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Article(id=1241408721557967183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729353600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904503478, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904503478, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904503478, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904503478, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2314, endPage=2322, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408722384245139, articleId=1241408721557967183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Diversity of microbial insertion sequences and their co-occurrence with functional genes, columnId=1240689595814302661, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Microbiology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the ISfinder database and reference meta-analysis, this study conducted a systematic study of the diversity of 5812 insertion sequences (ISs) and their co-occurrence with functional genes. The study found significant differences in the distribution of different IS families among hosts, as well as in their co-occurrence with functional genes. DDE-type ISs are predominant, with the IS5 and IS3 families containing the most ISs, while the ISH6 family contains the fewest. ISs are widely found in bacteria and archaea, and several IS families show host specificity, being found only in either bacteria or archaea. The study demonstrated that IS co-occur with various functional genes, such as antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, and stress resistance, indicating their significant role in environmental adaptation and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among pathogens. Some IS exhibited co-occurrence with multiple functional genes, suggesting broader ecological adaptability, while others showed functional specificity. Future research should focus on experimentally validating the mechanisms through which IS mediate gene transfer and host adaptation, to reveal the mechanism of microbial evolution and ecological adaptation.

, correspAuthors=Yan-yan ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-jing ZHONG, Jian-qiang SU, Hu LI, Yan-yan ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408724695306933, articleId=1241408721557967183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=微生物插入序列的多样性及其与功能基因的共现, columnId=1240689596959346705, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境微生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于ISfinder数据库，结合文献检索，对5812种插入序列(IS)的多样性及其与功能基因的共现关系进行了系统分析.研究表明，不同IS家族(IS family)在宿主中的分布以及与功能基因的共现特征存在差异.DDE转座酶类型IS占据主导地位，IS5和IS3家族涵盖的IS种类最多，而ISH6最少.IS广泛存在于细菌和古菌中，多个IS家族具有宿主特异性，仅发现于细菌或古菌.进一步分析发现IS与多种功能基因(如抗生素抗性、重金属抗性、应激抗性等)共现，显示出它们在环境适应和微生物抗性基因传播中的重要作用.部分IS具有与多种功能基因共现的特性，展现了更广泛的生态适应性；而另一些IS的共现基因则功能相对专一.实验验证IS在基因传播和宿主适应中的机制是未来研究重点.这不仅有助于理解微生物如何适应环境变化、应对选择压力，还能为抗生素抗性、病原体传播等公共卫生问题提供理论基础，从而为发展新的防控策略和生物技术应用奠定基础.

, correspAuthors=周艳艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者，助理研究员，
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钟文婧(1999-)，女，江西宜春人，博士研究生，主要从事环境微生物学研究..

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钟文婧(1999-)，女，江西宜春人，博士研究生，主要从事环境微生物学研究..

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钟文婧(1999-)，女，江西宜春人，博士研究生，主要从事环境微生物学研究..

