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Owing to high-cost concerns, contractors dispose the construction spoils predominantly through landfilling or dumping at present. How to motivate them to adopt recycling is a challenge. A novel contingent valuation method named HCVM was proposed in this study. Taking the survey data of 585 construction employees in Changsha City, Hunan Province as a sample, the contractors’willingness to pay (WTP) and their influencing factors were analyzed. The unclear pricing principle of non-recycling disposal charge was clarified, and the incentive mechanism for contractor's construction spoils recycling was proposed accordingly. The results show that: 1) the average WTP of contractors is 73.69 yuan/t, which is higher than the current landfilling charge of 20 yuan/t, and the expected penalty cost for dumping of 16.70~25 yuan/t. It is suggested that the government should increase the landfilling cost over 73.69 yuan/t by pricing or tax, and raising the penalty for dumping from 5000 to 15000 yuan per truck. 2) The average disposal cost for construction spoils recycling is 137 yuan/t, and the average price of recycling products selling is 40 yuan/t. Even if including contractors' WTP, it remains lower than the total recycling cost. The government can address this discrepancy with direct monetary subsidies, rewards developing new technologies to reduce the recycling costs or issuing policies to promote the market demand and selling price of recycling products.3) 74.35% of the respondents were willing to pay for the construction spoils recycling. Factors such as the ownership attribute of contractors, pressure from the public, awareness of environmental protection, and satisfaction with current disposal method positively influence their WTP. However, the respondents' construction project experience negatively affected their WTP. The government's guidance, the higher subsidies, rewards of construction spoils recycling and stricter penalties for dumping can also effectively motivate contractors to adopt recycling behaviour.

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出于成本考虑,目前承包商工程渣土多采取填埋、倾倒处置方式,如何激励其转向资源化利用是个难题.不同于以往定性研究,基于混合式条件价值评估新方法,以湖南省长沙市585位建筑从业人员的调查数据为样本,通过对承包商支付意愿及影响因素进行研究,将不明晰的非资源化处置收费价格明确化,然后提出了相应的激励机制.结果表明:承包商的平均支付意愿为73.69元/t,高于目前渣土填埋平均费用20元/t,以及非法倾倒的处罚期望成本16.70~25元/t,建议政府通过调价和征收处置税使渣土消纳费超过73.69元/t,将非法倾倒处罚额从5000元/台提高到15000元/台;工程资源化利用平均处置成本137元/t,再产品平均售价40元/t,加上承包商平均支付意愿仍小于成本.政府可根据差额直接补贴或奖励新技术研发以降低成本,并出台规定扩大再产品用量,通过需求提高再产品市场价格.74.35%受访者愿意支付以支持工程渣土资源化利用,承包商的企业性质、社会压力、环境认知、当前满意度等因素正向影响其支付意愿,受访者的项目经验却对支付意愿负向影响.政府通过加大工程渣土资源化利用宣传的引导规制,提升资源化利用补贴和非法倾倒处罚力度的奖惩规制,也都能有效激励承包商采取资源化利用.

, correspAuthors=易欣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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易欣(1978-),男,江西宜春人,副教授,博士,主要从事工程建设与环境,可持续建设管理等研究.发表论文60余篇..

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易欣(1978-),男,江西宜春人,副教授,博士,主要从事工程建设与环境,可持续建设管理等研究.发表论文60余篇..

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易欣(1978-),男,江西宜春人,副教授,博士,主要从事工程建设与环境,可持续建设管理等研究.发表论文60余篇..

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China Environmental Science202040(9):3894-3902., articleTitle=Estimating the construction waste generation in Jinan using the grey system theory, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408732593189474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, awardId=32101578, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(32101578), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241408732723212920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, awardId=21A0175, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省教育厅科学研究重点项目(21A0175), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408725857137511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408725865526121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, companyId=1241408725857137511, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408725882303341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, companyId=1241408725857137511, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中南林业科技大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241408726003938173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408726012326783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, companyId=1241408726003938173, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408726020715394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, companyId=1241408726003938173, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中南林业科技大学风景园林学院,湖南 长沙 410004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241408730294710619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Interpretation of variables and descriptive statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度变量变量定义及赋值说明平均值标准差
个人社会特征学历1=专科;2=本科;3=硕士;4=博士;5=其他2.390.81
项目经验1=小于5年;2=6至10年;3=11至15年;4=16至20年;5=大于20年2.521.09
工作岗位1=项目经理;2=项目总工;3=项目管理人员;4=项目技术人员3.180.74
企业特征所在企业性质1=国有企业;2=私有企业;3=合资企业;1.420.56
所在企业资质1=特级资质;2=一级资质;3=二级资质;4=三级资质2.300.77
社会压力您在保护环境这方面感受到来自公众的压力:1=很小;2=较小;3=一般;4=较大;5=很大3.740.95
环境认知工程渣土处置不当会污染环境:1=很不同意;2=较不同意;3=一般;4=较同意;5=很同意3.840.92
当前满意度1=很不满意;2=较不满意;3=一般;4=较满意;5=很满意3.240.99
政府规制约束规制政府部门监督检查频率:1=很小;2=较小;3=一般;4=较大;5=很大3.790.90
引导规制政府对工程渣土资源化利用的宣传力度:1=很小;2=较小;3=一般;4=较大;5=很大3.690.90
奖惩规制政府对工程渣土资源化利用补贴和非法倾倒处罚力度:1=很小;2=较小;3=一般;4=较大;5=很大3.790.91
), ArticleFig(id=1241408730470871406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量解释及描述性统计

