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To address the issue of biases in the representational capabilities of existing assessment methods for ozone pollution meteorological conditions, stemming from a lack of boundary layer indicators, this study utilized meteorological and environmental observation data collected from 2019 to 2023. By integrating ozone numerical simulations and incorporating source tracking along with process rate analysis techniques within the model framework, we developed a joint model and observation-based Tianjin Ozone Pollution Meteorological Condition Assessment Index (OWI). This index aims to accurately assess ozone pollution meteorological conditions in Tianjin. The research findings reveal a strong correlation between ozone concentrations and various meteorological factors. The OWI index was constructed based on parameters such as average temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, daily precipitation, daytime ultraviolet radiation, midday ultraviolet radiation, sunshine duration, average wind speed, and wind direction. It effectively characterizes the impact of these meteorological conditions on ozone levels. Notably, this index exhibits a correlation coefficient of 0.82 with O3 concentration and demonstrates an ability to identify 82% of mild or more severe ozone pollution incidents. Furthermore, by analyzing the effects of daytime and nighttime boundary layer heights on precursor diffusion processes—such as near-surface nitrogen oxide titration and vertical exchange of ozone—the study addresses potential overestimations in O3 concentrations by the OWI index under favorable vertical diffusion conditions. To optimize the OWI index further, we incorporated indicators for both daytime and nighttime boundary layer heights. Through ozone numerical simulations, the study calculated the effects of horizontal and vertical transport, convection, chemical generation, turbulent mixing, and regional transport on ozone levels. By combining simulation results with observations, the OWI index was oized under specific conditions, such as adjusting upwards when daytime vertical transport exceeds 15µg/(m3⋅h) or daytime ozone chemical generation exceeds 20µg/(m3⋅h); and considering surrounding meteorological conditions and ozone transport impacts when regional transport was too strong.

, correspAuthors=Zi-ying CAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-ying CAI, Jian HAO, -min ZHANG, Wen-yan FAN, Su-qin HAN, Xiao-bin QIU, Yin-xiao TANG, Xu YANG, Qing YAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408730181464396, articleId=1241408719737647421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于数值模拟天津臭氧污染特征及其气象影响评估分析方法研究, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对现有臭氧污染气象条件评估方法缺少边界层指标导致表征能力偏差问题,基于2019~2023年气象和环境观测数据,结合臭氧数值模拟,在实现模式臭氧标记法源追踪和过程速率分析技术嵌入基础上,联合观测数据构建天津臭氧污染气象条件评估指数(OWI),实现天津臭氧污染气象条件精准评估.研究结果表明:臭氧浓度和气象条件密切相关,基于平均气温、最高气温、相对湿度、日降水量、白天紫外辐射、午间紫外辐射、日照时数、平均风速和风向构建OWI指数,可初步实现气象条件对臭氧浓度影响表征,该指数与O3浓度相关系数0.82,可识别82%的臭氧轻度及以上污染.分析白天和夜间边界层高度对前体物扩散、近地面氮氧化物滴定和臭氧垂直交换影响,针对垂直扩散条件较好时,OWI指数表征O3浓度较实况偏高问题,增加白天和夜间边界层高度指标优化OWI指数.通过臭氧数值模拟,实现水平、垂直输送、对流、化学生成、湍流混合和区域输送对臭氧浓度影响计算,联合模拟结果和观测,优化特定条件下OWI指数,如白天垂直输送大于15μg/(m3⋅h),白天臭氧化学生成量大于20μg/(m3⋅h),适当调高OWI指数;区域输送过强时,计算周边臭氧污染气象条件指标,综合判断气象条件对臭氧影响.

, correspAuthors=蔡子颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,正高级工程师,
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蔡子颖(1984-),男,江苏扬州人,正高级工程师,硕士,主要从事大气环境数值模拟研究.表论文82篇..

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蔡子颖(1984-),男,江苏扬州人,正高级工程师,硕士,主要从事大气环境数值模拟研究.表论文82篇..

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蔡子颖(1984-),男,江苏扬州人,正高级工程师,硕士,主要从事大气环境数值模拟研究.表论文82篇..

