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This study used the urban sprawl index and InVEST model to analyze the spatiotemporal changes of urban sprawl and its impact on ecosystem services in 19 provincial capital cities along the main and tributary streams of the Yangtze River Basin from 2000 to 2020. It also explored the factors influencing ecosystem services in the urban sprawl areas. This study found that: (1) 47.37%and 73.63% of cities experienced urban sprawl during 2000~2010 and 2010~2020, respectively. (2) From 2000 to 2020, the average habitat quality, total food and meat production services, and total carbon storage of provincial capital cities in the Yangtze River Basin (central urban area) decreased by 4.25%, 7.03%, and 4.53%, respectively, while the total water production increased by 12.10%. (3) The loss of ecosystem services due to urban sprawl was the most significant in terms of habitat quality, with a loss of 71.56% from 2010 to 2020 compared to 2000. (4) A correlation analysis was conducted on the impact of land-use conversion, socio-economic factors, and climate on ecosystem services, and it was determined that land-use and use conversion and socio-economic factors were the most influencing factors.

, correspAuthors=Dong-jie GUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-long NIE, Dong-jie GUAN, Xiao-feng FAN, Yan-wen WANG, Li-lei ZHOU, Xiu-juan HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408729422295282, articleId=1241408720710726018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=长江流域城市蔓延对生态系统服务损失量的影响分析, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用城市蔓延指数和InVEST模型,分析了2000~2020年长江流域干流和支流流经的19个行政区域省会城市的城市蔓延时空变化和城市蔓延对生态系统服务的影响,并探究城市蔓延区域对生态系统服务的影响因素.结果表明:(1)2000~2010年47.37%的城市处于蔓延状态,2010~2020年73.63%城市处于蔓延状态.(2)2000~2020年长江流域(中心城区)省会城市的生境质量均值、粮食和肉类生产服务总量和碳储量总量的下降比率分别为4.25%、7.03%和4.53%,产水总量的上升比率为12.10%.(3)因城市蔓延导致的生态系统服务损失量中生境质量下降最明显,2010~2020年损失量占2000年平均生境质量的71.56%.(4)选取土地利用转化、社会经济和气候对生态系统服务的影响进行相关分析,土地利用转化和社会经济是最大影响因素.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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聂家龙(2000-),男,河南信阳人,重庆交通大学硕士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务研究.发表论文3篇..

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聂家龙(2000-),男,河南信阳人,重庆交通大学硕士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务研究.发表论文3篇..

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聂家龙(2000-),男,河南信阳人,重庆交通大学硕士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务研究.发表论文3篇..

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基于自然资源部标准地图服务系统审图号为GS(2016)1552号的标准地图制作,底图无修改

, figureFileSmall=IFTRHwZJNm0nuG0Q6UluTg==, figureFileBig=btlYMdxHaVck4j02SMa7ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408736162542500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Urban sprawl of provincial capital cities (central urban areas) in the Yangtze River Basin, figureFileSmall=wGZFSZnPQWLoErwwiU6CwA==, figureFileBig=uxOKgSeJx6S8D+aLedfs8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408736556807098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=CN, label=图2, caption=长江流域省会城市(中心城区)城市蔓延情况

基于自然资源部标准地图服务系统审图号为GS(2016)1552号的标准地图制作,底图无修改

, figureFileSmall=wGZFSZnPQWLoErwwiU6CwA==, figureFileBig=uxOKgSeJx6S8D+aLedfs8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408736691024833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatio-temporal changes of urban sprawl in provincial capitals (central urban areas) of the Yangtze River Basin from 2000 to 2020, figureFileSmall=9/YqRJ+dp1nUqKhQ4+Vacw==, figureFileBig=cEsnJAAXKfq+aEAkE4JpZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408736858797008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2000~2020年长江流域省会城市(中心城区)城市蔓延时空变化, figureFileSmall=9/YqRJ+dp1nUqKhQ4+Vacw==, figureFileBig=cEsnJAAXKfq+aEAkE4JpZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408737022374879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Urban sprawl index of capital cities (central urban areas) in the Yangtze River Basin from 2000 to 2020, figureFileSmall=IMoNpx1yYrD5ueBWk22LqA==, figureFileBig=E/lNIfbDxO1kUNbDynFNjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408737127232492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2000~2020年长江流域省会城市(中心城区)城市蔓延指数

基于自然资源部标准地图服务系统审图号为GS(2016)1552号的标准地图制作,底图无修改

, figureFileSmall=IMoNpx1yYrD5ueBWk22LqA==, figureFileBig=E/lNIfbDxO1kUNbDynFNjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408737265644537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Spatio-temporal changes of ecosystem service supply in provincial capital cities (central urban areas) of the Yangtze River Basin from 2000 to 2020, figureFileSmall=KycEtov5HIOXdop3m9c5GA==, figureFileBig=p/+TYSMRe+8Ct2u914iDYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408737429221383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2000~2020年长江流域省会城市(中心城区)生态系统服务供给量时空变化

基于自然资源部标准地图服务系统审图号为GS(2020)3185号的标准地图制作,底图无修改.

