍,显示出良好吸附性能,在净化水质的同时实现生物质灰消纳与循环利用,极具推广价值.

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* 责任作者,副教授,
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余子俊(2004-),男浙江衢州人,华中农业大学本科生,主要从事生物质综合利用方向研究.发表论文1篇..

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余子俊(2004-),男浙江衢州人,华中农业大学本科生,主要从事生物质综合利用方向研究.发表论文1篇..

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余子俊(2004-),男浙江衢州人,华中农业大学本科生,主要从事生物质综合利用方向研究.发表论文1篇..

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1.吸附柱; 2.玻璃球; 3.生物质灰滤材; 4.出水开关; 5.磁力转子;6.磁力搅拌器; 7.蠕动泵

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Design of factor levels in the orthogonal experiment

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水平α(mg/L)β(℃)γ(min)δε(g:mL)
110153231:25
230258051:50
3503520071:100
4704550091:200
590551250111:400
), ArticleFig(id=1241408744001696138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408722291978742, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正交试验因素水平设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平α(mg/L)β(℃)γ(min)δε(g:mL)
110153231:25
230258051:50
3503520071:100
4704550091:200
590551250111:400
), ArticleFig(id=1241408744161079699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408722291978742, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Heavy metal content of the raw biomass ash(mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CrNiCuAsCdPb
7.55.249.722.30.24.2
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生物质灰原料重金属含量(mg/kg)

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CrNiCuAsCdPb
7.55.249.722.30.24.2
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Pore structure parameters of biomass ash filter materials

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SBET(m2/g)Smic(m2/g)Smes(m2/g)Vtot(cm3/g)Vmic(cm3/g)Vmes(cm3/g)Dp(nm)
0.73550.57490.34870.0015950.0002880.0014858.6757
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生物质灰滤材孔隙结构参数

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SBET(m2/g)Smic(m2/g)Smes(m2/g)Vtot(cm3/g)Vmic(cm3/g)Vmes(cm3/g)Dp(nm)
0.73550.57490.34870.0015950.0002880.0014858.6757
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Results of orthogonal experiment for phosphorus adsorption by biomass ash filter materials

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试验α(mg/L)β(℃)γ(min)δε(g:mL)ζ:空列吸附率(%)单位吸附量(mg/g)
110153231:25162.000.16
210258051:50218.550.09
3103520071:100340.910.41
4104550091:200458.811.18
510551250111:400547.041.88
630158071:20053.900.23
7302520091:40012.700.32
83035500111:25299.300.75
93045125031:50382.731.24
1030553251:100429.270.88
115015200111:50445.601.14
12502550031:100543.432.17
135035125051:200116.131.61
1450453271:40028.241.65
1550558091:25363.970.80
16701550051:40033.450.97
177025125071:25465.551.15
1870353291:50515.250.53
19704580111:100115.681.10
20705520031:200218.832.64
219015125091:100215.831.43
22902532111:20037.081.27
2390358031:40045.562.00
24904520051:25579.321.79
25905550071:50148.092.16
), ArticleFig(id=1241408746203705782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408722291978742, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

生物质灰滤材磷素吸附正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验α(mg/L)β(℃)γ(min)δε(g:mL)ζ:空列吸附率(%)单位吸附量(mg/g)
110153231:25162.000.16
210258051:50218.550.09
3103520071:100340.910.41
4104550091:200458.811.18
510551250111:400547.041.88
630158071:20053.900.23
7302520091:40012.700.32
83035500111:25299.300.75
93045125031:50382.731.24
1030553251:100429.270.88
115015200111:50445.601.14
12502550031:100543.432.17
135035125051:200116.131.61
1450453271:40028.241.65
1550558091:25363.970.80
16701550051:40033.450.97
177025125071:25465.551.15
1870353291:50515.250.53
19704580111:100115.681.10
20705520031:200218.832.64
219015125091:100215.831.43
22902532111:20037.081.27
2390358031:40045.562.00
24904520051:25579.321.79
25905550071:50148.092.16
), ArticleFig(id=1241408746346312126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408722291978742, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Kinetic modeling parameters for phosphorus adsorption by the filter materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准一级动力学模型Qe,1(mg/g)k1(min-1)R2
1.010.010.97
准二级动力学模型Qe,2(mg/g)k2(min-1)R2
1.140.010.94
Elovich模型α(g/(mg·min))β(g/mg)R2
0.044.920.90
颗粒内扩散模型阶段一k1(g/(mg·min))C1(mg/g)R12
0.07-0.070.95
阶段二k2(g/(mg·min))C2(mg/g)R22
0.010.820.59
), ArticleFig(id=1241408746476335560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408722291978742, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

