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This study aimed to explore the accumulation of MGEs by wetland plants in the treatment of rural sewage using a soil ecological infiltration system. Thus, the changes in the integrase gene intI1and transposase gene tnpA-04 in the vegetative parts of the wetland plant Iris were investigated before and after treatment. The results showed that, over a 60d operational period, the soil ecological infiltration system achieved average removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand from rural sewage of 88.50% and 75.17%, respectively. The average height and fresh weight of the Iris increased by 3.63% and 43.45%, respectively. The concentration of MGEs in the plant increased by 1.67ng/g, with intracellular accounting for 68.26%. Forthermore, the abundance of the tnpA-04 gene was found to be 37.86% higher than that of the intI1gene, which demonstrated a higher propensity for transfer within the vegetative parts of Iris. The bioconcentration ability for MGEs in the plant's vegetative parts followed the order: stem >root > leaf. Moreover, variations in soil properties significantly influenced the plant's ability to accumulate MGEs (P < 0.05). This study suggests that wetland plants can effectively accumulate MGEs from rural sewage, thereby reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance gene dissemination.

, correspAuthors=Kui HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fei-fei WEN, Kui HUANG, Hui XIA, Bing-yu SONG, Meng ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408727211897842, articleId=1241408720350015848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=湿地植物对农村污水耐药基因遗传元件的富集, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用土壤生态渗滤系统处理农村污水,分析实验前后湿地植物鸢尾营养器官中整合酶基因intI1和转座酶基因tnpA-04的变化,探讨湿地植物对农村污水中MGEs的富集作用.结果表明,在60d的运行时间内,土壤生态渗滤系统对农村污水中氨氮和化学需氧量的平均去除率分别为88.50%和75.17%.鸢尾的平均高度和鲜重分别增加了3.63%和43.45%,且鸢尾组织内MGEs的含量增多了1.67ng/g,其中胞内MGEs占68.26%.而且鸢尾中tnpA-04基因的含量比intI1基因多37.86%,tnpA-04基因更容易在鸢尾营养器官中转移.植物营养器官中MGEs的生物富集能力表现为:茎>根>叶.此外,土壤的性质变化会显著影响植物对MGEs的富集(P<0.05).研究结果显示,湿地植物可有效富集农村污水中的MGEs,降低耐药基因的传播风险.

, correspAuthors=黄魁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,教授,
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文菲菲(1999-),女,甘肃定西人,兰州交通大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水环境生态治理.发表论文1篇..

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文菲菲(1999-),女,甘肃定西人,兰州交通大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水环境生态治理.发表论文1篇..

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文菲菲(1999-),女,甘肃定西人,兰州交通大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水环境生态治理.发表论文1篇..

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Environment International2023176:107986., articleTitle=The dynamics and transmission of antibiotic resistance associated with plant microbiomes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408735713751944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, awardId=22JR5RA335; 22JR9KA034, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省科技厅科技计划项目(22JR5RA335; 22JR9KA034), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241408735952827280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, awardId=2024CXPT-14, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省教育厅高校科研创新平台重大培育项目(2024CXPT-14), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408727606161436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408727622938654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, companyId=1241408727606161436, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408727631327263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, companyId=1241408727606161436, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.兰州交通大学环境与市政工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241408727841042483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408727849431093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, companyId=1241408727841042483, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408727862014008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, companyId=1241408727841042483, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.甘肃省黄河重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241408728008814667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408728021397582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, companyId=1241408728008814667, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Water Resource Comprehensive Utilization in Cold and Arid Regions, Lanzhou 730070, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408728029786191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, companyId=1241408728008814667, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.寒旱地区水资源综合利用教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730070)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241408732505109077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes of ammonia nitrogen and COD and their removal rates for rural sewage using soil ecological infiltration system, figureFileSmall=E4+RNgMtk49BKEmL5AFbYQ==, figureFileBig=3VMhztzDms8uGlqmYOjgMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408732630938215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=CN, label=图1, caption=经土壤生态渗滤系统后农村污水中氨氮和COD的浓度变化及去除率

图(a)和(b)分别为进出水氨氮和COD浓度变化的配对箱线图,图(c)为污水氨氮和COD的去除率箱线图(n=20).****表示P<0.001级别,具有显著差异;各个点分别代表不同时间所取样品的污染物浓度和去除率,每个箱子中间的横线为中位线.

