Article(id=1241408720668774633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726156800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904503265, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904503265, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904503265, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904503265, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1911, endPage=1924, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408721130148124, articleId=1241408720668774633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Research progress on strengthening advanced oxidation technology with spatial confinement strategy, columnId=1234106386360103680, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Water Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) represent a widely adopted approach for eliminating organic pollutants from water bodies. Nevertheless, conventional AOPs grapple with several challenges, notably including inadequate electron interactions, interference from macromolecular substances, constrained mass transfer processes, and moderate efficiency levels. To overcome these limitations, the employment of a spatial confinement strategy, which entails the construction of tailored nanoscale reactors, has emerged as a promising solution to substantially bolster oxidation efficiency. The spatial confinement strategy offers several key advantages: (1) optimize the migration of protons and charges; (2) alter molecular structures and molecular dynamics; and (3) create new active sites. This strategy is commonly integrated into processes such as Fenton oxidation, persulfate oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, ozonation, and electrochemical oxidation. This paper summarizes the implementation and analytical methods of spatial confinement, outlines its three major functions, reviews its applications in various oxidation processes, and evaluates its effects at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. Furthermore, future directions for the development of spatial confinement in advanced oxidation are discussed.

, correspAuthors=Jing JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun QIAN, Xi-dian LIN, Jing JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408723554456088, articleId=1241408720668774633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=空间限域策略强化高级氧化技术研究进展, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高级氧化法是去除水中有机污染物的常用方法之一.然而,传统的高级氧化法存在电子相互作用弱,有大分子物质干扰,传质过程受限,效率较低等不足.利用空间限域策略,通过构建特定的纳米尺寸反应器,可以有效提升氧化效率.空间限域策略能够实现:(1)优化质子和电荷的迁移;(2)改变分子结构和分子动力学;(3)构建新的活性位点.空间限域常被应用于芬顿氧化、过硫酸盐氧化、光催化氧化、臭氧氧化、电化学氧化等过程.本文总结了空间限域的实现方法和分析方法,归纳了空间限域的三大功能,综述了其在不同氧化过程中的应用,对其在微观和宏观上的效果进行了总结,并对空间限域在高级氧化中的未来发展方向进行了展望.

, correspAuthors=姜晶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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钱坤(1993-),男,江苏南通人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水处理高级氧化.发表论文4篇..

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Science Advances20206(48):eabd9045., articleTitle=Intrapore energy barriers govern ion transport and selectivity of desalination membranes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241408751060701504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720668774633, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=12, issue=10, pageStart=9775, pageEnd=9784, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[114], rfOrder=113, authorNames=Fu C, Oviedo M B, Zhu Y, journalName=ACS Nano, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fu COviedo M BZhu Y,et al. Confined lithium–sulfur reactions in narrow-diameter carbon nanotubes reveal enhanced electrochemical reactivity [J]. ACS Nano201812 (10):9775-9784., articleTitle=Confined lithium–sulfur reactions in narrow-diameter carbon nanotubes reveal enhanced electrochemical reactivity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241408751186530628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720668774633, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=35, issue=40, pageStart=12914, pageEnd=12926, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[115], rfOrder=114, authorNames=Zhou P, Wan J, Wang X, journalName=Langmuir, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou PWan JWang X,et al. Three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon cathode derived from waste tea leaves for the electrocatalytic degradation of phenol [J]. 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The implementation methods and analytical techniques of spatial confinement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称限域方法分析方法参考文献