滤材磷素吸附动力学建模参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准一级动力学模型Qe,1(mg/g)k1(min-1)R2
1.010.010.97
准二级动力学模型Qe,2(mg/g)k2(min-1)R2
1.140.010.94
Elovich模型α(g/(mg·min))β(g/mg)R2
0.044.920.90
颗粒内扩散模型阶段一k1(g/(mg·min))C1(mg/g)R12
0.07-0.070.95
阶段二k2(g/(mg·min))C2(mg/g)R22
0.010.820.59
), ArticleFig(id=1241408746585387472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408722291978742, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Modeling parameters of isotherm models for phosphorus adsorption by the filter material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等温线模型参数温度(℃)
152535
LangmuirQm(mg/g)1.231.862.04
KL(L/mg)0.010.010.01
R20.900.990.95
FreundlichKF(L/g)0.050.060.09
n1.891.741.90
R20.950.990.99
SipsQm(mg/g)0.812.142.75
Ks(L/g)4.78×10-40.010.01
ns0.521.101.23
R20.970.990.98
TemkinKT(L/mol)7798.185729.395396.67
A0.070.070.09
R20.960.990.98
), ArticleFig(id=1241408746707022295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408722291978742, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

滤材磷素吸附等温线建模参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等温线模型参数温度(℃)
152535
LangmuirQm(mg/g)1.231.862.04
KL(L/mg)0.010.010.01
R20.900.990.95
FreundlichKF(L/g)0.050.060.09
n1.891.741.90
R20.950.990.99
SipsQm(mg/g)0.812.142.75
Ks(L/g)4.78×10-40.010.01
ns0.521.101.23
R20.970.990.98
TemkinKT(L/mol)7798.185729.395396.67
A0.070.070.09
R20.960.990.98
), ArticleFig(id=1241408746799296989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408722291978742, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Thermodynamic modeling parameters for phosphate adsorption by the filter material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度(K)ΔG(kJ/mol)ΔH(kJ/mol)ΔS(J/(mol·K))R2
288-10.915.7657.840.99
298-11.46
308-12.06
), ArticleFig(id=1241408746870600165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408722291978742, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

滤材磷酸盐吸附热力学建模参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度(K)ΔG(kJ/mol)ΔH(kJ/mol)ΔS(J/(mol·K))R2
288-10.915.7657.840.99
298-11.46
308-12.06
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生物质灰滤材磷素吸附性能研究
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余子俊 1 , 俞佳航 1 , 朱骏逸 1 , 侯存 1 , 屈智超 1 , 牛文娟 1 , 艾平 1 , 冯耀泽 1 , 刘念 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(4): 2028-2040
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(4): 2028-2040
生物质灰滤材磷素吸附性能研究
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余子俊1 , 俞佳航1, 朱骏逸1, 侯存1, 屈智超1, 牛文娟1, 艾平1, 冯耀泽1, 刘念1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.华中农业大学工学院,湖北武汉 430070
  • 2.农业农村部水产养殖设施工程重点实验室,农业农村部长江中下游农业装备重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 余子俊(2004-),男浙江衢州人,华中农业大学本科生,主要从事生物质综合利用方向研究.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Phosphorus adsorption performance of biomass ash filter material
Zi-jun YU1 , Jia-hang YU1, Jun-yi ZHU1, Cun HOU1, Zhi-chao QU1, Wen-juan NIU1, Ping AI1, Yao-ze FENG1, Nian LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering & Agricultural Equipment Laboratory of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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以生物质灰为原料,短时高温烧结制得孔隙发达、化学性能稳定的新型块体滤材,并对其磷素吸附性能及所涉动力学、热力学行为展开研究.静态吸附试验结果表明,在较高磷素初始浓度或反应温度、较长吸附时间或较低固液比下,生物质灰滤材对磷素的单位吸附量更高,其中固液比为影响滤材磷吸附的主控因素.当磷素初始浓度为90mg/L、反应温度55℃、吸附时间1250min、pH=3、固液比为1:200(g:mL)时,该滤材单位吸附量最高可达7.72mg/g.生物质灰滤材表面呈非均质结构,对磷素的吸附以多层物理吸热吸附为主,单层或多层化学自发吸附为辅.在动态吸附条件下,该滤材磷素单位吸附量可达椰壳生物炭、陶粒、天然沸石3种常见商用滤材的9.8、22.27、27.22倍,显示出良好吸附性能,在净化水质的同时实现生物质灰消纳与循环利用,极具推广价值.