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a全样本,b夜间边界层高度大于500m

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The weight coefficient of the fine particulate meteorological diffusion index in Tianjin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目和权重分段
12345678910
最高气温Tmax(℃)19.526.528.529.530.531.532.534.536.5
权重系数10.660.760.900.961.061.071.191.301.411.59
平均气温T(℃)13.518.521.523.526.527.528.530.531.5
权重系数20.650.760.850.9311.121.221.361.391.51
相对湿度RH(%)35778590
权重系数311.080.910.720.54
白天紫外辐射(W/m2)12151923
权重系数40.620.790.890.991.09
午间紫外辐射(W/m2)1418222429
权重系数50.670.800.920.961.061.10
10m风速W(m/s)1.42.633.5
权重系数611.040.940.880.70
日降水量R(mm)01025
权重系数710.860.830.7
日照时数S(h)3568
权重系数80.70.910.961.041.11
), ArticleFig(id=1241408742856651080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719737647421, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

天津地区臭氧污染气象条件指数权重系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目和权重分段
12345678910
最高气温Tmax(℃)19.526.528.529.530.531.532.534.536.5
权重系数10.660.760.900.961.061.071.191.301.411.59
平均气温T(℃)13.518.521.523.526.527.528.530.531.5
权重系数20.650.760.850.9311.121.221.361.391.51
相对湿度RH(%)35778590
权重系数311.080.910.720.54
白天紫外辐射(W/m2)12151923
权重系数40.620.790.890.991.09
午间紫外辐射(W/m2)1418222429
权重系数50.670.800.920.961.061.10
10m风速W(m/s)1.42.633.5
权重系数611.040.940.880.70
日降水量R(mm)01025
权重系数710.860.830.7
日照时数S(h)3568
权重系数80.70.910.961.041.11
), ArticleFig(id=1241408743037006160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719737647421, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The weight coefficient for different wind directions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
北-东北东南西南西西北静风
0.70.931.111.221.160.910.71
), ArticleFig(id=1241408743125086552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719737647421, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同风向权重系数β

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
北-东北东南西南西西北静风
0.70.931.111.221.160.910.71
), ArticleFig(id=1241408743229944162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719737647421, language=EN, label=Tab 3, caption=

Percentage of ozone transport from different regions to Tianjin(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目区域输送均值区域输送1.5倍区域输送2倍
北京对天津5.98.917.8
河北中南部对天津17.225.834.4
河北北部对天津8.112.216.2
山东对天津16.324.532.7
河南对天津5.78.511.3
内蒙古对天津7.310.914.6
辽宁对天津3.14.76.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241408743330607464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719737647421, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同区域的区域输送对天津臭氧的影响(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目区域输送均值区域输送1.5倍区域输送2倍
北京对天津5.98.917.8
河北中南部对天津17.225.834.4
河北北部对天津8.112.216.2
山东对天津16.324.532.7
河南对天津5.78.511.3
内蒙古对天津7.310.914.6
辽宁对天津3.14.76.2
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基于数值模拟天津臭氧污染特征及其气象影响评估分析方法研究
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蔡子颖 1, 2, 3, * , 郝囝 3 , 张敏 1, 2 , 樊文雁 1 , 韩素芹 1, 2 , 邱晓滨 3 , 唐颖潇 1, 2 , 杨旭 1, 2 , 姚青 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1810-1819
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1810-1819
基于数值模拟天津臭氧污染特征及其气象影响评估分析方法研究
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蔡子颖1, 2, 3, * , 郝囝3, 张敏1, 2, 樊文雁1, 韩素芹1, 2, 邱晓滨3, 唐颖潇1, 2, 杨旭1, 2, 姚青1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.天津市环境气象中心,天津 300074
  • 2.中国气象局-南开大学大气环境与健康研究联合实验室,天津 300074
  • 3.天津市气象科学研究所,天津 300074
  • 蔡子颖(1984-),男,江苏扬州人,正高级工程师,硕士,主要从事大气环境数值模拟研究.表论文82篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,正高级工程师,
Research on the characteristics of ozone pollution and meteorological impact assessment method in Tianjin based on numerical simulation
Zi-ying CAI1, 2, 3, * , Jian HAO3, -min ZHANG1, 2, Wen-yan FAN1, Su-qin HAN1, 2, Xiao-bin QIU3, Yin-xiao TANG1, 2, Xu YANG1, 2, Qing YAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Tianjin Environmental Meteorological Center, Tianjin 300074, China
  • 2.CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300074, China
  • 3.Tianjin Institute of Meteorology, Tianjin 300074, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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针对现有臭氧污染气象条件评估方法缺少边界层指标导致表征能力偏差问题,基于2019~2023年气象和环境观测数据,结合臭氧数值模拟,在实现模式臭氧标记法源追踪和过程速率分析技术嵌入基础上,联合观测数据构建天津臭氧污染气象条件评估指数(OWI),实现天津臭氧污染气象条件精准评估.研究结果表明:臭氧浓度和气象条件密切相关,基于平均气温、最高气温、相对湿度、日降水量、白天紫外辐射、午间紫外辐射、日照时数、平均风速和风向构建OWI指数,可初步实现气象条件对臭氧浓度影响表征,该指数与O3浓度相关系数0.82,可识别82%的臭氧轻度及以上污染.分析白天和夜间边界层高度对前体物扩散、近地面氮氧化物滴定和臭氧垂直交换影响,针对垂直扩散条件较好时,OWI指数表征O3浓度较实况偏高问题,增加白天和夜间边界层高度指标优化OWI指数.通过臭氧数值模拟,实现水平、垂直输送、对流、化学生成、湍流混合和区域输送对臭氧浓度影响计算,联合模拟结果和观测,优化特定条件下OWI指数,如白天垂直输送大于15μg/(m3⋅h),白天臭氧化学生成量大于20μg/(m3⋅h),适当调高OWI指数;区域输送过强时,计算周边臭氧污染气象条件指标,综合判断气象条件对臭氧影响.