, figureFileSmall=E4+RNgMtk49BKEmL5AFbYQ==, figureFileBig=3VMhztzDms8uGlqmYOjgMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408732870013576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Absolute abundances of intI1and tnpA-04 genes in vegetative organs before and after soil infiltration system treatment, figureFileSmall=pP1WV2dfM2J7MfV7WXXSGg==, figureFileBig=fOL1GOVZTxKvEzZEfKYTNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733008425622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=CN, label=图2, caption=土壤渗滤系统处理前后植物营养器官intI1tnpA-04基因的绝对丰度

(a)图为实验前后intI1tnpA-04基因的绝对丰度,(b)图为实验前后胞内和胞外基因的绝对丰度. *表示在0.05级别,具有显著差异;**表示在0.01级别,具有显著差异;***表示在0.001级别,具有显著差异;下同

, figureFileSmall=pP1WV2dfM2J7MfV7WXXSGg==, figureFileBig=fOL1GOVZTxKvEzZEfKYTNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733213946536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of plant vegetative parts for intI1 and tnpA-04 genes, figureFileSmall=Vnyb2ZicIE/KOgLGM9fgpg==, figureFileBig=2I8eO7sv065YKWrnv5X1VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733314609847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=CN, label=图3, caption=植物营养器官对intI1tnpA-04基因的生物富集因子(BCFs), figureFileSmall=Vnyb2ZicIE/KOgLGM9fgpg==, figureFileBig=2I8eO7sv065YKWrnv5X1VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733473993417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Heatmaps of correlations between soil properties and MGEs of plant vegetative parts, figureFileSmall=X6xxcC5R6+KbQBhhrZXygQ==, figureFileBig=SC0c32Ff8/9Yz3VDPlukDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733633376987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=CN, label=图4, caption=土壤性质与植物营养器官MGEs的相关性热图, figureFileSmall=X6xxcC5R6+KbQBhhrZXygQ==, figureFileBig=SC0c32Ff8/9Yz3VDPlukDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408733813732075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of the influent and MGEs content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH值电导率(µS/cm)总氮(mg/L)总磷(mg/L)氨氮(mg/L)COD (mg/L)intI1(ng/L)tnpA-04(ng/L)
6.32~7.93757~123819.49~38.361.94~4.5645.68~65.71142~33340.25~184.65203.02~581.69
), ArticleFig(id=1241408734128304896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

进水理化性质和MGEs含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH值电导率(µS/cm)总氮(mg/L)总磷(mg/L)氨氮(mg/L)COD (mg/L)intI1(ng/L)tnpA-04(ng/L)
6.32~7.93757~123819.49~38.361.94~4.5645.68~65.71142~33340.25~184.65203.02~581.69
), ArticleFig(id=1241408734262522638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physicochemical properties of the preparation soil and MGEs content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH值电导率(µS/cm)总氮(mg/g)总磷(mg/g)溶解性有机碳(mg/g)含水率(%)intI1(ng/g)tnpA-04(ng/g)
5.969140.0310.01451.2712.140.083.51
), ArticleFig(id=1241408734476432165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

配制土壤理化性质和MGEs含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH值电导率(µS/cm)总氮(mg/g)总磷(mg/g)溶解性有机碳(mg/g)含水率(%)intI1(ng/g)tnpA-04(ng/g)
5.969140.0310.01451.2712.140.083.51
), ArticleFig(id=1241408734640010035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Primers and the amplification conditions used

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5’-3’)变性退火延伸循环数
intI1Forward: CCTCCCGCACGATGATC94℃,45s57℃,30s72℃,45s
Reverse: TCCACGCATCGTCAGGC
tnpA-04Forward: CCGATCACGGAAAGCTCAAG95℃,45s60℃,30s72℃,45s32
Reverse: GGCTCGCATGACTTCGAATC
16S rDNAForward: CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG95℃,30s57℃,30s72℃,40s
Reverse: GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT
), ArticleFig(id=1241408734761644864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

引物和扩增条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5’-3’)变性退火延伸循环数
intI1Forward: CCTCCCGCACGATGATC94℃,45s57℃,30s72℃,45s
Reverse: TCCACGCATCGTCAGGC
tnpA-04Forward: CCGATCACGGAAAGCTCAAG95℃,45s60℃,30s72℃,45s32
Reverse: GGCTCGCATGACTTCGAATC
16S rDNAForward: CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG95℃,30s57℃,30s72℃,40s
Reverse: GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT
), ArticleFig(id=1241408734975554373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes of Iris wilsonii biomass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目平均株高(cm)平均重量(g)
总和
实验前44.101.1516.002.1319.28
实验后45.702.6917.837.3827.65
), ArticleFig(id=1241408735155909463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

鸢尾生物量的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目平均株高(cm)平均重量(g)
总和
实验前44.101.1516.002.1319.28
实验后45.702.6917.837.3827.65
), ArticleFig(id=1241408735281738596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Translocation factors (TFs) of plant vegetative parts for MGEs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因项目地上P
intI1胞内0.22±0.0040.02±0.0070.01±0.0030.009
胞外0.12±0.0030.07±0.0010.06±0.0050.012
P0.0450.0420.043
tnpA-04胞内0.91±0.0011.49±0.0690.78±0.0200.016
胞外1.20±0.0130.84±0.0940.38±0.0130.045
P0.0170.0490.017
), ArticleFig(id=1241408735441122164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408720350015848, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

