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The co-pyrolysis of biomass/sewage sludge was demonstrated to facilitate efficient resource utilization, harmless treatment, and sludge volume reduction. Due to the complexity of co-pyrolysis reactions, it was deemed essential that the thermodynamic properties and product distribution of this process be systematically evaluated. The pyrolysis characteristics, synergistic effects, and product distribution of municipal sludge-peanut shell mixtures were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and a fixed-bed reactor. It was observed that significant synergistic interactions were exhibited during municipal sludge/peanut shell co-pyrolysis, primarily during the volatile release stage, where the synergistic effect was found to accelerate mixture pyrolysis. When the conversion rate (α) was below 0.7, the apparent activation energy was progressively reduced with increasing sludge mass ratio(SMR). Conversely, when α exceeded 0.7, the apparent activation energy sharply increased with higher SMR. The gas yield was enhanced with elevated pyrolysis temperatures, while liquid and solid yields were significantly diminished. Elevated temperatures were also shown to promote H2 and CH4 generation. Product yields and synergistic effects were strongly influenced by SMR, with the most pronounced co-pyrolysis synergy observed at an SMR of 40wt.%.

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使用热重分析仪和固定床反应器研究了市政污泥与花生壳混合物的热解特性、协同效应和产物分布.结果表明,市政污泥/花生壳共热解过程中存在显著的协同作用,主要发生在挥发分析出阶段,协同效应加速了混合物的热解.转化率α小于0.7时,表观活化能随污泥质量比(SMR)的增加而不断降低;当α大于0.7时,表观活化能随SMR的增加而急剧升高.气体产率随热解温度的增大而增加,但液体和固体产率显著降低,升高热解温度可促进H2和CH4的产生.产物产率和协同效应受SMR的影响较大,且当SMR为40wt.%时共热解协同效应最剧烈.

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郭世鹏(1998-),男,河南洛阳人,西安交通大学硕士研究生,主要从事低碳/零碳能源技术开发及应用研究.发表论文2篇..

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郭世鹏(1998-),男,河南洛阳人,西安交通大学硕士研究生,主要从事低碳/零碳能源技术开发及应用研究.发表论文2篇..

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郭世鹏(1998-),男,河南洛阳人,西安交通大学硕士研究生,主要从事低碳/零碳能源技术开发及应用研究.发表论文2篇..

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municipal sludge, and their blends at 600℃, figureFileSmall=suKu9yTJ9wHLSIenkw0Tgg==, figureFileBig=gHbEnnB9H4PWA/OEq6RrjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408737144001266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719829913747, language=CN, label=图8, caption=600℃时花生壳、市政污泥及其混合物热解产物分布与气体组成及其SEI值分析, figureFileSmall=suKu9yTJ9wHLSIenkw0Tgg==, figureFileBig=gHbEnnB9H4PWA/OEq6RrjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408737261441789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719829913747, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic properties of peanut shell and municipal sludge

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项目样品PSMS
工业分析(wt.%)a水分1.331.23
灰分14.1344.66
挥发分65.4350.44
固定碳19.113.67
元素分析(wt.%)b43.1025.49
5.443.96
35.1920.72
0.713.69
0.100.25
低位发热量(MJ/kg)16.3610.46
), ArticleFig(id=1241408737391465222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719829913747, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

花生壳和市政污泥的基础属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目样品PSMS
工业分析(wt.%)a水分1.331.23
灰分14.1344.66
挥发分65.4350.44
固定碳19.113.67
元素分析(wt.%)b43.1025.49
5.443.96
35.1920.72
0.713.69
0.100.25
低位发热量(MJ/kg)16.3610.46
), ArticleFig(id=1241408737550848784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719829913747, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pyrolysis characteristic parameters and comprehensive pyrolysis index D of the samples at 10℃/min

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Ti(℃)Te(℃)Tmax(℃)Tmax2(℃)ΔT1/2(℃)DTGmax(wt.%/min)DTGmax2(wt.%/min)DTGmean(wt.%/min)D×105(wt.%2/(℃3·min2))
PS250.06385.84328.39/71.38–6.18/–0.876.16
PS8MS2239.75705.59328.34673.8174.88–4.66–0.74–0.844.21
PS6MS4231.62708.47328.04686.1577.83–4.45–0.82–0.773.52
PS4MS6222.36714.41328.35683.3281.61–3.44–1.15–0.742.49
PS2MS8218.64719.28327.75685.4983.49–2.74–1.31–0.721.85
MS212.05725.59314.76696.00221.81–1.79–1.53–0.690.45
), ArticleFig(id=1241408737710232353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719829913747, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样品在10℃/min下的热解特性参数和综合热解指数D

