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Earthworm (Pheretima guillelmi) was selected as the model animal. Combination of in situ determination, high-throughput sequencing and biochemical analysis, the results indicated that the production of Fe(Ⅱ) was highest in the glucose treatment group and lowest in the amino acid setup. During the iron(Ⅲ) reduction process, the content of surface-adsorbed Fe(Ⅱ) was the highest, ranging from 0.6 to 24.38mmol/L;whereas the content of ionic Fe(Ⅱ) was the lowest, ranging from 0.02 to 2.21mmol/L. The community structure of iron(Ⅲ)-reducing bacteria was significantly influenced by the type of organic matter, and the dominant iron(Ⅲ)-reducing bacteria in different treatment groups were diverse. Additionally, the iron(Ⅲ) reduction process was accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was the highest, ranging from 0.32 to 0.73mmol/L, and be show a significant positive correlation with the contents of ionic Fe2+, surface-adsorbed Fe(Ⅱ), and high-crystalline iron, while exhibiting a significant negative correlation with the content of iron in organic complex state. Hydroxyl radical (OH) has a significant positive correlation with ionic Fe2+, adsorbed Fe(Ⅱ), and high-crystalline iron. Superoxide anion (O2•−)has a significant positive correlation with low-crystalline iron and a significant negative correlation with adsorbed Fe(Ⅱ) and high-crystalline iron. The research results provide a new perspective for understanding the role of earthworms gut microbiota in soil iron cycling and ROS formation, which can be applied for pollutant control and degradation.

, correspAuthors=Guo-wei ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying ZHANG, Ze-ping GAO, Xu WANG, Shun-shun LI, Tao HUANG, Guo-wei ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408723202142792, articleId=1241408719288856860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=蚯蚓肠道铁还原过程对活性氧形成的影响, columnId=1234106394572550190, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=土壤污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以威廉环毛蚓为实验对象,借助原位测定和微宇宙培养实验,结合高通量测序和生化分析展开研究.结果显示,葡萄糖处理组中Fe(Ⅱ)生成量最多,氨基酸组最少.铁还原过程中,表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)含量最高,为0.6~24.38mmol/L;离子态Fe(Ⅱ)最低,0.02~2.21mmol/L.铁还原菌群落结构受有机质类型影响显著,不同处理组中优势铁还原菌各不相同.此外,铁还原过程伴随着活性氧自由基(ROS)的产生,其中过氧化氢(H2O2)含量最高,为0.32~0.73mmol/L,与离子态Fe2+、表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁含量呈显著正相关,而与有机物络合态铁含量呈显著负相关;羟基自由基(OH)与离子态Fe2+、吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁呈显著正相关;超氧阴离子(O2•−)与低结晶态铁呈显著正相关,与吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁呈显著负相关.研究结果为了解蚯蚓在土壤铁循环和ROS形成过程中的作用提供了新视角,对于利用ROS控制和降解污染物具有潜在应用价值.

, correspAuthors=周国伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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张颖(2000-),女,河北唐山人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤微生物学研究.发表论文2篇...

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张颖(2000-),女,河北唐山人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤微生物学研究.发表论文2篇...

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张颖(2000-),女,河北唐山人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤微生物学研究.发表论文2篇...

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Correlation analysis between the production of OH、O2•− and H2O2 and the production of different forms of iron

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁形态OHO2•−H2O2
离子态Fe2+0.683**-0.5040.750**
吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)0.875**-0.738**0.790**
有机物络合态铁0.194-0.099-0.593*
高结晶态铁0.612*-0.571*0.693**
低结晶态铁-0.4170.585*0.105
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731355869659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408719288856860, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

OH、O2•−和H2O2的生成量与不同形态铁生成量之间的相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
铁形态OHO2•−H2O2
离子态Fe2+0.683**-0.5040.750**
吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)0.875**-0.738**0.790**
有机物络合态铁0.194-0.099-0.593*
高结晶态铁0.612*-0.571*0.693**
低结晶态铁-0.4170.585*0.105
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蚯蚓肠道铁还原过程对活性氧形成的影响
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张颖 1, 2 , 高泽萍 1, 2 , 王旭 1 , 李顺顺 1, 2 , 黄涛 1, 2 , 周国伟 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025,45(4): 2053-2062
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中国环境科学 | 土壤污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 2053-2062
蚯蚓肠道铁还原过程对活性氧形成的影响
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张颖1, 2 , 高泽萍1, 2, 王旭1, 李顺顺1, 2, 黄涛1, 2, 周国伟1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.安徽大学资源与环境工程学院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2.湿地生态保护与修复安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 张颖(2000-),女,河北唐山人,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤微生物学研究.发表论文2篇...