MGEs在植物营养器官中的转运因子(TFs)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因项目地上P
intI1胞内0.22±0.0040.02±0.0070.01±0.0030.009
胞外0.12±0.0030.07±0.0010.06±0.0050.012
P0.0450.0420.043
tnpA-04胞内0.91±0.0011.49±0.0690.78±0.0200.016
胞外1.20±0.0130.84±0.0940.38±0.0130.045
P0.0170.0490.017
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湿地植物对农村污水耐药基因遗传元件的富集
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文菲菲 1 , 黄魁 1, 2, 3, * , 夏慧 1 , 宋炳昱 1 , 赵梦 1
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1985-1994
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1985-1994
湿地植物对农村污水耐药基因遗传元件的富集
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文菲菲1 , 黄魁1, 2, 3, * , 夏慧1, 宋炳昱1, 赵梦1
作者信息
  • 1.兰州交通大学环境与市政工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 2.甘肃省黄河重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 3.寒旱地区水资源综合利用教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 文菲菲(1999-),女,甘肃定西人,兰州交通大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为水环境生态治理.发表论文1篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Enrichment of antibiotic resistance genetic elements in rural sewage by wetland plants
Fei-fei WEN1 , Kui HUANG1, 2, 3, * , Hui XIA1, Bing-yu SONG1, Meng ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 3.Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Water Resource Comprehensive Utilization in Cold and Arid Regions, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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利用土壤生态渗滤系统处理农村污水,分析实验前后湿地植物鸢尾营养器官中整合酶基因intI1和转座酶基因tnpA-04的变化,探讨湿地植物对农村污水中MGEs的富集作用.结果表明,在60d的运行时间内,土壤生态渗滤系统对农村污水中氨氮和化学需氧量的平均去除率分别为88.50%和75.17%.鸢尾的平均高度和鲜重分别增加了3.63%和43.45%,且鸢尾组织内MGEs的含量增多了1.67ng/g,其中胞内MGEs占68.26%.而且鸢尾中tnpA-04基因的含量比intI1基因多37.86%,tnpA-04基因更容易在鸢尾营养器官中转移.植物营养器官中MGEs的生物富集能力表现为:茎>根>叶.此外,土壤的性质变化会显著影响植物对MGEs的富集(P<0.05).研究结果显示,湿地植物可有效富集农村污水中的MGEs,降低耐药基因的传播风险.

湿地植物  /  土壤渗滤  /  污水  /  水平转移  /  遗传元件

This study aimed to explore the accumulation of MGEs by wetland plants in the treatment of rural sewage using a soil ecological infiltration system. Thus, the changes in the integrase gene intI1and transposase gene tnpA-04 in the vegetative parts of the wetland plant Iris were investigated before and after treatment. The results showed that, over a 60d operational period, the soil ecological infiltration system achieved average removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand from rural sewage of 88.50% and 75.17%, respectively. The average height and fresh weight of the Iris increased by 3.63% and 43.45%, respectively. The concentration of MGEs in the plant increased by 1.67ng/g, with intracellular accounting for 68.26%. Forthermore, the abundance of the tnpA-04 gene was found to be 37.86% higher than that of the intI1gene, which demonstrated a higher propensity for transfer within the vegetative parts of Iris. The bioconcentration ability for MGEs in the plant's vegetative parts followed the order: stem >root > leaf. Moreover, variations in soil properties significantly influenced the plant's ability to accumulate MGEs (P < 0.05). This study suggests that wetland plants can effectively accumulate MGEs from rural sewage, thereby reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance gene dissemination.