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维度变量变量定义及赋值说明平均值标准差
个人社会特征学历1=专科;2=本科;3=硕士;4=博士;5=其他2.390.81
项目经验1=小于5年;2=6至10年;3=11至15年;4=16至20年;5=大于20年2.521.09
工作岗位1=项目经理;2=项目总工;3=项目管理人员;4=项目技术人员3.180.74
企业特征所在企业性质1=国有企业;2=私有企业;3=合资企业;1.420.56
所在企业资质1=特级资质;2=一级资质;3=二级资质;4=三级资质2.300.77
社会压力您在保护环境这方面感受到来自公众的压力:1=很小;2=较小;3=一般;4=较大;5=很大3.740.95
环境认知工程渣土处置不当会污染环境:1=很不同意;2=较不同意;3=一般;4=较同意;5=很同意3.840.92
当前满意度1=很不满意;2=较不满意;3=一般;4=较满意;5=很满意3.240.99
政府规制约束规制政府部门监督检查频率:1=很小;2=较小;3=一般;4=较大;5=很大3.790.90
引导规制政府对工程渣土资源化利用的宣传力度:1=很小;2=较小;3=一般;4=较大;5=很大3.690.90
奖惩规制政府对工程渣土资源化利用补贴和非法倾倒处罚力度:1=很小;2=较小;3=一般;4=较大;5=很大3.790.91
), ArticleFig(id=1241408730735112583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive statistics of the samples

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变量定义频率百分比(%)
学历1=专科7412.65
2=本科32956.24
3=硕士16928.90
4=博士50.81
5=其他81.40
企业性质1=国有企业7260.90
2=私有企业4235.40
3=合资企业43.70
企业资质1=特级资质1411.86
2=一级资质6353.39
3=二级资质3126.27
4=三级资质108.47
项目经验1=小于5年539.32
2=6至10年19533.05
3=11至15年18331.36
4=16至20年10417.80
5=大于20年508.47
工作岗位1=项目经理315.30
2=项目总工464.10
3=项目管理人员34058.10
4=项目技术人员16832.50
渣土处理方式1=支付罚款,就近处置4921.40
2=支付消纳费,运送到指定填埋场处置37551.10
3=资源化处置16127.50
当前满意度1=很不满意284.80
2=较不满意11319.30
3=一般17429.70
4=较满意23339.80
5=很满意376.30
), ArticleFig(id=1241408730860941720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样本特征的描述性统计

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变量定义频率百分比(%)
学历1=专科7412.65
2=本科32956.24
3=硕士16928.90
4=博士50.81
5=其他81.40
企业性质1=国有企业7260.90
2=私有企业4235.40
3=合资企业43.70
企业资质1=特级资质1411.86
2=一级资质6353.39
3=二级资质3126.27
4=三级资质108.47
项目经验1=小于5年539.32
2=6至10年19533.05
3=11至15年18331.36
4=16至20年10417.80
5=大于20年508.47
工作岗位1=项目经理315.30
2=项目总工464.10
3=项目管理人员34058.10
4=项目技术人员16832.50
渣土处理方式1=支付罚款,就近处置4921.40
2=支付消纳费,运送到指定填埋场处置37551.10
3=资源化处置16127.50
当前满意度1=很不满意284.80
2=较不满意11319.30
3=一般17429.70
4=较满意23339.80
5=很满意376.30
), ArticleFig(id=1241408730986770855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sample distribution of bid values under double-bounded dichotomous questionnaire

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双边界二分式投标组合(元)Y-Y频次(比例)Y-N频次(比例)N-Y频次(比例)N-N-Y频次(比例)N-N-N合计频次(比例)
真实零支付频次(比例)抗议零支付频次(比例)
5—10—2077(52.03%)19(12.84%)7(4.73%)4(2.70%)11(7.43%)4(20.27%)148(100%)
10—20—3057(47.90%)13(10.92%)8(6.72%)5(4.20%)9(7.56%)23(22.69%)119(100%)
20—30—5048(43.64%)17(15.45%)8(7.27%)2(1.82%)14(12.73%)13(19.09%)110(100%)
30—50—7034(29.82%)14(12.28%)10(8.77%)12(10.53%)18(15.79%)22(22.81%)114(100%)
50—70—10022(23.40%)11(11.70%)9(9.57%)11(11.70%)7(7.45%)28(36.17%)94(100%)
合计频次/比例238(40.68%)74(12.65%)42(7.18%)34(5.81%)59(10.09%)138(23.59%)585(100%)
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731112599992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

双边界二分式问卷下投标值的样本分布

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双边界二分式投标组合(元)Y-Y频次(比例)Y-N频次(比例)N-Y频次(比例)N-N-Y频次(比例)N-N-N合计频次(比例)
真实零支付频次(比例)抗议零支付频次(比例)
5—10—2077(52.03%)19(12.84%)7(4.73%)4(2.70%)11(7.43%)4(20.27%)148(100%)
10—20—3057(47.90%)13(10.92%)8(6.72%)5(4.20%)9(7.56%)23(22.69%)119(100%)
20—30—5048(43.64%)17(15.45%)8(7.27%)2(1.82%)14(12.73%)13(19.09%)110(100%)
30—50—7034(29.82%)14(12.28%)10(8.77%)12(10.53%)18(15.79%)22(22.81%)114(100%)
50—70—10022(23.40%)11(11.70%)9(9.57%)11(11.70%)7(7.45%)28(36.17%)94(100%)
合计频次/比例238(40.68%)74(12.65%)42(7.18%)34(5.81%)59(10.09%)138(23.59%)585(100%)
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731230040522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistics on reasons for refusal to pay