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* 责任作者,副教授,
Effect of intestinal iron reduction process on reactive oxygen species formation in earthworm
Ying ZHANG1, 2 , Ze-ping GAO1, 2, Xu WANG1, Shun-shun LI1, 2, Tao HUANG1, 2, Guo-wei ZHOU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2.Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecological Protection and Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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以威廉环毛蚓为实验对象,借助原位测定和微宇宙培养实验,结合高通量测序和生化分析展开研究.结果显示,葡萄糖处理组中Fe(Ⅱ)生成量最多,氨基酸组最少.铁还原过程中,表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)含量最高,为0.6~24.38mmol/L;离子态Fe(Ⅱ)最低,0.02~2.21mmol/L.铁还原菌群落结构受有机质类型影响显著,不同处理组中优势铁还原菌各不相同.此外,铁还原过程伴随着活性氧自由基(ROS)的产生,其中过氧化氢(H2O2)含量最高,为0.32~0.73mmol/L,与离子态Fe2+、表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁含量呈显著正相关,而与有机物络合态铁含量呈显著负相关;羟基自由基(OH)与离子态Fe2+、吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁呈显著正相关;超氧阴离子(O2•−)与低结晶态铁呈显著正相关,与吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁呈显著负相关.研究结果为了解蚯蚓在土壤铁循环和ROS形成过程中的作用提供了新视角,对于利用ROS控制和降解污染物具有潜在应用价值.

蚯蚓肠道菌群  /  铁还原  /  有机质  /  活性氧

Earthworm (Pheretima guillelmi) was selected as the model animal. Combination of in situ determination, high-throughput sequencing and biochemical analysis, the results indicated that the production of Fe(Ⅱ) was highest in the glucose treatment group and lowest in the amino acid setup. During the iron(Ⅲ) reduction process, the content of surface-adsorbed Fe(Ⅱ) was the highest, ranging from 0.6 to 24.38mmol/L;whereas the content of ionic Fe(Ⅱ) was the lowest, ranging from 0.02 to 2.21mmol/L. The community structure of iron(Ⅲ)-reducing bacteria was significantly influenced by the type of organic matter, and the dominant iron(Ⅲ)-reducing bacteria in different treatment groups were diverse. Additionally, the iron(Ⅲ) reduction process was accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was the highest, ranging from 0.32 to 0.73mmol/L, and be show a significant positive correlation with the contents of ionic Fe2+, surface-adsorbed Fe(Ⅱ), and high-crystalline iron, while exhibiting a significant negative correlation with the content of iron in organic complex state. Hydroxyl radical (OH) has a significant positive correlation with ionic Fe2+, adsorbed Fe(Ⅱ), and high-crystalline iron. Superoxide anion (O2•−)has a significant positive correlation with low-crystalline iron and a significant negative correlation with adsorbed Fe(Ⅱ) and high-crystalline iron. The research results provide a new perspective for understanding the role of earthworms gut microbiota in soil iron cycling and ROS formation, which can be applied for pollutant control and degradation.

gut microbiota of earthworm  /  iron(Ⅲ) reduction  /  organic matter  /  reactive oxygen species
张颖, 高泽萍, 王旭, 李顺顺, 黄涛, 周国伟. 蚯蚓肠道铁还原过程对活性氧形成的影响. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2053 -2062 .
Ying ZHANG, Ze-ping GAO, Xu WANG, Shun-shun LI, Tao HUANG, Guo-wei ZHOU. Effect of intestinal iron reduction process on reactive oxygen species formation in earthworm[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2053 -2062 .
蚯蚓作为广泛分布在土壤中生物量最大的无脊椎动物,每m3最多可达150只.蚯蚓肠道中蕴藏着丰富多样的菌群,在土壤有机质分解和元素周转过程中发挥着重要的作用[1].相较于易受干燥和氧气通量影响的周围表层土壤,蚯蚓肠道环境较为湿润且接近于厌氧,其肠道中厌氧菌的数量约是周围表层土壤中的10~4000倍[2].由于蚯蚓肠道特殊的厌氧生境体系,土壤中丰富的Fe(Ⅲ)矿物通过取食作用进入肠道之后会被其中的Fe(Ⅲ)还原微生物快速还原[3-4].在Fe(Ⅲ)还原微生物的介导下,蚯蚓肠道中会生成大量的Fe(Ⅱ),并且Fe(Ⅱ)与总铁的比值是周围土壤的3~10倍[5].由此可见,蚯蚓肠道是土壤铁还原过程的热点区域.