wetland plant  /  soil infiltration  /  sewage  /  horizontal gene transfer  /  mobile genetic elements
文菲菲, 黄魁, 夏慧, 宋炳昱, 赵梦. 湿地植物对农村污水耐药基因遗传元件的富集. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1985 -1994 .
Fei-fei WEN, Kui HUANG, Hui XIA, Bing-yu SONG, Meng ZHAO. Enrichment of antibiotic resistance genetic elements in rural sewage by wetland plants[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1985 -1994 .
抗生素滥用引起的细菌耐药性对人类健康产生了严重危害.耐药细菌携带的抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)是一类典型新污染物,具有遗传性、广谱性和传播性[1-2].转座子、整合子和质粒等可移动遗传元件(MGEs)介导的水平转移是加速ARGs传播的主要途径[3-4].污水被证实是ARGs的重要存储库,对其有效的削减已成为污水处理的难题[5].研究表明,整合酶基因(intI1)可借助整合酶将ARGs整合到细菌整合子结构中进行水平转移[6];而转座酶基因(tnpA-04)通过转座酶在基因组的不同位置插入或易位,从而将ARGs转移到新的位置[7].intI1基因和tnpA-04基因已被认为是MGEs的标记基因[8],是ARGs水平转移的重要推手.因此,对MGEs中intI1基因和tnpA-04基因的研究尤为重要.
土壤生态渗滤系统通过基质吸附、植物吸收和微生物分解的协同作用处理农村污水,是一种低碳经济的绿色处理技术.湿地植物被认为是土壤生态渗滤的节拍器,能够增加污染物质的吸附,调控微生物生长,维持生态系统的自我组织与再生.其中,植物根际是污染物的直接接触和吸收者.湿地植物根际微生物能刺激并促进污水ARGs向植物根际的进一步扩散和演化[9-10],从而影响污水ARGs在植物根际圈的分布.由于植物根际土壤和内生细菌中含有大量携带MGEs的耐药菌[11],可促进ARGs向植物微生物组中传播.最新研究发现,植物器官可以富集土壤中的ARGs并在植物器官中定殖[12-13],进而削减环境中ARGs.而且植物对ARGs的富集能力与植物种类密切相关[14].先前的研究虽发现植物可富集ARGs,但MGEs作为污水ARGs传播的关键驱动者,有关湿地植物对其富集的研究甚少.
本研究以土壤生态渗滤系统中的鸢尾为研究对象,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对植物营养器官(根、茎、叶)中细菌胞内和胞外的intI1基因与tnpA-04基因进行定量,分析其在植物营养器官中的富集作用和分布特征,探明土壤性质变化与MGEs富集的关系,旨在为植物削减农村污水中ARGs的研究提供理论依据.
农村生活污水中平均污染物浓度约为城镇污水的一半[15],因此将兰州交通大学家属区生活污水与纯水1:1稀释以模拟农村生活污水.其理化性质和MGEs含量见表1.植物选用具有耐寒耐旱特征的黄花鸢尾(Iris wilsonii),购于兰州市安宁区馨悦花店.实验装置使用聚乙烯材料的塑料桶,桶呈圆台形,上口直径40cm,下口直径30cm,总高度50cm,其中土壤填充高度为40cm.桶中鸢尾的种植密度为15株/m2(4株).装置底部设置穿孔板,厚2mm,孔径5~6mm,穿孔密度300个/m2,用于污水下渗、通风以保持有氧环境,同时防止土壤流失.为缓解土壤的淋溶和板结,采用混合均匀的配制土(80%当地黄土、15%泥炭土、5%椰壳),其理化性质和MGEs含量见表2.
反应器组装后,预运行10d对植物与微生物进行驯化.待植物生长挺直、污水的氨氮和化学需氧量(COD)的去除率稳定到60%以上后进行60d的正式实验.进水方式为间歇进水,每隔1d投加1次,进水量为2L/次.每次进水均由顶部均匀布水,在底部出水孔收集出水,用于测试分析.实验过程中用空调将温度调节在22~26℃.待实验结束后取根际土壤(根系2cm内)和植物各营养器官样品.所取样品一式三份,第一份新鲜样品用于含水率和有机质的测定;第二份新鲜样品用于提取DNA.第三份自然风干后研磨,过60目筛,用棕色密封玻璃瓶避光保存.
本研究所用胞内和胞外DNA提取方法参考Mao等[16]的方法.简述如下:将0.5g植物或土壤样品与4mL NaH2PO4(0.12mol/L,pH值8.0)和0.04g交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVPP)混合孵育,在25℃下振荡10min(250r/min)、离心(5000r/min,4℃,10min)收集上清液,在沉淀中加入4mL NaH2PO4(0.12mol/L,pH值8.0),重复两次上述步骤.收集上述所有步骤上清液并混合后抽滤(0.22μm孔径,聚碳酸酯膜),收集滤液使用醇沉法收集胞外DNA,离心后的沉淀收集用于提取胞内DNA.醇沉法收集胞外DNA:在滤液中加入乙酸钠(3mol/L)和乙醇,体积比为10:1:23,然后-20℃过夜,4℃下12000g离心2min后收集沉淀以提取胞外DNA.以上沉淀样品于-20℃冰箱保存备用.