臭氧  /  污染气象条件评估  /  环境模式  /  边界层  /  天津

To address the issue of biases in the representational capabilities of existing assessment methods for ozone pollution meteorological conditions, stemming from a lack of boundary layer indicators, this study utilized meteorological and environmental observation data collected from 2019 to 2023. By integrating ozone numerical simulations and incorporating source tracking along with process rate analysis techniques within the model framework, we developed a joint model and observation-based Tianjin Ozone Pollution Meteorological Condition Assessment Index (OWI). This index aims to accurately assess ozone pollution meteorological conditions in Tianjin. The research findings reveal a strong correlation between ozone concentrations and various meteorological factors. The OWI index was constructed based on parameters such as average temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, daily precipitation, daytime ultraviolet radiation, midday ultraviolet radiation, sunshine duration, average wind speed, and wind direction. It effectively characterizes the impact of these meteorological conditions on ozone levels. Notably, this index exhibits a correlation coefficient of 0.82 with O3 concentration and demonstrates an ability to identify 82% of mild or more severe ozone pollution incidents. Furthermore, by analyzing the effects of daytime and nighttime boundary layer heights on precursor diffusion processes—such as near-surface nitrogen oxide titration and vertical exchange of ozone—the study addresses potential overestimations in O3 concentrations by the OWI index under favorable vertical diffusion conditions. To optimize the OWI index further, we incorporated indicators for both daytime and nighttime boundary layer heights. Through ozone numerical simulations, the study calculated the effects of horizontal and vertical transport, convection, chemical generation, turbulent mixing, and regional transport on ozone levels. By combining simulation results with observations, the OWI index was oized under specific conditions, such as adjusting upwards when daytime vertical transport exceeds 15µg/(m3⋅h) or daytime ozone chemical generation exceeds 20µg/(m3⋅h); and considering surrounding meteorological conditions and ozone transport impacts when regional transport was too strong.

ozone  /  pollution weather condition assessment  /  environmental models  /  boundary layer  /  Tianjin
蔡子颖, 郝囝, 张敏, 樊文雁, 韩素芹, 邱晓滨, 唐颖潇, 杨旭, 姚青. 基于数值模拟天津臭氧污染特征及其气象影响评估分析方法研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1810 -1819 .
Zi-ying CAI, Jian HAO, -min ZHANG, Wen-yan FAN, Su-qin HAN, Xiao-bin QIU, Yin-xiao TANG, Xu YANG, Qing YAO. Research on the characteristics of ozone pollution and meteorological impact assessment method in Tianjin based on numerical simulation[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1810 -1819 .
O3作为一种光化学污染,是挥发性有机物和氮氧化物在太阳光照射下发生光化学反应的产物.长时间和高浓度O3污染事件爆发是夏季高温强辐射天气困扰人们的重要大气环境问题[1].短期内臭氧波动受气象因素诱导,长期主要受前体物排放变化和气候变化影响,臭氧污染过程往往伴随高温、低湿、强辐射等气象特征,各级气象与生态环境部门基于气象对臭氧浓度影响的可预测性,联合开展了臭氧及其污染气象条件预报,并在全国范围开展气象条件对臭氧影响评估业务.