蚯蚓肠道含有丰富的有机质,其中葡萄糖、小分子有机酸和游离氨基酸等含量较高,可高出周围土壤3~40倍.这些有机质可为蚯蚓肠道中Fe(Ⅲ)还原微生物提供充足的电子供体和碳源[1].在威廉环毛蚓肠道中检测到多种具有发酵功能且占优势的Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌,如梭菌属(Clostridium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum[4].然而目前蚯蚓肠道中不同的有机质如何影响其中Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌群的丰度和多样性,仍有待进一步探索.相关研究发现蚯蚓肠道中含有大量的游离态Fe(Ⅱ)和含Fe(Ⅱ)矿物[5].除此之前,蚯蚓肠道中丰富的可溶性糖类、有机酸和氨基酸,这些都为有机物络合Fe(Ⅱ)提供了理想的条件,但目前关于蚯蚓肠道中Fe(Ⅱ)化合物的形态与含量及其与不同有机底物响应的研究仍十分匮乏.
活性氧(ROS)是指氧在单电子转移的不完全还原过程中形成的分子或离子,包括O2•−、H2O2OH和1O2等,具有较强的活性.近些年研究表明含铁矿物的氧化过程类似于芬顿反应,可贡献ROS的形成[5].以OH为代表的ROS在减弱环境中的污染物方面发挥着重要作用,包括污染水或土壤的修复[6-11].最近,人们发现富含铁矿物的地下沉积物中没有外源性H2O2,并长期缺少氧气,但在其中也检测到OH的产生,推测可能是由于地下水位和氧化还原动力学不断变化引起了铁的氧化还原循环[7,12-15],从而贡献了ROS的产生.类似地,蚯蚓肠道环境也缺少氧气,但其取食过程也会瞬间引入微量的氧气,引起其中氧化还原电位的变化,然而目前关于其肠道内容对ROS形成鲜少被关注,而且肠道中频繁的铁还原过程以及形成的不同形态的Fe(Ⅱ)对ROS产生的影响更需要深入解析.
综上所述,本文以蚯蚓为研究对象,结合原位测定和微宇宙培养实验,利用高通量测序技术和生化分析,以蚯蚓肠道中最为丰富且典型的有机物为电子供体,探讨有机物的类型对蚯蚓肠道Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌群组成的影响,分析蚯蚓肠道中各形态Fe(Ⅱ)的组成与含量,揭示不同形态Fe(Ⅱ)的形成和ROS产生间的关系.研究结果有望为全面了解蚯蚓的生态学功能提供新的参考和思路.
供试土样取自安徽省铜陵市矿区附近的农田(30°58′N,118°04′E),用灭菌后的采样铲铲取深度为地表下0~20cm的土壤,放入含有冰袋的泡沫箱后立即运输回实验室,并置于4℃冷藏保存.土壤pH值测定为5.89,使用pH计(PHS-3E,雷磁,中国)测得,含水率为28%.土壤中总铁、亚铁、总有机碳、总氮、总碳含量为63.07g/kg、252.56mg/kg、15.51mg/kg、1.4g/kg和9.5g/kg.总铁含量使用氨基磺酸和盐酸浸提后加入菲咯嗪利用紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-2600,岛津,日本)在562nm波长下测定.总有机碳测定使用重铬酸钾-硫酸外加热法[16]进行测定,然后乘以有机碳校正系数1.724,最终算出有机碳的含量.总氮和总碳含量使用元素分析仪(Elementar Vario EL Ⅲ,Elementar,德国)测定[17].本实验中使用的威廉环毛引购自江苏省句容市一龙蚯蚓养殖场,选取有生殖环带的成年健康蚯蚓.蚯蚓长度在10~15cm,体重为(7.05±0.21)g.蚯蚓在实验土壤中预培养7d之后,收集活蚯蚓立即用无水乙醇(分析纯)杀死.蠕虫被轻轻摇动并在消毒水中冲洗5次,以去除表面的微生物群.在无菌条件下使用无菌钳获得蚯蚓肠道[18].
