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This study applied umbrella-shaped modified basalt fiber (MBF) bio-carrier to an integrated fixed-film activated sludge system to investigate the performance of MBF bio-nest in wastewater treatment and N2O emission reduction. The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on N2O reduction in the bio-nest was investigated by changing the DO concentration. The results showed that under the same operating conditions, TN removal efficiency was increased by 63.87% and N2O emission was reduced by 77.76% in the bio-nest system compared with the sequencing batch activated sludge bioreactor. According to the 16sRNA sequencing results, a variety of functional microregions existed within MBF bio-nests, with a high diversity of microbial populations. Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedis were the main carbon-removing bacteria in the reactor, and heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification(HN-AD) genera were the main nitrifying bacteria, which did not emit N2O during the nitrification process. Denitrification genera were dominated by conventional heterotrophic denitrification bacteria (HDN) in the inner and middle layers of the bio-nest (17.42%,23.02%), and HN-AD bacteria in the outer layer of the bio-nest and suspended sludge (29.70%, 27.53%). Aerobic/anoxic/anaerobic genera were distributed in all layers of the bio-nest, and denitrification genera had higher relative abundance in the MBF bioreactor than in the SBR, which facilitated denitrification and mitigated the accumulation of intermediate products, reducing N2O emissions. The MBF bio-nest reactor had the highest TN removal rate of 86.64%±1.14% and the lowest N2O emission of (0.78±0.83) mg N2O/g TN when the DO concentration was 2.5mg/L (M2). The bio-nest microbial genus categories were basically the same in each DO gradient, but differed in their relative abundance. In M2, HN-AD bacteria were the main nitrifying functional bacteria in the reactor(the relative abundance of the layers from inside to outside was 44.24%, 61.34%, and 36.16%), which was conducive to N2O reduction; HDN were the main functional bacteria in the M2reactor, with moderate relative abundance of 20.17%, 12.00%, and 21.20% from inside to outside layers; the concentrations of NO2--N and NO3--N in the effluent were (0.011±0.002) and (1.65±0.46)mg/L; denitrification was carried out completely, which was conducive to the reduction of N2O emissions.

, correspAuthors=Jing WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dan-ni WANG, Xiang-tong ZHOU, Jing WEI, Ru GENG, Zhi-ren WU, Zhi-gang LIU, Bing-qian HOU, Cheng ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408722921116109, articleId=1241408719053967463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于改性玄武岩纤维生物巢的N2O减排研究, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

将伞状改性玄武岩纤维(MBF)生物载体应用于泥巢混合系统,探究MBF生物巢污水处理及N2O减排效果和机理;通过改变溶解氧(DO)浓度,探究DO对生物巢N2O减排影响机理.结果表明,相同运行条件下,MBF生物巢法较序批式活性污泥法的TN去除率提高63.87%,N2O排放量减少77.76%.16s RNA测序显示MBF生物巢内存在多种功能微区,微生物种群多样性丰富.Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedis为反应器主要脱碳功能菌,异养硝化好氧反硝化(HN-AD)菌属为主要硝化功能菌,其硝化过程无N2O排放.反硝化功能菌属在生物巢内、中层以常规异养反硝化菌(HDN)为主(17.42%、23.02%),在生物巢外层及悬浮污泥中以HN-AD菌为主(29.70%、27.53%),好/缺/厌氧菌属在生物巢各层中均有分布,反硝化菌属在MBF生物巢反应器中相对丰度高于序批式活性污泥反应器,促进反硝化进行,避免了中间产物积累,减少N2O排放量.DO浓度为2.5mg/L时,MBF生物巢反应器(M2)TN去除率最高(86.64%±1.14%),N2O排放量最低(0.78±0.83) mg N2O/g TN.各DO梯度下生物巢微生物种属类别基本一致,相对丰度存在差异.M2中HN-AD菌属为反应器中起硝化作用的主要功能菌,由内至外各层相对丰度为44.24%、61.34%、36.16%,利于N2O减排;HDN为M2起反硝化作用的主要功能菌,相对丰度适中,由内至外各层相对丰度为20.17%、12.00%、21.20%,NO2--N和NO3--N出水浓度为(0.011±0.002)和(1.65±0.46) mg/L,反硝化进行完全,利于N2O减排.

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* 责任作者,教授,
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王丹妮(2000-),女,重庆开州人,江苏大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污水生物处理.发表论文2篇..

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王丹妮(2000-),女,重庆开州人,江苏大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污水生物处理.发表论文2篇..

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王丹妮(2000-),女,重庆开州人,江苏大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污水生物处理.发表论文2篇..

