Article(id=1241408719632781439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725292800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904503019, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904503019, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904503019, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904503019, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2041, endPage=2052, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408721717350755, articleId=1241408719632781439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Simulation and prediction of construction and demolition waste from urban and rural housing in Beijing based on dynamic material flow analysis, columnId=1240689598498656298, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Solid Waste, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To promote the reduction and recycling of construction and demolition (C&D) waste in housing, a dynamic material flow model was established to simulate the evolving characteristics of housing flow-stock in both urban and rural areas of Beijing from 1949 to 2100. The amount of urban and rural housing C&D waste generated was predicted. The results showed that from 1949 to 2100, cyclical fluctuations were observed in the volume of new construction and demolition of housing in Beijing’s urban and rural areas, with the housing stock following an S-shaped curve. The area of new housing construction in urban and rural regions peaked at 31.456million m2 in 2012 and 7.887 million m2 in 2015, while the demolition area reached its maximum of 15.008 million m2 in 2094 and 4.535 million m2 in 2016. The saturation values of housing stock in urban and rural areas were 800 and 1.247 million m2, respectively. By the mid-to-late 21 st century, Beijing was anticipated to experience a surge in C&D waste generation, which will reach its peak and then persist at elevated levels with periodic fluctuations. The apex of C&D waste generation was projected to occur in 2094, with an estimated total output of 23.964 million tons. Cement, brick, sand, and gravel were the predominant components of C&D waste by weight, accounting for 90.2%~95.5% of the total weight of housing C&D waste in urban areas and 92.2%~94.1% of that in rural areas, while the weight proportion of iron and steel ranged from 0.1% to 4.5% and 0.1% to 3.0%, respectively. The long-lifetime scenario could defer the peak of C&D waste, with a maximum reduction potential of 72.0%. Additionally, recycling C&D waste as urban minerals could lead to a dramatic decrease in future demand for primary steel, with a reduction of up to 98.5%.

, correspAuthors=Ze-qian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li DONG, Jing-yang LIU, Ze-qian ZHANG, Min ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408728411459600, articleId=1241408719632781439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于动态物质流的北京市城乡住房建筑垃圾产生量模拟预测, columnId=1240689598737731645, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=固体废物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为促进住房建筑垃圾减量化和资源化利用,以北京市为例,构建住房建筑动态物质流模型,模拟1949~2100年北京市城镇和农村地区住房建筑流量-存量动态演变特征,预测城乡住房建筑垃圾产生量.结果表明,1949~2100年北京市城镇和农村地区住房建筑新建和拆除量均周期性波动趋势,住房建筑存量大体呈现“S”型曲线趋势.城镇和农村的住房新建面积分别于2012年和2015年达到最大峰值3145.6和788.7万m2,住房拆除面积分别于2094年和2016年达到最大峰值1500.8和453.5万m2,住房存量饱和值分别为8.0亿m2和124.7万m2.至21世纪中后期,北京市将迎来建筑垃圾产量高峰期,并保持高位波动.建筑垃圾的最大峰值出现在2094年,总产量为2396.4万t.城镇和农村地区住房建筑垃圾中,水泥、砖块、沙子和碎石等是建筑垃圾中重量占比最大的成分,分别占住房建筑垃圾总重量的90.2%~95.5%和92.2%~94.1%,钢铁的重量占比分别为0.1%~4.5%和0.1%~3.0%.建筑长寿命情景可延迟住房建筑拆除高峰的到来,最大减量潜力为72.0%;将建筑垃圾作为城市矿产回收利用,最高可减少未来98.5%的原生钢铁需求.

, correspAuthors=张泽乾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,助理研究员,
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董莉(1988-),女,四川南溪人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事城市矿产、固体废物资源化利用等研究.发表论文20余篇..

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董莉(1988-),女,四川南溪人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事城市矿产、固体废物资源化利用等研究.发表论文20余篇..

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董莉(1988-),女,四川南溪人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事城市矿产、固体废物资源化利用等研究.发表论文20余篇..