Fe(Ⅲ)还原基础培养基包含:MgCl2⋅6H2O(0.4g /L)、CaCl2⋅H2O(0.1g/L)、NH4Cl(0.027g/L)、KH2PO4(0.6g/L)、维生素溶液(1mL/L)、微量元素溶液(1mL/L)和碳酸氢钠缓冲液(30mmol/L).培养基的pH值调至6.8~7.2之后,将高纯氮气和二氧化碳混合气(体积比80:20)经过0.22μm细菌过滤器后对培养基进行曝气除氧,最后用丁基橡胶塞和铝盖密封瓶口.
将蚯蚓肠道内容物与厌氧灭菌的磷酸盐缓冲液按照比例(1:4=m:V)混合之后预培养3d,以此彻底消耗蚯蚓肠道内容物中的残余的有机物.然后,取2mL预培养液加入配制好的Fe(Ⅲ)还原培养基(40mL)中,并加不同的有机底物和水铁矿,进行后续Fe(Ⅲ)还原培养实验.处理组包括:(1)添加30mmol/L水铁矿+7.5mmol/L乳酸;(2)添加30mmol/L水铁矿+6.5mmol/L乙酸;(3)添加30mmol/L水铁矿+30mmol/L葡萄糖;(4)添加30mmol/L的水铁矿+1mmol/L氨基酸;(5)添加30mmol/L水铁矿+30mmol/L葡萄糖+1mmol/L氨基酸.在培养的第0,2,4,6d进行动态采样.
称取40g Fe(NO33⋅9H2O溶于500mL Milli-Q超纯水(18.25MΩ)中,快速滴加330mL 1mol/L KOH溶液,然后逐滴缓慢添加KOH调节pH值至6.5~7之间.然后,溶液静置2h,并用KOH重新校正pH值为(7.5±0.1).将校正pH值后的悬浊液转移到离心管中,室温下离心10min(5000r/min)后弃去上清液,向沉淀物中加入超纯水搅拌均匀,再次离心,反复上述过程约4~5次,以去除残余无机盐,最后加入Milli-Q超纯水制备成水铁矿悬浊液.
Fe(Ⅱ)和总铁的含量按照之前文献中报道的方法进行检测[19].具体步骤如下:首先,将样品离心处理(10000g)5min,分离成上清液和沉淀物两部分.接着,从上清液中取100μL,加入900μL的40mmol/L氨基磺酸溶液,在室温下避光孵育1h以提取Fe(Ⅱ).另外,再取100μL上清液,加入900μL的氨基磺酸-盐酸羟胺混合溶液(两者浓度均为20mmol/L,体积比1:1),同样在室温下避光孵育1h以提取总铁.沉淀物被分为两等份,一份用0.5mol/L HCl(体积比1:1)处理以提取低晶矿物(如碳酸盐和绿锈)中的络合或表面吸附的Fe(Ⅱ);另一份则依次用1mL 0.1mol/L Na4P2O7、0.25mol/L NH2OH⋅HCl和60mmol/L Na2S2O4处理,分别提取有机物络合的Fe、低结晶的Fe和高结晶的Fe[20],之后,从每种浸提液中取100μL,加入900μL的邻菲罗啉显色液(1g邻菲罗啉预先溶于5mL无水乙醇中,然后加入50mmol/L的HEPES缓冲液至1L,pH=7)进行30min的显色反应,形成的橙红色络合物通过分光光度计在562nm波长下进行检测.
乙酸、乳酸和丙酮酸的浓度通过离子色谱仪(Dionex ICS-3000系统,Diones,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)进行测定.葡萄糖的测定则采用改进的蒽酮法[21],首先将葡萄糖在80℃下烘干6h至恒重,然后配制标准溶液.称取50mg蒽酮溶解于70%体积分数的浓硫酸中,陈化2h以制备蒽酮溶液.将培养过程中动态采集的样品离心得到的上清液与蒽酮溶液混合(体积比1:5),沸水水浴10min,冷却后在625nm波长下进行比色分析.
⋅OH浓度的测定采用探针分子COU进行定量分析[22],而O2•−的测定参考王爱国等[23]提出的方法.氨基酸浓度通过索莱宝试剂盒测定,H2O2浓度采用南京建成试剂盒进行测定.