生物质灰  /  滤材  /  磷素  /  吸附  /  动力学模型  /  热力学

A new block filter material with well-developed pores and stable chemical properties was prepared from a biomass ash by short-term and high-temperature sintering. The phosphorus adsorption properties, as well as the kinetics and thermodynamic behaviors, of this material were investigated in this paper. The results of the static adsorption experiments show that the biomass ash filter achieved higher phosphorus adsorption per unit under conditions of higher initial phosphorus concentration, higher reaction temperature, longer adsorption time, or lower solid-liquid ratio. Among these parameters, the solid-liquid ratio was the primary controlling parameter affecting phosphorus adsorption by the filter material. The maximum adsorption per unit of the filter material reached 7.72mg/g, when the initial concentration of phosphorus was 90mg/L, the reaction temperature was 55℃, the adsorption time was 1250min, the pH was 3, and the solid-liquid ratio was 1:200(g:mL). The surface of the material exhibited a heterogeneous structure, and its phosphorus adsorption was primarily driven by multilayer physical endothermic adsorption, supplemented by monolayer or multilayer spontaneous chemical adsorption. Under the dynamic adsorption conditions, the phosphorus adsorption capacity of this filter material per unit was 9.8, 22.27 and 27.22 times that of three common commercial filter materials, including coconut shell biochar, ceramsite and natural zeolite, respectively. This indicates excellent adsorption properties, enabling water purification while achieving biomass ash disposal and recycling, making it highly valuable for promotion.