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Journal of Cleaner Production2023389:135765., articleTitle=Quantifying and spatializing building material stock and renovation flow for circular economy, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408737156584179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719632781439, awardId=2024YSKY-39, language=CN, fundingSource=中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(2024YSKY-39), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408728709255223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719632781439, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408728717643831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719632781439, companyId=1241408728709255223, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Key Laboratory of Eco-industry of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China), 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The average service life of housing buildings in Beijing

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结构类型1978~2010年间住房平均使用寿命(a)2011~2100年间住房平均使用寿命(a)
城镇农村城镇农村
砖木结构25204030
砖混结构30255040
钢混结构40307050
), ArticleFig(id=1241408736682627788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719632781439, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

北京市住房建筑平均使用寿命

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构类型1978~2010年间住房平均使用寿命(a)2011~2100年间住房平均使用寿命(a)
城镇农村城镇农村
砖木结构25204030
砖混结构30255040
钢混结构40307050
), ArticleFig(id=1241408736833622741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719632781439, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material intensity of housing buildings

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建筑结构建造年份物质强度(kg/m2)
钢铁木材水泥砖块沙子碎石石灰玻璃油毡沥青
砖木结构1949~20151.059.66.8577.8249.8234.813.81.50.1
砖混结构1949~19593.970.021.4912.8333.5473.041.02.10.22.4
1960~19798.039.572.2929.7394.7285.438.42.41.62.4
1980~198923.218.8146.0832.9646.2458.133.93.31.21.8
1990~199919.617.0155.1836.3663.2383.536.73.41.02.2
2000~201523.517.7151.1530.7597.4331.334.35.54.04.4
钢混结构1949~197932.620.7186.0355.6534.6547.222.43.21.31.1
1980~198925.920.6166.8236.5479.0496.622.43.31.21.3
1990~199919.220.4147.5117.4423.4446.022.53.41.11.7
2000~201559.217.4217.3146.8364.3449.342.77.61.02.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241408736976229088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719632781439, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

住房建筑拆除物质强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建筑结构建造年份物质强度(kg/m2)
钢铁木材水泥砖块沙子碎石石灰玻璃油毡沥青
砖木结构1949~20151.059.66.8577.8249.8234.813.81.50.1
砖混结构1949~19593.970.021.4912.8333.5473.041.02.10.22.4
1960~19798.039.572.2929.7394.7285.438.42.41.62.4
1980~198923.218.8146.0832.9646.2458.133.93.31.21.8
1990~199919.617.0155.1836.3663.2383.536.73.41.02.2
2000~201523.517.7151.1530.7597.4331.334.35.54.04.4
钢混结构1949~197932.620.7186.0355.6534.6547.222.43.21.31.1
1980~198925.920.6166.8236.5479.0496.622.43.31.21.3
1990~199919.220.4147.5117.4423.4446.022.53.41.11.7
2000~201559.217.4217.3146.8364.3449.342.77.61.02.0
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基于动态物质流的北京市城乡住房建筑垃圾产生量模拟预测
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董莉 1 , 刘景洋 1 , 张泽乾 1, * , 张敏 2
中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025,45(4): 2041-2052
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中国环境科学 | 固体废物 2025, 45(4): 2041-2052
基于动态物质流的北京市城乡住房建筑垃圾产生量模拟预测
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董莉1 , 刘景洋1, 张泽乾1, * , 张敏2
作者信息
  • 1.中国环境科学研究院生态环境部生态工业重点实验室,北京 100012
  • 2.西南交通大学环境科学与工程学院,四川 成都 611756
  • 董莉(1988-),女,四川南溪人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事城市矿产、固体废物资源化利用等研究.发表论文20余篇..

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* 责任作者,助理研究员,
Simulation and prediction of construction and demolition waste from urban and rural housing in Beijing based on dynamic material flow analysis
Li DONG1 , Jing-yang LIU1, Ze-qian ZHANG1, * , Min ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Eco-industry of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
  • 2.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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为促进住房建筑垃圾减量化和资源化利用,以北京市为例,构建住房建筑动态物质流模型,模拟1949~2100年北京市城镇和农村地区住房建筑流量-存量动态演变特征,预测城乡住房建筑垃圾产生量.结果表明,1949~2100年北京市城镇和农村地区住房建筑新建和拆除量均周期性波动趋势,住房建筑存量大体呈现“S”型曲线趋势.城镇和农村的住房新建面积分别于2012年和2015年达到最大峰值3145.6和788.7万m2,住房拆除面积分别于2094年和2016年达到最大峰值1500.8和453.5万m2,住房存量饱和值分别为8.0亿m2和124.7万m2.至21世纪中后期,北京市将迎来建筑垃圾产量高峰期,并保持高位波动.建筑垃圾的最大峰值出现在2094年,总产量为2396.4万t.城镇和农村地区住房建筑垃圾中,水泥、砖块、沙子和碎石等是建筑垃圾中重量占比最大的成分,分别占住房建筑垃圾总重量的90.2%~95.5%和92.2%~94.1%,钢铁的重量占比分别为0.1%~4.5%和0.1%~3.0%.建筑长寿命情景可延迟住房建筑拆除高峰的到来,最大减量潜力为72.0%;将建筑垃圾作为城市矿产回收利用,最高可减少未来98.5%的原生钢铁需求.