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BMC Psychiatry，2018，18(1):1-14., articleTitle=Application of the ICD-11classification of personality disorders, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241408737894781744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721557967183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=6, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Couchoud C, Bertrand X, Valot B, journalName=Microbial Genomics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Couchoud C，Bertrand X，Valot B，et al. Deciphering the role of insertion sequences in the evolution of bacterial epidemic pathogens with panISa software [J]. 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Nucleic Acids Research，2010，38(suppl_1):D62-D68., articleTitle=ISbrowser: an extension of ISfinder for visualizing insertion sequences in prokaryotic genomes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241408738242909014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721557967183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=33, issue=21, pageStart=3340, pageEnd=3347, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Xie Z, Tang H, journalName=Bioinformatics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Z，Tang H. ISEScan: automated identification of insertion sequence elements in prokaryotic genomes [J]. Bioinformatics，2017，33(21):3340-3347., articleTitle=ISEScan: automated identification of insertion sequence elements in prokaryotic genomes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241408738364543843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721557967183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=44, issue=15, pageStart=7109, pageEnd=7119, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Lee H, Doak T G, Popodi E, journalName=Nucleic Acids Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lee H，Doak T G，Popodi E，et al. Insertion sequence-caused large-scale rearrangements in the genome of Escherichia coli [J]. 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antibiotic resistance genes (a & b), heavy metal resistance genes (HM), and virulence factors(VF) (c), figureFileSmall=9H8WIK6W+qwXw/MfE27NXQ==, figureFileBig=RvFYTk+GPyotLh7r7C3XeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408731011928352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721557967183, language=CN, label=图5, caption=IS与抗生素抗性基因(a和b)、重金属抗性基因(HM resistance)和毒力因子(VF)的共现关联分析(c), figureFileSmall=9H8WIK6W+qwXw/MfE27NXQ==, figureFileBig=RvFYTk+GPyotLh7r7C3XeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408731129368875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721557967183, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Number of IS species in different biological origins for each is family

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IS家族IS种类数合计
古菌细菌真核生物病毒宏基因组及质粒
DDEIS51266000012738
IS31714009724
IS159553437107498
IS440265104310
IS25612238008258
IS6626216005247
IS2131960012211
IS630411520011204
IS11828187004199
IS640121000161
IS13800157004161
IS48110148010159
IS301134002137
IS701117500288
ISKra408500085
IS1136000073
IS98226800070
IS1634204200264
Tn305600056
ISLre204900049
ISH335000035
ISH611000213
ORPHANISL35148004157
ISNCY22121100144
ISAs109500095
ISAzo1333200237
HUHIS200/IS605258144003405
IS9112800130
DEDDIS110143220014350
SERINEIS607172906254
合计IS种类数7734919371105812
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731301335353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721557967183, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各IS家族在不同生物来源中的种类数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IS家族IS种类数合计
古菌细菌真核生物病毒宏基因组及质粒
DDEIS51266000012738
IS31714009724
IS159553437107498
IS440265104310
IS25612238008258
IS6626216005247
IS2131960012211
IS630411520011204
IS11828187004199
IS640121000161
IS13800157004161
IS48110148010159
IS301134002137
IS701117500288
ISKra408500085
IS1136000073
IS98226800070
IS1634204200264
Tn305600056
ISLre204900049
ISH335000035
ISH611000213
ORPHANISL35148004157
ISNCY22121100144
ISAs109500095
ISAzo1333200237
HUHIS200/IS605258144003405
IS9112800130
DEDDIS110143220014350
SERINEIS607172906254
合计IS种类数7734919371105812
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731469107527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721557967183, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Origins for each IS family

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IS家族IS来源宿主数目（以科计）
古菌细菌真菌病毒
DDEIS52211700