biomass ash  /  filter media  /  phosphorus  /  adsorption  /  kinetic modeling  /  thermodynamics
余子俊, 俞佳航, 朱骏逸, 侯存, 屈智超, 牛文娟, 艾平, 冯耀泽, 刘念. 生物质灰滤材磷素吸附性能研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2028 -2040 .
Zi-jun YU, Jia-hang YU, Jun-yi ZHU, Cun HOU, Zhi-chao QU, Wen-juan NIU, Ping AI, Yao-ze FENG, Nian LIU. Phosphorus adsorption performance of biomass ash filter material[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2028 -2040 .
截至2023年第一季度,我国生物质发电装机容量突破4195万kW[1].每万吨生物质用于燃烧发电,将残留500t生物质灰副产物[2],如不进行有效处置,会引起土地资源占用、空气粉尘增多以及水体污染等一系列问题[3].生物质灰容重小、孔隙结构发达、吸水性强[4],用作滤材能够有效去除废水中的COD、TN、NH3-N、TP[5].作为种植废弃物燃烧产物,生物质灰能够避免矿物滤材或有机滤材[6]带来的水体二次污染风险[7].特别是将之用于养殖废水脱氮除磷后还田,既能有效改良土壤透气性[8]、保水保肥性[9],提升氮磷养分供给[10],又能实现安全、宏量消纳.但因其多为粉末状,净水后不易回收[11],难以循环使用[12],因而推广应用受到限制.
参考陶粒成型方法[13],采用短时高温烧结,有望在无添加剂条件下,实现生物质灰的低能耗、高效、批量成型[14],进而解决当前散体生物质灰滤材在净水过程中难回收、重复使用受限等问题.然而,制得生物质灰滤材块的生物质灰理化特性与孔隙结构及污染物吸附特性,需要进一步研究.鉴于此,以养殖废水中常见的无机磷[15]作为目标污染物,研究不同环境下生物质灰滤材的磷素吸附规律,解析滤材磷素吸附热力学与动力学行为,阐明滤材磷素吸附机制,进而评估滤材吸附性能.这将为生物质灰的宏量消纳与滤材化利用提供参考与借鉴.
试验用生物质灰、生物油取自武汉光谷蓝焰新能源股份有限公司,生物质灰由水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆等农作物秸秆烧制而成;磷酸二氢钾、氢氧化钠、硫酸、硝酸、偏钒酸铵、钼酸铵、浓硝酸等试验试剂购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司;超纯水由成都渗源科技有限公司SYS-Ⅱ-10L纯水/超纯水制造系统获得.
生物质灰经105℃烘干24h后过100目(0.154mm)筛,将之与生物油按照2:1g/mL均匀混合,放入模具中以83.6kPa压力保压15min成坯后,放入马沸炉中以9℃/min升温至1170℃保温时间40min烧结成型,随炉冷却,于干燥环境下密封保存备用.
电子天平(JJ224BC,常熟市双杰测试仪器厂)用于称量固体试剂质量;高温炉(KSL-1700X-S,合肥科晶材料技术有限公司)用于对生物质灰烧结成型;紫外可见分光光度计(UH5300,日本株式会社日立高新科学技术那珂事务所)用于对溶质浓度进行测定;实验室超纯水器(SYS-Ⅱ-10L,成都渗源科技有限公司)用于提供超纯水;超声波清洗机(F-100,深圳市钰洁清洗设备有限公司)用于震荡使溶液充分溶解;电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS,中国Agilent 7700)用于测定浸出液金属含量;比表面积分析仪(ASAP 2460,micromeritics)用于测定生物质灰滤材比表面积以及孔隙结构等参数;超景深显微镜(VHX-6000,基恩士)用于观察滤材微观形貌; X射线衍射仪(D8ADVNCE,德国);拉曼光谱仪(LabRAM HR Evolution,法国HORIBA Jobin Yvon).
使用磷酸二氢钾配置模拟溶液,并利用10% H2SO4和0.1mol/L NaOH调节pH值后,按照一定固液比将滤材与溶液放入锥形震荡瓶中,置于恒温水浴摇床内进行吸附试验.
自制动态吸附系统如图1所示,由吸附柱、磁力搅拌器、蠕动泵组成.其中,吸附柱分为3层.上层暂存导入的模拟溶液.中层放置玻璃球,用于分散水流.底层放置生物质灰滤材,用于吸附磷素.磁力搅拌器用于获得均质磷素溶液.动态吸附试验采用与静态吸附试验相同方式配置模拟溶液后,将磁力搅拌器转速设定为800r/min,调节蠕动泵流速为115mL/min,开启出水开关并确保稳定给水,即可开始动态吸附试验计时.