动态物质流  /  流量-存量  /  物质代谢  /  建筑垃圾  /  城市矿产

To promote the reduction and recycling of construction and demolition (C&D) waste in housing, a dynamic material flow model was established to simulate the evolving characteristics of housing flow-stock in both urban and rural areas of Beijing from 1949 to 2100. The amount of urban and rural housing C&D waste generated was predicted. The results showed that from 1949 to 2100, cyclical fluctuations were observed in the volume of new construction and demolition of housing in Beijing’s urban and rural areas, with the housing stock following an S-shaped curve. The area of new housing construction in urban and rural regions peaked at 31.456million m2 in 2012 and 7.887 million m2 in 2015, while the demolition area reached its maximum of 15.008 million m2 in 2094 and 4.535 million m2 in 2016. The saturation values of housing stock in urban and rural areas were 800 and 1.247 million m2, respectively. By the mid-to-late 21 st century, Beijing was anticipated to experience a surge in C&D waste generation, which will reach its peak and then persist at elevated levels with periodic fluctuations. The apex of C&D waste generation was projected to occur in 2094, with an estimated total output of 23.964 million tons. Cement, brick, sand, and gravel were the predominant components of C&D waste by weight, accounting for 90.2%~95.5% of the total weight of housing C&D waste in urban areas and 92.2%~94.1% of that in rural areas, while the weight proportion of iron and steel ranged from 0.1% to 4.5% and 0.1% to 3.0%, respectively. The long-lifetime scenario could defer the peak of C&D waste, with a maximum reduction potential of 72.0%. Additionally, recycling C&D waste as urban minerals could lead to a dramatic decrease in future demand for primary steel, with a reduction of up to 98.5%.