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*为P<0.05,**为P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=q5u367Mb+NJ09o9MQykuOA==, figureFileBig=37MiIOJF+wwcAIZIJ5KqHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408739069194411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Data soure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据单位空间分辨率来源
土地利用数据/1km×1km中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
降雨数据mm1km×1km国家青藏高原科学数据中心(https://data.tpdc.ac.cn)
DEM数据m1km×1km中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
土壤数据/1km×1km中国科学院寒区旱区科学数据中心(http://www.westdc.westgis.ac.cn)
GDP数据万元/km21km×1km中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
人口密度数据人/km21km×1kmWordPop(https://hub.worldpop.org)
人口数、粮食和肉类产量/电子表格国家统计局(http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj)
人均碳排放数据/电子表格CEADs中国碳核算数据库(https://www.ceads.net.cn)和中国城市温室气体工作组(http://lca.cityghg.com)
用水量/电子表格中国水利部和研究区域的省级水利局
), ArticleFig(id=1241408739211800760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据单位空间分辨率来源
土地利用数据/1km×1km中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
降雨数据mm1km×1km国家青藏高原科学数据中心(https://data.tpdc.ac.cn)
DEM数据m1km×1km中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
土壤数据/1km×1km中国科学院寒区旱区科学数据中心(http://www.westdc.westgis.ac.cn)
GDP数据万元/km21km×1km中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn)
人口密度数据人/km21km×1kmWordPop(https://hub.worldpop.org)
人口数、粮食和肉类产量/电子表格国家统计局(http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj)
人均碳排放数据/电子表格CEADs中国碳核算数据库(https://www.ceads.net.cn)和中国城市温室气体工作组(http://lca.cityghg.com)
用水量/电子表格中国水利部和研究区域的省级水利局
), ArticleFig(id=1241408739346018495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Methods for assessing supply for ecosystem services