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Ti(℃)Te(℃)Tmax(℃)Tmax2(℃)ΔT1/2(℃)DTGmax(wt.%/min)DTGmax2(wt.%/min)DTGmean(wt.%/min)D×105(wt.%2/(℃3·min2))
PS250.06385.84328.39/71.38–6.18/–0.876.16
PS8MS2239.75705.59328.34673.8174.88–4.66–0.74–0.844.21
PS6MS4231.62708.47328.04686.1577.83–4.45–0.82–0.773.52
PS4MS6222.36714.41328.35683.3281.61–3.44–1.15–0.742.49
PS2MS8218.64719.28327.75685.4983.49–2.74–1.31–0.721.85
MS212.05725.59314.76696.00221.81–1.79–1.53–0.690.45
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市政污泥与花生壳共热解协同效应及产物分布研究
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郭世鹏 1 , 王云刚 1, * , 白彦渊 1 , 修浩然 1 , 邹立 1 , 李飞翔 2 , 赵钦新 1
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(4): 2016-2027
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(4): 2016-2027
市政污泥与花生壳共热解协同效应及产物分布研究
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郭世鹏1 , 王云刚1, * , 白彦渊1, 修浩然1, 邹立1, 李飞翔2, 赵钦新1
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大,学热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2.湖北特种设备检测检测研究院,湖北 武汉 430077
  • 郭世鹏(1998-),男,河南洛阳人,西安交通大学硕士研究生,主要从事低碳/零碳能源技术开发及应用研究.发表论文2篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Investigation of synergistic pyrolysis effects and product distribution from Co-Pyrolysis of municipal sludge and peanut shells
Shi-peng GUO1 , Yun-gang WANG1, * , Yan-yuan BAI1, Hao-ran XIU1, Li ZOU1, Fei-xiang LI2, Qin-xin ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 2.Hubei Special Equipment Inspection and Testing Institute, Wuhan 430077, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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使用热重分析仪和固定床反应器研究了市政污泥与花生壳混合物的热解特性、协同效应和产物分布.结果表明,市政污泥/花生壳共热解过程中存在显著的协同作用,主要发生在挥发分析出阶段,协同效应加速了混合物的热解.转化率α小于0.7时,表观活化能随污泥质量比(SMR)的增加而不断降低;当α大于0.7时,表观活化能随SMR的增加而急剧升高.气体产率随热解温度的增大而增加,但液体和固体产率显著降低,升高热解温度可促进H2和CH4的产生.产物产率和协同效应受SMR的影响较大,且当SMR为40wt.%时共热解协同效应最剧烈.

生物质  /  热解  /  热力学  /  市政污泥  /  协同效用  /  热解产物

The co-pyrolysis of biomass/sewage sludge was demonstrated to facilitate efficient resource utilization, harmless treatment, and sludge volume reduction. Due to the complexity of co-pyrolysis reactions, it was deemed essential that the thermodynamic properties and product distribution of this process be systematically evaluated. The pyrolysis characteristics, synergistic effects, and product distribution of municipal sludge-peanut shell mixtures were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and a fixed-bed reactor. It was observed that significant synergistic interactions were exhibited during municipal sludge/peanut shell co-pyrolysis, primarily during the volatile release stage, where the synergistic effect was found to accelerate mixture pyrolysis. When the conversion rate (α) was below 0.7, the apparent activation energy was progressively reduced with increasing sludge mass ratio(SMR). Conversely, when α exceeded 0.7, the apparent activation energy sharply increased with higher SMR. The gas yield was enhanced with elevated pyrolysis temperatures, while liquid and solid yields were significantly diminished. Elevated temperatures were also shown to promote H2 and CH4 generation. Product yields and synergistic effects were strongly influenced by SMR, with the most pronounced co-pyrolysis synergy observed at an SMR of 40wt.%.

biomass  /  pyrolysis  /  thermodynamics  /  municipal sludge  /  synergistic effect  /  pyrolysis products
郭世鹏, 王云刚, 白彦渊, 修浩然, 邹立, 李飞翔, 赵钦新. 市政污泥与花生壳共热解协同效应及产物分布研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2016 -2027 .
Shi-peng GUO, Yun-gang WANG, Yan-yuan BAI, Hao-ran XIU, Li ZOU, Fei-xiang LI, Qin-xin ZHAO. Investigation of synergistic pyrolysis effects and product distribution from Co-Pyrolysis of municipal sludge and peanut shells[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2016 -2027 .
随着城镇化的快速发展,市政污泥(MS)产量逐年递增[1],我国2023年市政污泥产量超5500万t,城市处理率虽超97%,但农村不足30%,形势严峻[2].污泥含40wt.%以上有害物质,如病毒、细菌、有毒有机物与重金属等,处置不当会污染土壤、水和空气,引发社会问题[3].干燥污泥含5wt.%~10wt.%水、2wt.%~17wt.%脂肪、10wt.%~21wt.%蛋白质、15wt.%~30wt.%碳水化合物及30wt.%~50wt.%无机物,具潜在能源价值,可用于制氢[4-5].
填埋、焚烧、堆肥以及建材利用是我国污水污泥处理的主要手段,然而这些方法可能会造成严重的环境污染或需要较高的处理成本[6].例如填埋并未达到无害化和稳定化的污泥处理标准,可能会造成二次污染;高氮含量的污泥在燃烧过程中也会释放大量的氮氧化物,增加了尾气处理成本[7].热解可以将污泥转化为高附加值的燃气、生物油和焦炭,同时消灭了病毒和虫卵并避免了有毒有机物的生成,被认为是解决上述问题的有效手段[8-9].然而,高水分和灰分含量的污泥单独热解产生的燃料品质较差,热解气体产物中高百分比的CO2导致气体热值较低,污泥的高水分含量降低了生物油的品质,并且高灰分含量也造成固体焦炭的品质较差[10-11].