dynamic material flow analysis  /  flow-stock  /  material metabolism  /  construction and demolition waste  /  urban mining
董莉, 刘景洋, 张泽乾, 张敏. 基于动态物质流的北京市城乡住房建筑垃圾产生量模拟预测. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2041 -2052 .
Li DONG, Jing-yang LIU, Ze-qian ZHANG, Min ZHANG. Simulation and prediction of construction and demolition waste from urban and rural housing in Beijing based on dynamic material flow analysis[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2041 -2052 .
建筑在维持人类社会福祉方面发挥着重要作用.与此同时,建筑的建造、使用、维护、拆除等新陈代谢过程消耗了大量材料和能源,加剧了自然资源枯竭,并导致环境破坏[1-2].一方面,我国建筑全过程的能耗总量占全国能耗总量的45.5%,导致的碳排放量占全国总量的50.9%[3];另一方面,建筑建造和拆除过程产生的大量建筑垃圾造成土地退化、资源浪费和环境污染[4].据估计,目前我国建筑垃圾产生量约20亿t[5].然而,我国建筑垃圾的管理仍较为粗放,回收利用率不足50%,大部分建筑垃圾均以填埋方式处置或被非法倾倒,对自然资源和生态环境构成巨大威胁[6].面对“双碳”目标和资源环境的多重约束,推进建筑垃圾的规范管理和资源化利用刻不容缓[7].
由于缺乏建筑垃圾统计数据,精准测算建筑垃圾产量是实现建筑垃圾规范化管理的关键.作为建筑体系中占比最大的建筑类别,住房建筑得到了学术界的大量关注[8-10].现有研究主要的研究方法包括动态物质流法[11]、机器学习法[12]、灰色模型法[13-14]、空间显式分析[15]、基于统计或调查数据的产出系数法[16-17]等.由于方法成熟、简单易行、机理解释性强、可用于长期变化趋势预测等优点,动态物质流法的应用最为广泛[18-20].在国家尺度,Cao等[21]采用动态物质流模型分析了中国城市住房存量的未来演变路径,并研究了物料流量和存量的不确定性.在省域尺度,Tang等[22]基于动态物质流预测了江西省未来的城市住房建筑垃圾产生量,并预测了CO2排放和减排潜力.在城市尺度,Tang等[23]采用动态物质流模拟了北京市城市住宅建筑物质流动,并预测了未来钢铁需求和建筑垃圾产生量.综合来看,基于动态物质流方法的研究已在国家、省和城市等不同地理尺度上大量开展.然而,现有研究更多关注城市地区住房建筑垃圾产生量研究,对农村地区住房建筑垃圾研究较少涉及,导致对包括农村地区在内的城乡整体建筑垃圾的认识并不充分.此外,现有研究对建筑垃圾的减量和资源化利用潜力也缺乏足够的定量认识.
为此,本文基于动态物质流方法,以1949~2100年为范围,模拟并预测北京市城镇和农村地区住房建筑流量和存量,估算未来住房建筑垃圾产生量和组分的变化规律,以深化对北京市城市和农村地区住房建筑垃圾产量的整体认识,并定量解释北京市住房建筑垃圾的减量潜力和资源化利用潜力.同时,研究结果可为其他城市或地区应对建筑垃圾产生高峰及建筑垃圾减量化和资源化利用提供科学依据.
以城镇居民和农村居民住房建筑作为系统边界,构建住房建筑动态物质流模型,模拟北京市住房建筑流量和存量动态演变情况.研究时间跨度为1949~2100年.
物质流模型的基本原理是质量守恒定律[24].在存量驱动的动态物质流模型中,住房建筑系统存量主要由人口和居民人均住房建筑面积驱动,流出(拆除)主要受建筑建造时间和使用寿命影响,流入(新建)则主要用于满足不断扩大住房存量需求[25].基于上述定律,一定时期内住房建筑存量、新建和拆除之间存在数学平衡关系.通过合理预测未来住房建筑存量动态演变过程,即可预测未来的新建量和拆除量.住房存量动态物质流模型如下式所示:
式中:St为第t年的居民住房存量,m2At为第t年的居民人均住房建筑面积,分别考虑城镇和农村居民,m2Pt为第t年的常住人口,包括城镇和农村人口,万人;It为第t年的居民住房新建量,m2Ot为第t年的居民住房拆除量,m2Lit,t′)为第i类建筑的寿命分布概率密度函数,即第t′年的新建建筑在第t年被拆除的概率,%;t0指模型初始年份,本研究中为1949年.建筑类型主要考虑砖木结构、砖混结构和钢混结构3种类型,不同年份各建筑类型的占比参考已有研究成果[26],并基于人口和农业普查数据校正,详见图1.
居民人均住房建筑面积是住房建筑存量的决定因素之一.采用Logistic增长函数[6]拟合1949~2100年城镇和农村居民人均住房建筑面积的饱和水平和增长趋势:
式中:AminAmax分别为居民人均住房建筑面积的初始值和饱和值,m2x0为曲线的拐点或中点,a为曲线的斜率因子.根据历史统计数据,居民人均住房建筑面积的初始值设定为4.5m2,得到北京市城乡居民人均住房建筑面积增长趋势(图2).根据模拟结果,北京市城镇居民和农村居民的人均住房建筑面积的饱和值分别为38.8和54.2m2.
常住人口也是住房建筑存量的重要影响因素.根据常住人口的历史统计数据,可以看出总人口和城镇人口呈现非对称“S”型增长趋势.因此,采用包含非对称因子的五参数Logistic增长函数[27]拟合1949~2100年总人口和城镇人口的增长趋势:
式中:AminAmax分别为人口的初始值和饱和值,万人;x0为曲线的拐点或中点,a为曲线的斜率因子,b为曲线的非对称因子.根据历史统计数据和《北京城市总体规划(2016年—2035年)》,常住人口和城镇人口的初始值分别设定为1949年的414.0和176.0万人,常住人口的饱和值设定为2300.0万人.由图3可知,五参数Logistic增长曲线较好拟合了北京市常住人口和城镇人口数量增长趋势.
需要注意的是,从历史数据看,农村人口并不服从“S”型增长趋势,无法采用Logistic增长曲线拟合预测.为此,采用将拟合得到的各年份常住人口和城镇人口相减的方式,得到历年农村常住人口数量.
住房建筑寿命直接影响建筑拆除面积.研究表明,中国住房建筑寿命普遍短于设计使用寿命,城镇地区住房的平均使用寿命小于40年,农村地区的住房使用寿命则更短,平均寿命小于15年[28-29].现有研究通常采用正态分布[22]、对数正态分布[30]和韦伯分布[21]等概率密度分布函数近似描述建筑寿命.其中,具有右偏特性的对数正态分布最适用于模拟寿命较短建筑的寿命分布[30-31].因此,本研究假设住房寿命近似服从对数正态分布(图4),其概率密度函数为:
式中:Li为第i类住房建筑的平均使用寿命;DEViLi的标准差,取DEVi = 0.3Li[6]µi为第i类住房建筑的对数平均使用寿命;σiµi的标准差.考虑到近些年来技术进步导致建筑使用寿命有所延长[23],本研究针对不同时期、不同结构类型的住房建筑分别采用不同的平均使用寿命(表1).
建筑垃圾由住房建造和拆除两个过程产生的建筑垃圾量构成,分别由建造和拆除流量与各自过程的物质强度相乘来估算,具体计算公式为:
式中:Wt为第t年的建筑垃圾产生量,t;Ii,tOi,t分别为第t年第i类建筑的建造和拆除量,m2Ci,tDi,t分别为第t年第i类建筑建造和拆除过程的建筑垃圾物质强度,kg/m2.不同年份各类型住房建筑拆除物质强度参考Yang等[32]的研究成果(表2),并假设2015年后的住房建筑拆除物质强度不变.建造过程中的建筑垃圾产生强度取拆除物质强度的3%[23,33].
本研究数据来源主要包括《北京统计年鉴》《北京人口统计资料汇编》《北京六十年》等官方统计数据以及文献调研数据.
1949~2100年北京市住房建筑流量和存量动态演变特征见图5.由于缺乏北京市农村住房建筑新建面积统计数据,研究采用统计口径相对一致的1949~2007年间北京市城镇住房建筑新建面积统计数据进行模型验证[34].从模型模拟的1949~2007年间北京市城镇住房建筑新建面积与实际历史统计数据对比结果可以看出,模型模拟值与历史统计数据吻合较好.因此,模型可靠性较高,可以用于未来建筑垃圾产量预测.
北京市城镇和农村地区住房建筑新建面积均周期性波动趋势.图5中的历史统计数据和模型模拟值共同表明,1949~1978年城镇新建住房面积增长缓慢;1978年改革开放以来,随着经济社会的发展和人口的急剧增长,城镇新建住房建筑面积快速上升,在2012年达到最大峰值3145.6万m2,随后转入下降区间,于2029年形成第一个谷值1357.5万m2.此后,城镇新建住房建筑面积进入新的波动周期,分别于2039年和2094年达到第二、三个峰值1578.0和1501.3万m2,期间于2060年形成最小谷值457.9万m2.此外,城镇新建住房面积的波动周期逐渐拉长,这主要是新建住房建筑寿命延长导致的.一方面,受建筑技术进步的影响,我国新建住房建筑寿命较20世纪有明显提高[29,35];另一方面,钢筋混凝土结构在住房建筑中的大规模应用部分替代了寿命相对较短的砖木和砖混结构住房,提升了住房建筑的整体平均寿命.对于农村地区,新建住房建筑面积波动周期明显短于城镇地区,共出现了4个波峰.首先于1997年达到第一个峰值508.6万m2,并于2015年达到最大峰值788.7万m2,随后分别于2026年和2054年达到第三、四个流量峰值270.2和301.5万m2,最小谷值形成于2035年(189.6万m2).