X射线衍射(XRD)可以分析鉴定合成的铁(氢)氧化物.实验通过对合成的铁(氢)氧化物进行XRD表征,鉴定矿物的合成情况.并在以下测试条件下获得X射线衍射图:Cu Ka(λ=0.15406nm)辐射,电压为40kV,电流为40mA,扫描范围为2°~90°(2θ),步进扫描,步长0.01°,速度5°/min.
样品DNA的提取采用土壤基因组DNA提取试剂盒DP336-50T(TIANGRN,中国),按照制造商提供的指南进行操作.提取得到的DNA样本随后被送往北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司进行进一步分析.使用515F(5’-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGG-3’)和907R(5’-CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT-3’)引物对16S rDNA的V4-V5区域进行扩增,并进行高通量测序,测序数据通过Qiime2进行分析[24].
数据以平均值±标准差(SD)的形式在图表中显示.采用OriginPro 2024软件对铁还原培养过程中的理化指标含量作图,并利用SPSS软件对数据进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和邓肯多重范围检验(P<0.05).使用QIIME 2和R语言软件(版本4.3.3)对测序数据进行群落多样性以及代谢通路pircust分析.
在原位蚯蚓肠道中,不同形态的铁含量各不相同(图1(a)),其中离子态Fe2+的含量最高,浓度可达17.14mmol/L;吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)的含量最低,浓度为1.67mmol/L;其他3种形态铁(有机物络合态铁、高结晶态铁、低结晶态铁)的含量的差异不明显,浓度在7.3~8.5mmol/L之间.蚯蚓肠道中的有机物含量也不尽相同,葡萄糖浓度为30mmol/L,乳酸浓度为7.5mmol/L,乙酸浓度为6.5mmol/L,氨基酸(主要包括半胱氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸)含量为0.9mmol/L(图1(b)).图1(c)为实验合成水铁矿的X射线衍射图谱,由于水铁矿是一种弱结晶的铁(氢)氧化物,晶型较差,其XRD图谱的峰少,并且呈现出来的峰较宽[25].
在铁还原过程中,乳酸和氨基酸在培养6d后消耗殆尽(图2(a)、(c));乙酸的消耗速度较快,培养4d后即完全消耗掉(图2(b)).在葡萄糖处理组,葡萄糖在厌氧发酵过程中会转化成丙酮酸、乙酸和乳酸,葡萄糖在培养6d内被大量消耗掉,浓度从30mmol/L降至2.4mmol/L;中间产物丙酮酸、乙酸和乳酸则会随着培养不断积累,最终浓度可分别达到2mmol/L、4.7mmol/L和15.9mmol/L(图2(d)).在葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组,葡萄糖和氨基酸在培养6d内被大量消耗掉,浓度分别从30mmol/L和1.1mmol/L降至4.7mmol/L和0.25mmol/L,丙酮酸、乙酸和乳酸浓度积累可达到1.94mmol/L,2.45mmol/L,14.95mmol/L.综上所述,铁还原培养6d后,添加的有机物基本被完全消耗掉,在培养过程中葡萄糖通过糖酵解转化成丙酮酸和乳酸(图2(e)).
铁还原培养过程中不同形态铁的变化趋势如图3所示.在不同的处理中,离子态Fe2+浓度随着培养的天数不断增加(图3(a)).在葡萄糖处理组中,离子态Fe2+增长最快且浓度最高,为2.02mmol/L;氨基酸处理组浓度最低,为0.21mmol/L.类似地,吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)浓度在不同处理组中也随着培养的天数逐渐增加,其在葡萄糖处理组中含量最高,浓度为24.38mmol/L;其次是葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组;最低的为氨基酸处理组(0.60mmol/L)(图3(b)).
有机物络合态铁、高结晶态和低结晶态铁在各个处理组中均差异明显(P<0.05),含量从大到小依次为:有机物络合态铁>低结晶态铁>高结晶态铁(图3(c)).有机物络合态在葡萄糖处理中浓度最高,为3.66mmol/L,其次是葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组,浓度为2.98mmol/L;高结晶态铁在葡萄糖处理中浓度最高,为1.29mmol/L,其次是乳酸处理组,浓度为0.17mmol/L;低结晶态铁在氨基酸处理组浓度最高,为1.14mmol/L,其次是乳酸处理组,浓度为0.58mmol/L(图3(c)).
