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This study conducted sampling and testing on the waste gases generated from different processes in typical automobile manufacturing plant coating workshops located in northern and southern China. It meticulously analyzed the emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odor characteristics, and extensively explored odor characteristic prediction methods from multiple dimensions. The results revealed that OVOCs, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are the predominant components in the exhaust gases, with OVOCs constituting 73.80% to 99.03% of the odor activity value (OAV), thereby classifying them the most significant odor-contributing substance category. Acetaldehyde, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and n-butyraldehyde all significantly contributed to the odor at both the inlet and outlet of the treatment equipment. Furthermore, electronic noses were used to classify waste gas samples, achieving 100% and 98.1% accuracy rates for inlet and outlet, respectively. Quantification of odour was achieved through regression analysis, which revealed a strong linear correlation between OVOCs substance concentration and OAVmax and OAVsum. The electronic nose technology combined with BP neural networks was found to be an effective predictor of OAVmax and OAVsum. Additionally, a logarithmic relationship was observed between OVOCs substance concentration, OAVmax, OAVsum, and odor concentration.

, correspAuthors=Hao-min HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-jing JI, Yu-qing CHEN, Long-fei XIE, Shi-yi WANG, Xiao-jing SUN, Li-wen LU, Hao-min HUANG, Dai-qi YE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408728575045776, articleId=1241408721365037493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=典型汽车涂装行业VOCs排放及其异味特征, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对位于中国华北和华南地区典型汽车制造厂涂装车间不同工序所产生废气进行采样与检测,详细分析挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的排放特征以及异味特征,从多个维度深入探究异味特征预测方法.结果表明,OVOCs、烷烃和芳香烃是废气中的主要组分,OVOCs的气味活性值(OAV)贡献为73.80%~99.03%,是最关键的气味贡献物质类别.乙醛、乙酸正丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、正丁醛在废气处理设备进口和出口处均有显著气味贡献.通过电子鼻对废气样本进行异味分类,在进口和出口分类准确率分别为100%和98.1%.在异味定量分析上,通过回归分析发现OVOCs物质浓度与OAVmax和OAVsum呈现良好线性相关关系.结合BP神经网络的电子鼻技术可有效预测OAVmax和OAVsum,且OVOCs物质浓度、OAVmax、OAVsum与臭气浓度之间存在对数关系.

, correspAuthors=黄皓旻, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,高级工程师,
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纪宇婧(2000-),女,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染控制.发表论文4篇..

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纪宇婧(2000-),女,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染控制.发表论文4篇..

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纪宇婧(2000-),女,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染控制.发表论文4篇..

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*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001

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Sample collection instructions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样位置采样时间生产线编号废气来源废气来源类型编号废气处理设施废气处理设施编号
华北2023年8月21日~8月24日TJ-A中涂、色漆、烘干Type 4浓缩转轮+RTOT01
中涂、色漆、烘干Type 4浓缩转轮+RTOT02
罩光漆Type 3浓缩转轮+RTOT03
华南2024年3月12日~3月14日GZ-A罩光漆Type 3浓缩转轮+RTOG01
烘干Type 5RTOG02
GZ-B烘干Type 5RTOG03
烘干Type 5RTOG04
2024年3月4日~3月8日电泳、烘干Type 2RTOG05