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基于改性玄武岩纤维生物巢的N2O减排研究
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王丹妮 1 , 周向同 1 , 韦静 1, 2, * , 耿茹 1 , 吴智仁 1 , 刘志刚 1 , 侯冰倩 1 , 朱铖 3
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1951-1962
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1951-1962
基于改性玄武岩纤维生物巢的N2O减排研究
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王丹妮1 , 周向同1, 韦静1, 2, * , 耿茹1, 吴智仁1, 刘志刚1, 侯冰倩1, 朱铖3
作者信息
  • 1.江苏大学环境与安全工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
  • 2.深圳市环水投资集团有限公司,广东 深圳 518031
  • 3.常州市深水江边污水处理有限公司,江苏 常州 213001
  • 王丹妮(2000-),女,重庆开州人,江苏大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为污水生物处理.发表论文2篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,教授,
Reduction of N2O emission in wastewater treatment by modified basalt fiber bio-nest technology
Dan-ni WANG1 , Xiang-tong ZHOU1, Jing WEI1, 2, * , Ru GENG1, Zhi-ren WU1, Zhi-gang LIU1, Bing-qian HOU1, Cheng ZHU3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 2.Shenzhen Water and Environment Investment Group, Shenzhen 518031, China
  • 3.Changzhou Shenshui Jiangbian Wastewater Treatment Co. Ltd., Changzhou 213001, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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将伞状改性玄武岩纤维(MBF)生物载体应用于泥巢混合系统,探究MBF生物巢污水处理及N2O减排效果和机理;通过改变溶解氧(DO)浓度,探究DO对生物巢N2O减排影响机理.结果表明,相同运行条件下,MBF生物巢法较序批式活性污泥法的TN去除率提高63.87%,N2O排放量减少77.76%.16s RNA测序显示MBF生物巢内存在多种功能微区,微生物种群多样性丰富.Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedis为反应器主要脱碳功能菌,异养硝化好氧反硝化(HN-AD)菌属为主要硝化功能菌,其硝化过程无N2O排放.反硝化功能菌属在生物巢内、中层以常规异养反硝化菌(HDN)为主(17.42%、23.02%),在生物巢外层及悬浮污泥中以HN-AD菌为主(29.70%、27.53%),好/缺/厌氧菌属在生物巢各层中均有分布,反硝化菌属在MBF生物巢反应器中相对丰度高于序批式活性污泥反应器,促进反硝化进行,避免了中间产物积累,减少N2O排放量.DO浓度为2.5mg/L时,MBF生物巢反应器(M2)TN去除率最高(86.64%±1.14%),N2O排放量最低(0.78±0.83) mg N2O/g TN.各DO梯度下生物巢微生物种属类别基本一致,相对丰度存在差异.M2中HN-AD菌属为反应器中起硝化作用的主要功能菌,由内至外各层相对丰度为44.24%、61.34%、36.16%,利于N2O减排;HDN为M2起反硝化作用的主要功能菌,相对丰度适中,由内至外各层相对丰度为20.17%、12.00%、21.20%,NO2--N和NO3--N出水浓度为(0.011±0.002)和(1.65±0.46) mg/L,反硝化进行完全,利于N2O减排.

改性玄武岩纤维  /  生物巢  /  N2O减排  /  溶解氧  /  微生物群落结构

This study applied umbrella-shaped modified basalt fiber (MBF) bio-carrier to an integrated fixed-film activated sludge system to investigate the performance of MBF bio-nest in wastewater treatment and N2O emission reduction. The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on N2O reduction in the bio-nest was investigated by changing the DO concentration. The results showed that under the same operating conditions, TN removal efficiency was increased by 63.87% and N2O emission was reduced by 77.76% in the bio-nest system compared with the sequencing batch activated sludge bioreactor. According to the 16sRNA sequencing results, a variety of functional microregions existed within MBF bio-nests, with a high diversity of microbial populations. Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedis were the main carbon-removing bacteria in the reactor, and heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification(HN-AD) genera were the main nitrifying bacteria, which did not emit N2O during the nitrification process. Denitrification genera were dominated by conventional heterotrophic denitrification bacteria (HDN) in the inner and middle layers of the bio-nest (17.42%,23.02%), and HN-AD bacteria in the outer layer of the bio-nest and suspended sludge (29.70%, 27.53%). Aerobic/anoxic/anaerobic genera were distributed in all layers of the bio-nest, and denitrification genera had higher relative abundance in the MBF bioreactor than in the SBR, which facilitated denitrification and mitigated the accumulation of intermediate products, reducing N2O emissions. The MBF bio-nest reactor had the highest TN removal rate of 86.64%±1.14% and the lowest N2O emission of (0.78±0.83) mg N2O/g TN when the DO concentration was 2.5mg/L (M2). The bio-nest microbial genus categories were basically the same in each DO gradient, but differed in their relative abundance. In M2, HN-AD bacteria were the main nitrifying functional bacteria in the reactor(the relative abundance of the layers from inside to outside was 44.24%, 61.34%, and 36.16%), which was conducive to N2O reduction; HDN were the main functional bacteria in the M2reactor, with moderate relative abundance of 20.17%, 12.00%, and 21.20% from inside to outside layers; the concentrations of NO2--N and NO3--N in the effluent were (0.011±0.002) and (1.65±0.46)mg/L; denitrification was carried out completely, which was conducive to the reduction of N2O emissions.

modified basalt fiber  /  bio-nest  /  N2O emission reduction  /  dissolved oxygen  /  microbial community composition
王丹妮, 周向同, 韦静, 耿茹, 吴智仁, 刘志刚, 侯冰倩, 朱铖. 基于改性玄武岩纤维生物巢的N2O减排研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1951 -1962 .