臭氧污染气象条件预报评估技术可分为三类,天气学分析法、统计分析法和数值模拟法.天气学分析法由业务人员通过分析气温、辐射等光化学气象条件,以及环流、地面形势和风场,预判和诊断臭氧污染发生潜势[2-4],天气分析法依赖主观经验、臭氧污染概念模型[4]以及分析阈值指标.统计分析法则是通过数据分析挖掘建立数据之间关联关系,过去主要为回归方程,随着人工智能和机器学习技术[5-7]发展,诸如BP神经网络和卷积神经网络[8]等技术更多应用于现阶段臭氧污染气象条件预报和评估,且呈现了不错效果,如张恒德等[9]基于BP神经网络预测京津冀地区O3,预报值和实况相关系数在0.8以上.数值模式是利用计算机求解关于大气动力、大气物理、大气化学以及陆面作用的数学方程来实现臭氧预测模拟,目前已发展至第三代空气质量模型,国外模型主要有WRF/Chem、CMAQ和CAMx,国内有NAQPMS、CMA-CUACE和NJU-CAQPS [10-13].
科学实现臭氧污染气象条件预报和评估,首要是光化学条件[14-15]分析,紫外辐射驱动VOCs和氮氧化物光解[16-17].气温直接影响光化学反应速率,以及通过影响土壤氮氧化物和BVOC排放间接调控O3生成[18-19].其次为扩散和干湿清除,风通过垂直扩散和水平输送影响O3及其前体物浓度[20],京津冀和山东对天津O3输送贡献为48.3%[21].目前中国气象局印发《气象条件对臭氧浓度变化影响评估服务规范》建立的环流、气温、辐射、风和降水为指标臭氧污染气象条件评估方法即从这个思路建立[22-23].由于臭氧三维传输特征,该方法可能存在两点不足:一是中-重污染,只分析光化学条件,不分析垂直输送和湍流混合,易造成中-重臭氧污染轻判.二是良-轻污染,只分析光化学条件,不分析边界层对前体物扩散影响,对于华北雨季和高温重叠的7~9月,易造成臭氧污染高估[24-25].
基于此,本文在建立天津气温、辐射、风和降水臭氧污染气象条件评估指标(OWI)基础上,增加边界层分析指标,并引入大气化学模式WRF/Chem,改写相关代码实现臭氧区域输送、水平、对流和垂直输送、湍流混合、干湿沉降、化学生成对臭氧浓度影响定量计算,以此为基础优化OWI指数,适应新阶段蓝天保卫战需要,为高质量发展臭氧污染气象条件评估业务奠定基础.
本文观测数据分为三部分,一是生态环境部门O3质量浓度监测数据,包括天津地区20个空气质量站逐小时数据,时间为2013~2023年,采用环境空气质量标准(GB 3095—2012)[26]对数据进行质量控制;二是天津市气象局风、温度、湿度、降水、紫外辐射、辐射和日照时数观测数据,包括天津地区13个国家级站点逐小时数据,时间为2018~2023年,数据来自气象大数据云平台天擎,数据质量经过严格控制;三是夜间和白天边界层高度,主要为大气化学模式WRF/Chem模拟数据,时间为2018~2023年.
基于大气化学模式WRF/Chem实现臭氧模拟,该模式是NCAR和NOAA联合一些大学和研发机构开发的中尺度在线大气化学模式,模式考虑大气污染的化学过程、平流输送、湍流扩散、干湿沉降过程等,在全球空气质量预报和模拟中有广泛运用.气相化学过程采用CBMZ(Common Basis Set Multiscale Zero-dimensional)机制,气溶胶过程采用MOSAIC(Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry),主要物理过程设置如下:积云对流方案采用GRELL-3D,微物理过程采用WSM5 (Weather Research and Forecasting Single-Moment 5-class microphysics scheme),长波辐射方案和短波辐射方案均采用RRTMG,考虑气溶胶直接辐射反馈,边界层方案使用YSU方案,模式采用两层嵌套,外层水平分辨率27km,水平网格81×81,内层9km分辨率,121×121,垂直32层(图1).模式的人为排放源使用清华大学MEIC(Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China)排放源清单(2020版本),分辨率0.25°× 0.25°,在天津地区使用20个空气质量监测站实况数据和相关排放源统计信息进行时空细化,气象初始场和背景场均使用NCEP的FNL全球1°×1°数据,模拟时间为2022年4月1日~2022年9月30日,2023年4月1日~2023年9月30日,模拟采用24h滚动计算,每24h重新使用一次NCEP的FNL气象初始场,污染初始场则为上一次的模拟值.模式优化包括三个方面:一是通过增加代码实现臭氧标记法源追踪[27-29],实现周边29个省市臭氧对天津输送贡献计算;二是通过修改模式注册表和开启chemdiag功能[28],实现臭氧不同物理化学过程分解计算,包括水平、垂直输送、对流、化学生成、湍流混合和干沉降计算,其中干沉降计算为增加相关代码实现功能新增.模拟期间臭氧实况和模拟值相关系数0.68,相对误差18%,模拟均值149μg/m3,实况均值147μg/m3,具有较好模拟性能(图2).