IS3110900
IS1595712110
IS486310
IS25657200
IS6675400
IS2125400
IS630104800
IS118236500
IS693800
IS138006500
IS48145101
IS3014600
IS70184000
ISKra404300
IS142800
IS98212800
IS163462500
Tn301900
ISLre202000
ISH37000
ISH66000
ORPHANISL324800
ISNCY86410
ISAs104200
ISAzo1321800
HUHIS200/IS605134500
IS9111200
DEDDIS11056800
SERINEIS60761202
合计 27科59属263科497属3科3属2科3属
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731603325267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721557967183, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各IS家族来源宿主的分类统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IS家族IS来源宿主数目（以科计）
古菌细菌真菌病毒
DDEIS52211700
IS3110900
IS1595712110
IS486310
IS25657200
IS6675400
IS2125400
IS630104800
IS118236500
IS693800
IS138006500
IS48145101
IS3014600
IS70184000
ISKra404300
IS142800
IS98212800
IS163462500
Tn301900
ISLre202000
ISH37000
ISH66000
ORPHANISL324800
ISNCY86410
ISAs104200
ISAzo1321800
HUHIS200/IS605134500
IS9111200
DEDDIS11056800
SERINEIS60761202
合计 27科59属263科497属3科3属2科3属
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微生物插入序列的多样性及其与功能基因的共现
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钟文婧 1, 2 , 苏建强 1, 2 , 李虎 1, 2 , 周艳艳 1, 3, *
中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025,45(4): 2314-2322
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中国环境科学 | 环境微生物 2025, 45(4): 2314-2322
微生物插入序列的多样性及其与功能基因的共现
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钟文婧1, 2 , 苏建强1, 2, 李虎1, 2, 周艳艳1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室，中国科学院城市环境研究所，福建 厦门 361021
  • 2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
  • 3.广东省海洋生物技术重点实验室，汕头大学，广东 汕头 515063

    • 钟文婧(1999-)，女，江西宜春人，博士研究生，主要从事环境微生物学研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者，助理研究员，
Diversity of microbial insertion sequences and their co-occurrence with functional genes
Wen-jing ZHONG1, 2 , Jian-qiang SU1, 2, Hu LI1, 2, Yan-yan ZHOU1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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摘要
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基于ISfinder数据库，结合文献检索，对5812种插入序列(IS)的多样性及其与功能基因的共现关系进行了系统分析.研究表明，不同IS家族(IS family)在宿主中的分布以及与功能基因的共现特征存在差异.DDE转座酶类型IS占据主导地位，IS5和IS3家族涵盖的IS种类最多，而ISH6最少.IS广泛存在于细菌和古菌中，多个IS家族具有宿主特异性，仅发现于细菌或古菌.进一步分析发现IS与多种功能基因(如抗生素抗性、重金属抗性、应激抗性等)共现，显示出它们在环境适应和微生物抗性基因传播中的重要作用.部分IS具有与多种功能基因共现的特性，展现了更广泛的生态适应性；而另一些IS的共现基因则功能相对专一.实验验证IS在基因传播和宿主适应中的机制是未来研究重点.这不仅有助于理解微生物如何适应环境变化、应对选择压力，还能为抗生素抗性、病原体传播等公共卫生问题提供理论基础，从而为发展新的防控策略和生物技术应用奠定基础.

插入序列  /  ISfinder数据库  /  多样性  /  功能基因  /  共现

Based on the ISfinder database and reference meta-analysis, this study conducted a systematic study of the diversity of 5812 insertion sequences (ISs) and their co-occurrence with functional genes. The study found significant differences in the distribution of different IS families among hosts, as well as in their co-occurrence with functional genes. DDE-type ISs are predominant, with the IS5 and IS3 families containing the most ISs, while the ISH6 family contains the fewest. ISs are widely found in bacteria and archaea, and several IS families show host specificity, being found only in either bacteria or archaea. The study demonstrated that IS co-occur with various functional genes, such as antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, and stress resistance, indicating their significant role in environmental adaptation and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among pathogens. Some IS exhibited co-occurrence with multiple functional genes, suggesting broader ecological adaptability, while others showed functional specificity. Future research should focus on experimentally validating the mechanisms through which IS mediate gene transfer and host adaptation, to reveal the mechanism of microbial evolution and ecological adaptation.

insertion sequence  /  ISfinder database  /  diversity  /  functional genes  /  co-occurrence
钟文婧, 苏建强, 李虎, 周艳艳. 微生物插入序列的多样性及其与功能基因的共现. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2314 -2322 .
Wen-jing ZHONG, Jian-qiang SU, Hu LI, Yan-yan ZHOU. Diversity of microbial insertion sequences and their co-occurrence with functional genes[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2314 -2322 .
正文
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插入序列（IS）是一类能够在基因组内及基因组间移动的小型DNA片段（一般0.7~3.5kbp），通常由编码转座酶的一个或多个开放阅读框组成[1-2].IS在细菌、古菌等微生物中普遍存在，通过其转座活性对基因组结构和功能产生深远影响[3].IS不仅可引起基因突变和基因组重排，还通过形成转座复合子（Ct）携带不同功能基因的DNA片段而导致基因的转移或者功能的改变，从而增强宿主对外界环境的适应能力[4-5].分析微生物IS的多样性及其与功能基因的共现特征，探讨IS可能在环境微生物适应性和抗性基因传播中的作用，将为理解其生态意义和潜在应用价值提供新的视角.