GZ-C烘干Type 5RTOG06
中涂、色漆、烘干Type 4浓缩转轮+RTOG07
GZ-D电泳、烘干Type 2RTOG08
GZ-E电泳、中涂、色漆、烘干Type 1浓缩转轮+RTOG09
烘干Type 5RTOG10
), ArticleFig(id=1241408738679124098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721365037493, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品采集说明

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样位置采样时间生产线编号废气来源废气来源类型编号废气处理设施废气处理设施编号
华北2023年8月21日~8月24日TJ-A中涂、色漆、烘干Type 4浓缩转轮+RTOT01
中涂、色漆、烘干Type 4浓缩转轮+RTOT02
罩光漆Type 3浓缩转轮+RTOT03
华南2024年3月12日~3月14日GZ-A罩光漆Type 3浓缩转轮+RTOG01
烘干Type 5RTOG02
GZ-B烘干Type 5RTOG03
烘干Type 5RTOG04
2024年3月4日~3月8日电泳、烘干Type 2RTOG05
GZ-C烘干Type 5RTOG06
中涂、色漆、烘干Type 4浓缩转轮+RTOG07
GZ-D电泳、烘干Type 2RTOG08
GZ-E电泳、中涂、色漆、烘干Type 1浓缩转轮+RTOG09
烘干Type 5RTOG10
), ArticleFig(id=1241408738813341839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721365037493, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Major VOCs species categories and proportions for 5 categories of emissions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
废气来源类型编号主要物种比例
进口出口
Type 1芳香烃(28.43%)、烷烃(23.40%)OVOCs(68.95%)、芳香烃(20.14%)
Type 2OVOCs(71.00%)、烷烃(14.63%)OVOCs(56.50%)、烯烃炔烃(16.83%)
Type 3芳香烃(24.88%)、卤代烃(24.18%)OVOCs(46.48%)、NCCs(26.01%)
Type 4OVOCs(36.57%)、烷烃(26.29%)芳香烃(30.57%)、OVOCs(26.46%)
Type 5OVOCs(65.96%)、芳香烃(16.09%)OVOCs(60.98%)、芳香烃(14.46%)
), ArticleFig(id=1241408738955948192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721365037493, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

5类废气的主要VOCs物种类别及比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
废气来源类型编号主要物种比例
进口出口
Type 1芳香烃(28.43%)、烷烃(23.40%)OVOCs(68.95%)、芳香烃(20.14%)
Type 2OVOCs(71.00%)、烷烃(14.63%)OVOCs(56.50%)、烯烃炔烃(16.83%)
Type 3芳香烃(24.88%)、卤代烃(24.18%)OVOCs(46.48%)、NCCs(26.01%)
Type 4OVOCs(36.57%)、烷烃(26.29%)芳香烃(30.57%)、OVOCs(26.46%)
Type 5OVOCs(65.96%)、芳香烃(16.09%)OVOCs(60.98%)、芳香烃(14.46%)
), ArticleFig(id=1241408739090165932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721365037493, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The main odor contributors and their proportions at each sampling site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
废气处理设施编号进口出口
T01正己醛(52.90%)正丁醛(71.81%)
T02正戊酸(28.79%)乙酸仲丁酯(48.21%)
T03乙酸仲丁酯(52.79%)乙酸仲丁酯(67.56%)
G01乙酸仲丁酯(40.06%)乙醛(47.91%)
G02正癸醇(73.01%)乙醛(53.78%)
G03正丁醛(56.79%)正丁醛(50.98%)
G04正癸醇(31.86%)乙醛(40.16%)
G05正己醛(31.19%)正丁醛(71.56%)
G06乙酸正丁酯(38.72%)乙醛(66.09%)
G07乙醛(34.74%)乙酸仲丁酯(24.55%)
G08正癸醇(42.78%)正丁醛(55.08%)
G09乙醛(42.82%)乙酸正丁酯(49.07%)
G10正丁醛(57.26%)正丁醛(42.09%)
), ArticleFig(id=1241408739220189370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408721365037493, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各采样口最主要的气味贡献者及其占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
废气处理设施编号进口出口
T01正己醛(52.90%)正丁醛(71.81%)
T02正戊酸(28.79%)乙酸仲丁酯(48.21%)
T03乙酸仲丁酯(52.79%)乙酸仲丁酯(67.56%)
G01乙酸仲丁酯(40.06%)乙醛(47.91%)
G02正癸醇(73.01%)乙醛(53.78%)
G03正丁醛(56.79%)正丁醛(50.98%)
G04正癸醇(31.86%)乙醛(40.16%)
G05正己醛(31.19%)正丁醛(71.56%)
G06乙酸正丁酯(38.72%)乙醛(66.09%)
G07乙醛(34.74%)乙酸仲丁酯(24.55%)
G08正癸醇(42.78%)正丁醛(55.08%)
G09乙醛(42.82%)乙酸正丁酯(49.07%)
G10正丁醛(57.26%)正丁醛(42.09%)
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典型汽车涂装行业VOCs排放及其异味特征
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纪宇婧 1 , 陈妤晴 1 , 谢龙飞 1 , 王诗怡 1 , 孙晓晶 1 , 卢莉雯 1 , 黄皓旻 1, 2, * , 叶代启 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1799-1809