2013~2023年天津O3评价浓度(最大8h平均浓度第90百分位数)呈先上升后波动变化特征(图3).其中2013~2016年评价浓度152μg/m3;2017~2020年达到峰值,为196μg/m3;2021年受疫情和气象条件影响(不利臭氧生成),降至160μg/m3;2022和2023年反弹至176μg/m3和190μg/m3,其变化趋势与京津冀区域基本一致,臭氧评价浓度高于区域均值.
O3年均浓度较评价浓度变化平缓,除2021年受特殊气象条件影响外,呈持续增加趋势. 2022~ 2023年达到峰值,年均增加约为3μg/(m3·a),其中冬季增加39.8%(14μg/m3),春季增加34.8%(30μg/m3),夏季增加24.3%(30μg/m3),秋季增加67.5%(39μg/m3).天津O3污染超标天数变化与O3评价浓度变化一致,2023年相比2013年,超标天数增加一倍,达到70d,占所有超标天数的56%,超标天数主要集中在4~9月.统计分析近5年数据(2019~2023年),4,5,6,7,8和9月分别出现超标天数11,49,77,86,38和48d,占所有超标天数98.4%,峰值和次峰值浓度分别出现在6月和7月,为169和159μg/m3图4).
O3是光化学反应产物,其浓度高低与温度、湿度、辐射和边界层高度等气象要素密切相关.气象要素主要通过影响前体物排放、污染物输送、化学反应速率和干沉降过程等途径影响O3浓度.体包括:①通过温度、湿度等气象要素影响植被VOCs、土壤活性氮、野火排放等前体物的天然源排放,影响O3化学反应;②通过水平风速和垂直扩散能力影响O3及前体物输送和扩散过程;③通过辐射和气温等气象要素变化影响大气化学反应速率,导致大气氧化性发生变化,进而影响O3光化学形成;④通过温度、湿度等气象要素影响植被的气孔开闭及对O3的吸附(沉降)过程.计2019~2023年4~9月(O3污染易出现时间)气象条件与O3关系,O3浓度与平均气温、最高气温、相对湿度、日降水、平均风速、白天紫外辐射、白天辐射、日照时数、白天边界层高度相关系数分别为0.57,0.68,-0.04,-0.21,-0.20,0.42,0.44,0.45和0.10,参考细颗粒物扩散指数建立方法和中国气象局《气象条件对臭氧浓度变化影响评估服务规范》,建立臭氧污染气象条件评估指数(OWI指数),综合表征气象条件对臭氧浓度变化影响.
具体方法为,根据气象要素以及其对应O3浓度,将其划分为若干等份,计算每一等份对应O3浓度,并求取其与2019~2023年4~9月平均O3浓度(140μg/m3)比值,比值为该气象指标对应分布段权重系数.如最高气温,根据最高气温出现概率,将其划分为<19.5,19.5~26.5,26.5~28.5,28.5~29.5,29.5~30.5,30.5~31.5,31.5~32.5,32.5~34.5,34.5~36.5和>36.5℃十个区间.当最高气温小于等于19.5℃时,其对应O3浓度为92μg/m3,2019~2023年4~9月O3浓度均值为140μg/m3,其权重系数为两者比,即0.66;最高气温大于36.5℃,其平均浓度为222μg/m3,初步确定其权重系数为1.59,依次类推对8项气象指标分别计算,以求和构建OWI指数,该指数能够定量表征太阳辐射、气温、湿度、风等气象要素对臭氧综合影响,与O3浓度呈线性正相关,其值越大表征气象条件越有利于臭氧浓度升高.在此基础上以达到OWI指数和O3浓度相关系数最大为目标,编辑程序反复微调各气象要素权重系数,进行适当放大和缩小,最终确定权重系数表1和公式1.
式中:TTmax、RH、R、UV、UVnoon、SW分别为平均气温、最高气温、相对湿度、日降水量、白天紫外辐射、午间紫外辐射、日照时数和平均风速权重系数,取值为表1,范围在0~2之间.