Dan-ni WANG, Xiang-tong ZHOU, Jing WEI, Ru GENG, Zhi-ren WU, Zhi-gang LIU, Bing-qian HOU, Cheng ZHU. Reduction of N2O emission in wastewater treatment by modified basalt fiber bio-nest technology[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1951 -1962 .
近半世纪以来,地球表面温度上升呈加剧趋势,1951~2020年我国平均气温升温速率达0.26℃/10a,高于全球平均水平(0.15℃/10a).气候变暖导致的极端天气事件、冰川和冻土面积缩减、植被分布界限迁移等现象引发一系列生态安全问题,对人类生命安全造成巨大威胁[1].
人类活动排放的温室气体是全球变暖的主要驱动因素[2].N2O是影响地球辐射平衡的主要长寿命温室气体之一,全球增温潜势是CO2的310倍[3],全球变暖贡献率仅次于CO2和CH4[4].N2O来源于人为活动和自然产生,据统计,2021年人为源贡献率达43%,是导致全球大气中N2O升高的主要原因[1].我国高度重视气候变化,随着“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的推进落实,N2O的减排已成为温室气体排放管理的重要内容[6].污水处理是N2O的主要人为源之一.2017年我国废水处理N2O排放量达11.3万t,较2014年和2010年分别增长0.3万t和1.7万t[7].污水处理行业作为减污降碳的关键领域,污水处理过程中N2O减排以及技术开发具有重要的研究意义[8].
污水处理过程中,生物氮代谢是N2O的主要来源[9].硝化与反硝化过程均会产生N2O,主要涉及氨氧化菌(AOB)亚硝化同步反硝化、异养反硝化(HDN)、异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)和全程氨氧化(comammox)等.N2O也可通过NH2OH和NOH化学转化产生.在生物处理过程中,DO的不足限制了硝化作用完全进行,导致NO2--N积累.这种积累促使AOB反硝化,从而促进N2O的生成与累积.同时,当DO浓度过高时,会显著抑制反硝化细菌的功能性酶,特别是对N2O还原酶(NosZ)的活性抑制最为强烈,这同样导致了N2O的累积.据此,DO水平是调控生物处理过程中N2O排放量的关键操作参数之一.
泥膜混合系统相较于单一活性污泥系统具有削减N2O排放的作用.常规填料表面的微生物聚集形式以生物膜为主,生物膜上形成好氧/缺氧/厌氧的溶解氧梯度分布环境,泥膜两相功能菌群的协同作用有利于提高硝化和反硝化效率[11].相关研究[12]开发了基于碳纤维填料的养猪废水处理工艺,对比活性污泥法,在达到相当污染物去除率的同时可实现约80%的N2O减量.其原因是该碳纤维填料可黏附生长大量活性污泥形成厚度为1mm的生物膜,生物膜可形成外部好氧内部厌氧的梯度溶氧环境为硝化和反硝化菌群在微环境共生提供适宜条件,促进氮转化反应的完全进行.因此,高性能填料应用有助于实现N2O减排.
近年来改性玄武岩纤维(MBF)在污水处理中的研究受到广泛关注[13-16].玄武岩纤维(BF)由天然玄武岩石高温熔融拉丝制备,生产工艺和产品无环境负荷,是我国重点发展的绿色微米级柔性无机纤维.经改性后,MBF单丝直径为7~21µm,具有很好的水中分散性和机械强度,生物亲和性良好,与碳纤维填料具有相似特性.伞状玄武岩纤维在污水处理中可聚集包裹大量活性污泥形成直径10cm以上的类球状微生物聚集体,即“生物巢[17].生物巢法是由生物巢及悬浮污泥构成的泥巢混合系统.生物巢不同于常规生物膜,其内部均存在高度异质分布的好氧、缺氧和厌氧微区具有更高的生物量,更高的生物膜厚度,更高的脱氮菌群丰度及丰富度[17-18],从内至外均呈现较高的生物活性,可实现污水高效脱氮除碳,已在生活污水[19]和印染[20]、化工[21]、食品[22]等工业废水的处理中开展了一系列研究和实际应用.目前有关MBF生物巢法N2O排放的研究尚为空缺,鉴于生物巢的特殊结构和高脱氮效率,其深入研究可为N2O减排提供新思路.
本文的研究内容为基于MBF生物巢法的污水处理过程N2O减排研究.在相同运行条件下,以序批式活性污泥法为参照,对比MBF生物巢法在污水处理过程中的N2O排放量及碳氮污染物(COD,TN,NH4+-N)去除率;结合微生物群落结构,揭示MBF生物巢法的N2O减排机制.通过改变DO浓度结合水质及微生物群落结构分析,探究DO对MBF生物巢削减N2O排放的影响机制,为MBF生物巢法在污水处理实际应用中实现N2O减排提供理论依据.
MBF填料购自江苏绿材谷新材料科技发展有限公司,每个伞状填料水平直径为15cm,含MBF质量为15g(图1(a)).
反应器为长80cm、宽35cm、高80cm的亚克力长方体(图1(b、c)),有效容积224L.反应器顶部设置阀门用于反应器排气和气样采集.MBF生物巢反应器中悬挂9束MBF填料.反应器底部均铺设微孔曝气管,并设置实时监测系统以调节反应池内DO浓度、pH值和温度.