考虑到污泥的高水分和高灰分含量,将生物质与污泥共热解是改善污泥热解产物品质并提高污泥能量利用率的有效手段.生物质与污泥共热解可提高裂解气的产量及品质(具有相对高的CO和H2含量).另外,污泥热解产生的生物油中含有较高的含氮和含硫化合物,若直接利用这些生物油会产生大量NOx以及SOx污染气体,将木质纤维素类生物质与污泥共热解可以缓解这一问题,同时也可以提高生物油的热值[12].据Wang等[13]的报道,共热解也有助于降低热解反应能耗,因为生物质与污泥共热解所需的热量显著低于生物质或污泥的单独热解.相反地,污泥的掺入也会降低生物质热解产物的品质,这不利于生物质这类洁净能源的高效转化与高值化利用.因此,有关污泥与生物质共热解掺混比例、产物产率以及协同效应的研究一直备受研究者的青睐.
Liu等[14]认为共热解协同交互作用是由生物质中的自由基和污水污泥中的金属元素造成的.Alvarez等[15]利用锥形喷射床反应器开展了污水污泥与木质纤维素生物质的连续快速热解测试,证明了共热解过程中污泥与生物质之间的协同效应促进了气体和生物油的产生.王定美等[16]发现共热解在生物炭转化、碳氮元素转化和元素组织形式方面存在协同效应.Peng等[17]探讨了工业污泥和稻秆共热解的协同耦合机制以及共热解生物炭的表面官能团和孔隙结构特征,还研究了重金属的固化特性,发现生物质成分在共热解系统中提供了能量、固化了重金属并改善了产品质量.Dai等[18]也证明了共热解有助于提高污泥炭的吸附性能,由于碱及碱土金属的催化活性.然而,Zhu等[19]通过热重测试表明污水污泥与松木屑的共热解过程并不存在明显的协同效应.由此可见,由于共热解实验受到热解温度、原料类型、反应器以及测量精度等的影响,生物质与污泥共热解过程中是否存在协同性仍是一个不统一的结论.
本研究旨在将污泥与生物质转化为高附加值的能源产品,寻求一种经济可靠的固体废弃物处置方案.首先,采用热重分析仪测试了污泥与生物质混合物共热解过程的热失重特征,进而探究污泥与生物质之间共热解的协同效应.随后,一种积分等转换法被用于评估污泥与生物质共热解的热动力学参数.最后,采用固定床反应器探究了温度、污泥/生物质质量比等参数对污泥与生物质共热解三态(气/液/固)产物产率的影响.
在本研究中,花生壳(PS)与市政污泥分别来自于某花生种植基地(中国,江苏)和烟台市污水处理厂(中国,山东).两种样品均被放置于105℃的鼓风干燥箱(DHG-9070A,精宏,上海)中12h,以除去样品中多余的水分.随后,将这两种原料进行粉碎处理并选取粒径为0.074~0.15mm的颗粒作为实验样品.此外,将这两种样品按照一定的比例(花生壳:市政污泥=8:2,6:4,4:6,2:8)进行混合制备混合样品,并分别命名为PS8MS2,PS6MS4,PS4MS6和PS2MS8.
利用工业分析仪(5E-MAG6700,开元,中国,GB/T 212-2008[20])、元素分析仪(vario EL cube,Elementar,德国,GB/T 214-2007[21])以及氧弹量热计(C200,IKA,德国,GB/T 213-2008[22])分别对花生壳和市政污泥的基础成分进行了测试.表1展示了这两种燃料的基础特性.花生壳和市政污泥均是高挥发分、高氧含量的燃料,都具有较好的热解特性.花生壳的挥发分和固定碳含量均显著高于市政污泥,同时花生壳的灰分含量远低于市政污泥.这表明花生壳的热解过程比市政污泥会产生更多的合成气和焦油产物,而且由于花生壳的固定碳及碳含量远高于市政污泥,花生壳热解产生的固体焦炭也更多且品质更好,而市政污泥热解产生的固体产物中含有大量的灰分.另外,由于市政污泥相对低的固定碳含量和相对高的灰分含量,导致其低位发热量显著低于花生壳.
采用同步热分析仪(STA 449F3,Netzsch,德国)对样品在热解过程中的质量损失进行测试,该设备的测重精度为10-7g.对于每组实验,将样品的质量控制在(10±2)mg.实验样品分别以10,20,30和40℃/min的升温速率由室温加热至800℃.实验测试气氛为氮气,且其体积流量为100mL/min.此外,实验过程中也持续通入体积流量为50mL/min的氮气作为天平的保护气氛.
一个具有两段加热的固定床反应装置(图1)被用于测试样品热解过程中的产物分布及气体组分.该系统由氮气瓶、电加热炉、温度控制单元、石英反应器(长800mm,内径60mm)、多孔石英篮、冷凝单元、气体过滤和干燥单元以及气相色谱仪组成.