评估OWI指数对臭氧浓度的表征能力,其与O3浓度相关系数为0.78,拟合公式为
OWI取值范围为7.227~12.656,基于公式可定义OWI指数大于10.8时易于出现臭氧污染(假定O3浓度大于160μg/m3,则OWI大于10.8),该指标可识别76.1%臭氧轻度及以上污染(正确234次,空100次,漏56次).
臭氧浓度变化不仅与本地气象要素密切相关,也受到区域输送显著影响.《气象条件对臭氧浓度变化影响评估服务规范》为适用于全国不同城市臭氧评估,无法在OWI指数中有效引入风向指标.天津地区由于其排放分布和地理环境相对固定,风向对臭氧浓度有明显影响.为降低臭氧日变化和沿海城市规律性风场日变化特征影响(夏季午后受海风影响多偏东风和东南风),统计O3-8h与日风向频率关系,臭氧浓度与南风、西南风和东南风日风向频率呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.46,0.32和0.26;与北风、东北风和西北风日风向频率呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.39,-0.33和-0.32.图5显示,南风和西南风臭氧浓度最高,为171μg/m3和162μg/m3,出现臭氧轻度污染概率59%和52%,其次为东南风和东风,臭氧浓度156μg/m3和130μg/m3,出现臭氧轻度污染概率40%和19%,西风时臭氧浓度127μg/m3,出现臭氧轻度及以上概率15%,其余风向对应臭氧浓度大幅度下降,西北风、北风和东北风时出现臭氧轻度及以上污染概率均小于2%,对应浓度100,98和130μg/m3.
基于风向显著影响,在原有OWI指数基础上补充风向指标(不同风向对应权重系数×风向出现频率求积).其权重系数按照风向对应浓度与臭氧平均浓度比值取值,具体如表2所示:
修正后的OWI公式为:
式中: D为基于风向的修正系数.
增加风向后,OWI与O3浓度相关系数0.82,拟合公式为:
OWI取值范围为11.088~18.3693,基于公式可定义OWI指数大于15.8时易出现臭氧污染(东北和北风出现频率超过30%时,OWI最高取值15.7),该指标可识别82%的臭氧轻度及以上污染(正确241次,空80次,漏52次).
臭氧生成除了与光化学气象条件密切相关外,垂直扩散能力影响O3浓度及其前体物输送和扩散过程,尤其近年臭氧前体物浓度下降,高温弱风场出现臭氧污染概率降低(2022年天津33℃以上高温日(且小风无降水)臭氧超标率由2017年90%降低至62%).OWI指数优化,需进一步分析边界层对臭氧前体物和臭氧垂直交换影响,基于WRF/Chem模拟获取天津地区2019~2023年逐小时边界层高度,统计表明夜间和白天边界层高度与O3-8h表现出相反特征,夜间边界层高度与当日O3-8h为负相关,相关系数-0.19,夜间边界层高度越低,前体物积聚越明显,O3-8h越高;白天边界层高度与当日O3-8h为正相关,相关系数0.10,白天边界层高度越高,湍流交换强,近地面O3浓度高.
直接分析边界层高度与O3-8h浓度相关性较弱,分析边界层高度与OWI指数表征偏差关系.于公式4通过OWI指数可以计算该指数表征的O3-8h浓度,认为其与O3-8h实况差值为OWI指数表征偏差.图6a给出其与OWI指数关系,从样本分析基本无显著规律.基于夜间边界层高度对样本进行分段研究,当PBLH>500m时,OWI指数与其表征偏差呈现较好正相关(图6b),相关系数达到0.73,OWI指数越大,其偏差由负向正变化,调整范围可以达到正负40μg/m3,分析原因当夜间PBLH较高时,前体物充分扩散,白天尽管OWI表征光化学气象条件有利,但实际O3-8H偏低,所以其表征差值较大;另一方面,如果白天OWI指数较低,近地面臭氧与光化学气象条件关系不密切,夜间较高的PBLH,不利于近地面氮氧化物滴定,反而有利于夜间臭氧垂直交换,所以OWI指数估算O3-8h低于实况O3-8h,并表现出较好的统计学意义.天边界层高度PBLH> 2000m时也可统计出类似规律,但要求OWI指数小于17,当OWI指数大于17时,意味着光化学条件极好,较高的白天边界层高度,扩散条件好且垂直交换强,OWI表征臭氧浓度偏高偏低存在不确定性; OWI小于17时,其表征臭氧浓度与实况偏差呈现较好统计学意义,相关系数达到0.83,其偏差由负向正变化,调整范围可以达到正负40μg/m3.分析原因:OWI指数较低且边界层高度较高,光化学作用影响弱于臭氧垂直交换影响,原有表征光化学特征为主的OWI指标,表征臭氧浓度偏低;OWI指数较高时,光化学作用影响占主导,较高的边界层高度除了臭氧垂直交换能力强外,其前体物和本身扩散能力也强,OWI指数表征偏高.