第一组实验,建立一组MBF生物巢反应器(M反应器)及一组序批式活性污泥反应器(S反应器).两组反应器采用间歇式运行,水力停留时间(HRT)为12h,运行周期包括进水(10min)、曝气(11h)、沉淀(20min)、排水(20min)、待机(10min),排水比为50%.进水为模拟废水,以葡萄糖为碳源,氯化铵为氮源,磷酸二氢钾为磷源,COD、TN和TP浓度分别为400,20和4mg/L,同时添加微生物生长所需的微量元素和维生素[14].反应器接种所用活性污泥取自江苏省镇江市某污水处理厂好氧池.反应器初始MLSS为4000~5000mg/L,DO浓度为2.5mg/L.
第二组实验,建立3组DO浓度分别为(1.5±0.5)、(2.5±0.5)和(3.5±0.5)mg/L的MBF生物巢反应器,分别命名为M1、M2和M3.各反应器内其余运行条件及进水与第一组实验一致.
两组实验中,反应器运行期间,对处理出水污染物浓度、出水中溶解性N2O浓度及反应器上方气态逸散出的N2O浓度进行检测.运行结束后,对MBF中的悬浮污泥及生物巢内部、中部、外部污泥和SBR中的污泥进行微生物群落结构表征.对M1,M2,M3中的生物巢污泥进行胞外聚合物(EPS)定量表征及EPS中多糖、蛋白、腐殖质定量分析.
MBF表面微观形貌使用场发射电子显微镜(FESEM,JSM-7001F,日本电子株式会社)观察;亲疏水性采用接触角测量仪测试(JC2000D1,上海中晨数字技术设备有限公司),以超纯水和二碘甲烷为测试液体,通过欧文斯二液法计算纤维表面能;MBF表面zeta电位采用电动分析仪测量(SDC-200,东莞市晟鼎精密仪器有限公司).
COD、NH4+-N、TN、NO2--N、NO3--N浓度参考国家标准采用快速消解分光光度法HJ/T 399-2007[23]、纳氏试剂分光光度法HJ 535-2009[24]、碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法HJ 636-2012[25]、分光光度法GB 7493-87[26]、紫外分光光度法HJ/T 346-2007[27]测定;DO采用电化学探头法检测[28];pH值采用玻璃电极法检测[29].
N2O排放量包括从反应器上方直接排出的气态N2O和出水间接排出的溶解态N2O.气态N2O通过反应器顶部阀门采集后采用气相色谱仪(Angilent-7890B,美国安捷伦科技有限公司)检测.采集溶解态N2O时,用注射器吸取20mL污水,再吸取30mL空气,加入1mL硫酸(1mol/L)以抑制微生物活性,充分混合1min后密闭静置1h,收集注射器液面上方气体并采用气相色谱仪检测[30].
MBF生物巢纤维上附着的活性污泥用无菌水冲洗剥离,加入超纯水悬浮至50mL离心管标线作为样品提取EPS;经数控超声清洗机(KQ2200DB,昆山超声仪器有限公司,中国)在20kHz,40W下超声处理后离心(1730R,上海一涛生物仪器有限公司,中国)15min(2000g,4℃),在恒温摇床培养箱中振荡1h(300r/min,4℃)后离心15min(5000g,4℃),水浴加热(80℃)30min,冷却至室温后离心(10000g,4℃),上清液经0.45μm滤膜过滤,得到EPS[31].得到的EPS通过重量法定量.EPS中的多糖(PS)含量以葡萄糖为标准物质通过蒽酮-乙酸硫酸盐法测定[32];EPS中的蛋白质(PN)含量以牛血清蛋白为标准物质用微孔板Bradford法测定[33].
采用16S rRNA扩增子测序对活性污泥进行菌群鉴定.活性污泥样品分别取自S反应器内悬浮污泥(SBR)、生物巢附着污泥(MBF)及MBF反应器中悬浮污泥(MBF-X).为分析生物巢内部的菌群分布,由内至外取3个位置的样品进行测试,依次编号为A、B、C[65].不同DO浓度的MBF反应器中,生物巢的活性污泥样品分别标记为M1-A、M1-B、M1-C、M2-A、M2-B、M2-C和M3-A、M3-B、M3-C.
采用E.Z.N.ATM Mag-Bind Soil DNA Kit试剂盒(Norcross Omega Bio-Tek,美国)提取样品总DNA.以341F(CCTACGGNGGCWGCAG)和805R(GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC)作为扩增引物,进行两次PCR扩增,PCR扩增产物使用0.6X DNA清洁VAHTSTM磁珠(南京诺瓦赞生物技术有限公司)进行清洗纯化得到400bp以上的扩增片段.16S rRNA基因V3~V4区用上海生工生物技术有限公司的Illumia Mise平台(Illumina,美国)进行测序.将高通量测序结果与RDP数据库比对,进行多个分类水平上的菌群结构分析.原始数据已上传至NCBI,登录号为PRJNA1196705.
本研究所用MBF单丝直径为13μm,表面微观形貌平整规则.MBF为柔性无机纤维,具有优异的力学特性,不易磨损断丝,可固定和支撑大量活性污泥,为微生物提供稳定的生长环境.纤维表面电荷、接触角和表面能分别为-14.87mV、(64.39°±3.79°)和41mN/m.适中的亲水性和表面能有利于微生物附着[34],因而适用于污水生物处理.