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1799-1809
典型汽车涂装行业VOCs排放及其异味特征
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纪宇婧1 , 陈妤晴1, 谢龙飞1, 王诗怡1, 孙晓晶1, 卢莉雯1, 黄皓旻1, 2, * , 叶代启1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.华南理工大学环境与能源学院,广东广州 510006
  • 2.华南理工大学挥发性有机物污染治理技术与装备国家工程实验室,广东省大气环境与污染控制重点实验室,广东省环境风险防控与应急处置工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510006
  • 纪宇婧(2000-),女,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气污染控制.发表论文4篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,高级工程师,
Volatile organic compound emissions and odor characteristics of typical automotive coating industry
Yu-jing JI1 , Yu-qing CHEN1, Long-fei XIE1, Shi-yi WANG1, Xiao-jing SUN1, Li-wen LU1, Hao-min HUANG1, 2, * , Dai-qi YE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2.National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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针对位于中国华北和华南地区典型汽车制造厂涂装车间不同工序所产生废气进行采样与检测,详细分析挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的排放特征以及异味特征,从多个维度深入探究异味特征预测方法.结果表明,OVOCs、烷烃和芳香烃是废气中的主要组分,OVOCs的气味活性值(OAV)贡献为73.80%~99.03%,是最关键的气味贡献物质类别.乙醛、乙酸正丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、正丁醛在废气处理设备进口和出口处均有显著气味贡献.通过电子鼻对废气样本进行异味分类,在进口和出口分类准确率分别为100%和98.1%.在异味定量分析上,通过回归分析发现OVOCs物质浓度与OAVmax和OAVsum呈现良好线性相关关系.结合BP神经网络的电子鼻技术可有效预测OAVmax和OAVsum,且OVOCs物质浓度、OAVmax、OAVsum与臭气浓度之间存在对数关系.

汽车涂装  /  挥发性有机物(VOCs)  /  排放特征  /  异味特征

This study conducted sampling and testing on the waste gases generated from different processes in typical automobile manufacturing plant coating workshops located in northern and southern China. It meticulously analyzed the emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odor characteristics, and extensively explored odor characteristic prediction methods from multiple dimensions. The results revealed that OVOCs, alkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are the predominant components in the exhaust gases, with OVOCs constituting 73.80% to 99.03% of the odor activity value (OAV), thereby classifying them the most significant odor-contributing substance category. Acetaldehyde, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and n-butyraldehyde all significantly contributed to the odor at both the inlet and outlet of the treatment equipment. Furthermore, electronic noses were used to classify waste gas samples, achieving 100% and 98.1% accuracy rates for inlet and outlet, respectively. Quantification of odour was achieved through regression analysis, which revealed a strong linear correlation between OVOCs substance concentration and OAVmax and OAVsum. The electronic nose technology combined with BP neural networks was found to be an effective predictor of OAVmax and OAVsum. Additionally, a logarithmic relationship was observed between OVOCs substance concentration, OAVmax, OAVsum, and odor concentration.

automotive coating  /  VOCs  /  emission characteristics  /  odor characteristics
纪宇婧, 陈妤晴, 谢龙飞, 王诗怡, 孙晓晶, 卢莉雯, 黄皓旻, 叶代启. 典型汽车涂装行业VOCs排放及其异味特征. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1799 -1809 .
Yu-jing JI, Yu-qing CHEN, Long-fei XIE, Shi-yi WANG, Xiao-jing SUN, Li-wen LU, Hao-min HUANG, Dai-qi YE. Volatile organic compound emissions and odor characteristics of typical automotive coating industry[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1799 -1809 .