首先,以20℃/min的升温速率将石英反应器由室温加热至目标温度(400,500,600,700和800℃),同时向石英反应器中持续通入流量为200mL/min的N2以排除反应器中的空气.然后,待温度达到目标值后快速将装有(1±0.01)g样品的石英篮放置于石英反应器的反应区域,并开始气体采集.当热解过程进行20min后关闭电加热炉并停止气体采集,随后石英篮在氮气氛围下被冷却至室温.热解反应过程中,热解气首先通过冷凝单元除去可冷凝的焦油和水,然后不冷凝气体通过气体过滤及干燥单元进行净化和干燥处理.采用集气袋对热解气进行采集,并使用气相色谱仪(GC9790Ⅱ,福立,中国)对气体的组分(CO、CO2、H2、CH4、C2Hm(C2H4和C2H6))及对应的浓度进行测量.根据所测气体的组分和浓度,以N2为基准气体来估算其他气体的产率,并根据式(1)来估算气体的低热值LHV(MJ/m3[23].
式中: CO、CH4、H2和C2Hm分别为热解气体的体积百分比.
热解反应结束后,固体残余物被收集并测重.液相组分包括冷凝的焦油和水的产率基于质量平衡通过差减法来获得.针对每种热解条件,进行了3次重复试验以确保实验的可重复性.
为了进一步评估花生壳、市政污泥及其混合物的热解特性,计算了每个样品的综合热解指数(D,wt.%2/(℃3·min2)).综合热解指数用于表征样品热解反应的难度,该指数较高表示物质更容易热解,反之亦然[24].综合热解指数可以通过公式(2)确定:
式中:DTGmax和DTGmean分别是质量损失速率的最大值和平均值,wt.%/min;M是热解过程中的总质量损失,wt.%;Ti是初始温度,℃;Tmax是对应于最大质量损失速率的温度,℃;∆T1/2是DTG曲线上当DTG等于1/2DTGmax时,两点间的温度差.
为了探讨花生壳与市政污泥共热解过程中是否存在交互作用,并为了基于同一基准比较交互作用程度差异,提出了一个协同效应指数(SEI),其计算公式如下所示:
式中:Yt是假设花生壳和市政污泥共热解过程中不存在协同效应的理论值(包括热重测试中的热失重和固定床测试中的热解产物产率);YPSYMS分别是花生壳和市政污泥在热解过程中的实验值;SMR是混合物中污泥的质量比,wt.%;Ye是花生壳/市政污泥混合物在热解过程中的实验值.SEI值大于零表明花生壳与市政污泥之间存在促进协同作用,等于零表明没有协同作用,小于零表明存在抑制协同作用,其绝对值越大表明协同作用越强烈.
等转化无模型方法避免了反应模型的假设和确定,这大大减少了工作量,并且可以得到表观活化能(Eα)随转化率(α)的变化.因此,采用了一种优化的积分等转化方法(Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose方法)来估算Eα.Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose方程描述如下:
式中:βi是第i个温度程序下的升温速率,℃/min;Tα,i是在第i个温度程序下达到转化率α的温度,K;Eα是在转化率α时的表观活化能,kJ/mol;R是气体常数,其值为8.314J/(mol·K).α是转化率,其计算方式如下:
式中:m0是样品的初始质量,g;mt是时间t时的样品质量,g;m是热解后的残留质量,g.
图2(a)和(b)分别显示了花生壳和市政污泥在10℃/min的升温速率下的热解过程中得到的TG和DTG曲线.值得注意的是,DTG曲线是通过对TG曲线进行时间微分得到的图2(a)表明花生壳的热解过程可分为三个阶段,阶段1为干燥脱水及少量挥发分析出阶段(30~250.06℃),并且质量损失为8.87wt. %,该阶段主要发生水分的蒸发以及少量半纤维素的热分解.阶段2为挥发分析出阶段(250.06~ 385.84℃),该阶段为花生壳热解的主要失重阶段且质量损失为46.26wt.%.此阶段中大量半纤维素、纤维素以及木质素等有机物发生热解并产生热解可燃气、生物油和固体焦炭,TG曲线在短时间内快速下降,同时质量损失速率呈现出先升高后降低的趋势.阶段3为炭化阶段(385.84~800℃),主要进行木质素以及高分子碳水化合物的热解,以及焦炭的缩聚反应,此外,也伴随有挥发分的二次裂解,该阶段的质量损失为12.00wt.%.对于花生壳的热解,半纤维素和纤维素对热解可燃气和生物油产率的贡献较大,木质素对固体焦炭产率的贡献较大[25].不同于花生壳热解的三阶段质量损失,由图2(b)可以看出,由于成分相对较为复杂,市政污泥的热解过程可分为五个阶段.