对M反应器及S反应器的污染物去除效果进行分析.
图2(a,b,c)所示,M反应器的污染物去除效果整体优于S反应器.尤其是在脱氮方面,M反应器的氨氮去除率为(97.46%±0.59%),高于S反应器的去除率(92.48%±2.97%).MBF生物巢具有大量孔隙,为污水和微生物提供更大的接触面积,加速污水净化效率.另外,相比S反应器的总氮去除率(27.36%±7.94%),M反应器的总氮去除率提高了63.87%,达到(75.71%±3.73%),且比S反应器的更稳定.活性污泥反应器中厌氧环境小,反硝化受阻,使TN去除效果不佳.MBF生物巢具有高度空间异质性,从内至外存在大量梯度微氧环境,促进M反应器内硝化反硝化同步进行,减少氮代谢中间产物累积,提高TN去除率.
反应器运行期间的N2O排放量如图3.S反应器的N2O排放量为(14.48±3.80)mg N2O/g TN.M反应器的N2O排放量为(3.22±0.73)mg N2O/g TN,相比S反应器降低了77.76%.玄武岩纤维生物巢反应器与碳纤维接触氧化反应器的削减效果相当,但玄武岩纤维的生产成本低于碳纤维,且生产及废物处理过程绿色环保,无CO2等温室气体产生造成环境污染.
M反应器和S反应器出水的NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N浓度如图2(d,e,f)所示.两组反应器的NH4+-N出水浓度均低于4mg/L,NH4+-N转化较为彻底.S反应器的NO2--N和NO3--N出水浓度均高于M反应器,分别为(3.24±0.07)和(12.23±1.42)mg/L,NO3--N是S反应器出水TN的主成分(61.15%).S反应器中大范围好氧环境促进硝化反应的进行而抑制了反硝化反应的进行,导致NO2--N累积,促进N2O的产生;硝化速率高于反硝化速率,导致NO3--N的累积,不完全反硝化及羟胺氧化促进N2O产生.M反应器中NO3--N和NO2--N浓度分别为(3.88±0.68)和(0.05±0.01)mg/L,硝化反硝化进行完全,利于削减N2O排放.
对反应器进行氮平衡分析[65],M反应器排放的N2O占进水总氮量的比例为0.03%,相比S反应器下降了97%.经M反应器处理后,89.41%的进水TN被转化为N2、其他气体或被微生物同化消耗.MBF生物巢中的厌氧/缺氧/好氧微环境,为硝化细菌和反硝化细菌提供了有利的生长环境和脱氮场所,N2O等中间产物在生物巢内部的缺氧区或厌氧区被快速消耗,减小N2O排放量占进水总氮比例.因此,MBF生物巢反应器在污水处理N2O排放控制方面具有优势.
根据反应器污泥样本的Alpha多样性指数[65],所取样本的Coverage在0.996~0.997,表明测序结果能代表样品中的微生物群落组成.MBF生物巢(MBF)及生物巢反应器中悬浮污泥(MBF-X)的Ace和Chao 1指数大于S反应中的活性污泥说明生物巢反应器中微生物丰富度更大[63].同时,相比AS,MBF具有更高的Shannon指数值、更低的Simpson指数值,表明其微生物均匀度更高[64].
反应器中微生物群落结构如图4所示,相对丰度>1%的菌属,在M反应器中生物巢内中外及悬浮污泥中的总相对丰度分别为:64.70%、65.58%、68.84%、75.87%,在S反应器中为76.69%.Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedis在两组反应器中均为优势菌属,在S反应器中的相对丰度最高,为30.56%.在M反应器中的悬浮污泥至生物巢外中内相对丰度递减,为21.23%、10.50%、8.51%、8.53%.Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedis可降解污水中糖类物质,在缺氧条件下还原NO3--N,生物巢从外至内有机物被微生物逐渐消耗减少与其丰度变化基本一致,可知其是反应器内主要脱碳功能菌之一[35].
硝化菌属主要包括氨氧化菌(AOB)、亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)、厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)、异养硝化好氧反硝化菌(HN-AD)及全程氨氧化菌(Comammox).Nitrosomonas[57]Nitrospira[58]以及unclassified_Betaproteobacteria和unclassified_Gammaproteobacteria[36]是反应器中主要的AOB和NOB.他们在M反应器的生物巢内、中、外、悬浮污泥及S反应器中的相对丰度为2.10%、2.43%、3.22%、6.88%、3.97%.
ThaueraZoogloeaAeromonasAcidoνoraxFlaνobacteriumHydrogenophagaPedobacterParacoccus[37]等HN-AD菌属在两组反应器各样品中均有检出.在S反应器中以Flaνobacterium(4.21%)、Zoogloea(3.76%)、Acidoνorax(2.14%)、Pedobacter(2.03%)为主,其余种属相对丰度均低于0.5%;在M反应器中,以Thauera(生物巢内中外及悬浮污泥:3.88%,3.23%,4.94%,3.16%)、Zoogloea(生物巢外层及悬浮污泥:2.31%,1.82%)、Acidoνorax(生物巢外层及悬浮污泥:2.45%,1.97%)、Flaνobacterium(生物巢外层及悬浮污泥:2.20%,3.97%)、Hydrogenophaga (1.86%)为主,其余部位的菌属在M反应器内的相对丰度在1%左右;HN-AD菌属在生物巢内、中、外、悬浮污泥及S反应器中的总相对丰度分别为:11.67%、10.15%、17.42%、12.56%、13.37%.根据前人研究[10],HN-AD菌属在硝化过程无N2O产生,其氧化中间产物NH2OH和NOH虽可通过化学途径转化为N2O,但其在实际污水处理过程中的产量可忽略不计,利于削减N2O排放.