磷素浓度采用钼酸铵分光光度法[16]测定.将待测溶液过滤后移取5mL滤液于试管中,依次加入5mL纯水、5mL钼酸盐溶液,用纯水定容至20mL,封口,摇匀,静置30min后移至比色皿中,利用紫外可见分光光度计于420nm波长下以去离子水做参比测量出磷素浓度.
磷素吸附率、单位吸附量分别按下式计算.
式中: C0为磷素初始浓度,mg/L; Ce为磷素吸附完成浓度,mg/L; qe为单位吸附量mg/g; R为磷素吸附率,%.
收集生物质灰原料和制得滤材,采用D8ADVNCE型X射线衍射仪以Cu靶在衍射范围10°~80°、扫描速率5°/min条件下进行表征,分析其物相组成.
采用LabRAM HR Evolution型Raman光谱仪在532nm可见激发波长下测定400~2000cm-1范围内光谱,表征生物质灰原料的基团结构特征.
选用基恩士VHX-6000在200倍放大倍数下观察滤材微观形貌,分析滤材孔隙特征.
采用micromeritics仪器测定生物质灰滤材比表面积以及孔隙结构等参数,用BET方程计算比表面积(SBET)、总孔体积(Vtot)、平均孔径(Dp),采用t-Plot法计算微孔比表面积(Smic)和微孔体积(Vmic),采用BJH法计算介孔比表面积(Smes)和介孔体积(Vmes).
将0.5g生物质灰原料加入2mL的H2O2(30%)和6mL的HNO3,采用微波消解仪消解30min,消解后液体经0.45μm水系滤膜过滤,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定重金属总含量[17].
采用水平震荡法[18]制备生物质灰滤材浸出液,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定浸出液重金属含量.
通过正交试验研究不同环境下滤材的磷素吸附规律,解析主控因素,获取有效水平区间与最佳环境参数,并进一步基于主控因素设计单因素试验探究其对滤材磷素吸附效果的影响.在此基础上,设计吸附动力学试验,探究滤材磷素吸附动力学行为;设计吸附等温线试验,探究滤材磷素吸附热力学行为.最终,利用磷素溶液动态吸附试验,评估滤材的磷素吸附能力.
以磷素溶液初始浓度(α)、反应温度(β)、吸附时间(γ)、pH值(δ)、固液比(ε)为因素,磷素吸附率、单位吸附量为指标,采用L25(56)正交表设计正交试验,取第6列空列作为误差列,如表1所示.
正交试验结果表明,固液比为影响滤材磷素吸附主控因素.以固液比为因素,在磷素溶液初始浓度50mg/L、反应温度25℃、反应时间200min、pH=7条件下,分别配置固液比为1:100、1:150、1:200、1:250、1:300、1:350、1:400、1:450、1:500、1:550(g:mL)吸附体系,以磷素吸附率率、单位吸附量为指标设计单因素试验.
基于上述试验结果,按照固液比1:350(g:mL)投加滤材到磷素初始浓度为130mg/L、pH=7的溶液中,在25℃的恒温水浴摇床分别震荡50,100,150,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000min,测定磷素浓度.借助准一级、准二级、Elovich和颗粒内扩散4种动力学模型,研究滤材磷素吸附动力学规律[19].4种模型方程如下:
式中: Qtt时刻吸附量,mg/g; Qe,1为准一级平衡吸附量,mg/g; Qe,2为准二级平衡吸附量,mg/g; k1是准一级吸附速率常数,min-1k2是准二级吸附速率常数,min-1kid表示颗粒内扩散速率常数,mg/(g·min0.5); Ci表示边界层厚度常数,mg/g; α表示Elovich模型初始吸附速率常数,mg/(g·min); β表示化学吸附活化能及表面覆盖程度,g/mg; t为吸附时间,min.
根据上述试验结果可知,在200min后滤材对磷素吸附可到稳定状态.为获取平衡吸附率和平衡吸附量,在pH=7、反应时间500min、固液比1:350(g:mL)条件下,分别配制磷素初始浓度为40,55,70,85,100,115,130,145,160mg/L的溶液,在15,25,35℃反应温度下,开展以磷素吸附率、单位吸附量为指标的磷素吸附试验,以获得吸附等温线.通过对平衡吸附数据进行等温线建模,获得滤材理论吸附容量,评估吸附效果[20].借助Langmuir、Freundlich、Sips以及Temkin模型探究吸附剂活性位点分布状况、吸附亲和力、反应难易程度等固液吸附机制[21-23].4种等温线模型方程如下:
式中: Qe为平衡吸附量,mg/g; Qm为理论最大吸附量,mg/g; Ce为平衡浓度,mg/L; KL为Langmuir模型吸附平衡常数,L/mg; KF为Freundlich模型吸附能力常数,L/g; n为Freundlich模型经验常数,无量纲; KS表示Sips模型吸附性能相关参数,L/g; ns表示Sips模型经验指数,无量纲; Temkin模型中,A为吸附平衡常数,L/mg; R为理想气体常数,取8.314J/(mol·K);T为吸附温度,K.
为进一步探究滤材与磷素之间作用关系、评判吸附自发性与可行性[24],借助Van't Hoff方程与Gibbs能量方程对吉布斯自由能∆G、焓变∆H和熵变∆S等热力学参数进行计算,解析吸附热力学行为[25].具体计算公式如下:
式中:∆G为标准吉布斯自由能,kJ/mol; ΔH为标准焓变,kJ/mol; ΔS为标准熵变,kJ/(mol·K); R为理想气体常数,取8.314J/(mol·K); T为吸附温度,K; Kd为平衡常数.
开展以循环时间为因素的单因素试验,设置磷素初始浓度130mg/L、pH=7、处理液量1L、投加滤材1块(约16kg),分别在1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10h循环时间下,探究吸附效果差异.在得到最优循环时间为10h后,开展以滤材数量为因素的单因素试验,设置磷素初始浓度130mg/L、pH=7、循环时间10h,在投加滤材数量分别为1、2、3、4、5块情况下,探究吸附效果差异.得到最优循环时间和滤材数量分别为10h和1块后,在固液比16:1000(g:mL)、磷素初始浓度130mg/L、pH=7、循环时间10h条件下,以磷素吸附率、单位吸附量为指标,开展生物质灰滤材与椰壳生物炭、陶粒、天然沸石3种常见商用滤材的动态吸附效果对比试验,评估生物质灰滤材吸附能力.
生物质灰原料XRD分析结果如图2(a)所示.在12.2°与16.5°处观察到强度较高的晶态氧化硅衍射峰;在10°~20°处呈”馒头峰”,意味着存在由无定型二氧化硅、无定型碳等组成的玻璃相[26].通过峰拟合面积积分法[27]计算得,生物质灰原料结晶度为81.0%,其中结晶相主要为72.2wt%二氧化硅、6.0 wt%硅灰石以及2.8wt%黄长石,剩余19.0wt%则为非晶相.为进一步探究生物质灰原料非晶相组成,对其进行Raman光谱分析,如图2(b)所示.其中461cm-1为石英晶格中Si-O键弯曲振动引起[28],633cm-1为Si-O-Si键弯曲振动引起; 985与1021cm-1为含不同桥氧的[SiO4]基团中Si-O键振动引起[29],这与XRD分析结果吻合.1094与719cm-1为碳酸钙中C-O键弯曲与伸缩振动引起[30],这表明原料存放过程中所含的部分氧化钙与空气中的水和二氧化碳反应生成了碳酸钙.1340与1590cm-1分别对应碳材料的D峰与G峰,且ID/IG=1.06,说明检出的碳素石墨化程度较低,存在大量缺陷和无序碳[31],可见生物质灰原料中存在少量无定型碳,这可能是燃烧不充分所致.此外,亦对生物质灰原料重金属含量进行了测定,结果如表2所示.
而生物质灰滤材XRD分析结果(图2(a))表明,生物质灰滤材由74.62wt%硅灰石(CaSiO3)、3.99wt%假硅灰石(CaSiO3)和21.39wt%黄长石(Ca2(Al,Mg)[(Si,Al)SiO7])组成,并未观察到非晶相,意味着烧结过程中生物质灰原料中的碳酸钙分解为氧化钙与二氧化碳[32],而生物质灰中的二氧化硅与氧化钙化合为硅灰石[33],硅灰石又进一步与氧化钙、氧化铝发生反应,生成钙铝黄长石[34].相变促使生物质灰原料颗粒熔融成型,形成表面粗糙的稳定基体;残余气体与气相产物的逸出则造就了滤材发达的孔隙结构,如图2(c)所示.为进一步探究滤材孔隙类型,对滤材进行比表面积及孔隙结构参数测试,如表3所示.结果显示滤材内微孔、介孔参数处于较低水平,表明滤材主要依靠丰富大孔的渗滤作用带来的离子交换实现磷素吸附[35].而大量存在的硅灰石成分,有助于磷酸根离子发生配位反应,为生物质灰滤材对磷素的化学吸附奠定了基础[36-37].同时,生物质灰滤材浸出液中未检测到铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)等重金属成分,表明生物质灰的烧结有助于重金属成分的固化[38],意味着生物质灰滤材在吸附过程中无重金属外溢风险.
正交试验结果列于表4,对其进行方差分析,结果如图3(a)、3(b)所示.对于给定显著性水平0.05与0.01,从F分布表得F0.05(4,4)=6.39,F0.01(4,4)=15.98.固液比对磷素吸附率有极显著影响,磷素初始浓度对磷素单位吸附量有显著影响.