作为形成PM2.5和O3的重要前体物,挥发性有机物(VOCs)对大气环境质量产生着重要影响.自2010年以来,中国一直将VOCs列为污染控制重点,陆续出台了一系列相关政策、标准和治理方案[1-2].工业涂装行业被列为我国VOCs重点排放源,而汽车制造业是其中的重要组成部分[3].中国是汽车产销大国,2023年中国的汽车产销量超过3000万辆.在汽车制造中,涂装车间使用涂料、固化剂和稀释剂等挥发性化学产品会导致排放大量VOCs,已成为汽车制造行业主要的污染排放环节[4-5].研究表明[6],随着我国对VOCs排放控制要求的提高,刺激了企业提高技术水平,改善原材料,汽车制造等行业的VOCs排放特征也发生了一定程度的变化.
VOCs也是工业恶臭污染的重要来源之一,许多化合物具有强烈的刺激性或不愉快的气味,这些气味在极低的浓度下就能被人类和动物的嗅觉系统所察觉[7].这种敏感性意味着即使环境中VOCs的浓度不高,人们也可能受到它们的负面影响.这些气味不仅令人不悦,而且它们的持续存在可能引起人们心理上的不适和压力,影响生活质量.汽车涂装过程产生的VOCs中,许多物质都具有强烈的异味,因此异味问题一直是周边居民关注的焦点[8-10].近年来,我国多地工业区异味污染问题凸显,例如,在合肥市高新区,主要涉及注塑成型和涂装工艺的汽车零部件制造厂和电子产品厂的异味VOCs浓度最高[11].在天津市滨海新区,炼油、石化和表面涂装工厂排放出相当高浓度的异味VOCs[12].因此,研究典型汽车涂装行业的VOCs排放特征与异味特征,对于实现精准的污染控制具有重要意义.
目前,对异味的检测方法主要有三种:第一种是通过人工采样和嗅辨员闻嗅的方式进行感官分析得到气体的臭气浓度;第二种是气味活性值法(OAV),使用化学成分分析结合气味检测阈值(ODT),对气味进行定量评估;第三种是通过电子鼻传感器阵列模拟人类嗅觉系统,再利用模式识别技术对数据进行分析,从而实现对异味的识别和分类[13].基于电子鼻的气味检测与分析在环境[14-16]、食品[17-18]、农业[19-20]、医学[21-23]等领域已经有了广泛的应用.这三种检测方法各有优劣,相对而言,感官分析的方法能够直接反应人体的嗅觉感受,但容易受到检测人员主观因素的影响[24],且对嗅辨员的健康存在潜在风险;OAV法更为客观准确,能够确定关键气味物质,但检测效率低,且由于气味物质间可能存在协同或拮抗的相互作用,不易实现对复杂混合气体的整体异味评估[25-26];电子鼻检测的方法快速客观,且成本相对较低[27-28],但无法直接实现对异味的定量评估.因此,需要探究这几种方法之间的关系,以实现更加客观、高效、低成本的异味定量评估,从而有助于实现对汽车涂装废气异味的有效控制.
本研究对位于中国华北和华南地区的某典型汽车制造企业在不同涂装生产线的涂装废气进行采样与检测,探究不同工序来源废气的成分分布和特征物种;通过对废气OAV的计算与分析找出最主要的气味贡献组分和物种,同时通过电子鼻数据建立废气以气味指纹表示的异味特征;最后,从定量的角度探究利用物质浓度、电子鼻等多维度预测汽车涂装废气异味特征的方法.
选择位于中国华北和华南地区的某典型汽车制造企业,在其6个涂装生产线分别采集13套废气处置设施的进口和排气筒出口的气体样品.废气设施分别针对典型涂装工艺中的电泳、中涂、色漆、罩光漆、烘干等关键工序进行废气处理,因此所采集的样品具有一定代表性.各采样点的废气来源和处置方式见表1.这些生产线为使用相同涂装工艺(图1)的标准化车间,且电泳底漆、中涂漆、色漆均使用了水性涂料,罩光漆则使用溶剂型涂料.在采样期间,确保每一条生产线处于稳定的生产状态,生产负荷均为100%.
