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The study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of anthropogenic emissions in China under a carbon-neutral scenario, with a focus on synergistic reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Using the Dynamic Projection model for Emissions in China (DPEC), emissions trends were analyzed and compared with two Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6). The findings reveal that under the DPEC carbon-neutral scenario, CO2 emissions will peak by 2030 and decrease by 91% by 2060 relative to 2020 levels. Emissions of VOCs and NOx show continuous reductions since 2020, with declines of 65% and 88%, respectively, by 2060. Compared to the two SSP scenarios, the DPEC scenario shows a weaker reduction in VOCs but a stronger reduction in NOx. Sectoral analysis highlights that CO2 reductions primarily stem from the energy and industrial sectors, whereas the transportation sector drives notable decreases in VOCs and NOx. By 2060, the industrial sector will remain the dominant source of emissions for CO2, VOCs, and NOx. The results suggest that the DPEC carbon-neutral scenario aligns closely with China's future emission reduction trends, demonstrating significant potential for synergistic emission reductions. Achieving these targets on schedule will require robust policy implementation and sectoral commitment, offering substantial improvements in air quality and environmental outcomes.

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基于中国未来排放动态评估模型(DPEC)预估的排放清单,分析了碳中和情景下二氧化碳(CO2)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NOx)的人为排放时空变化特征,并与共享社会经济路径(SSP)中两个SSP1情景进行对比.研究结果表明,在DPEC碳中和情景中,我国CO2人为排放在2030年达峰,2060年相比2020年将减排91%,减排量介于两个SSP情景(SSP1-1.9和SSP1-2.6)预估值之间.VOCs和NOx的人为排放量自2020年起呈持续下降趋势,直至2060年分别减排65%和88%.相较两个SSP情景,DPEC中VOCs减排偏弱而NOx减排偏强.不同行业源对减排的贡献及其空间分布也存在差异,CO2减排主要来自电力源和工业源,VOCs和NOx交通源减排较明显,2060年工业源排放将成为CO2,VOCs和NOx的最主要来源.总体而言,DPEC碳中和情景更为贴近我国未来减排趋势,在相关行业按期达成减排目标的前提下可以体现协同减排特征.

, correspAuthors=侯雪伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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金宇翔(2001-),男,江苏苏州人,南京信息工程大学硕士研究生,研究方向为大气物理学与大气环境..

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金宇翔(2001-),男,江苏苏州人,南京信息工程大学硕士研究生,研究方向为大气物理学与大气环境..

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金宇翔(2001-),男,江苏苏州人,南京信息工程大学硕士研究生,研究方向为大气物理学与大气环境..

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单斜线底纹为DPEC,圆形底纹为SSP1-1.9,斜方格底纹为SSP1-2.6,灰度渐变由浅到深依次是电力、工业、交通、居民

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审图号:GS(2024)0650号

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图中标记与颜色等含义同图1

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审图号:GS(2024)0650号

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图中标记与颜色等含义同图1

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审图号:GS(2024)0650号

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碳中和情景下我国CO2与O3前体物协同减排特征分析
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金宇翔 1 , 侯雪伟 1, * , 洪蕾 2 , 赵天良 1 , 周逸超 1
中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025,45(4): 2230-2239
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中国环境科学 | 碳排放控制 2025, 45(4): 2230-2239
碳中和情景下我国CO2与O3前体物协同减排特征分析
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金宇翔1 , 侯雪伟1, * , 洪蕾2, 赵天良1, 周逸超1
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学,气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,气象灾害教育部重点实验室,气候与环境变化国际合作联合实验室,中国气象局气溶胶与云降水重点开放实验室,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2.生态环境部南京环境科学研究所,江苏 南京 210000
  • 金宇翔(2001-),男,江苏苏州人,南京信息工程大学硕士研究生,研究方向为大气物理学与大气环境..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Analysis on the characteristics of synergistic reduction of CO2 and O3 precursors emissions in China under carbon-neutral scenario
Yu-xiang JIN1 , Xue-wei HOU1, * , Lei HONG2, Tian-liang ZHAO1, Yi-chao ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2.Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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基于中国未来排放动态评估模型(DPEC)预估的排放清单,分析了碳中和情景下二氧化碳(CO2)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NOx)的人为排放时空变化特征,并与共享社会经济路径(SSP)中两个SSP1情景进行对比.研究结果表明,在DPEC碳中和情景中,我国CO2人为排放在2030年达峰,2060年相比2020年将减排91%,减排量介于两个SSP情景(SSP1-1.9和SSP1-2.6)预估值之间.VOCs和NOx的人为排放量自2020年起呈持续下降趋势,直至2060年分别减排65%和88%.相较两个SSP情景,DPEC中VOCs减排偏弱而NOx减排偏强.不同行业源对减排的贡献及其空间分布也存在差异,CO2减排主要来自电力源和工业源,VOCs和NOx交通源减排较明显,2060年工业源排放将成为CO2,VOCs和NOx的最主要来源.总体而言,DPEC碳中和情景更为贴近我国未来减排趋势,在相关行业按期达成减排目标的前提下可以体现协同减排特征.