C@TiO2以核壳结构实现纳米粒子的限域生长碳包覆的二氧化钛核壳结构通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察纳米颗粒负载在限域的空间内的微观形态[22]
Ni@SiO2Ni@SiO核壳结构[23]
Au-Ag@CeO2Ag-Au@CeO2核壳结构[24]
Au@ZnOAu@ZnO核壳结构[25]
Cu@Al2O3在多孔材料中实现纳米粒子的限域生长介孔材料中的纳米粒子[26]
Cu2O@ZIF-8用金属-有机框架封装的纳米粒子[27]
Pt@Peta被沸石包裹的纳米粒子[28]
FeN4/GNs以二维材料的层间实现纳米粒子的限域生长在石墨烯中封装的纳米粒子[29]
M@Cu-AlLDHs封装在层状双金属氢氧化物中的纳米颗粒[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729237737584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720668774633, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

空间限域的实现方法和分析方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称限域方法分析方法参考文献
C@TiO2以核壳结构实现纳米粒子的限域生长碳包覆的二氧化钛核壳结构通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察纳米颗粒负载在限域的空间内的微观形态[22]
Ni@SiO2Ni@SiO核壳结构[23]
Au-Ag@CeO2Ag-Au@CeO2核壳结构[24]
Au@ZnOAu@ZnO核壳结构[25]
Cu@Al2O3在多孔材料中实现纳米粒子的限域生长介孔材料中的纳米粒子[26]
Cu2O@ZIF-8用金属-有机框架封装的纳米粒子[27]
Pt@Peta被沸石包裹的纳米粒子[28]
FeN4/GNs以二维材料的层间实现纳米粒子的限域生长在石墨烯中封装的纳米粒子[29]
M@Cu-AlLDHs封装在层状双金属氢氧化物中的纳米颗粒[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729371955330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720668774633, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Application of spatial confinement in Fenton OP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称反应条件空间尺度污染物自由基参考文献
nZVIPs@SN-G0.2g/L催化剂[H2O2]=2.0mmol/L10~50nm5mg/L 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)HO•[60]
Fe0@CNTs0.1g/L催化剂[H2O2]=3.2mmol/L3~30nm10mg/L 苯酚、对二酚、对氨基苯酚、对硝基苯酚、氯酚HO•[61]
BI-110-AAO膜[H2O2]0=2mmol/L~200nm10mg/L 扑热息痛HO•[62]
P-CCM-M[MgO]=30mg/L~50nm2.5mg/L 布洛芬HO•[63]
mSAFe NCspH=6.5~3nm100 µmol/L 儿苯二酚HO•[64]
Fe2O3@MWCNT0.015g/L 催化剂[H2O2]0=50mmol/L~7nm4mg/L亚甲基蓝1O2[65]
Fe/Mn-in-CNTpH=6.8U=-3V2~5nm0.022mmol/L 双酚A1O2[66]
Fe@BN-CU=-0.15VpH=7.0V=0.4L/min20~30nm10mg/L磺胺丙嗪1O2[67]
Fe3O4 –PEDOT0.1g/L 催化剂[H2O2]0=10mmol/L~10nm9g/L活性黑色物质HO•[68]
nZVIP@Ti3C20.5g/L 催化剂[H2O2]0=0.5mmol/L~36nm5mg/L 雷尼替丁HO•[69]
Fe3O4@Fe3O4/C1g/L 催化剂[H2O2]0=20mmol/L~50nm0.2g/L对氯苯酚HO•[70]
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729606836374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720668774633, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

空间限域在芬顿实验中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称反应条件空间尺度污染物自由基参考文献
nZVIPs@SN-G0.2g/L催化剂[H2O2]=2.0mmol/L10~50nm5mg/L 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)HO•[60]
Fe0@CNTs0.1g/L催化剂[H2O2]=3.2mmol/L3~30nm10mg/L 苯酚、对二酚、对氨基苯酚、对硝基苯酚、氯酚HO•[61]
BI-110-AAO膜[H2O2]0=2mmol/L~200nm10mg/L 扑热息痛HO•[62]
P-CCM-M[MgO]=30mg/L~50nm2.5mg/L 布洛芬HO•[63]
mSAFe NCspH=6.5~3nm100 µmol/L 儿苯二酚HO•[64]
Fe2O3@MWCNT0.015g/L 催化剂[H2O2]0=50mmol/L~7nm4mg/L亚甲基蓝1O2[65]
Fe/Mn-in-CNTpH=6.8U=-3V2~5nm0.022mmol/L 双酚A1O2[66]
Fe@BN-CU=-0.15VpH=7.0V=0.4L/min20~30nm10mg/L磺胺丙嗪1O2[67]
Fe3O4 –PEDOT0.1g/L 催化剂[H2O2]0=10mmol/L~10nm9g/L活性黑色物质HO•[68]
nZVIP@Ti3C20.5g/L 催化剂[H2O2]0=0.5mmol/L~36nm5mg/L 雷尼替丁HO•[69]
Fe3O4@Fe3O4/C1g/L 催化剂[H2O2]0=20mmol/L~50nm0.2g/L对氯苯酚HO•[70]
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729757831327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720668774633, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Application of spatial confinement in persulfate OP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂反应条件空间尺度污染物自由基参考文献
nZVIPs@SN-GpH=310~50nm50mg/L 雷尼替丁•OH[75]
Ni-NCNT/CB0.25g/L催化剂[PMS]0=0.24g/mL10~100nm50mg/L M-甲酚1O2[76]
rGO/CuCo-MOF[PMS]0=3mmol/L2~50nm5mg/L 氧四环素1O2[77]
Mn3O4@nACNTpH=7.0±0.1[PMS]0=2.0mmol/L75mg/L催化剂~20nm200 µmol/L 苯酚低聚物[78]
FeSA-MNC60mg/L催化剂[PMS]0=0.4g/L~200nm20 µmol/L磺胺甲噁唑高价铁氧物种[79]
Fe3O4@MgSiO30.3g/L催化剂[PMS]0=5mmol/L~25nm30mg/L 亚甲基蓝•OH和•SO4-[80]
MoS2[PMS]0=0.33mmol/L1.5nm2mg/L双酚A•OH和•SO4[81]
CoTiO3@Co3O40.5g/L 催化剂[PMS]0=1mmol/L~100nm50mg/L 罗丹明B1O2和•SO4-[82]
Co-TiOx膜[PMS]0=0.16mmol/LpH=4.00.46nm5mg/L 雷尼替丁1O2,•SO4和•OH[83]
BN-Co3O430mg/L催化剂[PMS]0=0.2mmol/L~20nm10mg/L雷尼替丁•OH和•SO4-[84]
Fe(III)-MMT2.5g/L催化剂[PMS]0=1mmol/L~1nm5 µmol/L阿特拉津•OH和•SO4-[85]
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729900437678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720668774633, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

空间限域在过硫酸盐氧化中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂反应条件空间尺度污染物自由基参考文献
nZVIPs@SN-GpH=310~50nm50mg/L 雷尼替丁•OH[75]
Ni-NCNT/CB0.25g/L催化剂[PMS]0=0.24g/mL10~100nm50mg/L M-甲酚1O2[76]