图3(d)中可以看出,吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)所占比例最大,其次为其他形态铁,离子态Fe2+所占比例最小.吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)在不同处理组中存在显著性差异(P<0.05),离子态Fe2+和其他形态铁在不同处理组中差异不明显.从整体来看,不同形态铁的总含量最大为葡萄糖处理组,其次是葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组;葡萄糖处理组中吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)和其他形态铁浓度均是最大.
OH含量变化趋势为先增后减,在第2d达到峰值,葡萄糖处理组的浓度最高,浓度为1.42μmol/L;其次是乳酸处理组,浓度为1.23μmol/L;氨基酸处理组中浓度最低,为0.91μmol/L(图4(a)).
氨基酸、葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组中O2•−随着培养时间而增加,其他处理组的O2•−的变化趋势为先增后减,O2•−产量在第2d达到峰值,氨基酸处理组中O2•−的含量最高,浓度为1.67μmol/L;其次是乙酸处理组,浓度为1.04μmol/L;最少的为葡萄糖处理组,浓度低至0.30μmol/L(图4(b)).
H2O2含量的变化趋势也为先增后减(图4(c),在第2d达到峰值.其中,葡萄糖处理组产生量最多,浓度为0.73mmol/L;其次是葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组,浓度为0.53mmol/L;浓度最低的为氨基酸处理组,为0.32mmol/L.总体来看,H2O2的生成量与离子态Fe2+、表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、结构态铁的含量成显著正相关(表1).
肠道微生物和土壤微生物群落结构存在显著性差异;并且,不同有机物的处理组中微生物群落结构的差异也较为显著(图5(a)).所有这些处理组都具有编码葡萄糖发酵、丙酮酸代谢、乳酸和乙酸盐利用、三羧酸循环、氨基酸代谢的相关基因(图5(b));从整体来看,丙酮酸代谢的相关基因丰度最高,其次是谷氨酸代谢;在不同处理组中,相关代谢基因最多的处理组为土壤处理组,其次为乙酸盐处理组.另外,不同处理组中的有机质代谢强度无明显差异,但高于原位肠道(图5(b)).
原位蚯蚓肠道内容物、土壤和所有处理组的微生物群落结构有显著性差异(图6(a)).整体来看,Enterobacteriaceae最丰富,占比在12.14%~61.66%;在乳酸盐处理组中,Enterobacteriaceae(61.66%)、Shewanella(10.71%)和Pseudomonas(8.46%)为优势物种;而乙酸盐处理组中占比较高的微生物为Bacillus(36.91%)、Shewanella(17.36%)和Enterobacteriaceae (12.14%);在葡萄糖处理组中,Enterobacteriaceae最多,占比为55.03%,其次是AeromonasSporolactobacillus,占比为10.42%、8.61%;在氨基酸处理组中,较为丰富的为Symbiobacteraceae (20.93%)、Enterobacteriaceae(13.42%)和Paenibacillaceae(9.84%);在葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组中,EnterobacteriaceaeSporolactobacillus是优势物种.相比之下,在原位蚯蚓肠道和土壤中的优势物种则主要为AeromonasCetobacteriumShewanellaNocardioidesNitrososphaeraceae(图6(a)).
不同处理组中铁还原微生物的结构和组成明显不同.其中,乙酸处理组的铁还原菌丰度最高,铁还原菌占总菌54.35%,其次是氨基酸处理组(50.59%),铁还原菌丰度最低的为氨基酸处理组(26.43%)(图6(b)).乳酸处理组中铁还原菌丰度最高为Thermincola;乙酸、氨基酸处理中铁还原菌丰度最高为Bacillus;在葡萄糖处理组和原位肠道中铁还原菌丰度最高为Aeromonas;在葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组中铁还原菌丰度最高为Sporolactobacillus;在土壤中铁还原菌丰度最高为Nocardioides.
不同处理组之间微生物的丰度和多样性差异较大(图5(a)),这与培养过程中添加的有机质底物(乳酸、乙酸、氨基酸和葡萄糖)的类型有直接关系[26-27].相较而言,原位肠道的微生物丰度显著高于土壤,这是由于蚯蚓肠道中含有丰富的有机质,其中葡萄糖、小分子有机酸和游离氨基酸可高出周围土壤3~40倍[4].同时,在微生物介导的铁还原过程中,这些有机底物可以作为电子供体,不同有机底物能够招募不同类型的铁还原微生物,因此是造成每个处理组中的优势属不尽相同的根本原因[28].例如,在乳酸处理组中占优势的铁还原菌为Thermincola,Bradley证明该菌种可以利用乳酸盐进行新陈代谢[29];乙酸和氨基酸处理组中占优势的铁还原菌均为Bacillus,其也被报道可以利用乙酸盐和氨基酸进行铁还原[30];在葡萄糖处理组中是Aeromonas,其为典型的发酵微生物[31];在葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组中占优势的Clostridium也被证明具有葡萄糖和氨基酸代谢活性[32].
