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To investigate the impact and mechanisms of the "23·7" heavy rainstorm event on groundwater quality in the Mentougou Plain area, the area at the foothills of the Yongding River was selected as the study area. By comparing the alterations in groundwater and surface water quality before and after the rainstorm, and integrating hydrogeochemical modeling with microbial characterization, we analyze the underlying causes. The results showed that the average concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO3- in the groundwater increased by 9.75% to 14.68%, while those of Cl-, SO42-, F-, total Fe, and total Mn decreased by 26% to 86.92% after the rainstorm, consistent with the trend in surface water. It suggested that the variation in groundwater chemistry was primarily driven by the infiltration of affected surface water. However, the trends in K+, dissolved oxygen (DO), redox potential (Eh), and NO3--N in groundwater are opposite to those in surface water, indicating that groundwater chemistry changes were not solely the result of simple physical mixing with surface water. The reverse simulation results using PHREEQC indicate that under the influence of the rainstorm, the evolution of groundwater chemistry is regulated by a combination of physical mixing and dilution, mineral dissolution and precipitation, denitrification, and sulfate reduction. Specifically, physical mixing and dilution account for 15.82% of the alterations. Based on it, the silicate minerals dissolution increases the Ca2+ concentration, while the dissolution of silicate and evaporite minerals, in combination with cation exchange, helps maintain Na+ balance. The infiltration of rainwater and the decomposition of organic matter increase the HCO3- concentration. The denitrification and sulfate reduction decrease NO3- and SO42- concentrations. Notably, the heavy rainstorm exacerbated the dilution and diffusion of high-concentration Fe contamination around the Shougang Industrial Park. Although dilution reduced the peak concentration of Fe exceeding the standard from 89.5mg/L to 25.4mg/L, the number of locations where Fe exceeded the standard increased from one to four, accounting for 66.67% of the total. Meanwhile, this process significantly promoted the enrichment of Fe(Ⅱ)-dependent autotrophic denitrifying bacteria in the groundwater, enhancing the denitrification rate and significantly reducing the concentration of NO3--N in the groundwater.

, correspAuthors=Bao-nan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuo MA, Bao-nan HE, Xue-hang ZHANG, Jiang-tao HE, Xiang-yun LONG, Shan-shan YANG, Yuan-yuan SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408723801920063, articleId=1241408717573378067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=“23·7”暴雨对永定河出山口地下水水质的影响机制, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究“23·7”特大暴雨对门头沟平原区地下水水质的影响及机制,以永定河出山口为研究对象,通过对比暴雨前后地表及地下水水质变化,结合水文地球化学模拟及微生物表征技术进行成因分析.结果显示:暴雨洪水后地下水中Ca2+和HCO3-浓度均值上升9.75%~14.68%,Cl-,SO42-,F-,总Fe,总Mn浓度均值下降26%~86.92%,与地表水变化趋势相同,表明地下水水化学变化主要由受影响的地表水入渗引起.然而,地下水中K+,溶解氧(DO),氧化还原电位(Eh),NO3--N指标变化趋势与地表水相反,表明地下水水化学变化不仅仅是与地表水简单的物理混合.PHREEQC反向模拟结果表明,暴雨影响下地下水水化学演化受物理混合与稀释,矿物溶解沉淀,反硝化以及硫酸盐还原作用共同调节.具体而言,物理混合与稀释贡献为15.82%,在此基础上,硅酸盐矿物溶解增加Ca2+浓度,硅酸盐和蒸发岩矿物溶解与阳离子交换作用共同维持了Na+平衡,降雨入渗与有机质分解增加了HCO3-浓度,反硝化与硫酸盐还原作用使得NO3-和SO42-浓度降低.值得关注的是,特大暴雨加剧了首钢工业园附近高浓度Fe污染的稀释扩散,尽管稀释作用使Fe的超标浓度峰值由89.5mg/L降低至25.4mg/L,但Fe超标的数量却由1个增加至4个,比例达66.67%.同时,这一过程显著促进了地下水中Fe(Ⅱ)自养反硝化菌属的富集,提高了反硝化速率,显著降低了地下水中NO3--N的浓度.