Parcubacteria_genera_incertae_sedis可在厌氧条件下水解碳水化物成腐殖酸为自身生长代谢提供能量且具备厌氧氨氧化及亚硝酸盐氧化的潜能[38].在生物巢中层相对丰度达到最大,为2.15%,是S反应器中的126倍.厌氧氨氧化过程无N2O产生,进而削减M反应器N2O产量.氧化亚硝酸盐可减少NO2--N累积,亦可减少N2O产生.unclassified_Planctomycetaceae属于Planctomycetes,该科菌属一般生长在缺氧—厌氧环境,AnAOB大多也属于这个门,它能够利用NO2--N和NH4+-N生成N2来获得能量[39].
上述具有硝化作用的功能菌属在生物巢内、中、外、悬浮污泥及S反应器中的总相对丰度分别为:16.83%、17.59%、23.21%、20.26%、17.91%,可知在M反应器中硝化反应主要发生在生物巢外层及悬浮污泥中,硝化菌在两反应器中的富集与两反应器高NH4+-N去除率相符.
反硝化菌属主要包括厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)、常规异养反硝化菌(HDN)、好氧反硝化菌.Paludibacter及unclassified_Bacteroidetes、unclassified_Prolixibacteraceae、unclassified_Rhodobacteraceae、unclassified_Comamonadaceae为两反应器中的HDN.Bacteroidetes广泛存在于污水生物处理中,在厌氧条件下以NO2--N为最终电子受体参与复杂糖和溶解蛋白的代谢[39].Prolixibacteraceae可在兼氧厌氧条件下以糖类作为碳源还原NO3--N[40].Rhodobacteraceae为反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs),在缺/厌氧条件下,以NO2--N和NO3--N为电子供体代替氧气,进行反硝化和聚磷.上述菌属在M反应器中的相对丰度均高于S反应器,且总相对丰度在生物巢中层最大,为16.45%,是M反应器中起异养反硝化作用的主要功能菌属.Paludibacter在缺氧条件下以葡萄糖、淀粉、蔗糖等作为碳源进行反硝化,生成丙酸盐或乙酸盐[40],在S反应器中未检测到,主要分布在生物巢中层(1.09%).Comamonadaceae可降解多种有机酸(包括氨基酸),在SBR中具有竞争优势,部分菌属还具有反硝化和聚磷作用[41].在S反应器的相对丰度显著高于M反应器中的,为3.14%.HDN在M反应器生物巢内中外层及悬浮污泥和S反应器中的相对丰度总和分别为:16.36%、18.01%、14.73%、8.70%、8.86%.M反应器中HDN的相对丰度显著高于S反应器中的,加快了M反应器反硝化效率,促进反硝化进行彻底,减少NO3--N和NO2--N的累积,抑制N2O排放.
好氧反硝化菌可在氧气存在的条件下将NO3--N还原为N2.HN-AD菌通过异养有氧呼吸产生能量,同步完成异养硝化-好氧反硝化过程.研究证明,部分HN-AD菌属在DO≥3mg/L时才能发生有效异养硝化反硝化,DO=2.2mg/L时,仅有16%的NH4+-N被氧化[10].可知在生物巢内中层的HN-AD菌属以硝化为主不计入反硝化功能菌,N2O产量少;在生物巢外层、悬浮污泥及S反应器中可发生有效异养硝化-好氧反硝化.反应器中的好氧反硝化菌属除HN-AD菌属外还包括:PseudoxanthomonasGemmobacterBreνundimonasSediminibacteriumRhodobacterThermomonasBdelloνibrioTerrimonasunclassified_Chitinophagaceaeunclassified_Acidobacteria_Gp4.其中PseudoxanthomonasGemmobacter也可进行硫基自养反硝化[42].Rhodobacter可在好氧条件下进行异养反硝化产氢,也可在厌氧条件下以有机物作为电子供体进行光合作用为自身生长代谢提供能量[43].上述好氧反硝化菌在M反应器生物巢内中外及悬浮污泥和S反应器中的相对丰度为:7.40%、7.12%、11.09%、13.73%、10.23%.Ferruginibacter可分解复杂有机物,水解胞外聚合物[44],进行合成反硝化[45];也可进行铁型自养反硝化[39],在S反应器中相对丰度最高,为4.28%.