已有研究发现，某些IS与抗生素抗性、重金属抗性、毒力因子以及异源物质降解等多种功能基因存在共现关系.例如，某些多重耐药菌株中，IS是抗性基因高水平表达的关键因素，IS通过插入抗生素抗性基因附近的启动子区域，增强了基因的表达，从而提高宿主在抗生素选择压力下的存活能力[6]，IS15和IS26等被发现与抗生素抗性基因的转移和传播密切相关[5,7-8]；某些IS通过将环境应激相关基因转移到宿主基因组的高表达区域，不仅增强了宿主的适应能力，还可能加速污染环境中抗性基因的传播[9]；IS还可插入毒力因子上游区域，激活其表达水平，增强病原菌的毒力[10].此外，IS1071等与异源物质降解基因的共现表明它们可能在促进这些基因的传递和细菌的环境适应性上发挥了作用[11].然而，以往研究多关注某一IS，关于现有IS种类与共现基因之间具体功能关系的研究仍然有限，大多数IS与基因的共现情况以及具体作用机制还未被揭示.
ISfinder数据库（https://isfinder.biotoul.fr/）是目前最权威的IS信息库，提供了关于IS分类、注释和来源宿主等数据[12].基于转座酶催化结构域的氨基酸类型，IS可分为DDE、DEDD、HUH和SERINE等类型，同时根据序列同源性和结构特征，如反向重复序列（IRs）、直接重复（DRs）的性质等，将IS分为不同IS家族（IS family，IS家族）[4].自2006年ISfinder数据库建立以来，随着测序技术的发展，数据库收集的IS种类数大幅增加[13]，目前已收录5800余种IS，归属于30个家族.现行关于IS的数据库均基于该数据库[14]，其权威性和全面性成为系统研究不同IS与功能基因共现特征的前提.
基于ISfinder数据库，为探索IS的多样性及其与功能基因的共现关联，本研究选取数据库收录的所有5812种IS，以系统性的视角进行了分析.首先，统计了每个IS家族的IS种类数量，并分析了其来源菌株的科、属分布特征.随后，通过文献检索，整理分析已知IS及其与功能基因的共现关系.本研究旨在通过系统解析IS的多样性及其与功能基因的共现，深化IS在宿主适应性和抗性基因传播中的重要性，为揭示其在环境适应中的扮演的角色，解析微生物环境适应机制提供新的见解.
1　材料与方法
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1.1　数据来源
从ISfinder数据库复制包括IS种类的名称、所属的IS家族以及来源宿主生物分类等信息的列表.本研究共纳入了数据库截止2023年2月21日收录的5812种IS用于后续研究.
1.2　IS共现基因的文献检索
本研究以谷歌学术（https://scholar.google.com/）作为文献检索工具，主要基于其文献覆盖面的广泛性.其可检索到期刊、会议论文集、预印本等多种类型的文献.与之相比，ISI Web of Science等虽然检索更加严谨，但覆盖面欠佳.因此，本研究选择了谷歌学术，以便找到更多相关文献进行分析.
检索时，以每种IS的名称作为搜索词，正文、图表中出现目标IS名称的文献均被选择并下载，详细的文献清单请见补充材料.对文献进行全面解读后，将与IS共现的基因进行了分类统计和分析.与IS共现基因位置设定为IS的上游及下游5kbp区域[5]，或者与IS均位于同一质粒.对于共现基因的分类，参考Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database （https://card.mcmaster，CARD抗性基因数据库）[15]对抗生素抗性基因分类汇总；参考BacMet: Antibacterial Biocide and Metal Resistance Genes Database （http://bacmet.biomedicine.gu.se/，BacMet抗菌生物杀菌剂和金属抗性基因数据库）[16]对重金属抗性及杀虫剂抗性基因分类汇总；其他无相关数据库参考的，通过文献查询分类汇总.