阶段1为干燥脱水及少量挥发分析出阶段(30~212.05℃),质量损失为8.43wt.%,主要发生水分(包括自由水、吸附水和内部水等)的蒸发及少量易分解物质,如蛋白质和脂肪等的热分解.阶段2(212.05~409.63℃,质量损失为22.88wt.%)和阶段3(409.63~570.66℃,质量损失为9.99wt.%)均为挥发分析出阶段,主要发生大量蛋白质、糖类、脂肪以及碳水化合物的热裂解以及热解产物之间的相互作用,生成大量的可燃气体同时也产生一部分生物油.市政污泥的热解温度区间较长主要受其复杂的化学组成和化学键能的影响.市政污泥中含有大量的无机盐(如碳酸盐、硅酸盐等)和金属化合物(如铁、钙、镁等),这些成分的热分解通常发生在较高的温度区间(600~800℃),显著拉长了热解温度范围[26].此外,市政污泥中蛋白质、脂肪和糖类的分解涉及稳定的化学键(如C-N、C=O键),这些键的键能较高(如C-N键为305kJ/mol,C=O键为745kJ/mol),进一步增加了热解温度的需求[27].相比之下,花生壳主要由木质纤维素组成,其化学键(如C-H、C-O键)键能较低(约为410~460kJ/mol),使其热解反应能够在较低的温度范围内快速进行[28].
阶段4为少量挥发分析出及炭化阶段(570.66~725.59℃),主要发生较稳定物质,如盐类、高分子有机物的热裂解以及焦炭的缩聚反应,同时也会产生一部分芳香类物质,质量损失为10.24wt.%.阶段5为炭化阶段(725.59~800℃),该阶段温度较高,主要发生污泥中无机组分如碳酸盐、硅酸盐的热裂解,质量损失为1.94wt.%.花生壳和市政污泥在10℃/ min的升温速率下的热解属性由表2所示,可以看出市政污泥(212.05℃)的初始热解温度低于花生壳(250.06℃),这是因为市政污泥中的蛋白质及脂肪等物质在低温下即可发生分解.然而市政污泥(725.59℃)的终止热解温度显著高于花生壳(385.84℃),差值达到339.75℃,这是因为市政污泥中除了含有蛋白质、脂肪以及糖类等易分解物质外,还含有大量较难分解的无机矿物质及金属化合物等,这些组分的存在显著延长了市政污泥的热解温度区间[29].同时也观察到花生壳样品的DTG峰值以及平均值均显著高于市政污泥样品,这主要与花生壳中较高的挥发分含量有关,由表1所示.另外,花生壳的综合热解指数(6.16×10-5wt.%2/(℃3·min2))也明显高于市政污泥(0.45×10-5wt.%2/(℃3·min2)),这表明花生壳具有比市政污泥更高的热解反应活性.由于市政污泥的成分相对复杂且热解温度区域较广,因此在进行花生壳与市政污泥共热解时应根据热解产物的需求合理调控市政污泥的掺混质量比以及热解温度.
图3所示,混合物的TG和DTG曲线处于单独花生壳以及市政污泥样品之间,且继承了两种样品的热解特性,表明混合物的热解过程是单独花生壳和市政污泥热解的综合体现.图3(a)表明随着SMR的增加,混合物的总质量损失逐渐降低,这主要与花生壳比市政污泥更高的挥发分有关.此外,添加市政污泥后样品的热解区间明显向高温区域移动,在680℃附近存在较大的热失重(图3(b)),这是因为市政污泥的掺入增加了混合物中难分解无机盐的组分.由表2可以看出,随着SMR由20wt.%(PS8MS2)增加至80wt.%(PS2MS8),热解初始温度Ti由239.75℃降低至218.64℃,而热解终止温度Te则由705.59℃增加至719.28℃,表明市政污泥的加入会促进花生壳热解的发生,但也会延迟花生壳的热解进程.另外,随着SMR由20wt.%增加至80wt.%,DTGmax的值由4.66降低至2.74wt.%/min,且DTGmean的值也由0.84下降至0.72wt.%/min,这也说明了花生壳与市政污泥共热解可以弥补市政污泥单独热解的缺点(如气体产物产率低,热解气品质差等).表2也列出了混合物的综合热解指数D的计算结果,随着SMR由20增加至80wt.%,D由4.21×10-5wt.%2/(℃3·min2)降低至1.85×10-5wt.%2/(℃3·min2),表明市政污泥的掺混降低了混合物的热解反应活性.根据式2可知,虽然市政污泥的添加降低了混合物的Ti,但也显著降低了DTGmax、DTGmean以及M的数值,最终导致D数值随SMR的增加而显著下降.这也与Peng等[17]得到的结论一致.
混合物热解过程中是否存在两种单质样品之间的协同效应一直困扰着研究人员.Dai等人[30]通过实验研究证明玉米秸秆和市政污泥在共热解过程的挥发分析出阶段存在积极的协同作用,而在炭化阶段则存在消极的协同作用.Wang等[13]则认为小麦秸秆和污泥共热解整个阶段均存在积极的协同作用.因此,本研究引入了协同作用指数SEI来进一步探究花生壳与市政污泥共热解过程中的协同作用机制,式(3)和(4)给出了详细的SEI计算方法.图4展示了10℃/min条件下混合物的质量损失SEI曲线,可以看出在整个热解过程中SEI均为正值,表明花生壳与市政污泥共热解整个区间均存在积极的协同作用,这与Jin等[31]的研究结果一致.对于每个样品,SEI曲线均呈现出类似高斯分布的趋势,且SEI的数值均在Tmax附近达到最大值.在挥发分析出阶段(约300~400℃),市政污泥中的高浓度活性自由基(如H⋅和OH⋅)与花生壳释放的大量芳香烃、醇类等挥发性组分发生次级裂解和重整反应,形成协同增强效应[32].与此同时,污泥中的碱及碱土金属(AAEM,如Ca、Mg、K)通过降低挥发性组分和焦油的活化能,加速了其裂解过程,这些自由基生成速率和催化效应的叠加作用导SEI在Tmax附近达到峰值[33].