在铁还原培养实验过程中,有机质的种类对不同形态铁的含量有显著差异.尤其是添加葡萄糖处理组,与其他处理组有显著不同.根据前人研究,葡萄糖和Fe(Ⅲ)的反应为C6H12O6+2Fe(OH)3+H+→2Fe2++CH3COO-+CH3CH2COO-+HCO3-+5H2O[33].本实验中葡萄糖和水铁矿的浓度均为30mmol/L,葡萄糖充足,Fe(Ⅲ)全部被还原(图3),反应结束后仍有少量剩余的葡萄糖(图2(d)).由于未用于还原反应的葡萄糖会进行发酵反应,从而生成乳酸、乙酸、丙酮酸.在乳酸和乙酸处理组中,同样地,由于电子供体充足(CH3COO- + 24Fe(OH)3→8Fe3O4 + HCO3- + CO2 +37H2O; 4FeOOH + CH3CHOHCOO- + 7H+→ 4Fe2+ +CH3COO- + HCO3- + 6H2O),水铁矿被完全消耗之后,溶液中仍然有乳酸和乙酸剩余[34].总体来看,Fe(Ⅲ)被还原之后,离子态Fe(Ⅱ)最少,大部分是吸附态Fe(Ⅱ),其次是有机物络合态铁、高结晶态铁和低结晶态铁(图3).用于Fe(Ⅲ)还原的有机物含量小于总的有机物添加量,因此溶液中残余的有机物或其中间代谢产物参与Fe(Ⅱ)的络合,从而形成部分有机物络合态铁[34].不同形态铁的总量由高到低依次是葡萄糖处理组>葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组>乳酸处理组>乙酸处理组>氨基酸处理组(图3).值得一提的是,葡萄糖+氨基酸处理组含量低于葡萄糖处理组的原因可能是由于氨基酸对铁还原反应具有抑制作用,具体机理尚不清楚,有待进一步研究.水铁矿是Fe3+化学沉淀形成的铁(氢)氧化物,水铁矿的比表面积高达312m2/g,在常见的环境pH值下(pH 4~10)带正电,碳酸根和磷酸根,会与铁矿物生成铁化合物沉淀,在碳酸根存在的条件下,水铁矿的还原产物为碳酸亚铁(菱铁矿);在磷酸根体系下主要生成蓝铁矿(Fe3(PO42·(H2O)8),也称为磷酸亚铁[35-36].而离子态Fe2+在水铁矿反应体系中会吸附在无定型态的水铁矿和弱结晶态的次生矿界面上,因此,这种吸附作用使得离子态Fe2+的浓度快速降低[37].
在铁还原反应过程中,检测到OH、O2•−和H2O2的生成,浓度都在反应第2d达到峰值,浓度最高的自由基为H2O2.与透气的土壤环境不同,蚯蚓的肠道处于完全厌氧状态,因此无法通过类芬顿发应(方程式:Fe(Ⅱ) + O2 → Fe(Ⅲ) + O2•−;Fe(Ⅱ) + O2•− →Fe(Ⅲ) + H2O2;Fe(Ⅱ) + H2O2 → Fe(Ⅲ) + OH +OH;2Fe(Ⅲ) + H2O2 → 2Fe(Ⅱ) + O2 +2H+)产生自由基[38];因此,厌氧环境中H2O2可以通过生物和非生物机制产生,H2O2非生物机制的产生以是通过被还原物(如Fe(Ⅱ)和有机物)还原O2[39].H2O2与不同形态铁的相关性分析如表1所示,H2O2生成量与离子态Fe(Ⅱ)、表面吸附Fe(Ⅱ)、结构态铁的总量成显著正相关,这与前期研究结果一致[7];然而,其却与有机物吸附态铁成显著负相关,这可能由于有机物与Fe(Ⅲ)络合,影响Fe(Ⅲ)还原转化为Fe(Ⅱ),从而抑制H2O2的生成[38];此外,OH与离子态Fe2+、吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁呈显著正相关,这与前人结果一致[40];O2•−与低结晶态铁呈显著正相关,与吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁呈显著负相关,这可能是由于O2•−OH产生的中间体,吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁会促进O2•−转化为OH,目前具体机理尚不清楚,有待进一步研究.