所有样品DNA用TIANamp Soil DNA Kit(Tiangen Biotech,Beijing)提取,具体提取步骤参见试剂盒说明书,并用Qubit Assays (Thermo Fisher,America)的荧光定量法测定DNA浓度,所得DNA样品于-20℃冰箱保存备用.
采用Thermal Cycle Dice Real Time System Lite(TP700,TaKaRa,东京)对intI1基因、tnpA-04基因以及细菌16S rDNA(V3~V4区)进行定量,25μL的PCR反应体系为:TB Green II(TaKaRa,大连)12.5μL,10μmol/L上下游引物各0.5μL,DNA模板1μL,DNA-free超纯水10.5μL.本研究引物序列及qPCR扩增条件参照文献[17]的方法进行,详见表3,所需引物均购自生工生物技术(中国上海)有限公司.标准品为携带目的基因的质粒(pMD20-T,TaKaRa,大连),详细制备过程参考Cui等[18]的方法.将标准品浓度10倍梯度稀释后形成标准曲线.所有被测基因的扩增效率在90%~110%之间、熔解曲线显示单峰且位置正确被认为是有效结果.每个样品重复测定3次.
理化性质测试参照黄魁等[19]方法进行,每组样品测3个平行数据.进出水样品采取同样的测定方法和条件.将样品混匀后采用电极法测定其pH值(雷磁,PHS-3C,上海)和电导率(雷磁,DDS-307,上海).总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)同步消解后TN采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法(HJ 636-2012)[20]测定,TP采用钼酸铵分光光度法(GB 11893-89)[21]测定.氨氮用纳氏试剂分光光度法(HJ 535-2009)[22]测定.化学需氧量(COD)采用快速消解分光光度法(HJ/T 399- 2007)[23]测定.土壤样品按照《土壤环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T 166-2004)[24]中的国家标准方法测定.土壤样品在105和650℃下分别测定含水率(重量法,HJ 1222-2021)[25]和有机质(灼烧减量法,HJ 761- 2015)[26].将土壤混合液(干样:去离子水=1g:50mL),300r/min磁力搅拌30min,测定pH值和电导率.将上述混合液在4000r/min离心10min,取上清液测定其余化学指标,方法同水样.将上述混合液过0.45μm滤膜,稀释10倍后用总有机碳仪(MultiN/C2100,德国)测定DOC.
先除去表面附着的杂质,用酒精擦拭整株植株后将植物各器官分离,测量其生物量.将植物分别剪碎均质化后称重,测定植物样品的含水率与有机质.
生物富集因子(BCF)是衡量植物物种从土壤中吸收特定元素并将其积累在其组织中的效率的指标[27];转运因子(TF)是衡量特定元素在植物器官间内部流动性的指标[28-29].
采用生物富集因子BCF评价植物营养器官对土壤MGEs的富集能力:
式中:CPlant是植物营养器官中MGEs的绝对丰度;ng/g;CSoil是土壤中MGEs的绝对丰度,ng/g.
使用转运因子TFStem、TFLeaf和TFShoot分别评价MGEs在植物根系向茎、叶和地下部分向地上的转运和易位能力:
式中:CRoot是植物根系中MGEs的绝对丰度,ng/g;CStem是植物茎中MGEs的绝对丰度,ng/g; CLeaf是植物叶片中MGEs的绝对丰度,ng/g; CShoot=CLeaf是植物地上部分中MGEs的绝对丰度,ng/g.本研究使用软件R的ggplot2包绘制配对箱线图,使用Origin 2021绘制正态箱线图和柱形图,使用CNSknowall绘制相关性热图.采用Spearman相关性分析植物不同部位2种MGEs(intI1tnpA-04)与土壤基质之间的相关性.不同植物营养器官与胞内和胞外MGEs之间的显著性差异采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和T-test检验进行分析,本研究涉及的统计分析采用SPSS软件(Version 27.0,IBM),显著性水平为α=0.05.