结合图3可以看出,花生壳与市政污泥共热解协同作用主要发生在挥发分析出阶段,干燥脱水阶段以及炭化阶段的协同效应相对较弱.有关花生壳与市政污泥共热解协同作用的解释如下[34-35]:(1)市政污泥在热解过程中会产生大量H和-OH等活性自由基,这些自由基会促进花生壳中芳环结构(如纤维素、木质素等)的裂解;(2)花生壳中含有的碱及碱土金属也会促进市政污泥中蛋白质、脂肪以及糖类物质等的热解.图4也表明,相同温度条件下的SEI随着SMR的增加呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,且在SMR为40wt.%(花生壳6市政污泥4)时达到最大值.当SMR低于40wt.%时,随着SMR的增加,混合物中较多的市政污泥在热解过程中会为花生壳提供更多的H和-OH等活性自由基,进一步促进了花生壳的热解.当SMR高于40wt.%时,随着SMR的增加,混合物中的花生壳含量逐渐降低,导致花生壳无法提供充足的受体接受来自市政污泥热解产生的大量活性自由基,因此两种样品之间的交互作用减弱[36].
根据公式5,通过绘制不同升温速率条件下的散点图并进行线性拟合,然后根据拟合直线的斜率即可计算得到表观活化能Eα.在这里使用了Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS)方法来计算活化能.KAS方法在估算生物质与污泥共热解表观活化能时,具有避免反应机理假设的优势,但也存在一定的误差.其主要误差来源包括实验数据精度、升温速率选择、复杂反应过程中的单一反应假设偏差,以及热分析设备的热滞效应.文献[37]指出,对于简单体系(如单一组分热解),KAS方法的误差通常在5%~10%范围内;但对于复杂多相体系(如生物质和污泥的混合物),误差可能高达10%~15%.本研究中进一步对比了Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO)方法,结果表明两种方法估算的Eα在不同转化率Eα阶段的变化趋势一致,误差范围小于10%,验证了方法的适用性.同时,通过重复实验分析,标准偏差控制在±8%,支持实验数据的可靠性.KAS方法在估算生物质与污泥共热解过程中的表观活化能时具有一定的优势.其通过多升温速率下的非等温实验数据拟合,避免了对反应模型的假设,可以较准确地描述复杂体系中的动力学变化特性.然而,该方法对实验数据的质量和测量精度要求较高,且无法揭示具体的反应机理.相比之下,Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO)和Coats-Redfern等方法在结合反应机理分析时可能更具优势[38].未来工作中,可通过多种动力学模型的结合,进一步验证实验结果的可靠性.在转化率α<0.7的阶段,活化能随污泥质量比例(SMR)的增加而逐渐降低,与Liu等[39]和Wang[40]等的研究结果一致,表明污泥中活性自由基和碱及碱土金属的存在降低了反应活化能.然而,在α>0.7的阶段,活化能迅速升高可能与污泥中高灰分和无机矿物成分的热解行为相关,这一趋势在Zhu等[41]的研究中也得到了验证.
本研究中主要对各样品的主要失重区间(Ti-Te)的热动力学参数进行评估,即定义TiTe对应的转化率α分别为0和1.图5展示了花生壳的1/T线性拟合结果,对其他样品也进行了相同的数据处理.所有样品的Eαα的变化如图6所示,可以看出随着α的增加,花生壳的Eα展现出持续下降的趋势.花生壳的热解是一个阶段性反应过程,每个阶段中发生热解的物质及数量均不相同.当温度超过Ti后,花生壳样品迅速发生热解并产生大量挥发分,由于参与热解的成分较多,导致所需要的热量也越多,初始阶段的Eα也相对较高.随着热解反应的进行,样品中发生裂解的物质含量逐渐降低,因此也造成Eα的持续降低.即使热解反应后期较稳定物质(苯环结构)热裂解所需的能量相对较高,但其较低的含量也导致Eα的逐渐降低.与花生壳的单调递减趋势不同,市政污泥的Eα随转化率的增加表现出先下降后上升的趋势.α超过0.7后Eα的显著上升主要归因于市政污泥中无机盐类和高分子有机物的热裂解以及焦炭的缩聚反应(图2(b)),这些反应均需要吸收大量的热量.
另外,整个热解过程中市政污泥(103.04kJ/mol)的平均Eα被观察到低于花生壳(129.93kJ/mol),这主要与花生壳更剧烈的挥发分析出阶段有关.图6也表明混合物的Eα曲线介于单独花生壳及市政污泥之间,且根据曲线的变化可分为两个阶段.在第1阶段(0<α<0.7),相同α条件下,Eα随着SMR的增加而逐渐降低,主要是因为SMR的增加会降低混合物中挥发分的含量,因此导致在挥发分析出阶段SMR更高的样品对应的Eα较低,该阶段可以被称为“挥发分主导”阶段.在第2阶段(0.7<α<1.0),相同α条件下,Eα则随着SMR的增加而显著升高,这主要与市政污泥中较高的无机盐和高分子有机物含量有关,该阶段也可以被称为“焦炭主导”阶段.随着SMR由20wt.%(PS8MS2)增加至80wt.%(PS2MS8),Eα由126.61kJ/mol降低至109.28kJ/mol,表明市政污泥的增加可以使混合物更容易发生热解,但同时也降低了混合物的热解反应强度.