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型计算方法编号变量
生境质量利用InVEST计算生境质量(2)Qxj为土地利用与生境类型j中栅格x的生境质量;Dxj2为土地利用与生境类型j中栅格x所受胁迫水平;k为半饱和常数,通常取Dxj2最大值的一半(模型运行一次获得);Hj为土地利用与土地覆盖j的生境适合性;z为归一化常量,通常取值2.5.
产水服务利用InVEST计算产水服务(3)Y(x)为栅格单元x的年产水量(mm),AET(x)为栅格单元x的年实际蒸发量(mm);P(x)为栅格单元x的年降水量(mm).
粮食和肉类生产 (4)FS为粮食和肉类生产供给总量(kcal);i分别表示粮食/肉类;Mi表示粮食/肉类的产量(t);Ni为每1kg粮食/肉类的单位能量(kcal),将粮食能量平均分配给耕地,将肉类能量平均分配给草地,实现粮食生产和肉类生产供给栅格化.
碳储量利用InVEST计算碳储量
CSi,j=Ai,j×(ACi+BCi+SCi+DCi
(5)CSi,j为第i种土地利用类型中第j个像元上的碳储量(t);Ai,j为第i类土地利用类型中第j个像元的面积(hm2);ACi、BCi、SCi、分别为第i种土地利用类型的地上碳密度;为第i种土地利用类型的地下碳密度;为第i种土地利用类型的土壤有机碳密度;DCi为第i种土地利用类型的死亡有机碳密度(t/hm2).
), ArticleFig(id=1241408739522179278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生态系统服务供给量评估方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型计算方法编号变量
生境质量利用InVEST计算生境质量(2)Qxj为土地利用与生境类型j中栅格x的生境质量;Dxj2为土地利用与生境类型j中栅格x所受胁迫水平;k为半饱和常数,通常取Dxj2最大值的一半(模型运行一次获得);Hj为土地利用与土地覆盖j的生境适合性;z为归一化常量,通常取值2.5.
产水服务利用InVEST计算产水服务(3)Y(x)为栅格单元x的年产水量(mm),AET(x)为栅格单元x的年实际蒸发量(mm);P(x)为栅格单元x的年降水量(mm).
粮食和肉类生产 (4)FS为粮食和肉类生产供给总量(kcal);i分别表示粮食/肉类;Mi表示粮食/肉类的产量(t);Ni为每1kg粮食/肉类的单位能量(kcal),将粮食能量平均分配给耕地,将肉类能量平均分配给草地,实现粮食生产和肉类生产供给栅格化.
碳储量利用InVEST计算碳储量
CSi,j=Ai,j×(ACi+BCi+SCi+DCi
(5)CSi,j为第i种土地利用类型中第j个像元上的碳储量(t);Ai,j为第i类土地利用类型中第j个像元的面积(hm2);ACi、BCi、SCi、分别为第i种土地利用类型的地上碳密度;为第i种土地利用类型的地下碳密度;为第i种土地利用类型的土壤有机碳密度;DCi为第i种土地利用类型的死亡有机碳密度(t/hm2).
), ArticleFig(id=1241408739710922969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The loss of ecosystem services caused by the urban sprawl of provincial capital cities (central urban areas) in the Yangtze River Basin from 2000 to 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务2000~2010年2010~2020年
损失量比例(%)损失量比例(%)
生境质量*0.36557.480.41271.68
粮食和肉类生产(kcal)**3.04×10114.035.65×10117.49
碳储量(t)**5.23×1071.021.38×1082.72
产水服务(m3)**-5.47×109-0.44-7.77×109-0.63
), ArticleFig(id=1241408741267009767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720710726018, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2000~2020年长江流域省会城市(中心城区)蔓延导致的生态系统服务损失量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生态系统服务2000~2010年2010~2020年
损失量比例(%)损失量比例(%)
生境质量*0.36557.480.41271.68
粮食和肉类生产(kcal)**3.04×10114.035.65×10117.49
碳储量(t)**5.23×1071.021.38×1082.72
产水服务(m3)**-5.47×109-0.44-7.77×109-0.63
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长江流域城市蔓延对生态系统服务损失量的影响分析
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聂家龙 1 , 官冬杰 1, 2, 3, * , 樊晓凤 1 , 王燕雯 1 , 周李磊 1, 2, 3 , 和秀娟 4
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(4): 2147-2158
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(4): 2147-2158
长江流域城市蔓延对生态系统服务损失量的影响分析
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聂家龙1 , 官冬杰1, 2, 3, * , 樊晓凤1, 王燕雯1, 周李磊1, 2, 3, 和秀娟4
作者信息
  • 1.重庆交通大学智慧城市学院,重庆 400074
  • 2.山地城市时空信息重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400074
  • 3.自然资源部智能城市时空信息与装备工程技术创新中心,重庆 400074
  • 4.香港大学地理系,香港 999077
  • 聂家龙(2000-),男,河南信阳人,重庆交通大学硕士研究生,主要从事生态系统服务研究.发表论文3篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Analysis of the impact of urban sprawl in the Yangtze River Basin on the loss of ecosystem services
Jia-long NIE1 , Dong-jie GUAN1, 2, 3, * , Xiao-feng FAN1, Yan-wen WANG1, Li-lei ZHOU1, 2, 3, Xiu-juan HE4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Smart City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Spatio-temporal Information in Mountain Cities, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 3.Technology Innovation Center for Spatio-temporal Information and Equipment of Intelligent City, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 4.Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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利用城市蔓延指数和InVEST模型,分析了2000~2020年长江流域干流和支流流经的19个行政区域省会城市的城市蔓延时空变化和城市蔓延对生态系统服务的影响,并探究城市蔓延区域对生态系统服务的影响因素.结果表明:(1)2000~2010年47.37%的城市处于蔓延状态,2010~2020年73.63%城市处于蔓延状态.(2)2000~2020年长江流域(中心城区)省会城市的生境质量均值、粮食和肉类生产服务总量和碳储量总量的下降比率分别为4.25%、7.03%和4.53%,产水总量的上升比率为12.10%.(3)因城市蔓延导致的生态系统服务损失量中生境质量下降最明显,2010~2020年损失量占2000年平均生境质量的71.56%.(4)选取土地利用转化、社会经济和气候对生态系统服务的影响进行相关分析,土地利用转化和社会经济是最大影响因素.

城市蔓延  /  生态系统服务  /  损失量测算  /  长江流域  /  省会城市

This study used the urban sprawl index and InVEST model to analyze the spatiotemporal changes of urban sprawl and its impact on ecosystem services in 19 provincial capital cities along the main and tributary streams of the Yangtze River Basin from 2000 to 2020. It also explored the factors influencing ecosystem services in the urban sprawl areas. This study found that: (1) 47.37%and 73.63% of cities experienced urban sprawl during 2000~2010 and 2010~2020, respectively. (2) From 2000 to 2020, the average habitat quality, total food and meat production services, and total carbon storage of provincial capital cities in the Yangtze River Basin (central urban area) decreased by 4.25%, 7.03%, and 4.53%, respectively, while the total water production increased by 12.10%. (3) The loss of ecosystem services due to urban sprawl was the most significant in terms of habitat quality, with a loss of 71.56% from 2010 to 2020 compared to 2000. (4) A correlation analysis was conducted on the impact of land-use conversion, socio-economic factors, and climate on ecosystem services, and it was determined that land-use and use conversion and socio-economic factors were the most influencing factors.