rGO/CuCo-MOF[PMS]0=3mmol/L2~50nm5mg/L 氧四环素1O2[77]
Mn3O4@nACNTpH=7.0±0.1[PMS]0=2.0mmol/L75mg/L催化剂~20nm200 µmol/L 苯酚低聚物[78]
FeSA-MNC60mg/L催化剂[PMS]0=0.4g/L~200nm20 µmol/L磺胺甲噁唑高价铁氧物种[79]
Fe3O4@MgSiO30.3g/L催化剂[PMS]0=5mmol/L~25nm30mg/L 亚甲基蓝•OH和•SO4-[80]
MoS2[PMS]0=0.33mmol/L1.5nm2mg/L双酚A•OH和•SO4[81]
CoTiO3@Co3O40.5g/L 催化剂[PMS]0=1mmol/L~100nm50mg/L 罗丹明B1O2和•SO4-[82]
Co-TiOx膜[PMS]0=0.16mmol/LpH=4.00.46nm5mg/L 雷尼替丁1O2,•SO4和•OH[83]
BN-Co3O430mg/L催化剂[PMS]0=0.2mmol/L~20nm10mg/L雷尼替丁•OH和•SO4-[84]
Fe(III)-MMT2.5g/L催化剂[PMS]0=1mmol/L~1nm5 µmol/L阿特拉津•OH和•SO4-[85]
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空间限域策略强化高级氧化技术研究进展
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钱坤 1 , 林希典 1 , 姜晶 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1911-1924
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1911-1924
空间限域策略强化高级氧化技术研究进展
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钱坤1 , 林希典1, 姜晶1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 2.苏州科技大学,城市生活污水资源化利用技术国家地方联合工程实验室,江苏 苏州 215009
  • 钱坤(1993-),男,江苏南通人,讲师,博士,主要研究方向为水处理高级氧化.发表论文4篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Research progress on strengthening advanced oxidation technology with spatial confinement strategy
Kun QIAN1 , Xi-dian LIN1, Jing JIANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
  • 2.National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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高级氧化法是去除水中有机污染物的常用方法之一.然而,传统的高级氧化法存在电子相互作用弱,有大分子物质干扰,传质过程受限,效率较低等不足.利用空间限域策略,通过构建特定的纳米尺寸反应器,可以有效提升氧化效率.空间限域策略能够实现:(1)优化质子和电荷的迁移;(2)改变分子结构和分子动力学;(3)构建新的活性位点.空间限域常被应用于芬顿氧化、过硫酸盐氧化、光催化氧化、臭氧氧化、电化学氧化等过程.本文总结了空间限域的实现方法和分析方法,归纳了空间限域的三大功能,综述了其在不同氧化过程中的应用,对其在微观和宏观上的效果进行了总结,并对空间限域在高级氧化中的未来发展方向进行了展望.

空间限域  /  高级氧化  /  纳米材料  /  氧化反应  /  有机污染物

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) represent a widely adopted approach for eliminating organic pollutants from water bodies. Nevertheless, conventional AOPs grapple with several challenges, notably including inadequate electron interactions, interference from macromolecular substances, constrained mass transfer processes, and moderate efficiency levels. To overcome these limitations, the employment of a spatial confinement strategy, which entails the construction of tailored nanoscale reactors, has emerged as a promising solution to substantially bolster oxidation efficiency. The spatial confinement strategy offers several key advantages: (1) optimize the migration of protons and charges; (2) alter molecular structures and molecular dynamics; and (3) create new active sites. This strategy is commonly integrated into processes such as Fenton oxidation, persulfate oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, ozonation, and electrochemical oxidation. This paper summarizes the implementation and analytical methods of spatial confinement, outlines its three major functions, reviews its applications in various oxidation processes, and evaluates its effects at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. Furthermore, future directions for the development of spatial confinement in advanced oxidation are discussed.

spatial confinement  /  advanced oxidation  /  nanomaterials  /  oxidation reaction  /  organic pollutants
钱坤, 林希典, 姜晶. 空间限域策略强化高级氧化技术研究进展. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1911 -1924 .
Kun QIAN, Xi-dian LIN, Jing JIANG. Research progress on strengthening advanced oxidation technology with spatial confinement strategy[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1911 -1924 .
高级氧化技术(AOPs)是处理废水中难降解有机污染物的一种常用方法[1-3].其通过产生高反应性的活性氧化物种(ROS)如羟基自由基(HO•)、硫酸根自由基(SO4)、超氧自由基(HO2•/O2)和单线态氧(1O2),来降解有机污染物[4].然而,传统AOPs中的电子相互作用较弱,导致ROS的生成效率不高.其次,大分子物质的存在可能会干扰ROS的生成和作用,降低氧化效率.此外,传质过程受限也影响了污染物与氧化剂的接触效率,限制了AOPs的处理能力.这些因素共同导致了传统AOPs在实际水处理过程中的效率并不理想.
纳米限域通常指的是尺寸小于100nm的限制,这种尺度的约束可以引起催化体系发生根本性的变化.这些变化包括电子态的调整、电子和物质传输效率的提升、相行为的转变以及反应速率的增加.这些现象是由纳米催化中的限域效应所驱动的,即当催化反应在纳米尺度的有限空间内进行时,催化体系的内在特性会经历本质的转变[5-6].针对AOPs在处理水中有机污染物时,传质过程受限,效率不理想的问题[7-8],研究人员探索构筑纳米反应器来提高氧化过程的效率.纳米反应器利用空间限域策略来增强氧化剂与污染物之间的相互作用,从而提高污染物的去除效率[9].在多孔支架所构建的纳米级空间内,粒子、分子和离子展现出与宏观体相中截然不同的化学和物理特性.随着尺寸的减小和表面原子比例的增加,这些纳米尺度物质的化学活性和稳定性受到显著影响,其性质也随之发生本质变化,同时电子能级离散化也会影响电子性质.这些变化不仅影响个体行为,如构象、溶剂化和氧化还原能力[10],还影响整体的相性质,如密度和粘度[11-12].使用纳米反应器的一个关键优势是能够改变纳米尺度上的微观反应环境,从而提高ROS的量.在密闭的纳米空间中,可以实现污染物的有效富集,同时尺寸排斥效应可以阻止大分子干扰进入有限空间,从而提高系统的抗干扰能力和选择性[9].此外,研究表明,在有限的空间中,催化系统中的电子相互作用可以增强,这有助于促进氧化剂和污染物之间的快速反应[13].这种增强的相互作用有助于提高氧化过程的效率,使得空间限域策略成为提高废水处理效率的有前景的技术.随着纳米技术的发展,限域技术有望在未来的废水处理中发挥更大的作用.