1.3　数据分析及图表
柱状图采用Origin9.0绘制，其他图在R（4.1.3）中完成，其中热图使用ComplexHeatmap软件包绘制，主成分分析（PCA）使用ggplot2、factoextra、FactoMineR和corrplot软件包分析和绘制[17-21].
2　结果与分析
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2.1　IS的分类组成及其在微生物中的分布模式
截止2023年2月21日，ISfinder数据库共收录了5812种IS，归为30个IS家族（图1）.总体来看，DDE转座酶类型IS占据主导地位，共有4540种，占78%；而ORPHAN、HUH、DEDD和SERINE转座酶的家族数量相对较少，分别占7%、7%、6%和1%.各家族IS种类数参差不齐，其中IS5和IS3家族体量最大，分别包含了700余种IS.另外，如IS1595、IS200/IS605和IS110家族也较大，均包含300余种.然而，ISH6、IS91和ISH3等家族中的IS种类数相对较少，不足50种，其中ISH6家族最少，仅13种.
各家族的IS组成与其来源宿主有密切关系（表1和表2）.表1统计了各家族在不同生物来源中的IS种类数量，表2则统计了各IS家族来源宿主的分类情况，具体到不同菌的科的数目.大多数IS（4919种，占85%）来源于细菌基因组，而773种（占13%）来源于古菌基因组.IS1380、ISKra4、Tn3、ISLre2和ISAs1等家族的IS仅存在于细菌中，而ISH3和ISH6家族的IS则古菌特有.IS5和IS3家族的IS分布在多个细菌科中，而IS200/IS605和IS5则普遍分布在古菌科中.还需注意，IS607家族（SERINE转座酶类型）的大部分IS来源于病毒.
有10个古菌属和36个细菌属的IS种类数均超过30（图2a）.Methanosarcina和Mycobacterium等属中发现的IS种类更为丰富.累积曲线显示图中所有属的IS种类数占所有IS种类的55%，古菌和细菌在PCA图中形成两个明显的聚类（图2b）.古菌群体之间的点分布相对较集中，而细菌群体的各属分布较为分散.
进一步分析古菌属和细菌属的IS组成，发现各古菌中优势IS家族相对一致.Methanosarcina在IS家族多样性上有显著优势，而Halobacterium属在IS种类数上具有显著优势（图3a）.与古菌不同，细菌中各属的优势IS家族呈现多样化（图3b），其中Pseudomonas属的IS种类数最丰富，高达256种.从多样性指数（丰富度）看，古菌属中IS家族多样性相对较低，而细菌属中IS家族多样性较高.
2.2　IS与功能基因的共现
对所有5812种IS进行文献搜索，发现有747种IS与某些功能基因共现.这些功能基因主要涉及抗生素抗性、重金属抗性、应激抗性（如高温、辐射等）、抗癌药物抗性、异源物质降解、毒力因子、致病性、生长代谢、氮硫循环及细菌-病毒相互作用等功能.其中，与抗生素抗性基因共现的IS最多（488种），其次是与应激抗性基因（93种）、毒力因子（47种）及异源物质降解基因共现（33种）.
不同家族的IS与其共现的基因在功能类型上差异较大（图4）.首先，某些家族的IS与多种功能基因共现（如抗性、应激响应、毒力因子等），包括:IS5、IS3、IS66、IS21、IS6、IS30、Tn3、ISL3、IS200/605和IS110，显示出较高的多样性.而某些家族的IS仅与单一功能基因共现，表现出较高的特异性.例如，IS1595、ISKra4、IS1634、ISLre2和ISAzo13等.此外，ISH6家族的IS只与应激抗性基因共现.ISNCY和ISH3家族IS的共现基因也仅涉及少数功能，其中ISH3被发现仅与两种功能基因共现.值得关注的是，IS21家族的3个IS被发现与医学生物标记物有关.