碳中和情景  /  人为排放  /  DPEC  /  SSP

The study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of anthropogenic emissions in China under a carbon-neutral scenario, with a focus on synergistic reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Using the Dynamic Projection model for Emissions in China (DPEC), emissions trends were analyzed and compared with two Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6). The findings reveal that under the DPEC carbon-neutral scenario, CO2 emissions will peak by 2030 and decrease by 91% by 2060 relative to 2020 levels. Emissions of VOCs and NOx show continuous reductions since 2020, with declines of 65% and 88%, respectively, by 2060. Compared to the two SSP scenarios, the DPEC scenario shows a weaker reduction in VOCs but a stronger reduction in NOx. Sectoral analysis highlights that CO2 reductions primarily stem from the energy and industrial sectors, whereas the transportation sector drives notable decreases in VOCs and NOx. By 2060, the industrial sector will remain the dominant source of emissions for CO2, VOCs, and NOx. The results suggest that the DPEC carbon-neutral scenario aligns closely with China's future emission reduction trends, demonstrating significant potential for synergistic emission reductions. Achieving these targets on schedule will require robust policy implementation and sectoral commitment, offering substantial improvements in air quality and environmental outcomes.

carbon-neutral scenario  /  anthropogenic emissions  /  DPEC  /  SSP
金宇翔, 侯雪伟, 洪蕾, 赵天良, 周逸超. 碳中和情景下我国CO2与O3前体物协同减排特征分析. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2230 -2239 .
Yu-xiang JIN, Xue-wei HOU, Lei HONG, Tian-liang ZHAO, Yi-chao ZHOU. Analysis on the characteristics of synergistic reduction of CO2 and O3 precursors emissions in China under carbon-neutral scenario[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2230 -2239 .