空间限域的大小对化学反应的效率有着显著的影响,这一点在多个研究中得到了证实.通过控制空间的大小,可以调节分子的行为和反应动力学,从而优化反应过程[14].在结晶动力学中,空间限域也会影响晶体的生长行为[15].已有研究使用有序介孔二氧化硅材料,探讨了孔径对荧光特性的影响.在小孔中,荧光强度和芘荧光比值IExc/III低,表明激基缔合物受抑制.孔径增大时,IExc/III上升,4~5nm孔径时增加显著.这一发现进一步证实了空间限域的大小对反应效率有直接影响[16-19].这些研究结果表明,精确控制限域空间的大小,可以有效地调节化学反应的效率和选择性.这对于设计和优化化学反应过程,特别是基于ROS的废水处理领域,具有重要的意义.
空间限域在环境工程和技术领域中扮演着越来越重要的角色.同时,空间限域受到催化剂性质、污染物性质、环境特点等的影响[20-21].本文归纳了空间限域的实现方法和分析方法,总结了空间限域的三大功能,阐述了空间限域在AOPs中的应用.最后,从宏观和微观两个角度总结了空间限域策略有效降解有机污染物的原因以及未来的发展方向.
空间限域技术通过纳米封装技术显著提升催化剂效率,主要方法是将活性纳米颗粒封装在核壳结构(如二氧化钛、二氧化硅、氧化铈)、纳米孔材料(如沸石、金属有机骨架、介孔材料)以及二维材料(如石墨烯和层状双金属氢氧化物)中,从而增强催化剂的稳定性和活性(表1). 通过透射电子显微镜(TEM),可以直观体现材料的形貌特征和限域空间尺度,也可以观察到限域空间内纳米颗粒的分布状态和尺寸大小.
图1显示了空间限域具有优化质子和电荷的迁移、改变分子结构和分子动力学、构建新活性位点这三个基本功能.纳米约束可以显著改善反应的动力学效率和选择性,以及热力学的自发性[31].热力学主要是通过丰富反应物来提高氧化速率.
质子与电荷转移是化学反应中的基本过程,其效率受到物质结构和传输距离的显著影响[32].空间限域在优化质子和电荷迁移方面的作用主要体现在两个方面:首先,它能够加速质子迁移过程.例如,图1(a)显示直径为0.8nm的碳纳米管孔蛋白能够促进一维水链的形成,使得质子能够通过氢键网络迅速迁移,从而支持比散装水高出一个数量级的质子传输速率[33].同时,空间限域还可以产生富含质子的局部环境,这有助于增加电荷载体的浓度,从而促进水介导的质子转移.这种效应在提高金属-有机纳米管等材料的质子电导率方面具有潜在的应用价值[34-40].其次,空间限域能够实现受限空间表面电荷的重新分布,改变局部的电子分布[26].例如,通过对单壁碳纳米管进行亚纳米级封装和一维限制,可以实现纳米多孔碳电极中电荷密度的重排和硫的可控固态锂化释放,有效地调控电子转移过程和增强电化学活性[41-42].
空间限域的尺度对质子和电荷转移有直接影响:图1(b)显示在内径小于10nm的多壁碳纳米管和内径为1.0~1.5nm的双壁碳纳米管中,由于壁面的曲率,导致π电子密度从内凹面转移到外凸面,产生电势差,进而可以调整内部封装的金属或金属氧化物纳米颗粒的电子状态,从而影响其催化活性[43].同时,较小的空间限域尺度有助于特定分子如CO的富集,从而使得CO/H2比值高于整体合成气原料.这种分子富集在较小的纳米管中更为明显,有助于加速反应速率.金属催化剂在碱性条件下表现更好,孔道内pH值的增加会促进这些反应的进行,但空间限域尺度的减小导致孔道内质子浓度的增加,进而降低孔道内的pH值,影响金属催化活性[44].
这些发现表明,通过精确控制纳米结构的限域空间,可以显著提高质子和电荷的传输效率,这对于设计高效的催化系统和能量转换设备具有重要意义.
空间限域对分子的几何结构和取向具有显著影响,导致分子形态和排列方式的变化[45].研究发现,不同离子的水化壳在受限空间中会发生扭曲,影响其进入亚纳米通道的能垒.例如,Cl-的水化壳直径(7.2Å)比Na+(6.6Å)的大,导致其进入二维亚纳米通道的能垒更高[46],在受限空间内的扩散系数不同.研究发现由于纳米孔通道的空间限域,H−O键长和HO−O键角减小,表明空间限域会导致分子结构的变化.1H NMR(核磁共振氢谱)结果还表明,羟基氢键的自旋运动增强,进一步证实了空间限域对分子结构的影响.空间限域还会使得分子结构紧密排列[47]图1(c)显示在受限空间中,分子如苯分子会被迫紧密排列,导致结构变化和取向无偏好[48].同时,空间限域会改变分子间的相互作用,通过第一性原理分子动力学模拟揭示了纳米管内两种不同的水分子壳层的存在:内部类似于体相的核心和类似于空气-水界面的外部界面壳层.Na+和Cl-更倾向于占据界面区域,其中Cl-距离纳米管中心最远.因此,空间限域下对Cl-柔性水合壳层的相对扭曲影响比对更刚性的Na+水合壳层更强[49].