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序号拒绝支付的原因百分比(%)
1工程渣土危害不大4.30
2工程渣土直接利用价值不高13.70
3企业自身盈利能力较低无力支付16.30
4没有合理、透明、统一的收费模式30.00
5政府应该承担工程渣土的资源化处理费用35.70
合计100
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731339092441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

拒绝支付的原因统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号拒绝支付的原因百分比(%)
1工程渣土危害不大4.30
2工程渣土直接利用价值不高13.70
3企业自身盈利能力较低无力支付16.30
4没有合理、透明、统一的收费模式30.00
5政府应该承担工程渣土的资源化处理费用35.70
合计100
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731498476006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Frequency distribution of bid values under the supplementary payment card-based questionnaire

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追加支付卡式投标值区间(元)WTP中位数(元)绝对频数绝对频度(%)累计频度(%)
1~20101123.4023.40
21~40301634.0457.45
41~60501021.2878.72
61~8070714.8993.62
81~1009036.38100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731649470972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

追加支付卡式问卷下投标值的频度分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
追加支付卡式投标值区间(元)WTP中位数(元)绝对频数绝对频度(%)累计频度(%)
1~20101123.4023.40
21~40301634.0457.45
41~60501021.2878.72
61~8070714.8993.62
81~1009036.38100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241408731813048848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Estimation results of a double-bounded dichotomous choice model

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变量分类变量名称回归系数标准误z
个人社会特征项目经验-0.353**0.115-3.086
企业特征所在企业性质0.377**0.1372.758
社会压力0.437*0.1862.349
环境认知0.372*0.1762.121
当前满意度-0.498**0.161-3.087
政府规制引导规制0.370*0.1702.180
奖惩规制0.629**0.1803.492
常数项-4.678**0.921-5.082
Log likelihood-352.575
Wald chi257.65***
), ArticleFig(id=1241408732014375458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

双边界二分式选择模型的估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类变量名称回归系数标准误z
个人社会特征项目经验-0.353**0.115-3.086
企业特征所在企业性质0.377**0.1372.758
社会压力0.437*0.1862.349
环境认知0.372*0.1762.121
当前满意度-0.498**0.161-3.087
政府规制引导规制0.370*0.1702.180
奖惩规制0.629**0.1803.492
常数项-4.678**0.921-5.082
Log likelihood-352.575
Wald chi257.65***
), ArticleFig(id=1241408732240867890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Logit Model Estimation of Contractors' WTP

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支付意愿变量Y1=Y-YY2=Y-NY3=N-YY4=N-N
双边界概率0.67530.19070.10820.0876
Tmax100705030
投标均值42.98332.83824.40512.500
E(WTP)97.26745.18623.25711.798
), ArticleFig(id=1241408732408640075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717577580771, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

承包商支付意愿的Logit模型估计

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支付意愿变量Y1=Y-YY2=Y-NY3=N-YY4=N-N
双边界概率0.67530.19070.10820.0876
Tmax100705030
投标均值42.98332.83824.40512.500
E(WTP)97.26745.18623.25711.798
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基于承包商支付意愿的工程渣土资源化利用激励机制研究——以长沙市为例
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易欣 1, * , 刘沫村 1 , 陆佳惠 1 , 沈良峰 1 , 邱慧 2
中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025,45(4): 2323-2332
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中国环境科学 | 环境影响评价与管理 2025, 45(4): 2323-2332
基于承包商支付意愿的工程渣土资源化利用激励机制研究——以长沙市为例
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易欣1, * , 刘沫村1, 陆佳惠1, 沈良峰1, 邱慧2
作者信息
  • 1.中南林业科技大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410004
  • 2.中南林业科技大学风景园林学院,湖南 长沙 410004
  • 易欣(1978-),男,江西宜春人,副教授,博士,主要从事工程建设与环境,可持续建设管理等研究.发表论文60余篇..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
The incentive mechanism for construction spoils recycling based on contractor's willingness to pay: A case study of Changsha.
Xin YI1, * , Mo-cun LIU1, Jia-hui LU1, Liang-feng SHEN1, Hui QIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
  • 2.College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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出于成本考虑,目前承包商工程渣土多采取填埋、倾倒处置方式,如何激励其转向资源化利用是个难题.不同于以往定性研究,基于混合式条件价值评估新方法,以湖南省长沙市585位建筑从业人员的调查数据为样本,通过对承包商支付意愿及影响因素进行研究,将不明晰的非资源化处置收费价格明确化,然后提出了相应的激励机制.结果表明:承包商的平均支付意愿为73.69元/t,高于目前渣土填埋平均费用20元/t,以及非法倾倒的处罚期望成本16.70~25元/t,建议政府通过调价和征收处置税使渣土消纳费超过73.69元/t,将非法倾倒处罚额从5000元/台提高到15000元/台;工程资源化利用平均处置成本137元/t,再产品平均售价40元/t,加上承包商平均支付意愿仍小于成本.政府可根据差额直接补贴或奖励新技术研发以降低成本,并出台规定扩大再产品用量,通过需求提高再产品市场价格.74.35%受访者愿意支付以支持工程渣土资源化利用,承包商的企业性质、社会压力、环境认知、当前满意度等因素正向影响其支付意愿,受访者的项目经验却对支付意愿负向影响.政府通过加大工程渣土资源化利用宣传的引导规制,提升资源化利用补贴和非法倾倒处罚力度的奖惩规制,也都能有效激励承包商采取资源化利用.