为确定试验范围内各因素的影响排序和优水平,利用极差分析法[39]对试验结果进行分析.发现固液比和磷素初始浓度分别对吸附率和吸附量有极显著影响,与方差分析结果一致.滤材对磷素吸附率的最佳工艺参数为磷素初始浓度10mg/L、反应温度45℃、吸附时间500min、pH=11、固液比、1:25(g:mL),吸附率可以达到100%,此时单位吸附量为0.25mg/g;对磷素单位吸附量的最佳工艺参数为磷素初始浓度90mg/L、反应温度55℃、吸附时间1250min、pH=3、固液比、1:200(g:mL),此时单位吸附量高达7.72mg/g,吸附率为42.91%.
为直观显示磷素初始浓度、反应时间、反应温度、pH值、固液比对磷素吸附率和单位吸附量的影响,绘制趋势图如图3(c)所示.随固液比减小,磷素吸附率逐步降低,而单位吸附量则逐步提升,至固液比为1:200(g:mL)时开始趋于平稳.随磷素初始浓度增大,磷素吸附率缓慢下降,并于初始浓度为70mg/L处触底反弹回升,而单位吸附量则呈现波动上升趋势.
图4所示,随固液比减小,滤材磷素吸附率由4.84%逐步降为1.79%,单位吸附量则随之增长,在固液比为1:350(g:mL)时到达峰值0.58mg/g,而后趋于平稳.一方面,固液比的降低意味着体系内磷素总量不断增多,而滤材吸附的磷素增量远不及磷素总量的增长,因而吸附率呈现降低趋势.另一方面,在固液比大于1:350(g:mL)时,滤材未达饱和吸附状态,故而随固液比降低,磷素总量升高,磷酸根离子与滤材表面接触概率增大,单位质量吸附量亦随之增大;在滤材达到饱和吸附状态后,大部分表面吸附位点被占据,无法吸附更多磷素,单位吸附量趋于平稳[40].
图5显示了不同吸附时间下滤材的磷素平衡吸附量与动力学建模情况,对应的模型拟合参数如表5所示.可以看到,随吸附时间延长,磷素平衡吸附量逐步增大并最终趋于平稳.这表明磷素逐步填充吸附剂表面可用活性位点,并最终在吸附时间接近200min时达到饱和,此时的磷素平衡吸附量约为1.02mg/g.
比较四种动力学模型,准一级动力学模型拟合精度最高,预测磷素理论最大吸附量(1.01mg/g)与试验结果(1.02mg/g)更为吻合,表明吸附速率受到由浓度引起的物理扩散过程控制[41].正交试验分析结论-初始浓度是影响滤材磷素单位吸附量的主控因素,亦从试验层面证实了这一点.准二级动力学模型拟合度为0.94,表明吸附速率受到化学反应控制[42].由前文XRD分析可知,生物质灰滤材中富含不同形态的钙盐,能够与磷酸根、磷酸氢根发生配位反应[43-44],这可能是发生化学吸附的重要因素之一.由于化学吸附的不可逆性,化学吸附速率随滤材表面活性结合程度的增加持续降低,同时伴随吸附过程中体系磷素浓度下降所引起的物理扩散减缓,造成了滤材的磷吸附速率先快后慢并最终趋于零.Elovich模型拟合度为0.90,能在一定程度表明磷吸附过程中的化学吸附发生在滤材的非均质表面[45].而前文表征分析结果显示滤材确实存在非均质结构,为这一推断提供了试验支撑.颗粒内扩散模型拟合结果分为两个阶段,第一、二阶段拟合度分别为0.95和0.59.意味着由浓度引起的表面吸附(外扩散)假设能较好描述颗粒内扩散过程,而受物理与化学作用协同控制的内部吸附(内扩散)假设则不能准确描述滤材磷吸附过程[46].作为描述边界层厚度的指标,两阶段拟合所得参数C值均不为零,表明吸附速率在受颗粒内扩散过程控制的同时亦受到边界层传质等作用限制,而第二阶段C值的增大则证明了随吸附时间延长传质阻力随边界层厚度增加而增大,这也符合颗粒内扩散模型分段拟合曲线计算出的速率常数规律(k2<k1[47].
综上所述,磷素吸附主要发生于非均质滤材表面,既有物理吸附,又存在化学吸附.其中,物理吸附主要受由浓度梯度引起的扩散过程影响;化学吸附则受滤材表面微区相结构及其活性位点数目影响.二者反应速率均受到边界层传质过程限制.
不同磷素初始浓度与反应温度下生物质灰滤材磷酸盐吸附效果与等温线模型如图6所示,对应的模型拟合参数如表6所示.可以看到,滤材磷素单位吸附量随温度上升而增多,表明高温有利于磷酸根离子扩散进入滤材内部与活性位点结合,吸附过程为吸热反应[48].在同一反应温度下,滤材磷素单位吸附量随平衡浓度的上升而上升,最终趋于平稳,并且上升速率由快至慢最终趋于平衡.这是由于随着磷素浓度上升,较高的浓度差产生较大的渗透压促进磷素在滤材表面吸附[49],使生物质灰滤材表面活性位点被迅速占据,而活性位点的减少会降低吸附概率从而使吸附速率减缓.
4种等温线模型拟合度均在0.9以上,表明4模型均可用于描述滤材磷素吸附行为.Langmuir模型表明滤材的磷吸附形式包括单分子层吸附[50],但KL值较低,表明该类吸附提供作用力较小[51],并非为主要吸附机制.在15,25与35℃时,Langmuir模型预测所得磷素单位吸附量分别达到1.23,1.86和2.04mg/g,即理论吸附量与反应温度呈正相关关系,表明该反应为吸热过程.Freundlich模型通常认为吸附发生在吸附热和结合能分布不均匀的表面,吸附作用方式具备多层可逆性[52].参数n值表示吸附强度与有利性,n值分别可达1.89、1.74与1.90表明为有利吸附过程[53].