在过去20多年间,我国的空气污染形势发生了快速的变化.21世纪以来随着我国经济社会的快速发展,空气污染问题不断加重,已经对人们的生产生活产生不利影响.我国政府自2013年以来颁布实施了《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》《大气污染防治行动计划》《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》等一系列大气环境治理法律与政策,期望通过调整产业与能源结构,提高环境监管能力等措施有效控制我国大气细颗粒物的污染情况.中国环境监测总站的空气质量数据显示,从2013~2018年,全国PM2.5年平均浓度下降了30%~50%[1].然而,这些措施对于臭氧污染的控制有限.近年来,地表臭氧污染事件频发,已经成为当前影响我国空气质量的重要因素[2].臭氧是一种二次污染物,在大气中主要由一系列光化学反应生成[3],挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NOx)为对流层臭氧主要前体物.臭氧的光化学生成与这两类前体物的浓度之间存在非线性关系[4].根据局地大气环境变化特征,合理减少这两类物质的人为排放可以有效控制地表臭氧的光化学生成[5-6].
联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第六次评估报告指出[7],人类活动已使全球气温上升1.1℃,以二氧化碳(CO2)为首的温室气体排放是气候变暖的主要原因,CO2减排将是遏制气候变化的重要举措.2020年9月,我国提出了双碳目标[8],将在未来几十年内围绕这一目标颁布并落实一系列关于绿色低碳可持续发展的政策和措施.双碳目标主要是为了缓解温室气体大量排放带来的气候变暖趋势,但同时它对我国空气污染情况的变化也有着深远的影响. CO2和臭氧前体物VOCs及NOx的人为排放都主要来源于化石燃料燃烧和工业生产等途径,针对CO2的减排也将伴随着VOCs和NOx人为排放量的变化,进而影响对流层臭氧浓度水平.研究[9]认为,空气污染和气候变化在很大程度上都主要是由矿物燃料燃烧的排放导致,因此减轻和控制空气污染和减排温室气体以保护气候在行动上应是一致的.我国在2022年印发《减污降碳协同增效实施方案》[10],对未来协同减排工作给出规划与指导.这都说明了温室气体与空气污染物两者排放具有“同根同源同步”性.CO2减排将减缓全球变暖,有利于减少极端天气事件的发生.此外,气候和气象条件的变化也会对大气污染物变化的物理化学过程产生影响[11-12].VOCs和NOx作为PM2.5和臭氧两个主要大气复合污染物的前体物,其减排将有助于降低PM2.5和臭氧浓度,改善空气质量[6].总体而言三类物质的减排对气候和环境都有着积极影响.
温室气体和空气污染物在未来的排放演变趋势也是学界高度关注的问题,排放情景路径被用于描述未来排放的变化趋势.在IPCC第5次报告期间,国际上多个机构合作构建了代表性浓度路径(RCP)[13],按2100年全球平均辐射强迫分为4种排放情景,但并未设定经济发展路线.其后开发的共享社会经济路径(SSP)[14]定义了5种不同的社会经济情景,并利用综合评估模型定量估计各情景的排放.此后研究[15]将两者结合为SSP-RCP情景,在第6次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中被广泛应用[16],为针对未来气候变化的研究提供数据支持[17].然而,这类全球排放情景模型通常将国家视为一个整体,难以表征不同区域自然气候以及发展程度的差异[18].研究[19]发现SSP-RCP情景对中国排放的刻画比较模糊,未充分考虑近十年来我国空气污染的快速治理进程,因此进一步开发了中国未来排放动态评估模型(DPEC),用以研究中国区域未来人为排放变化.DPEC融合中国多尺度排放清单模型(MEIC)中700多种污染源的技术演替过程,根据不同的经济与政策情景模拟未来的技术演替进程及其对排放的影响,同时将不同SSP情景下的未来能源供需与技术演替模型逐一映射,实现对中国未来大气成分排放变化的精细化模拟[19].
本研究利用DPECv1.2和SSPv2.0排放情景路径,研究碳中和情景下我国CO2和以VOCs及NOx为代表的臭氧前体物排放在不同减排情景路径中的差异,估算不同行业源对三类物质减排的贡献大小和减排空间分布特征,以期对我国未来排放情景有更深的认识并对未来人为有效减排策略提供理论依据.
本研究主要使用了两组未来情景人为排放清单数据集,分别是DPEC和SSP数据集.这两个数据集各自提供了多个综合考虑社会经济发展、全球气候治理、减污降碳协同等相关背景下的未来温室气体及大气污染物人为排放数据.