工程渣土资源化利用  /  承包商支付意愿  /  支付意愿影响因素  /  hybrid contingent valuation method

Owing to high-cost concerns, contractors dispose the construction spoils predominantly through landfilling or dumping at present. How to motivate them to adopt recycling is a challenge. A novel contingent valuation method named HCVM was proposed in this study. Taking the survey data of 585 construction employees in Changsha City, Hunan Province as a sample, the contractors’willingness to pay (WTP) and their influencing factors were analyzed. The unclear pricing principle of non-recycling disposal charge was clarified, and the incentive mechanism for contractor's construction spoils recycling was proposed accordingly. The results show that: 1) the average WTP of contractors is 73.69 yuan/t, which is higher than the current landfilling charge of 20 yuan/t, and the expected penalty cost for dumping of 16.70~25 yuan/t. It is suggested that the government should increase the landfilling cost over 73.69 yuan/t by pricing or tax, and raising the penalty for dumping from 5000 to 15000 yuan per truck. 2) The average disposal cost for construction spoils recycling is 137 yuan/t, and the average price of recycling products selling is 40 yuan/t. Even if including contractors' WTP, it remains lower than the total recycling cost. The government can address this discrepancy with direct monetary subsidies, rewards developing new technologies to reduce the recycling costs or issuing policies to promote the market demand and selling price of recycling products.3) 74.35% of the respondents were willing to pay for the construction spoils recycling. Factors such as the ownership attribute of contractors, pressure from the public, awareness of environmental protection, and satisfaction with current disposal method positively influence their WTP. However, the respondents' construction project experience negatively affected their WTP. The government's guidance, the higher subsidies, rewards of construction spoils recycling and stricter penalties for dumping can also effectively motivate contractors to adopt recycling behaviour.