北京市城镇和农村地区住房建筑拆除面积同样呈现周期性波动趋势.北京市城镇地区住房建筑拆除的首个峰值将出现在2040年(1420.0万m2).农村地区情况明显不同,早在2016年即出现住房建筑拆除面积最大峰值453.5万m2.其后,城镇地区拆除面积将于2094年达到最大峰值1500.8万m2,农村地区则在2055年出现第二个峰值293.9万m2.通过比较可知,城镇地区拆除面积各波峰出现的时间晚于农村地区.这可能是因为城镇地区住房建筑寿命比农村地区更长.此外,与住房建筑新建量相比,拆除面积的首个峰值均明显滞后,城镇和农村的滞后时长分别为28年和19年,基本相当于一个寿命周期,这与张敏等[33]的研究结果一致.
北京市城镇和农村地区住房建筑存量均大致呈现“S”型曲线,开始时增长缓慢,随后快速增长,最后增速降低并稳定在饱和值附近.其中,城镇地区住房建筑存量将于2044年达到饱和值8.0亿m2,而农村地区住房建筑存量呈现与城镇地区略不同的演变趋势,先在2018年达到最大峰值129.5万m2后开始逐步下降,最终稳定在124.7万m2.在存量驱动的动态物质流模型中,住房存量主要受人口数量和人均住房建筑面积两个因素驱动.北京市人口总量受资源环境承载力的限制,距2300.0万人上限的增长空间很小,人均住房建筑面积也不可能无限制增长,最终会达到平衡状态.
北京市住房建筑垃圾产生量见图6.1949~1966年,建筑施工垃圾产生量高于建筑拆除垃圾; 1967年,建筑拆除垃圾产量开始超过施工垃圾.此后,二者的差距快速拉开,拆除垃圾成为北京市建筑垃圾的最主要来源,占比由1967年的50.1%上升至2100年的97.1%.从变化趋势看,住房建筑施工垃圾和拆除垃圾分别与住房新建面积和拆除面积的变化趋势基本相同,表明他们之间高度相关.
施工垃圾来自住房建筑建造施工过程.北京市施工垃圾自1980年起快速上升,于2014年达到最大峰值154.7万t;此后,施工垃圾分别于2039年(71.6万t)和2092年(69.2万t)再次出现峰值(图6).在此过程中,北京市住房建筑施工垃圾的快速增长主要受北京市城镇地区新建住房面积的驱动.这可以由图6中城镇和农村地区施工垃圾产生量趋势证实.1949年后,城镇和农村住房建筑施工垃圾产量均呈现增长趋势.城镇地区施工垃圾于1980年开始急剧增长,基本与20世纪80年代初北京市城镇地区大规模新建住房吻合.城镇地区施工垃圾最大峰值出现在2012年(125.7万t),然后于2039年(62.3万t)和2094年(59.2万t)再次出现两个峰值.农村地区施工垃圾在1999年出现第一个小波峰后(19.0万t),于2015年出现最大峰值34.5万t,并于2026年(12.4万t)和2053年(13.0万t)再次出现峰值.不难看出,北京市住房建筑施工垃圾始终由城镇地区主导,其占比在50.0%~87.6%间波动,且波峰出现的时间也与城镇地区住房新建面积基本同步.
北京市住房建筑拆除垃圾快速增长趋势出现在20世纪60年代末期(图6).在2041年达到第一个峰值2132.24万t后,快速下降至2061年的谷值(1058.3万t),然后再次转入上升阶段,并于2094年达到最大峰值2327.2万t.与施工垃圾主要受城镇地区主导不同,北京市住房建筑拆除垃圾在2017年前主要来自农村地区.这是因为北京市城镇地区大规模新建住房建设始于20世纪80年代初,在2020年之前,城镇地区住房建筑的拆除活动相对较少.从住房建筑拆除垃圾城乡分布来看,城镇地区住房建筑拆除垃圾第一个峰值出现在2040年(1872.1万t),然后于2093年达到最大峰值1973.2万t.农村地区施工垃圾于2016年出现最大峰值533.0万t,并于2056年再次出现峰值455.4万t.2017年后,住房建筑拆除垃圾主要来自城镇地区,占比波动范围为50.7%~ 89.0%.
综合来看,在未来的几十年内,北京市将迎来建筑垃圾总产量的高峰时期.首个高峰将于2041年出现(2203.4万t),其后虽短暂有所下降,但总体产量仍在高位.随着部分建筑寿命到期后的迭代更新过程,北京市将在2094年迎来建筑垃圾总产量的最大峰值2396.4万t,分别约是2024年水平的1.6倍和1.7倍.如此规模的建筑垃圾产生量,如果仅将其作为固体废弃物填埋处置,将给生态环境和土地资源造成巨大压力[36].
不同时期住房建筑垃圾来源差异明显(图7).1977年以前,砖木结构是住房建筑的主要结构形式,因此这一时期的建筑垃圾主要由砖木结构住房产生.从1978年开始,随着砖混结构的普及,砖混结构住房建筑垃圾产生量逐渐上升.20世纪70年代,我国第一批钢筋混凝土结构住房建成并在后续大规模应用[37],北京市钢混结构住房的建筑垃圾产生量迎来快速增长,并于2023年开始成为建筑垃圾的最大来源.未来,随着砖木结构和砖混结构建筑比例不断下降,钢混结构住房将持续成为住房建筑垃圾产生量的主要贡献者.城镇和农村地区不同类型住房建筑垃圾的来源均呈现类似的趋势,由砖木为主逐步向砖混、钢混为主过渡.不同的是,农村地区砖木和砖混结构住房建筑垃圾产生量所占比例明显高于城市地区,在未来很长一段时间内,农村地区住房建筑垃圾主要来自砖木和砖混结构.这是由于城乡住房建筑结构类型构成比例不同.