图1(a)可见,土壤生态渗滤系统出水氨氮的浓度为0.90~12.59mg/L,满足甘肃省《农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准》(DB 62/4014-2019)[30]一级排放标准.由图1(b)可见,土壤生态渗滤系统出水中COD的浓度为27.00~82.00mg/L,符合甘肃省(DB 62/4014-2019)[30]二级排放标准.由图1(c)可见,土壤生态渗滤系统对农村污水中氨氮和COD的平均去除率分别为88.50%和75.17%.已有研究以红壤为介质,考察了深度80cm的土壤渗滤系统对村镇生活污水的处理效果,发现氨氮去除率可达70.0%[31].与之相比,本研究对氨氮的去除效果较优.原因可能是红壤透水性差且在实验中处于还原状态,不利于硝化反应的进行.此外,本研究种植了根系发达的鸢尾可吸收利用氮源,也可增加氨氮的去除率.其他学者研究发现土壤渗滤系统处理污水厂出水中COD的平均去除率达73.3%[32].造成这一结果的劣势可能是没有种植植物.研究表明植物根系的吸附截留对去除COD有着重要作用.此外,植物根系的生长可提高系统内部氧含量从而增强土壤渗滤系统对有机物的矿化作用.
表4可知,实验后鸢尾的平均总株高增加了3.63%,平均每株鲜重增加了43.45%;其中根、茎和叶分别增加了134.29%、11.43%和246.34%.先前的学者用种植菖蒲的潜流人工湿地处理配置污水,150d后菖蒲鲜重增加了约9g,叶片长度增加了约2cm[33].与之相比,本研究中鸢尾生长状况较好.植物利用氮、磷等作为营养,能有效促进农村污水中污染物的去除.因此,植物的生长与植物种类和污水性质密切相关.此外,较多的人工湿地与上述研究[33]类似,都使用不同粒径的石子状填料,故本研究土壤的添加可能更适合植物的生长.
图2(a)所示,实验前,鸢尾的intI1基因和tnpA-04基因的绝对丰度分别为0.04和0.09ng/g,且其含量在各器官中均表现出根>叶>茎的趋势.实验后,intI1基因的绝对丰度在鸢尾的根茎叶内的含量分别显著增加了20.47倍、26.93倍和1.65倍(P<0.05);而鸢尾的根茎叶内tnpA-04基因的绝对丰度分别增加了4.69倍、22.41倍和23.85倍(P<0.05).实验后,鸢尾组织内intI1基因和tnpA-04基因的含量高达0.68和1.12ng/g,比intI1基因多64.71%.上述结果表明,不同类型的MGEs均可以在湿地植物组织内富集.并且,鸢尾根内intI1基因含量比茎和叶内分别显著高出4.26倍和44.96倍(P<0.05).然而,tnpA-04基因的含量则表现出在鸢尾叶内最多,其含量分别是根和茎的0.46倍和0.24倍(P<0.05).这说明MGEs在湿地植物各营养器官的定殖含量有显著差异,且与MGEs的类型有关.相关研究量化了土壤-作物系统中作物不同部位MGEs的含量,其根中intl1基因的丰度为570.0copies/g(约为1.88×10-6ng/g),叶中为110.0copies/g(约为3.64×10-7ng/g)[34].与之相比,本研究中实验后鸢尾器官内MGEs含量更多,这可能与鸢尾的生长环境是污水有关.污水中高丰度的污染物本底值能够加速污染物质转移至植物体内.研究证实根际土壤中ARGs的相对丰度下降后其从土壤向植物的转移速率也降低[35].
图2(b)可知,实验前,鸢尾的胞内和胞外MGEs的绝对丰度分别为0.07和0.06ng/g,且其含量在各器官中均表现出根>叶>茎的趋势.实验后,鸢尾组织内MGEs的含量增加了1.67ng/g,其中胞内MGEs占68.26%.具体而言,胞内MGEs的绝对丰度在鸢尾根茎叶内的含量分别显著增加了11.41倍、25.15倍和20.62倍(P<0.01);而胞外MGEs的绝对丰度则分别增加了6.93倍、20.77倍和12.10倍(P<0.05).并且,鸢尾组织内胞内和胞外MGEs的含量高达1.21与0.59ng/g.上述结果表明,胞内和胞外MGEs均可以在湿地植物组织内富集,且胞内MGEs在植物体内更多.相比而言,鸢尾根的胞内MGEs含量比茎和叶的显著高出1.00倍和0.72倍(P<0.05).而胞外MGEs含量也表现出根部最多.这亦表明,MGEs在湿地植物各营养器官定殖含量的差异与MGEs的存在形态有关.污水中以游离态胞外DNA形式存在的胞外MGEs可持久存在,并在适宜条件下可通过转化作用重新进入敏感受体细胞[36-37].因此,研究污水中的胞外MGEs是揭示ARGs转移传播的关键.同时,本研究也发现实验末期鸢尾营养器官中磺胺类(sul2)、四环素类(tetM)和大环内酯类(ermF)等胞外耐药基因的含量分别为434.44,8.50和5181.17ng/g,其较高的ARGs含量可能是由MGEs造成的[38].
植物的生物特性使其具有一定的吸收和积累MGEs的能力,其通过细胞膜上的通道、转运蛋白和其他运输系统来吸收富集MGEs.植物营养器官对MGEs的吸收和转运能力与生物富集因子(BCF)和转运因子(TF)密切相关.由图3可见,鸢尾营养器官对intI1基因和tnpA-04基因的BCF值分别为0.06(叶)~1.90(根)和6.04(叶)~8.61(茎),这说明不同营养器官对同种MGEs的富集能力有显著差异(P<0.05),同一营养器官对不同MGEs的富集能力亦有显著差异(P<0.05).
图3显示,鸢尾对MGEs的BCF顺序为茎>根>叶,说明鸢尾的地下部分对MGEs的富集能力显著高于地上部分(P<0.05).土壤生态渗滤系统中的基质和鸢尾根际能吸附有机物并浓缩化合物,这使地下部分的微生物停留时间更长,从而使MGEs得以富集.研究表明丛枝菌根真菌是一类重要的内生菌根真菌,能与鸢尾形成菌根共生体系[39],使根际微生物群落中的相关功能基因丰度和转运蛋白丰度均明显上调[40],进而影响污染物质的吸收、转运与富集过程[41].本研究中鸢尾的须根纤细少分枝,根状茎粗壮且具有比须根大的体积,致使鸢尾营养器官中茎对MGEs的BCF最高而叶最低.然而,具体原因有待进一步深入研究.