本研究于废气处理设施的进口和排气筒出口同时使用符合HJ 734-2014[29]规定的组合管1~3吸附管进行样品采集,使用深圳国技仪器有限公司的防爆个体恒流采样器(EM-300),设置恒定体积模式收集300mL废气,流速为50mL/min.每个采样口平行采样3次,整个采样过程中均保证吸附管处于0~4 ℃的避光环境中,并于采样后的7d内完成分析.为了对样品进行异味分析,按照HJ 905-2017[30]规定的采样方法,用5L容积的聚氟乙烯气袋和流量计量程为0.4~4L/min的气袋采样箱进行采样,每次采样前用被测气体冲洗气袋3次.用真空泵以1L/min的流速进行采样.样品采集完成后避光保存,并于24h内完成分析.
吸附管采集的样品使用全自动热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用仪(TD-GC/MS)进行分析,检测过程严格按照HJ 734-2014[29]进行.热脱附仪型号为PerkinElmer TurboMatrix 350,气相色谱质谱仪型号为SHIMADZU GCMS-QP2020NX.根据VOCs保留时间和质谱图来识别物质,通过外标法对VOCs浓度进行计算.VOCs的测定按照上述标准,共包括24种目标物质,采用上海安普实验科技股份有限公司的24种VOCs混合标准液体(CDGG-120959-01-1)建立多点校准工作曲线,其他VOCs物种浓度以甲苯计.
使用上海保圣实业发展有限公司的CNose-28电子鼻系统对气袋样品进行分析.该系统由28个金属氧化物传感器(MOS)组成.响应值表示为比率G/G0,即样品与空气之间的电阻率比.每次检测前,以6L/min的空气流速清洁传感器120s,随后以1L/min的流速检测60s.提取各传感器的最大响应值为潜在变量.每个采样口的样品平行检测4次,共得到104组数据.各传感器的全面描述与Sun等[31]的研究相同.
臭气浓度的分析采用三点比较式臭袋法,按照HJ 1262—2022[32]中规定的固定污染源废气嗅辨实验进行.4名训练有素的嗅辨员在每轮实验中被分配1个稀释样品的嗅辨气袋和2个充有无臭空气的嗅辨气袋,并从中识别有异味的气袋.当嗅辨员正确识别后,对样品进行逐级稀释并重复该实验过程,直至稀释样品的臭气浓度低于嗅辨员的嗅觉阈值时终止实验.每个样品的嗅辨实验重复2次.样品的臭气浓度由小组平均嗅觉阈值确定.
气味活性值法可以对样品中的气味VOCs进行定量评估,鉴别出关键气味VOC.OAV表现为每种VOC的浓度与ODT的比值.ODT数据采用三点式臭袋法进行嗅觉分析的Nagata[33]的研究结果,若物质无相对应的ODT则暂不纳入计算.在一定范围内,OAV越大说明该化合物对总体气味影响越大.OAV的具体计算公式如下:
式中:Ci和ODTi分别为挥发性有机物i的浓度和在空气中的气味阈值,mg/m3.
Blazy等[34]和Rincón等[35]发现堆肥厂的气体样品中所有OAV的总和(OAVsum)和最大OAV(OAVmax)与臭气浓度之间存在相关关系,因此本研究同样选择这两个指标对汽车涂装废气的样品进行分析研究.
线性判别分析(LDA)是一种有监督的降维技术,对数据进行模式分类,它的核心思想是通过线性变换将数据投影到低维空间,同时最大化不同类别之间的分离度,并最小化同一类别内的散布[36].LDA的基本步骤包括计算每个类别的均值向量、构建类内散布矩阵(Within-Class Scatter Matrix)和类间散布矩阵(Between-Class Scatter Matrix),然后通过求解广义特征值问题来找到最佳的投影方向.LDA的优点在于可以同时进行特征选择和降维,选择对分类最有贡献的特征.本研究通过IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件进行LDA分析.