住房建筑垃圾资源化利用很大程度上依赖于对建筑垃圾组成的深入了解[38].为此,对1949~2100年北京市住房建筑垃圾的主要组分构成进行研究,详见图8.水泥、砖块、沙子和碎石等是建筑垃圾中重量占比最大的成分,分别占城镇和农村地区住房建筑垃圾总重量的90.2%~95.5%和92.2%~94.1%.此外,城镇和农村地区住房建筑垃圾中,钢铁的重量占比分别为0.1%~4.5%和0.1%~3.0%.其余木材、石灰、玻璃、油毡、沥青等占比相对较低,在城镇和农村地区住房建筑垃圾中合计占比分别为3.5%~6.5%和4.4%~6.5%.
由于缺乏北京市农村地区住房建筑动态变化和建筑垃圾的研究成果,选择北京市城镇地区住房建筑研究成果进行对比分析.
本研究中,北京市城镇地区住房建筑新建面积的周期性波动趋势与Tang等[23]的研究结果基本一致.城镇地区住房新建面积模拟结果(2012年出现最大峰值3145.6万m2)与Tang等[23]的研究中北京市城市住房新建面积于2010年出现最大峰值2810.0万m2的结论较为接近.住房建筑存量饱和值方面,本研究结果8.0亿m2也与Tang等[23]的研究结果8.8亿m2较为一致,侧面印证了本模型的可靠性.
与之不同的是,本研究中北京市城镇地区住房建筑新建面积和拆除面积波动周期更为频繁,比Tang等[23]的研究多出现1~2个波峰.这可能是因为研究使用的建筑寿命概率密度分布不同.本研究采用对数正态分布,而其使用了正态分布描述建筑寿命的概率密度分布.与正态分布相比,对数正态分布属于非对称的右偏型概率分布.根据累积分布函数[39]图9),以建筑平均使用寿命70年为例,采用对数正态分布时建筑平均使用寿命对应的累积拆除概率明显高于正态分布,即大多数样本的建筑寿命聚集在平均寿命以下,这在一定程度上加速了建筑更新,导致了更多新建和拆除波峰的出现.
建筑平均使用寿命对住房建筑流量有显著影响[18,28].为定量化探讨延长建筑寿命对建筑垃圾产生量的影响,采用情景分析方法对比分析常规情景(表1)和长寿命情景(城市和农村砖木/砖混/钢混结构新建住房建筑的寿命分别设定为50/60/100年和40/50/70年)下北京市住房建筑垃圾产生量的不同,结果见图10.
长寿命情景下,北京市住房建筑垃圾产生量仅出现1个波峰,比常规情景减少1个.住房建筑垃圾产生的波峰出现在2040年,峰值为2022.9万t,显著低于常规情景下的第一个峰值2196.5万t;波谷出现在2072年,谷值为512.8万t,远小于常规情景下的谷值1088.4万t,且谷值出现时间滞后11年;此后,长寿寿命情景下,住房建筑垃圾产生均显著低于常规情景,并且在2100年前不会再次出现波峰.总体来看,与常规情景相比,2040~2100年间长寿命情景下北京市住房建筑垃圾产生量的最大降幅为72.0%,平均降幅为46.5%.上述结果表明,延长建筑寿命可以有效延迟北京住房建筑垃圾产生高峰的到来,并明显降低未来每年住房建筑垃圾的产生量,这对于缓解住房建筑垃圾产生高峰导致的环境压力具有重要意义.
此外,建筑结构的变化也对住房建筑垃圾产量有影响.在动态物质流模型中,建筑垃圾的产生量主要由建筑面积和物质强度相乘得出.由表2可知,不同结构形式的物质强度并不相同,砖木结构物质强度最低(1145.2kg/m2),钢混结构次之(平均1417.1kg/m2),砖混结构最高(平均1923.6kg/m2).随着住房建筑结构形式由砖木和砖混为主向砖混和钢混为主逐渐演变,总物质强度将有所上升,一定程度上将导致住房建筑垃圾产生量增长.
建筑垃圾可以作为稳定的二次资源.水泥、砖块、沙子和碎石等建筑垃圾中重量占比最大的部分可以回收用作生产再生骨料、再生混凝土、再生路基路面材料等新型绿色建材的原料[40],不仅有利于节约资源,且环境效益显著.有研究表明,再生骨料在避免废弃混凝土填埋、减少运输距离和贮存阶段碳吸收等方面具有显著的碳减排潜力[41-42],这对建筑领域“双碳目标”的实现具有重要意义.此外,钢铁也是建筑垃圾中可回收利用的重要资源[43].基于各类结构形式的新建住房建筑面积和物质强度,可估算北京市未来每年新建住房建筑所需的钢铁量.在未来不同钢铁回收循环利用情景下,2024~2100年北京市新建住房建筑对原生钢铁的需求量明显不同(图11).在0%再利用情景下,新建住房建筑所需钢铁全部由原生钢铁满足,对原生钢铁的需求最高为99.7万t,平均值为77.7万t;100%再利用情景下,建筑垃圾中的再生钢铁资源可大幅减少对原生钢铁的需求,新建住房建筑对原生钢铁的需求最低为1.5万t,再生钢铁资源对原生钢铁需求的替代率最高可达98.5%.考虑到再生钢铁与原生钢铁相比具有的碳减排优势[44-45],加强建筑垃圾中钢铁二次资源的回收利用将是建筑业绿色高质量发展的关键路径之一.
为应对住房建筑垃圾高峰,北京市应提前做好应对措施.在减少施工垃圾方面,混凝土3D打印建造等智能建造新技术的应用可减少施工建筑材料的浪费,降低建筑垃圾的产生[46-47].今后,北京市住房建筑将以钢筋混凝土结构住房建筑为主,智能建造新技术在减废降碳方面的优势更加突出.因此,北京市应在今后注重加强住房建筑新技术的应用.