urban sprawl  /  ecosystem services  /  measurement of losses  /  Yangtze River Basin  /  provincial capital
聂家龙, 官冬杰, 樊晓凤, 王燕雯, 周李磊, 和秀娟. 长江流域城市蔓延对生态系统服务损失量的影响分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2147 -2158 .
Jia-long NIE, Dong-jie GUAN, Xiao-feng FAN, Yan-wen WANG, Li-lei ZHOU, Xiu-juan HE. Analysis of the impact of urban sprawl in the Yangtze River Basin on the loss of ecosystem services[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2147 -2158 .
城市蔓延是指城市在发展进程中表现出的随意且无计划、不连续、土地利用类型单一,引发土地用地矛盾趋于剧烈的一种不可持续的空间拓展模式[1].现实中,城市空间的无序扩张和土地资源的肆意开发已成为世界各国城市化进程中普遍存在的问题[2].从社会、环境和经济角度来看,城市蔓延极大地改变了城市生态空间、栖息地功能和局部气候条件[3-4],导致了不可持续的城市发展模式[5]、土地利用碎片化、生态功能退化、经济发展减缓和环境污染等负面后果,影响了生态系统的供给,威胁着区域生态安全和景观可持续性[6-7].减少城市蔓延的影响,实现人与自然和谐共存的可持续城市生态系统,为政府和城市规划者的关键目标[1].特别是在高质量发展的背景下,充分降低城市蔓延对生态环境的负面影响,对区域可持续发展具有一定的现实意义.
城市化是城市蔓延的影响过程,其核心在于区域自然生态系统服务和农业生态系统向城市生态系统不断转化的过程[8].国内研究主要在区域和局部小尺度上进行.包玉斌等[9]基于InVEST模型评价了陕西省黄河湿地自然保护区土地利用变化对生境的影响,发现城市用地面积的增加是导致生境质量退化的主要原因.Song等[10]以中国北方旱区为例,模拟分析了未来城市蔓延过程对自然生境质量的影响.不同学者对城市蔓延与生态系统服务的关系有不同的看法,一种是认为城市蔓延会破坏生态系统服务,如张骞等[11]认为,城市建设用地的增加和农业用地的减少是导致城市生态系统服务功能下降的主要因素之一;刘晓红等[12]认为城市快速蔓延进程会导致绿色空间生态系统,无法及时处理空气污染物;而另一种则是认为城市蔓延会减轻对生态系统服务的破坏,城市向郊区扩张,可以缓解城市中心区污染物排放过度的压力.目前,已有的研究主要集中在研究区生态系统服务评估量化及其动态变化分析方面,而关于城市蔓延对生态系统服务影响的研究较少.尽管国内外学者在城市蔓延对生态系统服务影响研究的相关理论和应用实践都有了一个清晰的框架体系[13],并且在对城市蔓延的空间格局特征[14]、生态系统服务评估量化的方法等方面都取得了显著的进展,但总体而言,研究仍处于初步阶段,面临着诸多挑战和机遇,未来仍需要加强:1)城市蔓延空间格局下生态系统服务量化研究;2)对于城市蔓延导致生态系统服务损失量的定量评估以及影响因素研究.
长江流域城市蔓延发展较快,生态环境问题日益突出,生态系统服务问题较为严峻,即使有短暂的减慢,但总体而言还是处于上升趋势[15],特别是省会城市中城市蔓延快速发展导致区域之间的发展不平衡,土地城市化与人口城市化的发展协调不合理,进一步加重了对生态环境的影响[16].为解决城市蔓延对生态系统服务负面影响问题,本文将围绕长江流域干流和支流流经的19个省、市级行政区域的省会城市,剖析城市蔓延时空格局、生态系统服务动态变化规律、生态系统服务损失量以及影响因素.为此采用城市蔓延指数(SI)来反映城市蔓延时空格局[17];基于InVEST模型对生境质量服务、产水服务、粮食和肉类生产服务以及碳储量服务的供给量进行量化;评估城市蔓延过程对生态系统服务的损失量,揭示城市蔓延过程对生态系统服务的影响,促进长江流域流经19个行政区域省会城市中城市蔓延与生态系统协调发展.
长江流域横贯我国的东部、中部和西部三个经济区,具有重要的地理位置和自然资源优势,流域面积广阔,面积约180万km2,约占我国国土面积的18.8%[18],是世界第三大流域.为了便于数据分析,综合考虑研究单元的精确性、数据获取的可靠性和城市蔓延特征的显著性,本文将省、市级行政区作为基本分析单元,研究范围界定为长江干流和支流流经的19个省、市级行政区域[19]的省会城市(图1).