BP神经网络(BPNN)是一种多层前馈型人工神经网络,能够学习和模拟复杂的非线性关系,泛化能力强,适用于多种类型的数据建模和模式识别任务[37].本研究中神经网络学习和测试在MatLab R2023a(MathWorks,美国)上使用BP神经网络工具箱进行.收集的总实验数据包括电子鼻的28个传感器在暴露于全部104个气体样品60s后的最大响应值以及相应的OAVmax和OAVsum.数据中的80%作为训练集,用于神经网络的全局训练过程,剩余20%的数据作为测试集,以评估所选模型的有效性.通过决定系数(COD)R2、均方根误差(RMSE)和均方根百分比误差(RMSPE)评价电子鼻对OAVmax和OAVsum的预测能力.
式中:yi表示真实值表示预测值为真实值yi的均值;n为样本数.
废气样品按照废气来源分类后的VOCs组分比例如图2所示.由于本研究中考虑到气体的异味特征,将含硫化合物(SCCs)和含氮化合物(NCCs)这两类容易在较低浓度下产生明显异味特征的物质一并考虑.各采样口的吸附管平行样的相对偏差均小于15%.在所有进口气体中,检测并鉴定了170种不同的挥发性有机化合物,其中含氧VOCs(OVOCs)最多,共检测出82种,其次是芳香烃和烷烃,各检出29种.总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度范围为2.37~355.31mg/m3.对经过处置设施处理的排气筒出口废气,共检出154种不同的挥发性有机化合物,其中OVOCs检出69种,是检出最多的物种类别,其次是烷烃和芳香烃,分别为26种和24种.TVOC浓度范围为0.72~75.71mg/m3.
不同类型的废气样品在物种比例上有一定的差异,表2展示了其中主要的VOCs物种类别及比例.综合分析5种类型的废气样品,不论是进口还是出口,OVOCs、烷烃和芳香烃始终占据主要成分的比例.对于Type2和Type5的气体,OVOCs占据主导地位,这可能表明烘干工序是OVOCs的主要来源. Type3的进口气体样品中芳香烃和卤代烃的比例较高,这是因为罩光漆采用的是溶剂型涂料,而使用水性涂料的工序产生的废气则通常含有较高比例的OVOCs[38-39].与进口气体相比,出口中NCCs的比例整体上有所提升,而卤代烃的占比则均有下降,表明燃烧的废气处理过程对卤代烃的去除效果最为显著,但是这种氧化过程有可能会增加废气中NCCs的比例.同时,出口气体含有更低比例的烷烃和更高比例的烯烃炔烃,这与You等[40]的研究结论相一致.此外,出口中SCCs的比例略有所下降,但在进口和出口气体中SCCs的占比均未超过5%.
进一步分析5类废气中VOCs的特征物种(图3),这些物种在进口气体中的质量浓度占比介于43.91%~58.92%之间,在出口气体中的占比在43.00%~79.25%之间,表明它们在总VOCs中占有显著的比例.具体来看,Type 1气体进口和出口中占比最高的物种为N,N-二甲基庚酰胺(13.67%)、乙酸正丁酯(36.58%).Type2气体进口中,2-(2-丁氧基乙氧基)乙醇含量最高,占比26.08%.Type3气体进口中,四氯乙烯(22.79%)占比居首位.Type5的出口气体中,2-乙氧基乙醇(36.35%)占比最高.对于Type4、Type5的进口和Type2、Type3、Type4的出口,未发现单一物种显著占优,表明这些气体中VOCs的组成更为复杂.