上述厌氧/缺氧/好氧反硝化菌在生物巢各层均有分布,生物巢内中外均存在梯度溶氧环境,MBF填料缠绕裹挟可截留大量活性污泥为功能菌生长提供适宜的环境与物质条件,氧气、有机物、含氮化合物等可在生物巢中传递转化.S反应器中以好氧反硝化菌为主(27.88%),其相对丰度是缺/厌氧反硝化菌的3倍.缺/厌氧反硝化菌在M反应器中的相对丰度均大于S反应器中的,在生物巢中、内部(23.02%、17.42%)达到最大.好氧反硝化菌在M反应器的生物巢外层和悬浮污泥中的相对丰度达到最大,为29.70%和27.53%.反硝化菌在M反应器中的富集,促进反硝化的完全进行,减少反应器中NO3--N和NO2--N累积,提高TN去除效果,减少N2O的产生.
图6(a,b,c)为反应器在不同DO浓度条件下运行的污染物去除效果.其中,DO浓度为2.5mg/L时反应器M2的COD、NH4+-N和TN去除率最高,分别为(93.38%±0.51%)、(97.75%±1.05%)、(86.64%±1.14%).
图5可知,反应器的DO浓度对N2O排放量有显著影响.三组反应器M1,M2和M3的N2O排放量与进水TN比例分别为(1.32±0.94),(0.78±0.83)和(3.22±0.73)mg N2O/g TN,M2的N2O排放量最低.
本研究对比了3组MBF反应器的NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N出水浓度情况,如图6(d,e,f)所示.3个反应器NH4+-N出水浓度相当,为0.1~0.9mg/L.M1和M2的NO2--N出水浓度相较于M3更平稳,分别为(0.028±0.006)和(0.011±0.002)mg/L.M3的NO2--N出水浓度为(0.048±0.018)mg/L,高于M1和M2的出水,无明显的NO2--N累积.M1、M2和M3的NO3--N出水浓度分别为(2.16±0.18),(1.65±0.46)和(3.88±0.67)mg/L,相比其他两组反应器,M3的反硝化效率显著降低.3组MBF反应器氮转化率(进水TN转化为N2及细胞同化的部分)为86.6%~ 89.4%[65].3组反应器出水几乎不存在NO2--N累积,出水氮主要以NO3--N的形式存在,M1,M2和M3分别为10.8%,8.3%和8.3%.在M1,M2和M3中N2O转化率分别为0.08%、0.03%和0.43%,其中M2的N2O转化率最低.
DO浓度偏低时,硝化作用被限制在氨氧化阶段造成NO2--N积累,促进AOB反硝化而释放更多的N2O,使得M1的N2O转化率高于M2.DO浓度过高时,常规异养反硝化过程中反硝化功能酶受到抑制,其中对N2O还原酶的抑制作用最大,促进N2O排放,使得M3的N2O转化率显著高于M1和M2.
EPS是一类由微生物分泌产生的高分子聚合物,在生物膜构成中起支撑作用,有利于微生物凝聚并粘附固定在生物载体表面,是生物巢结构的基体[46].M2生物巢的EPS含量稍高于其他两组,为151.91mg/g VSS,最低的是M3,为109.98mg/g VSS)[65].由于M3的曝气强度较高,EPS在强水力剪切力的影响下易分散掉落.M2的运行条件更适合EPS生长.
EPS主要是由蛋白质(PN)、多糖(PS)和腐殖质(HA)等物质组成[47].M2中PS和PN含量分别为31.06和76.61mg/g VSS,均高于M1和M3[65].多糖具有粘附性,使得微生物聚集体间更易发生结合[48];蛋白质具有疏水基团,可加快微生物的聚集过程[49].因此,控制DO为2.5mg/L可加快微生物附着生长及加强生物巢结构稳定性.
对不同DO浓度下反应器内生物巢及悬浮污泥的微生物在属水平上的群落结构进行分析.
图7所示,Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedisThaueraSR1genera incertae sedisFusibacterZoogloeaFlaνobacteriumAeromonasPseudomonasRhodoferaxJanthinobacterium等是M1、M2和M3生物巢中主要组成菌属.这些菌属主要参与有机物降解及脱氮作用,大多具有反硝化功能[50-58].它们在M1、M2和M3的生物巢A层中相对丰度之和分别为48.48%、67.56%和57.62%,B层中相对丰度总和分别为62.19%、71.78%和59.14%,C层中相对丰度总和分别为47.69%、47.11%和51.18%.可知,上述功能菌在M2生物巢内部的相对丰度大于M1和M3的,说明DO浓度为2.5mg/L时,最适合上述功能菌在MBF生物巢内生长,这与M2的COD和TN去除效果稍高于M1和M3结果一致.
硝化作用是氮循环的重要环节,将氨氮或铵离子通过微生物的作用转化为硝酸盐氮的过程.反应器中主要的AOB和NOB包括NitrosomonasNitrospiraProsthecobacter[59]以及unclassified_Betaproteobacteria)、unclassified_Gammaproteobacteria)和unclassified_Xanthomonadaceae[60].它们在M1生物巢A、B、C三层的相对丰度总和分别为3.22%、1.85%、3.13%;在M2生物巢A、B、C三层的相对丰度总和分别为4.75%、3.64%、5.03%;M3生物巢A、B、C三层的相对丰度总和分别为4.03%、3.66%、4.68%.3个反应器中,M2和M3中的生物巢内、中、外三层的AOB和NOB菌属总相对丰度均大于M1.HN-AD菌属可在好氧条件下进行异养硝化,有氧代谢有机物为自身提供能量,进行同步硝化.反应器中主要的HN-AD菌属包括:Bdellovibrio、AcidoνoraxPedobacterPseudomonasFlaνobacteriumThermomonasJanthinobacteriumThaueraHydrogenophagaParacoccusRhodobacterBreνundimonasDokdonellaPseudoxanthomonasAquincolaGemmobacter和unclassified_Chitinophagaceae,在M2生物巢各层中的相对丰度最高,A、B、C层分别为44.24%、61.34%、36.16%.上述硝化菌属在M2中生物巢各层中的相对丰度最大(52.52%、67.46%、44.08%),M1次之(34.37%、58.24%、30.05%),硝化菌的富集可有效促进硝化作用进行,减少中间产物羟胺及NO2--N累积,减少通过羟胺化学氧化或AOB短程反硝化产生N2O,实现N2O减排.