热解温度显著影响了样品的热解产物分布以及热解气组分.图7(a)和(b)分别展示了花生壳在不同热解温度下的气液固三相产物产率及气体组分.图7(a)表明随着热解温度由400℃升高至800℃,气体产率由12.54wt.%持续增加至36.81wt.%,而液体产率和固体产率则分别由47.21wt.%降低至29.03wt.%、由40.25wt.%降低至34.16wt.%.一方面,增加热解温度会促进焦油的热裂解及焦炭转化效率;另一方面,较高的热解温度也会促进轻烃(如C2H4、C2H6和C3H8等)热分解及重整反应的进行.此外,花生壳的热解气体组分之间也可以相互反应,或与焦油、焦炭反应产生更多的气态产物,具体如下所示:
图7(b)可以看出,随着热解温度由400℃升高至800℃,热解气中H2含量由8.41vol.%增加至36.28vol.%.根据上述讨论,增加热解温度会促进热解气之间以及与焦油和炭的反应强度,因此造成H2含量的持续增加.CO和CO2含量随着热解温度的增加呈现出持续降低的趋势,分别在800℃处达到最小值27.37%vol.%和16.20%vol.%.
据报道,热解过程中CO和CO2的产生主要来源于纤维素和半纤维素中含氧官能团的热裂解,如脱羰基和脱羧基反应.脱羰基和脱羧基反应分别有助于CO和CO2的产生[42].另外,CH4含量随热解温度的增加在13.83vol.%~15.43vol.%范围内缓慢增加,而C2Hm含量则随温度的升高呈现出先降低后升高的趋势.一方面,较高的热解温度有助于焦油和焦炭的热裂解,以产生更多的碳氢气体(如CH4、C2H4和C2H6等).另一方面,热解温度的增加也会促进这些碳氢气体的热裂解并产生C和H2[43].因此,热解气中CH4和C2Hm含量随温度的变化是这两类反应协同作用的结果.花生壳热解气体产物的低位发热量LHV随热解温度的升高而持续增加.值得注意的是,在400~600℃范围内LHV的增长速率十分缓慢,而在600~700℃范围内则快速升高,最后又趋于平缓.结合图7(b)和式(1)分析,600~700℃范围内LHV的快速升高主要归因于H2、CH4以及C2Hm的显著增加.
图8(a)展示了600℃时不同样品热解过程中的三态(气/液/固)产物产率.单独花生壳热解的气体(28.15wt.%)和液体(35.28wt.%)产率均高于单独市政污泥热解(20.04wt.%和27.53wt.%),而花生壳的固体产率(36.57wt.%)则显著低于市政污泥(52.43wt.%),归因于市政污泥中相比花生壳较低的挥发分含量和较高的灰分含量.随着SMR由20wt.%增加至80wt.%,气体和液体产率分别由28.41wt.%降低至23.04wt.%,由31.24wt.%降低至28.03wt.%,而固体产率则由40.35wt.%增加至48.93wt.%.为了探究花生壳和市政污泥共热解过程中是否存在协同效应,也在图8(a)中展示了三态产物产率的理论计算值.可以看出对于每一种混合物,气体产率的实验值均高于理论值,而液体产率的实验值均低于理论值;对于固体产率而言,实验值与理论值之间的差异较小.这些现象表明花生壳与市政污泥共热解过程中可能存在协同交互作用,协同效用促进了挥发分及焦油的热裂解和重整反应,导致产生了更多的气体产物和更少的液体产物,但对固体产物的影响相对较小.
图8(b)为600℃时不同样品热解过程中三态产物产率的SEI值.可以明显看出混合热解过程中气体产率和液体产率的SEI绝对值在SMR为40wt.%时达到最大值,表明此范围内的协同效应最为剧烈.气体产率的SEI随着SMR的增加呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,而液体产率的SEI则与气体产率相反,随SMR表现出先降低后升高的趋势.花生壳与市政污泥之间的协同效应归因于花生壳与市政污泥中活性自由基的相互作用,以及花生壳底灰与市政污泥中碱及碱土金属(AAEM)的催化活性,促进了一次裂解挥发性产物以及焦油的热裂解,导致气体产率增加但液体产率降低[44].另外,花生壳及市政污泥中的H和OH自由基也会抑制一次裂解产生的芳香类化合物的二次缩聚、结合以及交联反应,进而抑制焦油的生成[45].当SMR低于40wt.%时,更多的市政污泥掺入会为花生壳提供更多的活性自由基以及AAEM元素,因此花生壳与市政污泥之间的协同效应逐渐增强;当SMR超过40wt.%后,SMR的增加会降低混合物中花生壳的百分比,导致H受体含量显著降低,交互作用也逐渐降低,这与TG测试得到的结论一致.