空间限域通过影响分子的流动性和反应性,对分子的动力学行为进行调控.研究发现受限空间中的分子如苯甲酸/氟化苯甲酸在MCM-41和SBA-15介孔材料中表现出更强的流动性[50],表明空间限域能够增强分子流动性.类似的,由于限域效应,被包埋在六边形有序介孔二氧化硅MCM-41中的苯甲酸分子在室温下具有很高的流动性.此外,空间限域还可以通过富集反应物,增加分子间的碰撞,降低活化能,实现反应条件的优化.纳米尺度的空间限制可以促进特定化学反应的进行.接触印刷的技术利用弹性印章将氨基酸分子与胺单层紧密接触,无需催化剂或高温高压条件即可形成酰胺键.这种方法通过物理接触的方式,实现了在分子层面上的精确控制和化学反应的加速[51-52].图1(d)显示,将脂质体立方相用作反应的载体,其连续的脂质双层中形成了限域空间.在受限空间内,大肠杆菌中的D-果糖-6-磷酸醛缩酶的活性和稳定性都优于其在体相溶液中的表现[53].
活性位点是催化剂表面特定的区域,在高级氧化过程中扮演着至关重要的角色,能够高效地促进氧化反应的发生.活性位点通常具有较高的能量状态,能够降低反应的活化能等,从而加速反应速率.空间限域不仅有助于活性位点的再分布和富集,而且通过特定的结构设计,可以创造出具有高催化活性的路易斯酸位点.Lin等[54]发现,在去除吸附的溶剂分子后,金属活性位点可以变成配位不饱和的状态.这些配位不饱和的金属位点可以形成高催化活性的路易斯酸位点,从而催化反应中起到关键作用.Shi等[55]运用两种吡啶羧酸酯和Cu(II)节点构建了一种新型的三维多孔金属有机框架,该框架含有一维纳米级开口通道,铜位点位于通道壁上,其中铜的配位位点可以通过热处理疏散挥发性水分子,生成路易斯酸位点,从而促进苯甲醛和硝基烷烃的反应,与均相铜阳离子相比,具有显著的催化活性.
空间限域在提高催化剂活性位点的效率和数量方面也起着关键作用.空间限域通过不同的合成策略和材料设计,可以实现活性位点的再分布和富集,提高催化效率和选择性.空间限域效应可以促进晶格缺陷和未饱和金属位点的形成,增加活性位点的数量.先进的合成技术和精确的空间限制可以进一步优化催化剂的结构和性能.图1(e)结果显示,将普鲁士蓝类似物(PBA)立方体封装进聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维中.利用PBA和PAN在热解过程的不同的热解行为(即PBA向外膨胀,PAN向内收缩),PAN在空气中热解时对PBA衍生的金属氧化物施加了空间限制效应,导致金属氧化物形成各种晶格缺陷和未饱和金属位点[56].图1(f)通过空间限域结构,碳基氮掺杂的多孔碳材料(NPMC)中几乎所有的Fe都能转化为高效的FeII−N4活性位点.而单独热解酞菁铁(FePc)形成的Fe基纳米颗粒中,只有5.9 %的FeII−N4活性位点.这说明空间限域结构能显著提高活性位点的数量[57].Meng等[58]的研究表明,空间限域效应下,由薄N掺杂碳壳保护的空心氧化亚铜(H-Cu2O@C/N)能够稳定生成Cu+活性位点,促进C2+产物的产生.Lee等[59]利用一锅法合成技术制备了介孔NiCo2O4纳米片和石墨烯片的复合材料(NiCo2O4-G),该材料在氧还原和析氧反应中表现出良好的双功能催化活性.聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的选择性吸附促进了NiCo2O4纳米薄片的形成,提供了精确的空间限制,从而有效降低了活化能并提高了电流密度.镍元素的掺杂增强了电导率,并产生了具有更低活化能的新活性位点.
基于以上空间限域的优势,其在氧化领域有广泛的应用,如在芬顿(Fenton)氧化(表2)、过硫酸盐氧化(表3)、光催化氧化和臭氧氧化等领域.
严格上讲,只有Fe2+/H2O2体系才可被称为Fenton体系,其他基于不同氧化剂或不同过渡金属的体系都应该被称为类Fenton体系.为了方便区分,本文统一将基于催化H2O2产生自由基的体系称为Fenton氧化体系,将基于催化H2O2产生其他ROS的体系称为类Fenton氧化体系.
自由基介导的Fenton氧化是一种高效的AOPs,其通过催化H2O2分解,生成了具有强氧化能力的HO•,实现污染物的高效去除[62,71].然而,HO•在水中的稳态浓度很低(10−12~10−15mol/L),空间限域策略通过局部浓缩自由基,有效提升其产率和浓度,从而增强对污染物的降解能力.在受限空间中,氧化剂分子的化学键长随空间尺寸的减小而增加,这使得化学键更易于断裂,产生自由基[72].纳米级零价铁和氮掺杂石墨烯复合材料(nZVIPs@SN-G)能提高H2O2产生HO•的效率,进而提高2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)的降解效率[67].用不同大小的碳纳米管包裹铁颗粒作为催化剂,可以高效降解苯酚和4种酚类化合物(对-联苯酚(p-DP)、对-氨基苯酚(p-AP)、对硝基苯酚(p-NP)和对-氯苯酚(p-CP))的模型污染物.特别是当碳纳米管内径为5nm时,效果最佳,能显著提高污染物的降解效率[60].
水中其他物质可能与污染物竞争自由基,导致氧化降解效果降低.例如Qu等人发现,当溶液中存在草酸时,会一定程度上淬灭自由基,从而降低AOPs的降解效率.类似的,Cr(VI)作为一种氧化剂,也能够与自由基发生反应,减少自由基的浓度,进而影响污染物的降解效果[62].空间限域策略可以缩短HO•的传质距离并减少转移过程中被水中共存物质的消耗.Lu等[63]使用50nm孔径的催化陶瓷膜(CCM)时,在处理布洛芬过程中,由于纳米限域效应,去除率显著提高.加入MgO催化剂后,不仅增加了HO•的浓度,还减少了其在到达污染物前被其他物质消耗的情况.