基于上述两个特征,可以参考夜间和白天边界层高度对OWI指数进行修正,当白天PBLH>2000m,且OWI指数小于17时,
白天PBLH<2000m,夜间PBLH>500m,
上述修正后空报减少了8次.
此外,尽管夜间和白天边界层高度与O3-8h表现出弱相关性,但也可以分析出白天边界层高度在1000~1700m更易于出现臭氧轻度及以上污染(图7),夜间边界层高度在150m以内更易于出现臭氧轻度及以上污染(图8),该指标可用于臭氧污染边界层分析.
基于数值模式过程分析技术,可以实现臭氧化学生成、湍流混合、对流输送、水平输送、垂直输出和干湿沉降分解计算,图9给出2023年4~9月天津不同时刻上述物理化学过程对近地面臭氧平均影响.净生成量分析,每日00:00~05:00时和18:00~23:00时臭氧为净消耗,18:00~20:00时湍流混合由负贡献转为正贡献,且化学生成有明显负贡献,平均净消耗量为10μg/m3;白天06:00~17:00时为臭氧净生成时期,峰值出现在09:00~10:00时,净生成量接近20μg/m3.统计数据分析,尽管不同天气形势不同过程臭氧物理化学过程表现出差异性,但平均数据表明,臭氧化学生成贡献分为两个阶段,07:00~17:00时为正贡献,其余时间为负贡献,湍流混合影响也分为两段,09:00~17:00时为负贡献,其余时间为正贡献(夜间近地面氮氧化物滴定作用,近地面臭氧浓度低于高空,湍流混合适当增加近地面臭氧).于此将指标划定义四个新指标以优化OWI指数,白天臭氧化学生成(chem),白天湍流混合(vmix),白天垂直输送(advz)和夜间湍流混合(vmix),白天时间段为08:00~17:00时,夜间为18:00~07:00时.中垂直输送指标较为明确,其白天均值接近0,分布在-43~25μg/(m3•h),部分天气由于明显的上升运动会降低近地面臭氧,部分天气由于明显下沉运动,会显著增加近地面臭氧,其幅度甚至接近午间臭氧化学生成量,该部分指标,原有OWI无法有效体现.分析模式数据和观测数据,可定义如下修正指标:当白天垂直输送(advz)大于15μg/(m3⋅h),且OWI指数大于15.8(估算为轻度以上臭氧污染),OWI指数应增加0.5,如果白天垂直输送(advz)小于-25μg/(m3⋅h),且OWI指数大于15.8(估算为轻度以上臭氧污染),OWI指数应减少0.5.
白天和夜间湍流混合使得臭氧浓度变化均与臭氧浓度呈现弱的负相关,OWI与实况偏差相较与湍流混合无明显统计关系.间湍流混合使得臭氧下降浓度超过5μg/(m3⋅h),OWI则存在明显低估,均值幅度25μg/m3,作者认为OWI指数可以增加0.5.白天臭氧化学生成(Chem)相比垂直输送更为复杂,因为OWI中的辐射、气温参数均反映气象条件对臭氧化学生成(chem)影响,从统计指标分析OWI与白天臭氧化学生成(Chem)相关系数为0.4(图10),表明OWI对臭氧生成有一定表征,但也存在明显不足,从数据分析白天臭氧化学生成在0~10μg/(m3⋅h)区间,OWI估算臭氧浓度平均高估7.29μg/m3,有较大离散性;白天臭氧化学生成在10~20μg/(m3⋅h)区间,OWI估算臭氧浓度平均高估4.56μg/m3,离散性有所降低低,但仍分布在一个较宽范围;白天臭氧化学生成在20~ 30μg/(m3⋅h)区间,OWI估算臭氧浓度平均低估8.9μg/m3,离散性明显下降,很少有高估数值,均为低估数值;白天臭氧化学生成大于30μg/(m3⋅h),基本为低估,均值25μg/m3.于上述分析,白天臭氧化学生成量大于20μg/(m3⋅h),OWI指数应适当增加0.3,上述分析仅仅是初步研究,后续需根据气象条件和基于前体物计算的臭氧生成潜势力(OFP)综合分析深入研究.