DPEC数据集(http://meicmodel.org.cn/?page_id=1917)由清华大学MEIC团队开发.本研究选取的DPEC数据集为2023年最新发布的1.2版本[20],其包含5种减排力度由弱到强的排放情景,分别被命名为baseline,clean air,on time peak,on time peak-net zero,early peak-net zero.本研究选取其中on time peak-net zero情景作为碳中和情景.该情景由遵循绿色、可持续发展的SSP1社会经济情景驱动[21],在此基础上逐步叠加最佳污染控制策略,中短期(2020~2030)碳达峰减排政策以及长期碳中和目标减排政策.其中设定到2060年我国CO2人为排放量降至0.9Gt,并被陆地自然碳汇完全吸收达成碳中和.DPECv1.2版本的排放基准年更新为2020年,其排放数据与MEICv1.4对应.本研究选取了2020~2060年中国大陆地区CO2,VOCs(不包含CH4),NOx三类物质的分省排放总量数据以及排放格点数据,时间分辨率为10a,格点数据空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°.此外,该数据集还提供了来自电力、工业、交通、居民四个行业源的排放量数据.
SSP情景排放数据在CMIP6中的情景模式比较计划中被广泛应用.本研究选用SSP数据库(https://tntcat.iiasa.ac.at/SspDb/dsd?Action=htmlpage&page=10)最新发布的2.0版本[22],并选取SSP1- 1.9、SSP1-2.6两种低排放情景.这两种情景与DPEC碳中和情景都是在SSP1社会经济情景[21]的基础上叠加不同的减排政策而构建的.SSP1-1.9和SSP1- 2.6情景在其各自的共享气候政策假设下将分别在2100年达成全球平均1.9和2.6W/m2的辐射强迫.SSP数据集的排放基准年为2015年.在变量方面与DPEC数据集中所选内容对应,选取了CO2,VOCs(不包含CH4),NOx三类物质于2020~2060年在中国大陆地区的排放总量变化数据,时间分辨率为10a,其中包含电力、工业、交通、居民四类行业源各自的排放数据.
图1是DPEC碳中和情景、SSP1-1.9以及SSP1-2.6情景下我国CO2排放总量2020~2060年的变化图,不同行业源的排放量以不同颜色来区分,柱顶数字代表此年CO2排放量相比此情景在2020年排放量的变化比例,正值表示增排,负值表示减排.需要指出的是,由于SSP1-1.9情景中预估的各类碳减排技术与措施的作用较强,因此其电力源CO2净排放自2050年开始转变为负值.
图1可以看出在DPEC碳中和情景中CO2排放在2030年小幅增长7%并实现碳达峰,随后迅速减小,到2060年达到碳中和时排放总量相比2020年降低91%.而在两个SSP1情景中,CO2排放在2020~2060年均呈现逐年下降趋势.到2060年,SSP1-1.9情景CO2减排达100%,SSP1-2.6情景CO2减排达83%.其中SSP1-1.9情景中CO2排放在2020~2040年间下降较快,SSP1-2.6情景在2030~2050年下降较快,而DPEC碳中和情景中CO2排放在2040~2060年下降较快.在不同行业源的贡献比例上,电力源和工业源是CO2的两大主要人为排放行业源,在三类情景中这两类排放源都表现出明显的减排趋势,其中电力源的减排相较而言更彻底.
图2显示了DPEC碳中和情景下两个主要行业源(电力源及工业源)CO2排放量的时空分布情况,左侧为2020年CO2电力源及工业源的排放空间分布,右侧两列分别为2030年减去2020年和2060年减去2030年排放量的差值(深色表示减排,浅色表示增排).从图2(a)中可以看出,2020年CO2电力源排放高值区主要位于我国大多数大中型城市中,包括长三角、珠三角、京津冀等,以及我国中西部一些煤炭主产区,这些地区的CO2排放量超过了4000g/(m2·a).到2030年碳达峰时全国范围内CO2电力源排放量相比2020年均有不同程度的上涨,如图2(b),长三角、珠三角、河南中部、云贵川省会城市以及宁夏和内蒙古部分煤矿主产区为涨幅较大的地区,这些区域的CO2增排超过了1000g/(m2·a),仅在山东省和天津市出现250g/(m2·a)以内的小幅减排.2030~2060年CO2电力源的减排在全国范围内都较全面而彻底,如图2(c),长三角、珠三角、京津冀和中西部煤炭主产区这几个高值区相比2030年都有接近或超过4000g/(m2·a)的减排量,周围的中低排放区也都存在全面的减排.全国范围内仅在上海、北京和天津区域余下300g/(m2·a)左右的排放.