空间限域可以为Fenton氧化过程提供“选择性”.空间限域可以阻止大分子共存有机物进入催化剂的孔洞内.这种效应有助于减少与催化剂活性位点不必要的接触,减少对自由基的淬灭,提高自由基对目标污染物的降解效率[73].Fenton反应的速率决定步骤,如Fenton反应的速率决定高价金属中心Fe(III)向活性低价金属中心Fe(II)的转变步骤,Wang等[64]用多巴胺中的儿茶酚分离单铁原子,制成了具有介孔结构的单铁原子催化剂(mSAFe NCs).mSAFe NCs的空间限域结构使得大分子难以进入,而内部物质更容易催化,促进了催化剂表面反应物和产物的相互作用,加速了Fenton反应.
Fenton体系产生的HO•,因其高氧化电位和非选择性降解特性,能够处理多种难降解有机污染物[74].除了自由基介导的Fenton氧化反应外,空间限域下的非自由基途径,因其氧化选择性和稳态浓度高等优势,也值得关注.图2(a)中报道了一种在纳米限域环境下通过1O2介导的铁基类Fenton催化过程[65],在多壁碳纳米管内,约2nm的Fe2O3纳米颗粒通过产生1O2而非传统的HO•来高效降解染料类污染物.这个体系在pH=5.0~9.0的范围内稳定且活性高,与常规Fenton催化剂不同.催化剂的降解效率与其吸附有机污染物的能力成正比,表明了一种吸附驱动的降解机制.研究认为H2O2在Fe2O3表面生成1O2,而碳纳米管与Fe2O3之间的强电子相互作用促进了这一过程.
类似的,在电化学原位产生H2O2的体系中,限域效应也能改变H2O2产生活性物种的途径,提高污染物的去除效果.图2(b)中报道电Fenton体系的阴极是碳纳米管,里面生长了Fe/Mn氧化物纳米颗粒(Fe/Mn-in-CNT).实验显示,这种纳米限域环境减少了·OH的产生,主要活性物质是1O2.同时,限域环境还能阻止大分子物质吸附,使得Fe/Mn-in-CNT在降解有机污染物的速度上比Fe/Mn-out-CNT快1.65倍[66].图2(c)中Su等[61]制备了内径为3~30nm的碳纳米管(CNT)包覆Fe颗粒(Fe0@CNTs)并将其作为催化剂.氮硼共掺杂的碳纳米管内的Fe0纳米颗粒能高效地把H2O2转变成1O2.这个过程比传统的HO•反应快5.6倍,而且能在较宽的pH值范围内有效处理多种污染物和实际废水.
过硫酸盐(PS)包括过一硫酸盐(PMS)和过二硫酸盐(PDS).与H2O2相比,它们对pH值的依赖性不强,更易于运输和储存[86-88],有望为水污染控制实践提供更多选择.与基于H2O2的AOPs类似,其也可以在催化剂的帮助下,产生多种活性物种,实现污染物的快速降解.对基于PMS的非均相AOPs体系,空间限域可通过提高活性位点的暴露量、增强活性位点的稳定性、促进快速传质、提高ROS的浓度和利用率等一种或者多种方式,加速污染物去除效果[89].Ma等[90]研究的纳米级零价铁颗粒修饰磁性Ti3C2基MXene纳米片(nZVIPs@Ti3C2).由于磁性Ti3C2纳米片包裹铁,提高了PMS活性,进一步提高了兰索拉明降解效率,且稳定性好.图3(a)中炭黑(CB)限域的Ni-N-C催化剂在活化PMS时活性大增,比单原子Ni催化剂高17倍.这主要是因为空间限域效应减少了活性氧的扩散距离,提高了其利用率.这种催化剂在活化PMS的过程中也表现出了显著的催化活性[76].Liu等[77]在其研究中将CuCo-MOF(金属有机框架)负载在还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)膜的纳米通道中,构建了一个具有纳米限域特性的反应空间,增加了活性位点的数量,高效活化PMS产生1O2和SO4降解污染物,实验结果揭示,在该纳米限域反应空间中,1O2和SO4是主要的ROS.同时,通过纳米限域效应,ROS与污染物之间的传递距离被有效缩短,提高了反应速率.
空间限域还可以降低PMS的活化能垒甚至改变PMS的活化途径.图3(b)中设计了一种单铁原子催化剂(FeSA-MNC)催化剂因其大比表面积和表面限域效应,大幅提升了PMS活化效率和污染物去除速度,活性是普通催化剂的34.6倍,且在不同条件下适应性强[79].空间限域效应还可以改变PMS的活化路径,从而提高催化活性和有机污染物的降解效率.图3(c)中开发一种基于钴掺杂二氧化钛(Co-TiOx)纳米片的二维层状膜,在该膜4.6Å的纳米通道中,空间限域促进了PMS的自发解离,并增强Co-TiOx纳米片的氢键力[83].限域作用下,PMS分子的S−O键发生断裂,生成了高反应性的1O2.这种活化路径在更大的纳米通道或非限制性环境中很难实现.
研究者发现纳米限域策略还可调节基于PMS的AOPs中碳的转化路径.图3(d)中用限制在非晶态碳纳米管(ACNTs)中的Mn3O4活化PMS,发现该体系主要通过表面结合的活性物种发挥作用.通过调节纳米限域的空间尺寸,可以实现从降解到聚合的碳演化途径的重定向[78],这为实际废水处理中的能量回收提供了新的可能性,提高了水处理的效率和选择性.