据长江流域各省市《统计年鉴》显示,截至2020年长江流域19个省、市级行政区域年末常住人口为9.98亿人,占全国总人口数的70%左右.流域内平均城镇化率超过60%,但不同流域间城镇化率差异较大,随着社会经济的不断发展,流域内城市建设也不断向外蔓延,生态环境问题也日益突出,生态系统服务供需关系日渐紧张.同时,人类活动也不断影响着生态系统服务的平衡关系,城市蔓延与生态系统服务之间的矛盾成为制约流域协调发展的重要因素.
主要数据如表1所示:
城市蔓延与城市建成区面积和城市人口密切相关,因此本文在构建城市蔓延指数时,选择O’sullivan[20]提出的城市蔓延指数(SI),考虑人口和城市面积的影响,利用城市建成区面积增长率与城镇人口增长率的比值为基础计算城市蔓延指数,计算公式如下:
式中:SI表示城市蔓延指数;BAj表示第j年城市建成区面积;BAi表示基年i的城市建成区面积;POPj表示第j年城镇人口;POPi表示基年i的城镇人口.
本文以2000年为基年,计算2000~2010年和2010~2020年两期长江流域省会城市(中心城区)的城市蔓延程度,当SI≤1时,说明城市建成区面积的增速小于城市人口增速,没有发生城市蔓延现象;当SI>1时,说明城市存在蔓延现象,SI值越大,城市蔓延程度越高.
生态系统服务由多种因素共同作用,为更好的关联城市蔓延特征,本文使用InVEST模型计算了四种生态系统服务:生境质量、产水服务、粮食和肉类生产与碳储量,具体方法参见表2.这四类生态系统服务在计算过程中均涉及到土地利用等参数,由城市蔓延直接引发的土地利用转变或间接作用于气候变化等会直接改变这四类生态系统服务供给量.
生态系统服务产生变化的原因是由于土地利用、气候条件等因素的变化,而城市蔓延会直接影响土地利用面积并间接改变局部气候条件等社会经济情况,故参考孙泽祥等[21]和毛诚瑞等[22]的研究,从城市尺度来分析城市蔓延过程对城市蔓延区域4种生态系统服务的影响.城市蔓延过程对生态系统服务的影响的计算公式如下:
式中:ΔESi为城市蔓延过程所导致的第i种生态系统服务的损失量;ESi,m为城市蔓延区域第i种生态系统服务在第m年的值;ESi,n为城市蔓延区域中第i种生态系统服务在第n年的值.
2000~2020年,各省会城市(中心城区)建成区和城镇人口都在不断上升(图2),两者呈正相关,随着人口规模的扩大,城市对土地的需求不断增加,进而导致城市规模的无序蔓延[23].因省会城市(中心城区)的城市蔓延程度更显著,选取该研究区域直观探讨长江流域城市蔓延对省会城市生态系统服务的影响状况.
19个省会城市(中心城区)的城镇化率均较高,城市发展水平较快(图2).城市建成区面积由2000年的4639km2扩张2010年的7677km2和2020年14273km2,2010~2020年城市蔓延程度较2000~2010年提升了117.12%.从单个城市的城镇化率进行分析,截至2020年,除南宁和拉萨外,其余省会城市城镇化率超过了70%.其中,城镇化率排名前五的省会城市(中心城区)分别为重庆中心城区(92.63%)、上海中心城区(92%)、南京(86.8%)、广州(86.19%)和长沙(82.6%).2000~2010年,广州城蔓延面积最大(542km2),拉萨最小(7km2);2010~2020年,成都城市蔓延面积最大(734km2),西宁最小(48km2).
将2000年、2010年和2020年的建设用地在空间上进行叠加(图2),在空间分布趋势上呈现由城市中心向边缘逐渐蔓延的趋势,城市蔓延程度较高的区域主要集中在各省会城市的中心地带,且整体上城市蔓延区域由东向西逐渐减小.其中,长江三角城市群、长江中游城市群以及成渝城市群的城市蔓延程度较大.
根据城市蔓延时空变化结果表明(图3),2000~2010年杭州、合肥、南昌、武汉、长沙、广州、南宁、重庆中心城区和成都市的城市蔓延指数均大于1,处于城市蔓延状态.在此期间,各个城市的蔓延程度不高,约半数城市未发生蔓延现象,只有47.37%的城市处于蔓延状态,长沙城市蔓延程度最高(SI= 3.27),南宁次之(SI=2.23).2010~2020年19个省会城市(中心城区)的城市蔓延指数几乎大于或接近于1,73.63%城市处于蔓延状态,总体上处于无序蔓延状态.其中,贵阳市、兰州市和昆明市城市蔓延指数均大于3,城市蔓延的程度较高,而郑州市、武汉市、西安市和西宁市接近1,将要步入蔓延阶段.
为进一步了解城市蔓延指数的空间分布,将其划分为低、中、高三个层次绘制空间分布图(图4).整体来看,从东部至西部的城市蔓延指数逐渐减小,且城市蔓延程度较高地区主要集中长江三角洲城市群、长江中游城市群和成渝城市群.随着时间变化,大部分城市的城市蔓延指数有所提升,西部地区的变化最为明显,但有极少数的城市蔓延指数有所下降,如长沙.