同时,鸢尾对intI1基因和tnpA-04基因的BCF顺序分别为根>茎>叶和茎>根>叶,这归因于只有部分根际或叶际微生物可以在植物体内存活成为内生菌.不同内生菌占据不同的生态位[42],受植物内部理化环境、微生物特性等因素的共同影响.此外,鸢尾对tnpA-04基因的BCF比intI1基因显著高出18.84倍(P<0.05),这是由于植物器官中tnpA-04基因的定殖含量较高所致.已有研究也发现,土壤根际伴生微生物对蔬菜中ARGs的积累差异有重要的作用[43].
图3可知,鸢尾对胞外MGEs的BCF比胞内高90.04倍,而intI1基因在胞内的BCF比tnpA-04基因高1.94倍,intI1基因在胞外的BCF比tnpA-04基因低95.54%.以上结果表明,鸢尾对胞外MGEs的富集能力显著高于胞内且对不同MGEs的富集能力与其存在形态有关.据前人的研究报道,细胞外DNA可以通过水平基因转移(HGT)最终将ARGs转移到其他细菌细胞中,而不需要活供体细胞[44].因此,鸢尾对胞外MGEs的富集能力显著高于胞内可能是由于进水中胞外DNA被吸附到土壤和植物根际,通过转化/转导将MGEs转移到鸢尾组织细菌细胞中.此外,intI1基因和tnpA-04基因具有多种不同的潜在宿主菌[45],从而对不同MGEs及其存在形态进行定向选择.
表5可见,MGEs在鸢尾营养器官中的转运因子大小顺序为茎>叶>地上,其中MGEs的TFStem(根向茎)值为2.45,分别是TFLeaf(根向叶)和TFshoot(地下向地上)的1.01倍和1.98倍.这表明植物根际是MGEs转移的源头,且这种转移能力和植物本身的生理特性有关.另外,intI1基因的TF比tnpA-04基因显著低了91.00%(P<0.05),显示出tnpA-04基因更容易在鸢尾营养器官中转移.这个原因可能归因于转座子是一段具有特异转位功能的DNA序列,可以从原位上单独复制或断裂下来,环化后插入另一位点,它不仅能够在细胞内的同一遗传结构中转移,也能在不同细菌的基因组和质粒之间转座,具有广泛的宿主适应性和易于传播的特性[46].具体而言,intI1基因的TFStem比TFLeaf和TFshoot分别显著高2.78倍和3.86倍(P<0.05),而tnpA-04基因的TFLeaf分别比TFStem和TFshoot高0.10倍和1.01倍.以上结果说明,intI1基因在鸢尾营养器官中更容易由根向茎转移,而tnpA-04基因更容易由根向叶转移.这个现象与典型湿地植物对不同重金属的吸收和转移趋势类似[47].这些现象也可能是由于当某种MGEs的含量较低时,根部会截留限制MGEs,从而减少向茎叶的转运.但当某种MGEs的含量在鸢尾营养器官内超过一定阈值时,根部吸收的MGEs会通过被动运输在各营养器官中转移.
表5可知,胞内MGEs的TF值比胞外显著高27.61%(P<0.05),表明胞内MGEs在鸢尾营养器官中的转运能力强于胞外.有研究发现,携带ARGs的荧光标记大肠杆菌可通过维管将ARGs从水培溶液转移到植物内生菌(根内生菌和叶内生菌)中[48].本研究结果亦证实胞内MGEs可通过植物内生菌从植物地下部分转移到植物地上部分.而根际分泌物增加了微生物菌群的代谢活性和基因交换[49],故MGEs主要由根向茎的转运能力强于其他器官.并且,胞内和胞外MGEs的TF值均在地上部分最小,其更容易由根向叶和根向茎转移.这是由于胞内和胞外MGEs需借助植物组织中的运输蛋白由根向茎叶被动运输,然而运输蛋白对所运输的物质具有选择性,因此造成不同器官对胞外MGEs转运能力有差异.
图4显示了实验末期土壤性质变化与植物营养器官中MGEs丰度的相关性.土壤总氮(TN)含量与根中胞外tnpA-04基因的丰度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而总磷(TP)含量与根中胞外tnpA-04基因的丰度呈显著正相关(P<0.05).上述结果表明,土壤中TN含量会抑制根对胞外tnpA-04基因的吸收富集,而TP含量会促进根对胞外tnpA-04基因的吸收富集.本研究实验后土壤中TN含量减少了30.60%,可能通过影响植物根系中潜在的细菌宿主,进而减少对MGEs富集的抑制.同时,植物根系与微生物之间存在氮竞争关系,植物根系会优先吸收氮源以满足其生长需求[50].此外,土壤基质的酸化会导致土壤细菌多样性减少[51],从而影响植物根系的细菌多样性,进而抑制植物对MGEs的吸收富集.而实验后TP含量增加了35.99%.研究表明TP含量的增加可增加土壤中细胞代谢速率、细胞膜上转移蛋白含量并促进根系发育以增强其对MGEs的吸收富集能力和转运能力.同时,TP含量的增加可改变植物根系分泌物的组成,从而促进植物根系对MGEs的吸收富集[52].已有相关研究证明,土壤TP与小麦根系中ARGs呈正相关(P<0.05)[53],环境TN与各基因丰度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)[54].本研究土壤TN和TP对植物吸收富集MGEs的影响趋势与之类似.