对于抗生素抗性、重金属抗性、毒力因子等基因共现的IS相关文献进一步数据挖掘（图5）共发现超过80种抗生素抗性基因，这些基因与294种IS共现了354次.其中，β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷类抗生素以及多肽抗生素抗性基因频次最高，分别为134次、44次和43次.与两类及以上抗性基因共现的情况在IS种类水平统计（图5a），其他仅发现与一类基因共现的情况累积到IS家族水平进行统计（图5b），与重金属抗性基因（HM resistance）和毒力因子（VF）的共现关联的情况相对少，在IS种类水平统计（图5c）.抗生素抗性基因blaOXA、mcr、aac、νan、oprD、mgrB、blaKPC和tet与IS的共现情况位居所有抗生素抗性基因的前10%，涉及的IS有12-26种不等.超过46%的抗性基因仅与1种IS共现.在所有IS中，大多数IS仅与1-2种抗性基因共现.少数IS，如ISEc57、ISSen5、ISShfr9和ISBthe4，与4种抗性基因共现，而另外8种IS，包括ISPrst3、IS1216E、IS6100、ISEnfa1、ISAcsp1、TnBth1、IS1181和ISEfa11，与3种抗性基因共现.尤其是IS1216，与7种不同的抗生素抗性基因共现，涵盖多种抗生素类别.此外，IS1216还与镉抗性基因cadA共现.
3　讨论
收起
本研究基于ISfinder数据库及文献检索，对IS的家族组成、多样性及其与功能基因的共现关联进行了系统分析.首先，分析了IS的家族组成及其来源，不同家族IS种类数有差异，IS3和IS5家族最大，ISH6家族则最小；不同家族的IS在生物来源和种类数量上存在显著差异，这种差异可能与IS的进化过程和其宿主的适应性有关.进而，研究通过文献检索深入探讨了不同IS与功能基因的共现情况，揭示了IS在抗生素抗性、应激抗性、异源物质降解、重金属抗性以及毒力因子等方面的潜在重要作用.综上，本研究阐明了IS的多样性、与功能基因的共现关联及其可能的生态和进化意义，为理解IS在微生物进化和适应性中的作用提供了重要见解.
不同宿主中的IS分布显示出特异性，IS5和IS3家族的IS在细菌中普遍分布，反映出其在细菌中的广泛存在和适应性.而ISH3和ISH6家族则仅发现于古菌中，表现出高度的宿主特异性.这与Filée[22]的研究一致，但是近年来也有报道显示这些IS在一些细菌，如浮霉菌、厚壁菌、蓝细菌和协同菌中出现，只是丰度极低[23].从微生物属的水平研究发现古菌和细菌属IS组成上的差异可能与它们的生态位和进化历史有关，揭示了IS在不同微生物类群中的独特作用，为进一步探索IS在微生物中的功能提供了方向.这进一步强调了IS在宿主进化中的适应性角色，尤其在病原体中可能有助于抗性基因的传播.此外，除了细菌和古菌，但仍有少数IS来源于真核生物和病毒[24]，如IS607家族主要来自病毒，可能意味着这些IS与病毒的强关联度.这揭示了IS家族在不同生物类群中的特异性及其可能的生态作用.
IS如何影响微生物的进化适应可以从与IS功能基因的共现着手，我们发现许多IS与抗生素抗性基因、重金属抗性基因、异源物质降解基因和毒力因子等共现.其中以IS和抗生素抗性基因和重金属抗性基因的研究最为广泛[5,25].某些IS家族，如IS5、IS3、IS66等，与多种功能基因共现，表现出广泛的多功能性，可能帮助微生物应对多种环境应激.而其他IS家族则表现出功能的高度特异性，仅与单一功能基因共现，例如，IS1595、ISKra4等.这揭示了IS在生态适应中的多样性，一些IS有助于抗性基因的传播，提升宿主的环境适应性[26].IS6家族的IS1216被发现与镉抗性基因以及7种抗生素抗性基因共现，表明它在抗性基因的传播和介导方面具有较高的潜力.再者，细菌-病毒相互作用的IS的发现表明这些IS可能在跨域基因转移中的重要性.这些发现为理解IS在微生物生态系统中的功能作用提供了重要线索.