通过各物种的OAV在样品OAVsum中的占比评价各物种的气味贡献.由图4可知,对于所有的采样口,OVOCs的OAV对于OAVsum的贡献在73.80%~99.03%之间,是最主要的气味贡献物种类别.其次是芳香烃,气味贡献在0.01%~25.46%之间.而SCCs和NCCs的气味贡献均小于5%.每个废气样品中OAV最大的物质被认为是最主要的气味贡献者.对各废气处理设施的进口和出口OAV进行分析,结果如表3所示.乙醛、乙酸正丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、正丁醛、正癸醇、正己醛、正戊酸7种物质是汽车涂装过程中最主要的气味贡献者.其中乙醛、乙酸正丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、正丁醛4种物质在进口和出口中都表现出显著的气味贡献.因此在制定针对异味的控制措施时,这些物质应优先纳入考虑.可以注意到,这些化合物也均属于OVOCs.OVOCs之所以成为最主要的气味贡献物质类别,原因包括,OVOCs通常具有较低的ODT,即使在较低的浓度,人们的嗅觉也可以对它们产生感知;其次,汽车涂装车间中的OVOCs物种数量多且浓度占比高,因此在气味贡献上占据主导地位.
使用电子鼻快速检测不同废气来源的气体样品的异味特征.通过独立样本克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯检验分析所有进口和出口样品的电子鼻响应数据.统计结果显示,对于出口样品,所有28个传感器(S1~S28)均检测到样品间存在显著差异(P<0.05),显示出电子鼻在区分不同废气样品方面的高灵敏度.相比之下,进口气体样品中,有23个传感器检测到样品间存在显著差异(P<0.05),可能表明进口气体样品的气味特征在某些方面更为相似.将各电子鼻传感器最大响应信号值总结在雷达图中,对于同种废气来源的气体样品,取其平均值.图5(a)、(b)描述了不同的传感器响应信号对应于每类气体样品,该结果表明MOS传感器具有良好的灵敏度和特异性.
为了更加清晰地观察不同样本之间是否存在模式差异,从能够检测到样品之间存在显著差异的传感器之中,选取数据标准差最大的6个传感器响应值用于绘制新的气味指纹图谱.如图5(c)、(d)所示,不同来源和组成的样品间存在明显的模式差异,每种类型气体都显示出了自己的特征指纹图谱.
进一步研究不同类型气体在电子鼻中表现出的特征差异,使用LDA方法对5种类型的废气样本进行分类研究(图6).在进口废气的分类中,电子鼻传感器的响应值实现了100%的分类准确率,前3个判别函数解释了总方差的97.7%.对于出口废气的分析,传感器的响应值达到了98.1%的分类准确率,前3个判别函数解释了总方差的92.8%.因此,对于进口和出口样品,5种类型的废气都能够实现有效的分离,进口气体中的分类准确率略高于出口气体.这一结果验证了电子鼻在识别废气特征方面的综合效能.出口废气未能实现100%准确分类可能的原因是各类型气体的样本量相对较少,数据中的噪声和异常值对LDA的分类决策造成干扰.未来应扩大研究范围并对相关模型算法进行优化,以减少数据噪声对结果准确性的影响.
OVOCs是汽车涂装废气中最主要的气味贡献者,因此需对OVOCs的物质浓度与OAVmax、OAVsum之间的关系进行研究.用26个采样口的样品数据做回归分析,发现OAVmax和OAVsum与OVOCs的物质浓度间均存在线性关系,拟合结果如图7所示.OVOCs的物质浓度与OAVmax的拟合直线的R2=0.88,与OAVsum的拟合直线的R2=0.87.两条拟合直线的R2均大于0.85,说明变量间具有线性相关性,OAVmaxR2略高于OAVsum,具有更好的拟合精确度.当OVOCs的物质浓度增加时,数据点相对于直线的分布更为离散,因此在使用该拟合关系对OAVmax和OAVsum进行预测时,随着物质浓度越大,误差会更为明显.