对基于PDS的非均相AOPs体系,空间限域可以改变活化路径,并增强氢键力,从而提高催化活性和有机污染物的降解效率.图3(e)中提出了一种通过优化限域结构的曲率来调节纳米通道中活性位点的电子状态,从而提高催化活性的方案[91].Fe2O3纳米颗粒被装进空心碳球的小通道里,使磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)降解速度比普通方法速度快了3个数量级.这是因为碳球的弯曲结构让电子转移更快,降低了反应的能量障碍,使得降解反应更容易发生.Wang等[92]设计并成功制备了一种具有独特中空多壳层结构的NiO纳米反应器.这一结构不仅可以作为PDS活化的高效纳米反应器,而且在提升非自由基途径降解有机污染物的效率方面展现出显著优势.以双酚A(BPA)为例,其降解过程遵循电子转移机制,NiO表面的氧空位介导的电子积累和转移起到主要作用.而纳米限域效应通过增加反应物的局部浓度,进而强化反应物与活性位点之间的氢键作用,显著增强了这一非自由基过程,为污染物的降解提供了更为有力的化学驱动力.
光催化氧化技术同样被认为是一种具有潜力的污染物降解技术[93].光催化剂的物理结构会影响表面积、孔隙率、吸附能力、晶面和位点暴露等,进而影响催化剂内外电荷转移情况和污染物的界面氧化过程.因此,限域结构的构建会显著影响光催化剂的活性和效率.Liu等[94]发现固定在钛板上的二氧化钛纳米线薄膜(TiO2/Ti),污染物降解效率显著高于Ti板和粉末状TiO2,这表明空间限制结构对光催化活性的显著影响.同时TiO2/Ti的一维结构和多孔的层次结构,具有高比表面积和增强的电荷载流子传输能力,可通过循环耦合光催化和吸附过程,实现了对水中N-亚硝胺的完全和安全去除,提高了光催化剂的效率.Guo等[95]将锐钛矿型TiO2纳米粉末制备成TiO2纳米管,实现了几乎100%的N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)降解效率.图4(a)中发现TiO2纳米管的管状结构是其在光催化过程中高效去除NDMA的关键因素.这种结构利用了光催化中的空间限域效应,将NDMA分子限制在纳米管的内部空间,增加了它们与光催化生成的HO•和1O2等活性物种的接触机会.这种增强的接触促进了NDMA分子在管内的快速反应,提高了降解效率,并有利于生成环境友好的二甲胺(DMA)和硝酸根(NO3)作为降解产物.为了进一步提升光催化效率,研究人员在TiO2纳米管上负载了Au纳米粒子[96].在Au/TiNT中,NDMA小分子进入纳米管,在纳米管结构空间中浓度更高,接触更紧密,NDMA的降解效率显著提高,同时自由基中间体与纳米管结构中的NO2-产物有效接触,引发了新的光催化反应途径.实现更高效的污染物去除.类似的,TiO2纳米管的管状结构在光催化降解NDMA过程中起到了关键作用.由于纳米管的限域空间,NDMA分子能够更有效地进入纳米管内部,增加了分子浓度和接触面积,并引发了新的光催化反应路径,从而显著提高了NDMA的降解效率.
空间限域结构还可以促进光生电子和空穴的产生,提高氧化速率.Yan等[97]设计了一种独特的碳化聚合物点/ZnIn2S4(CPDs/ZIS)异质结,利用空间限域效应,实现了光生载流子的有效空间定向分离.CPDs作为光生电子的富集中心和活化氧的活性位点,通过限域催化生成更多的超氧自由基,促进有机污染物的矿化.同时,限域下的异质结保留了ZIS的原始价带电位,并保留了更多的空穴用于氧化,从而提高了污染物降解的光催化性能,提高了氧化速率.Yuan等[98]利用原位生长法在g-C3N4纳米片上包裹了ZIF-8,形成了被ZIF-8包裹的卷曲g-C3N4纳米片核壳结构,通过空间限制效应显著提高了四环素(TC)的吸附和光催化降解效率.实验表明,限制结构下g-C3N4和ZIF-8的结合不仅增加了活性位点,还通过界面能带弯曲促进了电子-空穴对的有效分离和电子向ZIF-8的扩散.这种结构设计使得优化后的g-C3N4@ZIF-8在光催化降解TC方面表现出了卓越的性能,其降解速率常数是纯g-C3N4的4.8倍,TC去除率比g-C3N4提高了87.6%.此外,该材料在实际水体中对罗丹明B(RhB)和六价铬(Cr(VI))的降解效率也非常高,分别达到了99.3%和96.6%.EPR和LC-MS等技术对活性物种和降解途径的研究,揭示了ZIF-8限域的g-C3N4协同效应促进了•O2的形成及其向1O2的转化,进一步增强了TC的降解[98].
近几年,研究者发现激子在光催化过程中也起着重要作用,其来源于光生电子和空穴之间的库仑相互作用,是电子空穴的束缚态,与载流子(分离的电子和空穴)竞争生成.不同于载流子电荷转移过程需要O2在光催化剂上的吸附以促进电子转移,激子效应依赖的能量转移过程,是一个距离依赖的物理过程,不需要直接接触.三重态的激子直接将能量通过长程偶极-偶极耦合转移给分子氧,产生1O2.在具有限域结构的无机半导体中,由于显著增强的电子-空穴相互作用,激子将可能会成为主要的光激发物种,主导材料的光激发过程,进而对其光催化性能产生影响.图4(b)以铋氧卤化物(BiOX,X = Cl,Br,I)为例,探讨了空间限域对激发态激子效应的影响.研究发现,在受限的层状结构中,巨大的电子-空穴相互作用可导致激子成为主要的光激发态,这与传统的基于带隙理论的光生电荷载流子的观点不同.这种空间限域诱导的激子效应在光催化过程中起着关键作用,特别是在分子氧的活化中.在BiOBr(001)样品中观察到了高效的1O2的选择性生成,这与激子能量转移过程有关[99].Zhou等[100]发现氢键有机框架材料1,3,6,8-四(对苯甲酸)芘(HOF-H4TBAPy)具有亲水性的一维微孔通道,这种空间限制结构能够在光照下促进光生激子快速传输到微孔内表面,并通过缩短传输路径(仅1.88nm),更多的激子能够到达活性位点参与光催化反应,实现激子的有效利用,提高整体光催化效率.