反硝化作用是将硝酸盐中的氮通过一系列中间产物还原为N2的生物化学过程.Saccharibacteria genera incertae sedisRhodoferaxDesulfomicrobiumPaludibacterFerruginibacterFusibacter、unclassified_Rhodobacteraceae、unclassified_Bacteroidetes、unclassified_Prolixibacteraceae和unclassified_Xanthomonadaceae等可进行常规异养反硝化[55-61].它们在M1生物巢A、B、C三层的相对丰度总和分别为25.85%、15.27%、28.43%;在M2生物巢A、B、C三层的相对丰度总和分别为20.17%、12.00%、21.20%;M3生物巢A、B、C三层的相对丰度总和分别为32.76%、33.24%、32.04%.在常规异养反硝化过程中,缺乏碳源或DO过高时,会促进N2O的产生,与M3的N2O排放量高于M2和M1结果相符.M3中HDN菌属相对丰度最高,推测异养反硝化是M3产N2O的主要途径.
HN-AD菌属亦可在好氧环境下,同步摄取O2和NO3--N,进行好氧反硝化,将NO3--N转化为N2或N2O.前人研究表明,当DO<3mg/L时,该过程止步于硝化阶段,无N2O排放,与M1和M2的N2O排放因子低于M3结果相符,推测HN-AD菌属在生物巢内富集是N2O减排的关键因素之一.SimplicispiraParacoccus为好氧反硝化菌,可在好氧环境中将NO2--N和NO3--N还原为N2[62].上述好氧反硝化菌属在M2生物巢A层、B层、C层占比总和分别为44.53%、61.72%、35.51%,均高于M1和M3,且在B层最大,说明当DO浓度为2.5mg/L时MBF生物巢中部为好氧反硝化菌提供了更适宜或更大的适宜生长环境.M3的DO浓度过高,好氧异养菌丰度增加,与异养反硝化菌争夺有机物,导致反硝化无法完全进行或进行缓慢,使NO2--N和NO3--N累积,N2O排放量增加,这与M3的N2O排放量大于M1和M2实验结果一致.
MBF生物巢法在实际废水处理过程中的N2O削减性能可能会受到环境温度及进水波动的影响.温度过低会造成生物巢成熟速度变缓,硝化菌富集速率降低,增加了反应器启动时长.生物巢具有一定的抗冲击负荷能力,但水质波动过大会短时间影响MBF生物巢的污水处理效果,进而影响N2O排放.今后可以实际废水为实验对象,探究MBF生物巢法实际应用的可行性.
3.1 M反应器相较于S反应器,TN去除率提高63.87%,N2O排放量降低77.76%;硝化作用相当,氨氮去除率均高于90%.
3.2 S反应器中反硝化菌属以好氧反硝化菌属为主(27.88%),M反应器中好/缺/厌氧菌在生物巢各层均有分布,缺厌氧反硝化菌属在生物巢中、内层达到最大,为23.02%,17.42%,好氧反硝化菌在生物巢外层及悬浮污泥中达到最大,为29.70%和27.53%,M反应器的反硝化菌属富集程度高于S反应器,利于反硝化完全进行,利于削减N2O排放.
3.3 当DO浓度为2.5mg/L时,MBF生物巢反应器污染物去除效果最佳;N2O排放量最低,为(0.78±0.83)mg N2O/g TN.
3.4 生物巢中硝化菌属以HN-AD菌属为主,在M1(34.37%、58.24%、30.05%)和M2(52.52%、67.46%、44.08%)中相对丰度达到最大,硝化阶段无N2O产生,可削减N2O排放.HDN在M3中相对丰度达到最大(32.76%、33.24%、32.04%),是M3生物巢产N2O的主要途径.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51808264)
  • 常州市科技计划项目(CJ20241068)
  • 江苏水处理技术与材料协同创新中心预研项目(XTCXSZ2020-4)
  • 青海省科技厅重点研发与成果转化项目(2023SF121)
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-10-10
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51808264)
常州市科技计划项目(CJ20241068)
江苏水处理技术与材料协同创新中心预研项目(XTCXSZ2020-4)
青海省科技厅重点研发与成果转化项目(2023SF121)
作者信息
    1.江苏大学环境与安全工程学院,江苏 镇江 212013
    2.深圳市环水投资集团有限公司,广东 深圳 518031
    3.常州市深水江边污水处理有限公司,江苏 常州 213001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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