总体来看,ROS的含量在培养2d后达到峰值,后续虽然Fe(Ⅱ)浓度持续增长,但ROS含量反而开始降低(图3),推测是由于培养后期,H2O2一部分参与了铁的氧化还原循环,另一部分促进了有机物的氧化,也可能是刚开始的培养基是微氧环境,自由基产量增加,氧气消耗完毕后开始降低.Zhang等人研究结果表明Fe(Ⅱ)和有机物可以提供电子并促进非生物H2O2OH的生成[41],这可能是本研究中OH的重要来源.考虑到体系中Fe(Ⅱ)浓度比残余有机物高出1个数量级,因此Fe(Ⅱ)可能是更为重要的贡献者[38];而且Fe(Ⅱ)和有机物的共存将进一步促进H2O2的高效生成[41],这与本文的实验结论一致.Sheng等[42]在铁还原与再氧化培养实验过程中也观察到了ROS的产生,其中OH产量最高,这与本文实验结果不同,推测可能是本实验的厌氧环境不利于芬顿反应或类芬顿反应发生,从而抑制了H2O2转化为OH[43].此外,ROS也会对铁氧化还原过程产生影响,它们之间的相互作用对土壤生态系统环境产生重要影响[44].在细胞代谢中,铁对细胞有毒害作用,例如当细胞内抗氧化防御系统如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)等受损时,会导致细胞内ROS增多,同时也会影响铁代谢,使细胞内不稳定铁增加,Fe(Ⅱ)更易释放并参与芬顿反应等,进一步加剧ROS的产生和铁离子价态的变化[45].GPX4是细胞内重要的抗氧化酶,正常情况下,GPX4可以利用谷胱甘肽(GSH)来减少脂质过氧化物,将其转化为无毒的脂醇;但当GPX4受损时,其清除脂质过氧化物的功能就会减弱,脂质过氧化物积累后,会发生一系列反应产生更多的ROS[45].同时,由于GPX4不能有效清除过氧化物,细胞内氧化还原平衡被打破,使得其他产生ROS的反应也更容易发生,如线粒体呼吸链产生O2•−的过程失去平衡,O2•−生成增加,进而通过歧化反应产生H2O2,H2O2也可以进一步转化为更具活性的OH等ROS,导致细胞内ROS增多[45].另外,ROS也可能参与体系中少部分表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)和结构态Fe(Ⅱ)的快速氧化(方程式:2Fe(Ⅲ) + H2O2 →2Fe(Ⅱ) + O2+2H+))[40],因此,推测这是导致其在培养2d之后ROS总体水平不断降低的主要原因.由于总体ROS的含量是μmol/L水平,而体系中Fe(Ⅱ)则是mmol/L水平,ROS能氧化的Fe(Ⅱ)总量应十分有限,因此,从结果上仅表现为ROS水平2d之后不断降低,Fe(Ⅱ)的浓度却几乎无波动.
4.1 有机质影响着蚯蚓肠道菌群介导的铁还原过程,其中葡萄糖组Fe(Ⅱ)的产生量最多,氨基酸组则最少.对比不同的Fe(Ⅱ)形态的产生量发现,表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)含量最高,为0.6~24.38mmol/L,游离态Fe(Ⅱ)含量最低,0.02~2.21mmol/L.
4.2 不同类型的有机物明显改变着总体肠道菌群和铁还原微生物的丰度和多样性,各处理中优势的铁还原微生物各不相同.
4.3 铁还原过程伴随着ROS的形成,包括OH、O2•−和H2O2,并且浓度最高的是H2O2,为0.32~0.73mmol/L.H2O2的形成与离子态Fe(Ⅱ)、表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶态铁的含量成显著正相关,然而却与有机物络合态铁的含量成显著负相关; OH与离子态Fe2+、吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶铁呈显著正相关;O2•−与低结晶铁呈显著正相关,与吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)、高结晶铁呈显著负相关.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42107143)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42107143)
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    1.安徽大学资源与环境工程学院,安徽 合肥 230601
    2.湿地生态保护与修复安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230601

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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