2000~2010年期间,大部分城市的蔓延程度较低,仅长沙处于高度城市蔓延阶段.在2010~2020年期间,城市蔓延空间层次加大,大部分城市都处于低度城市蔓延阶段,仅西部昆明、兰州、贵阳处于高度蔓延阶段,同时中部地区城市的蔓延指数相较于2000~2010年城市蔓延指数明显减缓.
2000年、2010年和2020年长江流域19个省会城市(中心城区)生态系统服务供给量时空变化如图5所示.2000~2020年间的生境质量分布格局一致,均呈现中间低,四周高的分布格局.2000年、2010年和2020年生境质量供给均值分别为0.635、0.623和0.608,呈现逐渐下降的趋势,下降比例分别为1.89%和2.41%,总量相对2000年下降了4.25%. 2000~2020年间杭州、福州、昆明、拉萨和西宁的生境质量处于较高水平(大于0.70);而上海中心城区、南京、合肥、郑州、武汉、重庆中心城区和成都的生境质量水平较低(小于0.45).生境质量值较低的区域主要以城乡、工矿和居民用地为主,植被覆盖度较低,生境质量值较高区域主要以林地、草地和耕地为主,所以土地利用对生境质量的影响较大.整体生境质量下降的原因主要是随着城镇化进程加快,城市建设用地不断向城市四周蔓延,生境质量高的林地、草地和耕地的土地利用面积不断向生境质量低的城乡、工矿和居民用地转化.
2000~2020年间产水服务总量空间格局基本稳定,呈现自西向东递增的趋势.产水总量由1.24×1012m3增加到1.45×1012m3,随后又下降至1.39×1012m3,总量相对2000年上升了12.10%.其中,降水量是影响产水服务变化的重要因素,而城市蔓延一定程度上也增加了城市面积,使整体产水量增多.杭州和南宁的产水服务年均供给量最大,分别为17.48×1010和16.98×1010m3,而上海中心城区、郑州、重庆中心城区、拉萨、西安和西宁的产水服务供给量较少.产水服务高值区主要集中在东部,是因为东部区域的降水量多,蒸散量少.
2000~2020年间粮食和肉类生产供给量整体空间格局基本稳定,供给量先上升后下降,分别为7.54×1012,8.04×1012和7.01×1012kcal,总量相对2000年下降了7.03%.其中东部地区合肥的年均粮食和肉类生产供给量最高为7.52×1011kcal,福州最低为2.61×1011kcal;中部地区长沙最高为9.48×1011kcal,广州最低为2.48×1011kcal;西部地区成都最高为9.48×1011kcal,拉萨最低为2.27×1010kcal.其主要原因是耕地、草地是粮食和肉类生产服务供给的主要土地利用类型,2010~2020年期间,粮食和肉类生产服务减少较多,其中与耕地和草地的面积和产能直接相关,城市蔓延使得耕地和草地面积降低,特别是随着生境质量的下降,产能也受到了影响.
2000~2020年间碳储量空间格局基本稳定,碳储量从城市中心向四周逐渐增加,总量由5.08×109t逐渐下降至5.02×109和4.85×109t,分别下降了1.18%和3.39%,总量相对2000年下降了4.53%.其中东部地区杭州的碳储量值最高,年均碳储量值为4.61×108t,上海最低为1.92×107t;中部地区南宁最高5.81×108t,南昌最低1.29×108t;西部地区昆明最高5.45×108t,重庆中心城区最低1.16×108t.本文在碳储量的计算过程中,设置碳密度不随时间变化,因此林地、草地和耕地是高碳储量的关键因素,由于城市蔓延的影响,碳密度高的面积在逐渐减少,使得最终碳储量服务供给逐渐下降.
2010~2020年城市蔓延过程对生态系统服务的影响明显大于2000~2010(表3),2000~2010年和2010~2020年生境质量服务的损失量比例是最高的,分别损失了0.365和0.412,占2000年平均生境质量的57.48%和71.68%;产水服务的损失量比例是最小的,分别损失了-5.47×109和-5.47×109m3,占2000年产水服务总量的-0.44%和-0.63%.
2000~2010年、2010~2020年上海中心城区生境质量服务损失量占比在长江流域省会城市(中心城区)中最严重(图6),分别损失了0.336、0.325,占上海中心城区2000年生境质量的134.67%、130.33%;西宁生境质量服务损失量占比均最少,分别损失了0.315、0.338,占西宁2000年生境质量的42.41%、45.50%.
2000~2020年合肥损失量均最低分别为0.273和0.255,长沙在2000~2010年损失量最多为0.597,拉萨在2010~2020年损失量最大为0.596.随着时间变化,19个省会城市(中心城区)的生境质量的损失量大部分城市有所增加,少数城市的生境质量的损失量有所下降.