工业源在2020年的CO2排放分布情况与电力源类似,但排放量更高,如图2(d),排放高值区主要位于长三角、珠三角、京津冀和长江中上游沿线城市群,这些地区排放量超过4000g/(m2·a),在部分核心地带超过6000g/(m2·a).2020~2030年CO2工业源排放的变化幅度相对电力源而言较小,如图2(e),在我国南方的一些城市群中CO2出现小幅减排,如成渝、长沙和珠三角地区,但在江苏省南部CO2工业源排放略有上涨,而在北方城市中CO2排放普遍呈现小范围的小幅上涨趋势,涨幅在250~500g/(m2·a),如北京、天津等个别城市涨幅超过500g/(m2·a).2030~2060年CO2工业源在全国范围内均有明显减排,如图2(f),减排高值区主要集中在长三角、珠三角和京津冀地区,但减排力度不及电力行业那么彻底,在长三角、珠三角、京津等全国主要城市群中仍存在2000g/(m2·a)左右或更高的排放,因此最终在2060年CO2人为排放当中工业源排放还是占据了主要贡献(图1).
图3所示(VOCs数据统计中不包含CH4),在对VOCs人为排放减排的预估中,三个情景在2020~2060年均呈现下降趋势,但DPEC碳中和情景中自2020年起VOCs排放都要明显高于两个SSP1情景,到2060年DPEC碳中和情景中仅有65%的减排,而两个SSP1情景的减排都达到了80%以上.这一定程度上是由于DPEC模型中调低了对VOCs的减排预期[19],模型团队认为VOCs的排放源高度分散,其减排难度相比以化石燃料为主的排放物质要大得多,因此其预计即使在应用最优减排技术的情况下,VOCs的减排量仍然比较有限.三类情景对不同行业源减排的预估也产生了一些差异,在DPEC碳中和情景中,工业源始终是VOCs最主要人为排放源,居民源次之,交通源的减排相对最彻底.而在两个SSP1情景中,2020~2030年间四类行业源都出现明显减排,其中电力源与居民源减排较多.工业源和交通源的减排相对比较弱,2030年及以后这两者的排放将在VOCs人为排放中占据主要地位.
图4显示了DPEC碳中和情景下不同行业源的VOCs排放分布及变化情况,由于电力源的VOCs排放量很低,因此不对其进行绘图和分析.工业源在VOCs的人为排放中占主导地位.2020年VOCs工业源排放高值区主要位于长三角、珠三角、京津以及长江中游沿线几个主要城市群,如图4(a),这些地区的排放量均超过30g/(m2·a),其中部分地区超过40g/(m2·a).2020~2030年工业源VOCs在全国均呈现减少趋势,如图4(b),减排高值区主要位于长三角、珠三角、京津和武汉,减排量超过了7g/(m2·a),其他地区的减排量较少.如图4(c),2030~2060年长三角、珠三角等地区继续维持7g/(m2·a)以上的减排,同时在华北平原多个城市及周围地区也出现了中等幅度的减排,部分城市中心区域有7g/(m2·a)以上的减排.到2060年工业源VOCs在我国中东部主要城市区域仍有较明显排放,长三角、珠三角、京津以及长江中上游沿线工业城市仍有20g/(m2·a)左右的排放.
2020年VOCs交通源排放的高值区主要在我国中东部省会城市以及长三角和珠三角,如图4(d),其排放量超过7.5g/(m2·a).2020~2030年减排高值区位于长三角和珠三角地区,如图4(e),减排量超过3g/(m2·a),同时在华北平原有较大范围的1~2g/(m2·a)的减排.由于2020~2030年交通源VOCs的减排已经较为彻底,此后的减排空间有限,因此2030~2060年减排量相对有所减小,如图4(f),仅在珠三角和长三角及个别省会城市仍有较明显的减排.到2060年我国大部分地区交通源VOCs排放低于0.5g/(m2·a),仅在珠三角、京津及我国中东部各省会城市存在1~3g/(m2·a)的排放.
2020年VOCs居民源排放主要分布在我国中东部地区,如图4(g),高值区主要分布在人口密度较高的城市如北京、上海等,排放量达到7.5g/(m2·a)左右.2020~2030年在东部沿海省份的许多城市排放明显增多,如图4(h),长三角地区出现4g/(m2·a)以上的增排.中部内陆省份和东北三省区域出现2g/(m2·a)左右的减排.2030~2060年居民源VOCs减排量不大,如图4(i),主要在东部沿海省份有0.5~1g/(m2·a)的小幅减排.2060年居民源VOCs排放主要分布在我国东部沿海省份以及内陆一些人口规模较大的城市中,长三角、珠三角等排放高值区存在7.5g/(m2·a)以上的排放.居民源VOCs排放主要来自人们生活中烹饪、建筑装修等活动,排放源种类较多,减排难度较大,排放量与人口分布密集程度密切相关0.因而居民源VOCs排放在2020~2030年地区分布的改变可能与人口流动有关,人口从内陆省份的农村向我国东部沿海省份城市迁移,随之带来了居民源VOCs排放分布的变化.