construction spoils recycling  /  contractor’s willingness to pay  /  factors influencing contractor’s willingness to pay  /  hybrid contingent valuation method
易欣, 刘沫村, 陆佳惠, 沈良峰, 邱慧. 基于承包商支付意愿的工程渣土资源化利用激励机制研究——以长沙市为例. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2323 -2332 .
Xin YI, Mo-cun LIU, Jia-hui LU, Liang-feng SHEN, Hui QIU. The incentive mechanism for construction spoils recycling based on contractor's willingness to pay: A case study of Changsha.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2323 -2332 .
我国建筑废弃物年产生量约35亿t,其中工程渣土占比高达70%以上,但由于附加值偏低,资源化利用率不高,巨量工程渣土的消纳始终是困扰治理工作的难题[1].目前承包商对工程渣土仍普遍采用简单填埋,这种处置方式不但浪费土地资源,而且易污染地下水,甚至因过度堆填带来安全隐患[2].随着技术进步,工程渣土除了回填外,还能通过高温烧制以及非烧结等工艺制成粗细集料、透水砖等再产品进行循环利用[3].然而,许多承包商往往表面上愿意参与资源化利用,而实际多选择并不环保的简易填埋,甚至非法倾倒.究其原因,目前非资源化处置价格只包含了处置过程的工程成本,并未考虑受损的生态环境补偿费用,导致填埋收费标准偏低,违法行为惩罚力度不够,承包商尚有非法倾倒或就近简易填埋的廉价处置选择路径[4].承包商的行为实质是把本应由污染者承担的环境成本转嫁给政府承担,依据污染者付费原则[5],承包商作为工程渣土的产生者应当承担必要的环境成本付费责任,才能使其外部成本内部化,促使其重视渣土处置的资源化利用[6].因此,如能明确承包商对工程渣土处置费用的真实支付意愿,再通过有效的价格机制设计显著提高承包商工程渣土的简易填埋和非法倾倒代价,使其超过资源化处置成本,就能让承包商化被动为主动,积极参与工程渣土资源化利用.
近年来,政府和学界都越来越重视工程渣土资源化利用问题.现有研究围绕工程渣土资源化利用技术展开了广泛探讨,包括根据渣土来源和组成提出的相应分类分选技术[7],对渣土各元素进行分析后可转为种植土、制砖和烧制陶粒等资源化方向[8],以及渣土资源化处置新的综合利用低碳技术路径[9],以有效解决垃圾围城和用地紧张.上述成果充分说明了工程渣土资源化利用的技术可行性,但由于承包商通常认为资源化利用意味着更努力的分拣和更多投入,必然导致更高成本,逐利的天性阻碍了其资源化处置的想法[10].相关研究表明,费用支付意愿是影响承包商工程渣土处置行为选择的重要原因[11],也是能否有效激励承包商采取资源化处置行为的关键,但如何才能得出承包商的真实支付意愿又成为了新的难题.
条件价值评估法(CVM)被认为是评估受访者对废弃物资源化利用支付意愿的最有效方法[12],已在我国生活废弃物[13]、农业废弃物[14]、养殖废弃物[15]等领域得到广泛应用.类似地,作为工程渣土产生者的承包商也应当对此承担付费责任.国外学者采用CVM分别研究了马来西亚[16]、中国香港[17]和智利[18]的承包商对工程渣土等建筑废弃物资源化利用的支付意愿,但考虑到不同国家环境规制体系和工程渣土资源化利用方式存在差异,针对国内承包商支付意愿的研究仍是一个难题.此外,尽管CVM具有坚实的理论基础,但其估值来自受访者个人评判而非实际市场行为[19],所以确保受访者支付意愿的真实性也是结果有效的前提.鉴于此,本研究从降低受访者偏好不确定性影响的角度提出了基于混合诱导技术的新方法HCVM,选取了湖南省长沙市585位建筑业受访者的调查数据为样本,评估出承包商工程渣土资源化利用的真实支付意愿,为政府对工程渣土的填埋收费、倾倒处罚等激励政策制定提供了相应的决策信息.同时,通过支付意愿的影响因素分析,可以更清楚了解承包商对工程渣土资源化利用的认知,有助于未来工程渣土的监督管理,推动“无废城市”和建筑业可持续发展.
长沙市是长江中游地区重要的中心城市,总面积11819km2,常住人口1042.06万人,每年工程渣土产生量约9000万t,并仍呈不断增长趋势.据统计,长沙市每年主动申报处置的工程渣土不到5000万t,其中资源化利用量仅为647.81万t,大量工程渣土处置去向不明,申报处置的工程渣土资源化利用也极低.由于渣土消纳处置能力不足,违规倾倒、填埋问题突出,公众投诉颇多.
本研究所有数据均来自问卷调查,问卷设计将在后面详述.调研分为两阶段,第一阶段为预调查,目的是通过小范围调查缩小初始问卷中投标值的设置范围,使受访者能更准确回答问题.2023年6月,首先在小范围内对承包商实施了预调查,在此基础上修改了问卷内容,删除了不易理解的变量,明确了投标值范围.第二阶段为正式调查.2023年7月至9月,先由Scheaffer等抽样公式确定了样本容量[20],再采取面对面方式对长沙市在建工程项目的承包商员工进行了访谈.共回收调查问卷共计660份,剔除75份无效样本后,问卷有效率为88.63%.调查过程中为确保受访者意愿表达的准确性和真实性,课题组采取了半结构化访谈方式(结构性问题和开放式作答),严格控制访谈时长等举措,既保证了问卷的规范性,又尽量降低受访者不耐烦和戒备心理,从而保证了调查质量.最后,分别采用Cronbach’s α系数法和因子分析法检验问卷的信度和效度.结果得出各维度Cronbach’s α系数值均大于0.7,KMO值为0.884,说明问卷信度和效度均可以接受.