在拆除垃圾减量化方面,北京市应通过延长建筑使用寿命,延迟住房建筑拆除高峰的到来.研究表明,我国住房建短命现象主要与建筑质量、城市规划、经济、建筑区位等因素相关[36,40-42].为延长建筑使用寿命,一方面必须注重强化建筑设计和建造管理,提高建筑质量;另一方面,建立和完善建筑拆除决策机制,严格控制尚在使用寿命内的建筑物拆除.目前,北京市已经出台《北京市城市更新条例》、《北京市城市更新行动计划(2021-2025)》等法规、文件[51],实行“留改拆”并举,严格控制大规模拆除,不搞“大拆大建”,从源头上防止城市更新过程中建筑拆除的盲目性和随意性,这对延长建筑物使用寿命具有重要作用,后续需重点做好落地实施.
更重要的是,在过去几十年中,随着建筑材料需求的增加、材料供应的短缺和对生态环境的日益关注,建筑行业循环经济的模式越来越受到重视[52-53].鉴于再生建筑材料在减废降碳方面的优势,北京市也应加快建立健全绿色低碳循环发展经济体系,推动建筑业以循环生产模式替代线性增长模式,走“资源-产品-再生资源”的路线,将建筑垃圾作为未来重要的城市矿产加以回收利用.通过以上综合措施,有效应对资源和生态环境方面的挑战.
本研究虽以北京市为例,但采用的动态物质流模型是基于质量守恒定律而构建的,因此,同样适用于其他城市或地区.在借鉴时,需注意应用适合的模型参数趋势预测方法.
此外,研究不可避免地存在局限性.首先,研究应用的动态物质流模型是基于对现实中住房建筑系统复杂代谢过程的必要简化和假设而构建的,没有考虑到城市规划、房地产市场变化、老旧小区改造升级等对住房建筑代谢过程的影响.其次,由于统计数据的不完善,以及模型中建筑寿命等参数的不唯一性,模型结果必然存在相当的不确定性.最后,虽然研究通过城镇新建建筑面积历史统计数据和与其它研究进行比较的方式进行了模型验证,但仍存在不足,特别是缺乏对模型预测结果的独立数据验证.未来研究中,可考虑在动态物质流模型中纳入更多影响因素,通过补充调查提高参数时空分辨率,开展不确定性分析,并开发更具说服力的模型结果验证方法,以最大程度约束模型结果的不确定性,改善模型性能.
4.1 1949~2100年,北京市城镇和农村住房建筑新建面积、拆除面积呈现周期性波动,存量大致呈现“S”型曲线趋势.城镇和农村地区住房新建面积分别于2012年和2015年达到最大峰值3145.6和788.7万m2,拆除面积分别于2094年和2016的达到最大峰值1500.8和453.5万m2,住房建筑平均使用寿命和建筑寿命分布函数对住房建筑流量模拟结果具有较大影响.住房建筑存量在经历几十年的增长后,将于21世纪中期达到饱和,城镇和农村地区的住房建筑存量饱和值分别为8.0亿m2和124.7万m2.
4.2 北京市住房建筑施工垃圾和拆除垃圾分别与住房新建面积和拆除面积的变化趋势高度相关.21世纪中后期,北京市将迎来建筑垃圾产量的高峰时期.首个峰值将于2041年出现(2203.4万t),其后保持高位波动,并将在2094年迎来建筑垃圾总产量的最大峰值2396.4万t,分别约是2024年水平的1.6倍和1.7倍,拆除垃圾是主要构成成分,需提前做好应对措施.
4.3 不同时期北京市住房建筑垃圾来源差异明显,由砖木结构住房为主逐步向砖混、钢混为主过渡.城镇和农村地区住房建筑垃圾中,水泥、砖块、沙子和碎石等是建筑垃圾中重量占比最大的成分,分别占住房建筑垃圾总重量的90.2%~95.5%和92.2%~94.1%,钢铁的重量占比分别为0.1%~4.5%和0.1%~3.0%.
4.4 建筑长寿命情景可延迟住房建筑拆除高峰的到来,最大减量潜力为72.0%;将建筑垃圾作为城市矿产回收利用,最高可减少98.5%的原生钢铁需求.为应对未来建筑垃圾峰值带来的挑战,北京市需要通过延长建筑使用寿命以延迟住房建筑拆除高峰的到来,同时加快建立健全绿色低碳循环发展经济体系,将建筑垃圾作为城市矿产加以回收利用,这对实现住房建筑绿色高质量发展具有重要意义.
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(2024YSKY-39)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-03
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中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(2024YSKY-39)
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    1.中国环境科学研究院生态环境部生态工业重点实验室,北京 100012
    2.西南交通大学环境科学与工程学院,四川 成都 611756

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