2000~2020年产水服务受城市蔓延的影响有所波动(图7).2000~2010年郑州产水服务损失量和损失量占比最大,损失了0.27×109m3,占2000年的0.81%;南昌损失量(-1.53×109m3)和损失量占比(-2.33%)最小.2010~2020年兰州产水服务损失量占比最大,损失了0.16×109m3,占2000年的1.91%;南京损失量占比最低为-4.59%;福州产水服务损失量最大为0.74×109m3;武汉损失量最低为-2.50×109m3.需要强调的是,产水服务在整体上相对于其他生态系统服务处于一个较稳定的状态,较少城市处于产水服务损失的状态,受气候降水波动以及城市蔓延导致城市面积增加的原因,使得产水服务在大部分省会城市(中心城区)不降反增.
2000~2010年广州粮食和肉类生产服务损失量占比最严重(图8),损失了0.39×1010kcal,占2000年的11.26%;兰州损失量占比最低,损失了0.03×109kcal,占2000年的0.32%;上海中心城区损失量最高为0.65×1010kcal,拉萨损失量最低为0.01×109kcal.2010~2020年重庆中心城区损失量占比最严重,损失了0.59×1010kcal,占2000年的15.39%;长沙的损失量最高为0.60×1010kcal;西宁的损失量和损失量占比最低,分别为0.01×1010kcal和1.40%.2000~2020年19个省会城市(中心城区)的粮食和肉类生产部分城市损失量上升,少数城市粮食和肉类生产的损失量有所下降,整体上城市蔓延区域粮食和肉类生产服务由于耕地和草地面积的减少和产能的影响处于减少状态.
2000~2010年、2010~2020年上海中心城区碳储量服务损失量占比最高(图9),分别损失了1.93×106t和2.18×106t,占2000年的8.98%和10.14%.2000~2010年,拉萨的碳储量服务损失量和损失量占比最低,损失了0.14×106t,占2000年的0.02%;广州的碳储量服务损失量最高为8.85×106t.2010~2020年拉萨的碳储量服务损失量占比最低为1.45×106t,占2000年的0.26%;昆明的碳储量服务损失量最高为12.37×106t,西宁的损失量最低为0.67× 106t.其中碳储量亏损较多区域分布在城市中心区域,该地区相较于城市边缘地区碳储量低,这是由于城市中心林地、草地等高碳储量地类面积较城市边缘地区少,且城市蔓延使得林地、草地等地类逐步被城乡、工矿和居民用地替代,碳储量服务在逐年下降.
城市蔓延会直接影响城市内土地利用分布,间接影响局部气候条件、经济发展速度及常驻人口数量等,为进一步探究城市蔓延对生态系统的影响,本文从中选取了8个影响因子,采用Pearson相关性法逐栅格分析影响关系[24].总体而言,土地利用类型因子对生境质量和粮食和肉类生产服务的影响较高,降雨量对产水服务的影响最高,GDP和土地利用类型对碳储量影响较高(图10).2000年林地面积对生境质量的正向影响最大,相关系数为0.606,城市用地面积对其负面影响最大为-0.614;林地面积和降水量对产水服务有正向影响,其中林地面积作用最大,相关系数为0.797;耕地面积对粮食和肉类生产服务有正面影响,草地面积对其有负面影响;城市用地面积、GDP和气温对碳储量的正面影响,草地面积对其有负面影响,其中GDP作用最大,相关系数为0.897.2010年GDP对生境质量有负面影响;降雨量对产水服务有正面影响;气温和降水量对粮食和肉类生产服务有正面影响,其中气温的作用最大,相关系数为0.531;GDP对碳储量有正面影响.2020年仅有GDP对生境质量有负面影响;降水量对产水服务有正面影响;8个因子对粮食和肉类生产服务的影响不显著;GDP对碳储量有正面影响,其余因子对四种生态系统服务的影响均不显著.
不同的土地利用类型所提供的生态系统服务供给量是不同的,林地和草地是生态用地具有较高的生境质量,同时也改善气候条件,进而影响产水服务;耕地和草地面积是粮食和肉类生产的主要来源,起决定性作用;城市用地面积仅在2000年对碳储量有正向影响,其余均没有显著作用,这可能是因为2000年建成区面积较小,省会城市(中心城区)依然充斥着大量的高碳密度的区域;GDP对碳储量的正向影响可以解释为对生态用地的保护投入;常驻人口对生态系统服务同样没有显著影响,这可能是因为本文主要从供给计算生态系统服务损失量,生态系统服务供给主要是由不同类型的土地利用所提供;同时城市蔓延间接引起降水、温度的变化也会改变植物蒸散发、降水量而影响生态系统服务[25-26].整体上生态系统服务损失量与城市蔓延直接引发的土地利用转变密切相连,与城市蔓延间接影响的降水量、温度、GDP和常驻人口也存在一定的关联,但相较前者较弱,随着时间的推移城市形态变得更加复杂,各因子的相关性变弱.