与处理前相比,处理后土壤中胞内细菌数量由(1.72×105±1.35) ng/g到(2.08×105±2.95) ng/g增加了21.49%,而胞外由(2.08×103±0.02) ng/g到(1.60×102±0.02) ng/g减少了92.28%,总体上增加了20.13%.根据图4中实验末期土壤16S rDNA数量与植物营养器官中MGEs丰度的相关性可知,土壤胞内16S rDNA数量与根中胞内intI1基因的丰度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),但是土壤胞外16S rDNA数量与植物叶片胞内intI1呈显著负相关(P<0.01).这表明土壤16S rDNA数量正向影响植物对胞内intI1基因的吸收富集.土壤细菌、污水细菌以及植物根部活化细菌等细菌之间相互关联,这些细菌的多样性促进了细菌细胞的接触,从而加快MGEs在细菌间转移和增殖.土壤细菌可以作为植物内生菌在体内繁殖,部分细菌通过植物组织气孔迁移,被根系吸收后到达叶片[55-56].研究也表明,叶片和根系中的微生物群落相互连通,ARGs可以利用根际细菌作为传播媒介从土壤转移到植物表面[57].植物根系也可以招募土壤细菌并在根系内存活,从而使ARGs从土壤转移到植物的根系和表面[58-59].也有研究报道,土壤细菌的丰度变化是大豆生长期间抗性组发生转移的另一个重要原因[60].
土壤胞外intI1基因的丰度与根胞外intI1基因的丰度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而土壤胞外tnpA-04基因的丰度与茎胞外tnpA-04基因的丰度呈显著正相关(P<0.05).以上结果说明,土壤胞外intI1基因和tnpA-04基因的丰度分别会促进根对胞外intI1基因的吸收富集和茎对胞外tnpA-04基因的吸收富集.这也说明MGEs在污水处理后的植物营养器官与土壤之间存在共现性.由于MGEs的变化依赖于细菌群落结构的变化,土壤细菌与植物地下部分内生细菌具有高度相似性和相同的生态位,其MGEs宿主细菌的丰度和多样性相似[61],因此更有助于MGEs在土壤与植物地下部之间的共现.相近研究也表明,葡萄藤叶片和花朵的微生物群与土壤细菌群落的重叠比例很大[62].土壤抗性组是植物抗性组的主要来源[63],且土壤intI1基因对小麦ARGs的相对丰度有直接的正向影响(P<0.001)[56].
人工湿地和土壤渗滤系统等植物修复技术可显著削减污水污泥中的ARGs已被广泛证实.湿地植物可吸收、富集并转移传播ARGs和MGEs[14],且污水性质、植物特异性、基质材料和根际微环境[56,64-66]等是这一过程的主要影响因素.湿地植物营养器官对ARGs和MGEs富集转运的研究具有复杂性和学科交叉性,对其进行精确定量还存在一定的问题.因此,在后续的研究工作中我们将重点关注以下三个方面:(1)建立根际微生物在植物根系吸收ARGs机理中的作用.(2)利用荧光供菌体将层际、根际和内生菌联系起来,更清晰地揭示植物在诱导或传播ARGs中的作用.(3)ARGs从植物根际转移到叶片的机制研究.
3.1 土壤生态渗滤系统中鸢尾的生长状况良好,对农村污水中氨氮和COD的去除效果较优.
3.2 植物根际是MGEs转移的源头,鸢尾的地下部分对MGEs的富集能力高于地上部分.鸢尾对胞外MGEs的富集能力高于胞内.tnpA-04基因在植物营养器官中的转运能力高于intI1基因.
3.3 土壤总磷含量、细菌数量及MGEs丰度均会促进植物营养器官对MGEs的富集.
  • 甘肃省科技厅科技计划项目(22JR5RA335; 22JR9KA034)
  • 甘肃省教育厅高校科研创新平台重大培育项目(2024CXPT-14)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-06
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甘肃省科技厅科技计划项目(22JR5RA335; 22JR9KA034)
甘肃省教育厅高校科研创新平台重大培育项目(2024CXPT-14)
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    1.兰州交通大学环境与市政工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
    2.甘肃省黄河重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730070
    3.寒旱地区水资源综合利用教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730070

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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