图5,在对NOx人为排放减排的预估中,2020~2060年三个情景均呈现下降趋势,到2060年DPEC碳中和情景的NOx减排幅度达到88%,两个SSP1情景中NOx减排幅度要略低于DPEC情景,分别为84%(SSP1-1.9)和80%(SSP1-2.6).在2020年两个SSP1情景中的NOx人为排放量要明显高于DPEC碳中和情景,其高出的部分主要来自电力源的排放,这可能是由于其对我国近10a来的大气环境治理政策及成效考虑不足导致的.因此尽管到2060年三个情景的减排比例差距较小,但在2060年DPEC碳中和情景预估的NOx排放只有SSP1-1.9情景所预估的一半左右.三类情景对不同行业源排放占比的预估比较类似,电力源、工业源和交通源在NOx排放当中均占据了一定的比例,而居民源排放几乎可以忽略.DPEC碳中和情景和SSP1-1.9情景中电力源和交通源减排相对工业源更强一些,到2060年工业源将成为NOx主要人为排放源,而在SSP1-2.6情景中电力源和交通源减排则要弱于另外两个情景.
图6显示了DPEC碳中和情景下NOx不同行业源排放量的时空分布情况.由于居民源排放极少,因此不对其进行绘图和分析.2020年工业源NOx排放高值区主要在我国中东部主要工业城市群中,如图6(a),在长三角、珠三角、京津冀等地区的排放量超过15g/(m2·a).如图6(b),2020~2030年工业源NOx在我国大部分省份的主要城市表现为1g/(m2·a)左右的小幅减排,在黑龙江、内蒙古、陕西、山西等北部个别省份的主要城市中出现1g/(m2·a)以上的小幅增排.2030~2060年工业源NOx在全国范围内都呈现较明显的减排趋势,如图6(c),减排高值区位于长三角、珠三角和京津冀等工业规模较大的城市群,减排量超过5g/(m2·a).至2060年上海、京津和其他一些工业中心城市中还存在小范围的NOx排放高值区,排放量为7.5~10g/(m2·a).
2020年NOx交通源排放高值区位于长三角、珠三角以及中东部地区省会城市,如图6(d),这些地区排放量超过10g/(m2·a),同时在华北平原有大面积的排放量达2.5g/(m2·a)以上的区域.如图6(e),2020~2030年在长三角、珠三角以及中东部主要省会城市有超过3g/(m2·a)的减排,在华北平原有1g/(m2·a)左右的减排. 2030~2060年减排比较明显,如图6(f),在华北平原大部分地区都存在1.5g/(m2·a)以上的减排,其中部分城市区域超过3g/(m2·a).在其他地区省会城市减排仍超过3g/(m2·a).总之交通源的NOx减排是比较彻底而全面的,到2060年仅在珠三角和北京市区存在低于2.5g/(m2·a)的排放.
图6(g),2020年NOx电力源排放高值区主要位于长三角、珠三角以及一些省会城市和煤矿产区,排放量达到7.5g/(m2·a)以上.如图6(h),2020~2030年电力源NOx减排主要分布在长三角、珠三角、京津冀和山东省,减排量在1g/(m2·a)左右,而在青海、四川和广西省个别城市出现局地1g/(m2·a)左右的增排.2030~2060年在全国绝大多数高排放地区电力源NOx均表现为减排趋势,如图6(i),这些区域减排都在3g/(m2·a)以上,但在天津市出现了3g/(m2·a)以上的增排.到2060年电力源NOx排放在除上海、北京、天津、武汉和昆明这几个城市以外的区域都已降至较低水平,而在这几个城市仍有7.5g/(m2·a)以上的排放.
DPEC减排情景路径的开发深度融合了MEIC中数百种污染源的技术演替过程[19],充分地考虑了中国在过去10a间一系列大气环境治理措施,其对我国当前排放状况的描述更贴近现实,对未来情景的减排路径估计也更迎合我国政策导向和发展预期.在减排情景中,CO2作为碳减排政策的主要目标物质之一,减排幅度较大,而模型中实现规模如此巨大的碳减排的主要手段是能源结构的大幅转变.各类化石燃料燃烧将会大幅减少,因此伴随燃烧过程排放的其他空气污染物如VOCs和NOx也会出现减少.其中VOCs的种类复杂,主要人为排放来源不仅有燃烧过程,也有各类相关物质在工业生产、储运和使用中的排放,而NOx的排放相对而言更集中在燃烧过程中,因此仅就碳中和政策而言,本文认为其对NOx的协同减排效果将会相对优于对VOCs的减排效果,这一定程度上也对应了DPEC在模型中降低了对VOCs减排的估计.
在DPEC的碳中和情景中,我国VOCs和NOx的人为排放总量到2060年将出现明显的下降,但不同地区间的减排情况存在较大差异.在北京、上海等人口高度密集,城市化程度极高的大型城市中这两类污染物质的排放仍处于相对较高水平;而在一些人口分布比较分散,工业化程度偏低的城市和乡村中这两类物质的排放将会降到较低水平.这可能会导致特定地区的污染特征发生变化,进而影响当地业务部门的光化学污染控制战略.臭氧等二次污染物的生成过程受到复杂的化学机制控制,而本文仅探讨了臭氧前体物的减排特征.使用大气化学模式模拟未来情景下特定地区大气污染物的浓度变化,或基于未来排放数据针对双碳情景下局地大气污染特征的变化制定新的污染控制策略可能是更进一步的研究方向.