土地利用类型的转变和人类活动影响了生态系统服务供给,长江流域干流和支流流经的19个省会城市(中心城区)的城市建设用地的增加,大量的生态用地面积减少,导致城市植被覆盖度降低,减少了生境质量服务、粮食和肉类生产服务和碳储量服务.城市建设发展需要吸引大量的人口,对于生态系统服务的需求也随之增加,如果不采取相关保护措施,生态系统服务将逐渐处于亏损状态.为了防止生态系统服务被破坏,建设生态文明,在此提出相关政策.
2000~2020年19个省会城市(中心城区)的常住人口逐年增加,伴随着城市不断向外围蔓延,人类活动范围和生产空间扩大.其中上海市中心城区、郑州市、武汉市、西安市、重庆市中心城区和成都市的人口基数大,人口的增长幅度相较于其他城市也较高.随着人口不断增加,城市容量达到饱和之后会进一步向外蔓延,破坏了生态系统服务的平衡.这些城市应适当调节城市内部结构,合理使用城市用地,同时加大力度发展其他域外城市,缓解省会城市(中心城区)中部分城市人口“爆炸”现象.经济增长是城市化发展的根本动因,上海市、杭州市、武汉市、广州市、成都市和贵阳市的GDP明显高于其他城市,且城市的发展规模也处于领先水平,对于生态系统服务的影响程度也较大,尤其是对生境质量和粮食和肉类生产的影响.而经济发展引起城市向外围蔓延,导致对生态服务的需求增加,同时城市蔓延带来的生态系统服务供给的减少,加重生态系统服务供需矛盾,不利于城市生态系统协调发展.应合理调节城市产业结构,经济快速发展的同时保护好生态系统,实现人类福祉建设生态文明.
4.1 长江流域干流和支流流经的19个省、市级行政区域省会城市的城市蔓延面积2000~2020年增长趋势明显,2010~2020年城市蔓延程度较2000~2010年提升了117.12%.城市蔓延指数从东部至西部逐渐减小,2000~2010年超过47.37%的城市处于蔓延状态;2010~2020年超过73.63%城市处于蔓延状态.
4.2 2000~2020年,生境质量、粮食和肉类生产、碳储量服务供给的高值区域主要分布在城市四周,且自西向东逐渐降低,产水服务高供给值主要分布在东部地区,主要是与降水量较多相关.生境质量均值、粮食和肉类生产服务总量和碳储量总量较2000年下降了4.25%、7.03%和4.53%,产水总量上升了12.10%.
4.3 产水服务上下波动,其余三种生态系统服务均呈下降趋势.2000~2010年和2010~2020年生境质量服务的损失量比例均是最高的,占2000年平均生境质量的57.48%和71.68%;产水服务的损失量比例均是最小的,占2000年产水服务总量的-0.44%和-0.63%.
4.4 城市蔓延直接引发土地利用转变是影响生态系统服务的主要原因,其次是城市蔓延间接改变的社会、经济与气候这类因子.其中常驻人口没有显著影响,城市用地面积仅在2000年对碳储量由正向影响.随着城市逐渐蔓延,城市形态变得更加复杂,各因子的相关性变弱.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U24A20580; 42201333; 42171298)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金杰青项目(cstc2020jcyj-jqX0004)
  • 国家社科基金后期资助项目(20FJYB035)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-19
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(U24A20580; 42201333; 42171298)
重庆市自然科学基金杰青项目(cstc2020jcyj-jqX0004)
国家社科基金后期资助项目(20FJYB035)
作者信息
    1.重庆交通大学智慧城市学院,重庆 400074
    2.山地城市时空信息重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400074
    3.自然资源部智能城市时空信息与装备工程技术创新中心,重庆 400074
    4.香港大学地理系,香港 999077

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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