臭氧污染除了与本地气象条件相关,O3及其前体物氮氧化物和VOCs存在跨区域和同区域城市间输送,包括水平输送和垂直输送,进而影响O3浓度的时空分布.究表明北京O3垂直传输最大可贡献日间O3的30%,上海午间近地面平均32μg/m3的O3来自垂直输送,相比垂直混合,水平输送对区域性O3污染影响更显著.过系统分析,2018~2020年北京污染区域输送来自山东贡献12%,河南贡献11%.上述问题无法通过统计本地气象统计指标表征,需借助数值模式实现臭氧污染气象条件评估指数(OWI)优化.于标记法源追踪模式计算2022~2023年4到9月天津臭氧本地贡献仅占24%,京津冀贡献为55%(包含天津),山东贡献16%,河南为6%,内蒙古为7%.
分析OWI指数表征和臭氧实况浓度偏差(图11),如图天津贡献占比小于20%时,OWI指数估算臭氧浓度与实况臭氧浓度偏差离散度较大,均值为19.54%;天津本地贡献占比在20%~40%区间,偏差均值为14.7%;天津本地贡献占比在40%以上时,对应本地贡献为主,OWI指数可很好反应气象条件对臭氧浓度影响,偏差均值降为10.5%.鉴于上述统计数据分析,采用OWI指数和臭氧分析模式(区域输送功能)确定阈值指标,定义tran天津为天津本地贡献臭氧百分比,tran天津>0.4时,不考虑周边气象条件和区域输送影响,以OWI指数分析臭氧污染气象条件;0.2<tran天津≤0.4时,适当考虑周边气象条件和臭氧区域输送影响,当某区域输送影响超过其均值两倍时,应考虑该区域臭氧浓度和气象条件;tran天津≤0.2时,考虑周边气象条件和臭氧输送影响,当某区域输送影响超过其均值1.5倍时,应考虑该区域臭氧浓度和气象条件,区域平均贡献率如表3.
3.1 天津O3年均浓度较评价浓度变化平缓,除2021年受特殊气象条件影响外,呈持续增加趋势,2022~2023年达到峰值,年均增加约为3μg/(m3·a),其中冬季增加39.8%(14μg/m3),春季增加34.8%(30μg/m3),夏季增加24.3%(30μg/m3),秋季增加67.5%(39μg/m3).O3超标天数主要集中在4~9月,占所有超标天数98.4%,峰值和次峰值浓度分别出现在6月和7月,为169和159μg/m3.
3.2 气象条件与臭氧密切相关,基于平均气温、最高气温、相对湿度、日降水量、白天紫外辐射、午间紫外辐射、日照时数、平均风速、风向构建天津臭氧污染气象条件指数(OWI),该指数与O3浓度相关系数0.82,可定义OWI指数大于15.8时易出现臭氧污染,该指标可识别82%的臭氧轻度及以上污染.
3.3 夜间边界层高度与臭氧浓度呈负相关,白天边界层高度与臭氧浓度呈正相关.受前体物扩散、近地面氮氧化物滴定和臭氧垂直扩散条件影响,从统计数据反映:当夜间PBLH>500m时,OWI指数与其表征偏差(与臭氧浓度差值)呈现较好的正相关(R=0.73),白天边界层高度PBLH>2000m,且OWI指数小于17时,OWI指数与其表征偏差(与臭氧浓度差值)呈现较好的正相关(R=0.83).对其特性可以联合白天和夜间边界层高度优化OWI指数,减少部分条件OWI值估算偏高问题.
3.4 基于数值模式过程分析技术和标记法源追踪,可以实现臭氧化学生成、湍流混合、对流输送、水平输送、垂直输出和干湿沉降分解计算,实现臭氧区域输送影响计算.基于数值模式物理化学分量实现OWI指数优化,如白天垂直输送(advz)大于15μg/ (m3⋅h),且OWI指数大于15.8(估算为轻度以上臭氧污染),OWI指数应增加0.5;白天臭氧化学生成量(Chem)大于20μg/(m3⋅h),OWI指数应增加0.3;tran天津≤0.2时,计算周边臭氧污染气象条件指标,综合判断气象条件对臭氧影响.
  • 气象能力提升联合研究专项(23NLTSQ009)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-06
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气象能力提升联合研究专项(23NLTSQ009)
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    1.天津市环境气象中心,天津 300074
    2.中国气象局-南开大学大气环境与健康研究联合实验室,天津 300074
    3.天津市气象科学研究所,天津 300074

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* 责任作者,正高级工程师,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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