为了尽可能得到受访者的真实支付意愿,CVM目前有开放式、支付卡式、单边界和双边界二分式等不同的问卷诱导技术,但每种技术都存在一定局限性[21].开放式问卷存在难于回答与策略偏差的困难,用这种方法收集的数据有时会与实际情况不符.支付卡式虽然直观和易于理解,但受制于固定报价范围影响,存在“框架锚定效应”而可能导致支付意愿表达不够完整.二分式诱导技术通过不断追问受访者,理论上能获取更为精准的支付意愿信息.但在实际调查中,比如承包商被问及对于待评估物品的偏好时,倾向于以符合道德或社会规范的方式展现自己从而获得自身满足感,可能会有意识地提供一个高于其真实支付意愿的数值以营造自身良好形象,由此产生与真实偏好不符的估值偏差.此外可能还有一些小型承包商由于盈利有限,受访者的本意是支付较低的数额,但在面对偏高的初始投标值时,却可能碍于“面子”而被迫选择拒绝支付,从而影响评估结果的有效性.因此,本文提出了一种融合支付卡与二分式问卷优点的混合诱导技术HCVM,模型构建如下.
(1)双边界二分式(DC)CVM的WTP值计算
假设第i个受访者回答受到投标值和其他变量影响且具有线性关系,其表达式为:
式中:y为虚拟变量,取值为0表示拒绝,1则表示同意.Xi表示是影响受访者支付意愿除投标值外的其他影响因素,T为投标值,ε为干扰项,αβλ为回归参数.
设第i个受访者回答“是-是”、“是-否”、“否-是”、“否-否”的概率分别为PYYPYNPNY、PNN,其分布函数为Logistic函数,对应的计算如下[22]:
式中:T0为初始投标值、Th为高投标值、Tl为低投标值.则其双边界对数似然函数:
式中:YYi、YNi、NYi、NNi分别为第i个受访者可能选择回答的4种情况,均为虚拟变量.若回答为“同意-同意”,则YYi=1,其余情况则YYi=0.同理,对YNi、NYi、NNi分别进行定义.令EDC(WTP)为受访者的人均支付意愿,计算公式如下[23]:
式中:α为常数项,β为除投标值外其他影响因素变量的回归系数,为影响受访者支付意愿各变量的平均值,λ为投标值回归系数,T为设定的投标值,Tmax为最大投标值.考虑到二分式问卷的开放环境,受访者的回答更易受到社会道德和自身能力等影响,尤其是当低支付意愿者面对高初始投标值的情况.面对连续追问的更低投标值,尽管受访者本意是愿意支付一个很低的数值,但开放环境下碍于“面子问题”而始终选择拒绝支付(即不同意—不同意—不同意,“N-N-N”),从而影响评估结果的准确性.为了避免这种现象,进一步对二分式问卷中选择“N-N-N”的受访者追加支付卡式问卷.
(2)追加支付卡式(PC)CVM的WTP值计算
EPC(WTP)为支付卡式CVM下受访者的人均支付意愿,其计算公式为[24]:
式中:Ak为支付卡投标值;Qk为选择支付卡中各投标值的相应人数占比;m为可供选择的投标值个数.
(3)混合式HCVM的WTP值计算
EH(WTP)表示HCVM下受访者人均支付意愿,其计算公式如下:
式中:EDC(WTP)i为双边界二分式CVM求得WTP值,EPC(WTP)为追加支付卡式CVM求得WTP值;δ为所有选择愿意支付的总人数中来自二分式问卷的人数占比,(1-δ)为所有选择愿意支付的总人数中来自追加支付卡式问卷的人数占比.
(1)问卷结构.最终确定问卷包括以下内容:第一,问卷引导语.向受访者介绍本次调研目的和主要内容;第二,了解受访者的基本情况.包括受访者学历、所在企业性质、所在企业资质、项目经验、工作岗位等基本信息;第三,受访者认知特征.包括承包商对当前渣土处理满意度、环境规制及社会压力感知、环境认知等;第四,核心估值问题.根据每组投标值采用双边界二分式问卷调查受访者支付意愿,并对选择“N-N”的受访者追问拒绝支付的原因,以判别真实零支付和抗议零支付.最后对选择零支付的受访者追加支付卡问卷,以获得更准确的支付意愿数值.通过预调查确定了初始投标值范围10~70元/t,故设定正式调查初始标值分别为10、20、30、50、70元.
(2)偏差控制.零支付问卷是指受访者拒绝支付的问卷,如直接剔除会影响支付意愿计算的有效性[25].根据受访者“不愿意支付原因”可将零支付问卷分为真实零支付和抗议零支付两种类型,真实性零支付被认为是由于受访者经济能力不足所致,而抗议性零支付则多来自对政府工作的不信任[26],但具体如何区分学界尚无定论.因此,本文参考相关研究的判断标准[27],对“不愿意为工程渣土资源化利用支付资金的原因”设计了5个选项(表4).根据受访者的选择项,将选择2和3的受访者定义为“抗议零支付”样本,选择1,4,5的受访者定义为“真实零支付”样本,从而降低样本选择偏差.
受访者对工程渣土资源化利用的支付意愿将受许多因素综合影响,既有来自受访者个人社会特征比如学历、项目经验、工作岗位等[28],也有来自企业的特征因素比如企业性质和资质、社会压力、环境认知、当前满意度等[29],以及政府规制因素包括约束规制、引导规制、奖惩规制等[30],本文涉及的变量定义、赋值说明的描述性统计如表1所示.
将调查问卷整理后,得出样本个人和企业特征的描述性统计分析,结果如表2所示.
表2可知,受访者中本科以上学历占比85.95%,受教育水平总体较高,能够很好理解调查问卷内容.在工作岗位和项目经验方面,项目管理和技术人员占比90.60%,5年以上占比90.68%,说明受访者大都来自现场管理技术人员且工程经验丰富,调查结果具有较强的现实代表性.在企业性质方面,国有企业、私有企业与合资企业分别占60.90%、35.40%和3.70%,而在企业资质方面,特级资质、一级资质、二级资质与三级资质分别占11.86%、53.39%、26.27%和8.47%,可见受访者来自各类性质和不同资质的建筑企业,具有广泛的代表性,保证了调查结果的普遍意义.