碳中和目标的实现是一项需要各行各业做出创新和变革的艰巨任务,减排目标能否顺利实现还存在较大不确定性.在DPEC所预设的碳中和情景减排路径中,能源结构的大幅转变以及各行业电气化程度的不断加深是达成碳中和目标的重要举措.根据DPEC情景路径中给出的估计[19],在碳中和情景下我国燃煤发电占比将由2020年的70%到2060年降至20%以下,并且余下燃煤电厂将全面应用碳吸收与捕集技术,同时风、光、水能等可再生能源发电占比将超过60%以上,成为届时我国主要的电力来源.工业行业中电能使用比例将由2020年的20%到2060年提升至70%以上,交通行业的电能使用比例到2060年将提升至50%以上.各行各业向低碳的转型都离不开对电能的清洁高效利用,Li等[24]认为,在向可再生能源的转型无法按预期实现的情况下,电动汽车在中国的快速普及并不能使得交通源污染物排放有快速削减.其他一些研究[25-26]也都认为电力行业向可再生能源的转型将是我国实现碳中和目标的关键一步.截至2023年12月底,全国可再生能源装机量达到15.16亿kW,占全国总装机量的51.9%,但当前可再生能源的利用受气象因素和技术条件等限制,发电时数少,发电效率低,2023年我国非水可再生能源发电比例仅为17.24%[27].可再生能源的广泛应用还需要电力行业在发电、并网传输、高效储能、调峰控制等一系列环节开展面向碳中和情景需求的深刻变革[28-29],构建新型电力系统将面临诸多挑战.
3.1 DPEC碳中和情景中,我国CO2人为排放量在2030年达峰后迅速下降,到2060年时相比2020年降低91%,减排比例介于SSP1-1.9情景的100%和SSP1-2.6情景的83%之间,而VOCs和NOx的人为排放量自2020~2060年均保持下降趋势,其中VOCs人为排放在2060年相比2020年降低65%,NOx人为排放相比2020年降低88%.相较两个SSP情景而言,DPEC碳中和情景中预估的人为VOCs减排更弱,而NOx减排更强.DPEC碳中和情景相比这两个SSP情景更充分地考虑了我国当前大气环境治理政策与实际排放的变化,减排路径预估也更迎合我国未来政策导向和发展预期.
3.2 DPEC碳中和情景中,电力源和工业源在CO2减排中起主要作用,电力源减排相对更彻底.2060年人为CO2排放中工业源的占比将达到68%,排放高值区位于长三角、珠三角等大型城市群,排放量为2000g/(m2·a)及以上.工业源和交通源对VOCs和NOx的减排均起主要作用,交通源减排比较彻底.尽管工业源排放也在持续下降,但其始终是VOCs和NOx的最主要人为源,至2060年其占比分别达到70%(VOCs)和59%(NOx).其排放高值区分布在我国长三角、珠三角和京津冀等工业城市群,排放量分别为20g/(m2·a)左右(VOCs)和7.5g/(m2·a)以上(NOx).此外,2060年居民源VOCs排放占比将达到25%,主要分布在东部沿海人口密集地区.电力源在NOx中占次要地位,仅在天津、上海等几个城市存在7.5g/(m2·a)以上的排放.
3.3 总体而言,DPEC碳中和情景中预估的减排路径能够体现CO2,VOCs,NOx三类物质的协同减排特征,且相比两个SSP1情景额外考虑了近年来我国大气环境治理进程,对未来相关政策落实和技术演进也更贴近我国实际情况.但未来实际的排放变化趋势受到多方因素影响,具有较大不确定性.相关行业的科技创新和产业变革,尤其是能源电力行业能否按预期实现减排目标将会是我国实现双碳目标的重要依靠.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3701204)
  • 安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(2022h11020008)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-10
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3701204)
安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(2022h11020008)
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    1.南京信息工程大学,气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,气象灾害教育部重点实验室,气候与环境变化国际合作联合实验室,中国气象局气溶胶与云降水重点开放实验室,江苏 南京 210044
    2.生态环境部南京环境科学研究所,江苏 南京 210000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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