图8(c)展示了600℃时不同样品热解过程中的气体组分.观察到花生壳热解产生的CO、CO2、H2、CH4和C2Hm含量分别为31.42,26.78,23.84,14.58和3.38vol.%,而对于市政污泥的热解,这些值分别为19.68,30.57,16.24,21.84和11.67vol.%,这表明花生壳含有更多的CO和H2,但CO2、CH4和C2Hm的含量却比市政污泥少.热解气组分的差异主要归因于这两个样品完全不同的组分,市政污泥主要由易发生分解的糖类、脂肪和蛋白质组成,而花生壳主要由高稳定性和较难分解的半纤维素、纤维素以及木质素组成[46].此外,由于市政污泥热解气体中较高的CH4和C2Hm含量,导致热解过程中市政污泥的气体热值(19.30MJ/m3)高于花生壳(13.86MJ/m3).CO和H2含量随着SMR的增加而线性降低,但CH4和C2Hm含量随SMR而显著增加,这也造成了混合物热解的气体LHV随SMR的增加而逐渐增加.值得注意的是,CO2含量随SMR的变化不明显.混合物热解气体成分以及LHV的变化主要是因为市政污泥的添加增加了混合物中芳香结构含量但也减少了甲基基团和含氧官能团(羰基和羧基等)的含量.根据式(3)得到了样品热解过程中气体组分的理论计算值,如图8(c)所示.对于每种样品,可以观察到H2和CO2含量的实验值高于理论计算值,但CO、CH4和C2Hm含量的实验值均低于理论计算值,这也决定了混合物热解气体LHV的实验值低于理论计算值.以上现象表明花生壳与市政污泥之间的协同交互作用会促进H2和CO2的产生,但同时会抑制CO、CH4以及C2Hm的生成.这是因为市政污泥中的活性自由基与AAEM成分会促进花生壳中含氧官能团的热分解,产生更多的CO2.含有丰富蛋白质和糖类的市政污泥热解产生的大量H2O会与挥发分一次裂解产生的CO发生水煤气变换反应,导致生成更多的CO2同时减小CO含量.另外,市政污泥中AAEM的催化活性也会增强CH4和C2Hm的脱氢反应强度,导致H2含量增加而CH4和C2Hm含量降低.另外污泥释放的大量H2O与花生壳热解产生的CO发生水煤气反应生成CO2和H2,其次生物质热解生成的有机酸(如甲酸、乙酸)和羧基化合物在高温下裂解,释放出CO2.而且在高温炭化阶段(600~800℃),混合燃料焦炭表面的氢原子释放形成H2.尽管这些反应提高了H2的产量,但由于抑制了热值较高的CH4和CO的生成,导致热解气的实际发热量低于计算值,表现出负协同效应.
为了归一化地探究花生壳与市政污泥共热解过程中的协同效应,图8(d)展示了样品热解过程中气体组分的SEI值.各种气体组分的SEI绝对值在20wt.%~60wt.%的SMR范围内较大,表明此范围内协同效应较为剧烈.随着SMR的增加,H2和CO2组分的SEI呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,且在SMR为40wt.%附近达到最大值;而CH4以及C2Hm组分的SEI值则呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,且在SMR为40wt.%附近达到最小值.相对而言,SMR对CO组分的SEI影响较小.热解气体组分的SEI值随SMR增加的变化趋势与三态产物产率相似.上述分析表明在适当的混合比例下(20wt.%~60wt.%)花生壳与市政污泥之间存在较为剧烈的协同效应,且协同效应是复杂的.这种协同交互作用对不同气体产物的影响也不同.
3.1 市政污泥的掺入降低了花生壳/市政污泥混合物的初始热解温度,延长了混合物的热解反应进程,同时也由于较高的灰分及难分解无机物含量降低了综合热解指数.热重测试结果表明花生壳与市政污泥的协同交互作用主要发生在挥发分析出阶段,且当污泥质量比SMR为40wt.%(PS6MS4)时协同作用最剧烈.
3.2 热解过程中花生壳的表观活化能Eα随转化率增加而持续降低,但市政污泥和混合物则随转化率表现出先升高后降低的趋势.在“挥发分主导”阶段(0<α<0.7),相同转化率α条件下Eα随SMR的增加而逐渐降低;而在“焦炭主导”阶段(0.7<α<1.0),Eα则随着SMR的增加而显著升高.
3.3 对于花生壳的单独热解,热解温度的升高增加了气体产率,但显著降低了液体及固体产率.热解温度的增加也促进了H2和CH4组分的产生,但抑制了CO2与CO的生成,最终导致气体LHV持续增加.市政污泥的掺混比例显著影响了混合物热解的三态产物产率、气体组成以及协同效应程度.观察到花生壳和市政污泥共热解时最强的协同作用是在SMR为40wt.%.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52276085)
  • 湖北省市场监管局技术保障专项(Hbscjg-JS2022004)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-09
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52276085)
湖北省市场监管局技术保障专项(Hbscjg-JS2022004)
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    1.西安交通大,学热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2.湖北特种设备检测检测研究院,湖北 武汉 430077

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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