进一步探究电子鼻对气体样品的OAV的预测能力,使用BP神经网络对电子鼻数据进行回归预测.将每个样品的28个电子鼻传感器信号值作为神经网络的输入层,而OAVmax和OAVsum作为输出层,得到回归分析后各数据集的预测值和真实值之间的关系.针对OAVmax的预测结果如图8所示,训练集和测试集回归曲线的决定系数R2为0.99和0.90,RMSE分别为39.44和173.84,RMSPE分别为43.45%和37.53%.针对OAVsum的预测结果如图9所示,训练集及测试集回归曲线的决定系数R2分别为0.98和0.92,RMSE分别为157.04和365.31,RMSPE分别为26.95%和27.64%.根据Delurgio[41]研究中总结的模型评估标准,当RMSPE在20%~50%之间时,模型的预测能力被认为合理,因此该方法被认为适用于预测废气样品的OAVmax和OAVsum.这体现了电子鼻技术在评估与量化废气异味特征上的有效性.相较而言,在训练集和测试集中,电子鼻对OAVsum的预测值与真实值之间误差更小,拟合精度更高.未来可以通过优化传感器阵列、优化神经网络结构或引入更先进的算法来进一步提升预测模型的性能,以适应更广泛的应用场景和更复杂的气体分析需求.
为了探究物质浓度、OAVmax及OAVsum和人体直接嗅觉感受之间的关系,由嗅辨员对T01、T02和T03设施的进出口气体样品进行嗅觉测试,确定了6个采样口的臭气浓度.直接比较OAVsum和臭气浓度之间的大小,发现OAVsum均小于测得臭气浓度,表明汽车涂装废气的各气味物质间存在明显协同作用.采用回归分析的方法进一步研究臭气浓度与OVOCs的物质浓度及OAVmax、OAVsum之间的定量关系,拟合结果如图10所示.由此可知,3个参数与臭气浓度之间存在对数关系,决定系数R2分别为0.91、0.90、0.96,拟合结果较好,表明OVOCs的物质浓度、OAVmax、OAVsum可能是汽车涂装行业臭气浓度的良好预测因子,而OAVsum的预测效果更好.
3.1 5类不同工序来源的废气在处理设施的进口和出口具有不同的排放特征,总体而言,OVOCs、烷烃和芳香烃始终占据主要成分的比例.与进口气体相比,出口气体具有更高比例的NCCs、烯烃、炔烃以及更低比例的卤代烃和烷烃.
3.2 OVOCs的OAV对于OAVsum的贡献在73.80%~99.03%之间,是汽车涂装工艺中最主要的气味贡献物种类别.从质量浓度和OAV的贡献来看,SCCs和NCCs并非汽车涂装废气中异味的重点关注对象.乙醛、乙酸正丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、正丁醛4种OVOCs物质在进口和出口中均具有显著的气味贡献.分析电子鼻检测数据发现,不同类型的气体样品间存在明显模式差异,并显示出各自的特征指纹图谱.通过LDA对废气样本进行分类,表明对于进口和出口样品,5类废气都表现出明显分离,分类准确率为100%和98.1%,前三个判别函数能够解释总方差的97.7%和92.8%,验证了电子鼻识别废气特征的有效性.
3.3 OVOCs的物质浓度与OAVmax和OAVsum均具有较好的线性相关性,R2为0.88和0.87.电子鼻结合BP神经网络对OAVmax进行预测的RMSPE在训练集和测试集分别为43.45%和37.53%,对OAVsum进行预测的RMSPE在训练集和测试集分别为26.95%和27.64%,预测能力被认为合理.OVOCs的物质浓度、OAVmax、OAVsum与臭气浓度之间存在对数关系,拟合曲线R2为0.91、0.90、0.96.
4.1 扩大样本范围.本研究选取了具有典型汽车涂装工艺的生产线进行采样与研究,然而汽车涂装工艺多样,原辅材料种类复杂,汽车产业集群分布广泛,下一步的研究应考虑覆盖更全面的汽车涂装工艺类型和更广的地理区域,以进行更加精细化的研究,为更好地实现VOCs与异味的协同控制奠定基础.
4.2 提升模型表现.本研究探索了多维度预测废气异味特征的方法,然而BP神经网络模型的预测效果仍具有提升空间.下一步的研究可以通过选择预测能力更好的模型、优化算法等方式提高模型在复杂情景下的鲁棒性.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370112)
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  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370112)
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    1.华南理工大学环境与能源学院,广东广州 510006
    2.华南理工大学挥发性有机物污染治理技术与装备国家工程实验室,广东省大气环境与污染控制重点实验室,广东省环境风险防控与应急处置工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510006

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