鉴于IS与抗生素抗性、重金属抗性或毒力因子基因的共现与人类健康关系更为密切，研究筛选了文献中发现于ESKAPE病原体，如Acinetobacter baumannii、Klebsiella pneumoniae、Pseudomonas aeruginosa和Escherichia coli等潜在致病菌的IS，每种潜在致病菌中都发现了40余种IS，主要来自IS5、IS3、IS6、ISL3和IS110等家族，显示这些IS在病原体中的重要作用[27-29].结合ICD-11的疾病分类，我们推测IS可能与呼吸系统疾病、消化系统疾病和皮肤疾病相关，这说明了IS在公共健康中的潜在影响[30].后续需要深入研究IS在病原体中的功能机制，提升对这些致病机制的理解，为制定新的抗感染策略和公共卫生干预措施提供科学依据.
随着更多IS鉴定工具的发展[31-32]，更多IS被鉴定，ISfinder数据库现有信息仍然有限，准确反映微生物中真实的IS组成情况存在一定难度[33-34].同时，现有文献中直接针对IS的研究依旧有限，5812种IS中，可检索到相关文献的IS不足15%，本研究仅基于747种IS检索得到的相关文献，显示该领域依然存在较大的研究空白.同时，现有文献关于IS对其共现基因的影响结论并不明确.两个IS配对形成转座复合子进行水平基因转移只是IS的作用机制之一，IS还可通过复制-粘贴、剪切-粘贴等机制增加基因组的大小和复杂性，引发基因组重排等[4,13,35].虽然邻近IS的基因可能通过水平基因转移传播，但目前的直接证据仍较少，需要进一步的实验验证.未来研究可以从以下方面展开:识别新的IS种类；生物信息学探索IS与宿主、功能基因的深层次关联；实验验证IS的具体功能，尤其针对ESKAPE病原体展开IS介导的抗性基因传播机制；此外，还可考虑利用IS作为基因编辑工具，在基因工程中实现特定基因片段的插入或调控.
尽管机制尚未明确，但与以往研究多集中于某种特定IS的功能验证（如抗性基因的传播）不同，本研究从全局视角对30个IS家族中5812种IS的多样性、分布模式及其与功能基因的共现关系进行了系统分析.为后续研究提供了重要的理论基础.未来研究应聚焦于以下几个方面:1）通过生物信息学手段，识别新的IS种类，并从更广的尺度来分析IS与来源宿主、共现基因的关系；2）通过实验手段，如定量PCR、长片段PCR以及接合转移实验等，验证IS与共现的功能基因之间的直接关系，特别是在不同宿主之间的基因传播和环境适应方面的机制；3）进一步研究IS在病原体中的作用，尤其是ESKAPE病原体中的抗性基因传播机制，这对于控制抗生素抗性具有重要意义.
4　结论
收起
4.1　不同IS家族在微生物中的分布及其与功能基因的共现存在差异，DDE转座酶类型IS占据主导地位，IS5和IS3家族规模最大，均包含700余种IS，而ISH6家族最小，仅13种.
4.2　不同家族的IS在宿主中的分布存在显著差异，85%的IS来源于细菌，13%来源于古菌，某些IS家族表现出高度的宿主特异性.此外，古菌和细菌的IS组成具有显著分异，表明IS在不同宿主间的进化适应性存在重要差异.
4.3　747种IS与多种功能基因共现，涵盖抗生素抗性、重金属抗性、应激抗性、异源物质降解、毒力因子等功能.其中，488种IS与抗生素抗性基因共现，尤其是β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷和多肽抗性基因频次最高.不同IS家族的共现模式存在差异，部分IS与多种功能基因共现，具有广泛的生态适应性，而其他则表现为单一的功能特异性.
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42161134002)
  • 广东省海洋生物技术重点实验室资助项目(GPKLMB202204)
文献
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间：2024-10-20
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42161134002)
广东省海洋生物技术重点实验室资助项目(GPKLMB202204)
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    1.区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室，中国科学院城市环境研究所，福建 厦门 361021
    2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
    3.广东省海洋生物技术重点实验室，汕头大学，广东 汕头 515063

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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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