值得注意的是,仅有27.50%的受访者选择了工程渣土资源化处置,而对处置方式的满意度均值为3.24,近一半承包商表示较为满意,这反映了目前长沙市在建项目承包商所采取工程渣土处置方式的实际情况.另一方面,受访者对工程渣土处置的环境认知和社会压力感知却高达3.84和3.74,这反映在政府规制和社会舆论越来越高的环境保护压力下,承包商对工程渣土资源化利用持积极态度,但由于受现实中填埋等方式的低成本因素驱动,导致实际行为和意愿相互矛盾的现象.
根据调查问卷,得到受访者对各投标值支付意愿的样本分布如表3所示.
表3可知,选择“Y-Y”,“Y-N”,“N-Y”,“N-N-Y”的受访者共388人,占比66.32%,而选择零支付的受访者共197人,占比33.68%.这表明大多数受访者认可工程渣土资源化利用的价值,也愿意支付一定费用加以支持,总比例也符合国际上公认的零支付比例大约在20%~35%的范围,受访者支付意愿随初始投标值的增加总体呈递减规律,这些都验证了本次问卷设计和抽样过程的合理性.如前所述,零支付问卷是指受访者拒绝支付(N-N-N)的问卷,由于其对问卷调查对象的偏好为中性,如直接剔除会影响支付意愿计算的有效性.因此,为了有效区分哪些属于真实零支付,哪些属于抗议零支付,本文统计了受访者“拒绝支付的原因”,具体如表4所示.
表4可知,在197位零支付受访者中属于真实零支付的受访者68人,属于抗议性零支付的受访者129人.具体来看,35.70%认为政府应承担工程渣土的资源化处理费用,30%表示没有合理、透明、统一的收费模式,说明政府需要提升治理能力以获得承包商更多信任和支持;16.30%表示企业自身盈利能力较低无力支付,13.70%的承包商认为工程渣土直接利用价值不高,说明部分承包商可能确受营收所限,但也不排除存在少量“搭便车”心理;只有4.30%认为工程渣土危害不大.这说明绝大多数承包商对工程渣土不当处置的危害有较好认知,如果消除了其他因素造成的影响,他们可能也会转为同意支付者.
此外,根据前文分析,双边界二分式问卷诱导技术存在不足,即当低支付意愿者遇到高初始投标值时,受访者可能碍于“面子”而改变本意,选择拒绝支付,导致可能出现“遗漏”低支付意愿受访者的现象.为避免这种情况,我们在二分式问卷基础上进一步对选择“N-N-N”的197位受访者追加了更简洁的支付卡式问卷,最终统计结果如表5所示.
表5可知,追加支付卡式问卷下WTP值分布较为离散,选择低于投标值40元的受访者多达57.45%,且愿意支付的人数随投标值增大而快速下降.这充分说明在真实零支付者中确实“隐藏”了部分低支付意愿者,他们对工程渣土资源化利用有着清楚认知,只是碍于企业经营不佳,受限于二分式问卷偏高的初始值影响,以及开放的调查环境所带来的“面子”压力.如果仅考虑二分式问卷统计结果,势必“遗漏”许多低支付意愿受访者的真实支付意愿,从而影响评估结果准确性,这也恰恰证明了追加支付卡式问卷的必要性.
首先采用双边界二分式模型分析受访者的支付意愿,经豪斯曼拟合优度检验统计(Hosmer-Lemeshow),H-L统计量为0.245>0.05,表明模型具有较高的拟合度.预测正确率值为82.7%,表明模型能够较好地反映受访者的回答倾向.模型对数似然比为-329.832,卡方检验统计量在1%的显著性水平上通过了检验,模型整体拟合效果较好.接着,进一步对所有样本的各影响因素进行logit回归,分析结果如表6所示.
表6可知,支付意愿与项目经验、所在企业性质等因素相关,下面进一步展开分析.
(1)个人社会特征的影响.项目经验对承包商支付意愿具有显著负向影响.在其他因素不变的情况下,项目经验越少的承包商反而更愿意对工程渣土资源化利用支付费用.这可能因为项目经验越丰富的承包商越清楚哪种处置方式“更划算”,并将这种“经验”逐渐传递给新的从业者.这说明长沙市在建项目的工程渣土治理工作亟需加强,也是违规倾倒、填埋问题突出的重要原因.
(2)企业特征的影响.①企业性质对承包商支付意愿具有显著正向影响.国有企业比其他类型企业的承包商更愿意支付资源化利用费用,原因可能是国有企业通常需要承担更多社会责任,也更注重长期的环境和社会效益.②社会压力对承包商支付意愿具有显著正向影响.因为的社会压力感知越强,这是因为承包商感受到来自社会压力越大时,担心对其声誉带来负面影响,出于维护企业形象越愿意支付.③环境认知影响对承包商支付意愿具有显著正向影响.承包商对工程渣土处置不当带来的环境危害认识越深刻,越愿意支持工程渣土资源化利用.④当前满意度对承包商支付意愿具有显著负向影响.承包商对当前工程渣土处理的满意度越高,就越不愿意支付更多的费用支持工程渣土资源化利用,就越倾向于简易填埋或就近倾倒.
(3)政府规制的影响.①引导规制对承包商支付意愿具有正向影响.政府对工程渣土资源化利用的宣传能提升承包商的环境认知,从而提升其支付意愿.②奖惩规制对承包商支付意愿具有显著正向影响.这是因为目前工程渣土资源化利用的成本偏高,政府对承包商补贴越多,同时对非法倾倒处罚力度越大,承包商就越愿意支持工程渣土资源化利用.③政府的约束规制并未进入回归模型,说明由于工程渣土涉及城管、住建和环保等多个部门,大幅提高检查频率不仅难以落实,而且对承包商治理效果并不理想.
(4)从各因素的回归系数看,奖惩规制影响程度最大,说明加大资源化利用补贴并加重非法倾倒处罚是最有效的治理手段,也验证了前文分析.而增加承包商社会压力也能有较好效果,说明应重视公众监督作用,比如拓展反馈举报的自媒体渠道,营造出强势的环境保护舆论氛围等,激励承包商选择工程渣土资源化利用.
根据表1的变量定义和赋值,将388份同意支付的问卷数据整理后分类进行logit回归,再代入式(2)~(5)算出受访者4种回答情况的概率,然后根据投标值代入式(7)便可得到受访者的平均支付意愿,最终结果如表7所示.
根据表7数据,将4种回答情况对应WTP乘以相应概率,便得到了采用双边界二分式问卷的受访者平均支付意愿:
此外,还有47位虽然也愿意支付,但是没有选择双边界的投标值,而是在追加支付卡投标值中做出了选择,故还需采用式(8)计算他们的平均支付意愿:
最后,根据两种问卷在所有选择愿意支付总人数中的各自人数占比89.20%和10.80%,由式(9)得出HCVM下受访者对工程渣土资源化利用的最终人均支付意愿:
上述结果将原本不明晰的承包商真实意愿以货币化价值明确化,为有效激励承包商采取工程渣土资源化利用提供了决策信息支持,基于此提出以下政策建议:
(1)设立合理的工程渣土填埋收费机制,降低承包商的低成本“诱惑”.目前长沙市渣土填埋消纳费(不含运费)仅约20元/t[31],显著低于承包商的平均支付意愿73.69元/t,导致应由承包商承担的生态环境成本被转嫁给政府.实际上,承包商支付意愿表明了其对填埋方式环境损害的“心知肚明”,也愿意承担更高成本支持工程渣土资源化利用.只因现实中仍存在更低成本的处置渠道,在利益驱动下导致实际行为往往与意愿相悖.因此,政府应设立合理的填埋收费机制,通过调高渣土填埋收费价格或对承包商征收专门的处置税[32],并使其超过承包商的平均支付意愿,使填埋方式彻底失去低价优势,从而激励其选择资源化利用.尽管2021年至今长沙市陆续新建了多处规范化的消纳场,但收效甚微.这说明新建更多消纳场并不能真正解决问题,而合理运用经济工具进行规制可能效果更佳.
(2)提升工程渣土监管和处罚力度,防止承包商的非法倾倒.除了填埋方式,一些承包商甚至会选择非法倾倒.根据《长沙市建筑垃圾管理规定》“非法倾倒工程渣土的处罚额为5000元/台”[33].经调查,一般渣土车载重量为20~30t,则非法倾倒的处罚成本为167~250元/t.由于非法倾倒多在夜间和偏僻处,政府监管难度大,被发现的概率仅10%左右[34].显然,承包商非法倾倒受处罚的期望成本约为16.7~25元/t,远小于资源化利用支付意愿73.69元/t,甚至低于填埋费用.因此,政府应显著提升非法倾倒处罚力度,使其受处罚的期望成本超过资源化利用支付意愿736.90元/t,折算后约15000元/台.同时,采取措施增加非法倾倒的被发现概率提高受处罚的期望成本.充分发挥公众监督作用,比如设立举报奖励制度等,并依托各类信息化监控手段不断提升工程渣土全过程管理水平,比如出土源头的工地无人机监控、运输过程的渣土车RFID电子标签等.
(3)完善补贴支持政策,引导承包商主动进行资源化利用.根据工程渣土中的土壤类别和物料成分不同,工程渣土能通过不同工艺制成粗细集料、透水砖等多种再产品,故资源化利用成本也各有不同.目前,工程渣土资源化利用的产出率近70%且平均处置成本约137元/t[35],而再产品的平均售价约40元/t,加上承包商平均支付意愿73.69元/t仍无法覆盖全部成本.因此,政府可根据差额直接补贴或奖励科研机构与承包商共同合作,研发新技术降低处置成本和提高产出率.此外,由于当前工程渣土再产品的市场认可度和使用意愿都不高,还可规定政府投资项目和其他新建项目必须使用一定比例再产品,通过需求提高再产品市场价格,以激励承包商进行资源化利用.
4.1 采用HCVM并以湖南省长沙市585位建筑从业人员调查数据为样本的研究结果表明,长沙市在建项目承包商对工程渣土资源化利用的平均支付意愿,不仅明显高于目前工程渣土填埋价格,也高于非法倾倒的受处罚期望成本.因此,为了激励承包商选择资源化利用,政府应当采取有效措施提升渣土填埋收费价格和非法倾倒处罚力度.
4.2 目前工程渣土资源化利用成本远高于再产品的平均售价,即使加上承包商的平均支付意愿仍无法覆盖全部成本,政府应采取直接补贴或出台规定扩大再产品使用量等举措,激励承包商进行资源化利用.
4.3 74.35%受访者愿意支付以支持工程渣土资源化利用,承包商的企业性质、社会压力、环境认知、当前满意度等因素正向影响其支付意愿影响,而受访者的项目经验却对支付意愿有显著的负向影响.政府通过加大工程渣土资源化利用宣传的引导规制,以及提升资源化利用补贴和非法倾倒处罚力度的奖惩规制都能有效激励承包商进行资源化利用.
4.4 所提出的融合支付卡和双边界二分式优点的HCVM,能很好地处理“零支付”受访者问题,从而获得更真实的数据反馈,确保了支付意愿测算结果的客观准确.研究方法具有普适性,完全可以在其他城市开展类似研究.研究结果可为政府改善工程渣土治理和资源化利用激励政策提供理论依据.由于本文重点关注的是工程渣土产生者承包商的支付意愿及其激励机制,而公众作为工程渣土资源化利用的利益相关者,同样对其改善环境品质、有益身心健康等具有重要意义,也应对此承担一定的付费责任.因此,后续研究还可拓展到公众对工程渣土资源化利用的支付意愿及其影响因素等问题,从公众支持的角度进一步助力我国无废城市建设.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32101578)
  • 湖南省教育厅科学研究重点项目(21A0175)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-22
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(32101578)
湖南省教育厅科学研究重点项目(21A0175)
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    1.中南林业科技大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410004
    2.中南林业科技大学风景园林学院,湖南 长沙 410004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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