该模型的拟合结果意味着多层物理吸附是滤材磷吸附的主要机制之一.吸附能力常数KF值随温度的升高而不断增大,印证了该吸附为吸热过程[54].Sips模型适用于分析吸附位点分布情况,预测吸附系统异质性[55],结果显示不同温度下ns值均与数值1存在偏差,表明滤材表面活性位点很可能存在异质性[56].Temkin模型拟合度在0.96以上,表明多层化学吸附是滤材磷吸附的另一个重要机制[57-58].而A值与温度正相关,说明这一自发性化学吸附行为在高温下得到增强[59].
图7显示了滤材磷素吸附热力学建模结果,对应拟合参数如表7所示. 3种温度下吉布斯自由能介于-12.06~-10.91kJ/mol之间,且∆S为正,表明磷酸盐吸附过程具备自发性与有利性[60].焓变∆H介于0~20kJ/mol之间[61],表明物理吸附为吸热过程,且吸附动力源自静电吸引和范德华力作用.
可见,独特的表面非均质结构使得生物质灰滤材的吸附机制存在区域性差异.更多区域的磷吸附为源自静电吸引和范德华力的多层物理吸附,属于吸热过程;而另一部分区域则是以单层或多层自发化学吸附为主,如图8所示.
图9(a)所示,在动态吸附过程中生物质灰滤材磷素吸附率和单位吸附量均随循环时间延长而增大并最终趋于平稳.图9(b)进一步显示了单位时段内滤材磷素吸附率和单位吸附量增量的变化规律.在循环时间为4h后,延长时间带来的吸附效果增益显著偏低,且在循环时间为4h时吸附率和单位吸附量均可达到稳定状态下的73%以上.因此,4h可作为实际应用中快速除磷的参考循环时间.在此基础上,发现随滤材投加量增多,磷素吸附率升高但单位吸附量降低,如图9(c)所示.通过熵权法[62]对吸附率和单位吸附量的效益贡献度进行客观赋权,为0.39:0.61,据此加权计算二者综合评价指数,如图9(d)所示.在试验条件下,投加1块滤材能同时兼具吸附效果与经济性.据此,生物质灰滤材与椰壳生物炭、陶粒、天然沸石三种典型商用净水滤材的磷素吸附对比试验结果如图9(e)所示.椰壳炭、陶粒、天然沸石、生物质灰滤材的吸附率与单位吸附量分别为3.00%和0.25mg/g、1.40%和0.11mg/g、1.04%和0.09mg/g以及30.21%和2.45mg/g.相同条件下后者吸附率和单位吸附量为前三者的10.07和9.8、21.58和22.27、29.05和27.22倍,磷素净化效果呈现出绝对优势.这可能是因为椰壳碳管壁光滑且孔结构不发达[63]降低其对磷素的吸附能力;陶粒成型过程中玻璃化反应堵塞孔隙,造成表面活性吸附位点减少,削弱了陶粒的吸附性能[64];天然沸石个体孔隙差异较大,比表面积小的个体[65],吸附能力较弱.较之而言,生物质灰滤材具有发达的孔隙结构以及有利于磷素吸附的化学性质,极具推广应用价值.
3.1 生物质灰滤材具有良好孔隙结构与稳定化学性能.当未达饱和吸附状态时,提升磷素初始浓度、反应温度、吸附时间或降低固液比,均有助于提高滤材对磷素的单位吸附量.在磷素初始浓度90mg/L、反应温度55℃、吸附时间1250min、pH=3、固液比1:200(g:mL)的静态吸附条件下,生物质灰滤材单位吸附量高达7.72mg/g,表现出较好的吸附性能.
3.2 生物质灰滤材对磷素的吸附受浓度扩散过程、表面活性位点、边界层传质过程影响.滤材表面为非匀质结构,大部分区域磷素吸附为由静电吸引、范德华力引起的多层物理吸热吸附,少数区域的磷素吸附则属于单层或多层化学自发吸附.
3.3 相比于椰壳生物炭、陶粒、天然沸石3种常见商用滤材,生物质灰滤材对磷素的动态吸附能力更强,在相同条件下吸附率分别提升9.07、20.58、20.58倍,单位吸附量分别提升8.8、21.27、26.22倍.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32201685)
  • 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410504062)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(32201685)
国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202410504062)
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    1.华中农业大学工学院,湖北武汉 430070
    2.农业农村部水产养殖设施工程重点实验室,农业农村部长江中下游农业装备重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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