基于催化臭氧化的AOPs已被证明是饮用水中天然有机物去除的重要手段,可以用于废水中抗生素[101]、染料[102]、内分泌干扰物的降解.然而,臭氧氧化在实际应用中存在溶解度低和传质效率差的问题,这限制了其实际的利用效率[103-104].
为解决这些问题,开发高效臭氧催化剂尤为重要.具有空间限域的催化剂可以使得活性位点更多地暴露,同时有助于ROS与有机物之间更加紧密的接触,提高反应效率[105-106].图4(c)采用浸渍-焙烧法制备的复合的三金属氧化物催化剂Mn-Cu-Ce/Al2O3.其中Mn、Cu和Ce金属氧化物均匀分布在γ-Al2O3上构成了空间限域结构.该催化剂的多孔结构和较大的比表面积有利于有机物的吸附,同时还促进了自由基的产生,有利于对难降解有机污染物的降解[107].如催化臭氧氧化工艺对总有机碳(TOC)的去除率比单独臭氧氧化提高了31.6%,显示出催化臭氧氧化工艺的优越性.Zhang等[108]使用氧化锌纳米管阵列作为纳米反应器,探索空间限域与臭氧化去除污染物所产生的自由基之间的关系,观察到随着氧化锌孔径(10~168nm)的减小,HO•暴露量急剧增加.He等[105]通过氧化还原反应将MnMe氧化物(Me=Fe,Co,Ce)原位嵌入膜的表面和微孔中,制备了新型催化陶瓷膜.由于Ce3+/Ce4+和Mn2+/Mn3+形成的氧空位,MnCe-CM这种空间限域结构在40min内对阿特拉津的去除率最高,达到99.99%.催化剂成功嵌入到MnCe-CM的表面和微孔中,使得催化臭氧氧化在表面和微孔中同时发生.高比表面积提供了足够的反应位点,增加了活性位点的数量.密闭空间有利于HO•与反应物的接触,提高了微孔内和表面的反应效率(图4(d)).Wu等[109]制备了具有点片状分级结构的Li掺杂Mg(OH)2,用于催化臭氧氧化抗生素,该体系可实现甲硝唑10min内完全去除.Li掺杂Mg(OH)2的点片状分级结构对催化臭氧化具有纳米限域效应,增强了催化效率.
近年来,在电化学的基础上开发了电化学高级氧化工艺.电化学高级氧工艺更环保[110-112],一方面由于电子本身是清洁的试剂,另一方面通过阴极产生的氧化自由基也能降解有机污染物.
阴极为空间限域的多孔结构有利于电催化氧化反应.由于多孔结构表面积较大,能够暴露出更多活性位点进行反应,且当孔隙尺寸缩小到纳米级时,部分溶质脱溶加速多孔电极在空间限域内的电化学的性质[113-114].对于电催化氧化反应,活性位点暴露多、电子转移效率高有助于加快氧化反应速度.
Zhou等[115]采用氢氧化钾预处理和高温煅烧法制备了具有三维结构的茶叶多孔碳(TPC).TPC孔隙一般小于2nm,电极在降解过程的初始阶段可以产生大量的H2O2,通过氧化还原反应增加产生的HO•来去除苯酚,采用TPC-800阴极的电催化氧化系统在120min中可降解95.41%的苯酚.
在处理难降解有机污染物的AOPs中,空间限域的方法可以在微观层面上,优化催化剂电子结构,促进电子迁移,降低反应的活化能垒,改变活化路径,促进反应进行;在宏观层面上,增加比表面积和缩短传质路径,提供了更多的活性中心,从而增强了催化剂与污染物之间的界面过程,实现了对有机物的高效去除.关于空间限域在AOPs中的未来发展方向,需要注意以下几个问题:
4.1 二次污染.空间限域方法在氧化过程中可能导致二次污染问题.空间限域需要添加化学反应物,在氧化过程中也易产生污染.纳米材料的二次污染对人类健康和生态环境产生了影响,阻碍实际应用.因此需要特别关注催化剂的回收问题,以及催化剂本身的毒性和风险评估.
4.2 电子水平理解.需要进一步研究反应物分子在空间限域条件下与不同金属离子反应的电子水平机制,发展亚纳米尺度原位物相表征方法与电化学分析手段.
4.3 开发更高效的限域策略.需要新的、更有效的限域材料合成方法和限域策略来提高限域效应,进一步强化反应活性.
4.4 纳米限域机制.需要更多的研究和案列来进一步理解限域效应下的各种反应行为,以更深入地理解纳米限域的强化反应机制.
4.5 成本控制.限域催化剂的经济成本同样需要得到有效控制.选择的催化剂和载体材料不仅要资源丰富、成本低廉,还要具备良好的性能稳定性和环境友好性.从实际应用的角度出发,空间限制介导的AOPs的经济效益对于其商业化和大规模应用至关重要.因此,精心选择的催化剂和载体材料,将有助于实现成本效益和环境效益的双重目标,推动AOPs技术在水处理领域的广泛应用.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22406139)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-13
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22406139)
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    1.苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏 苏州 215009
    2.苏州科技大学,城市生活污水资源化利用技术国家地方联合工程实验室,江苏 苏州 215009

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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