, correspAuthors=何宝南, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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马硕(2000-),女,河北三河人,中国地质大学(北京)硕士研究生,研究方向为污染水文地质..

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马硕(2000-),女,河北三河人,中国地质大学(北京)硕士研究生,研究方向为污染水文地质..

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马硕(2000-),女,河北三河人,中国地质大学(北京)硕士研究生,研究方向为污染水文地质..

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F/P分别为暴雨洪水前后

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***为P≤0.001

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Equilibrium phase transfer amounts identified in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物相化学式转移量(mmol/L)
钠长石(Albite)NaAlSi3O80.789
钙长石(Anorthite)CaAl2Si2O81.200
方解石(Calcite)CaCO3-1.478
钙蒙脱石(Ca-Montmorillon)Ca0.165Al2.33Si3.67O10(OH)2-1.319
白云石(Dolomite)CaMg(CO3)2-0.077
萤石(Fluorite)CaF2/
石膏(Gypsum)CaSO4:2H2O/
岩盐(Halite)NaCl0.236
钾长石(K-feldspar)KAlSi3O80.021
CH2OCH2O1.664
H2S(g)H2S-0.653
N2(g)N2-0.105
CaX2CaX20.659
NaXNaX-1.318
), ArticleFig(id=1241408732882588111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717573378067, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区存在的平衡相转移量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物相化学式转移量(mmol/L)
钠长石(Albite)NaAlSi3O80.789
钙长石(Anorthite)CaAl2Si2O81.200
方解石(Calcite)CaCO3-1.478
钙蒙脱石(Ca-Montmorillon)Ca0.165Al2.33Si3.67O10(OH)2-1.319
白云石(Dolomite)CaMg(CO3)2-0.077
萤石(Fluorite)CaF2/
石膏(Gypsum)CaSO4:2H2O/
岩盐(Halite)NaCl0.236
钾长石(K-feldspar)KAlSi3O80.021
CH2OCH2O1.664
H2S(g)H2S-0.653
N2(g)N2-0.105
CaX2CaX20.659
NaXNaX-1.318
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“23·7”暴雨对永定河出山口地下水水质的影响机制
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马硕 1, 2 , 何宝南 1, 2, * , 张学航 1, 2 , 何江涛 1, 2 , 龙翔云 1, 2 , 杨珊珊 2 , 史芫芫 3
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1973-1984
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1973-1984
“23·7”暴雨对永定河出山口地下水水质的影响机制
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马硕1, 2 , 何宝南1, 2, * , 张学航1, 2, 何江涛1, 2, 龙翔云1, 2, 杨珊珊2, 史芫芫3
作者信息
  • 1.水利部地下水保护重点实验室(筹),北京 100083
  • 2.中国地质大学(北京)水资源与环境学院,北京 100083
  • 3.北京市生态环境保护科学研究院,北京 100037
  • 马硕(2000-),女,河北三河人,中国地质大学(北京)硕士研究生,研究方向为污染水文地质..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
The impact mechanism of the "23·7" heavy rainstorm on groundwater quality at the Yongding River Foothills
Shuo MA1, 2 , Bao-nan HE1, 2, * , Xue-hang ZHANG1, 2, Jiang-tao HE1, 2, Xiang-yun LONG1, 2, Shan-shan YANG2, Yuan-yuan SHI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources (in preparation), Beijing 100083, China
  • 2.School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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为探究“23·7”特大暴雨对门头沟平原区地下水水质的影响及机制,以永定河出山口为研究对象,通过对比暴雨前后地表及地下水水质变化,结合水文地球化学模拟及微生物表征技术进行成因分析.结果显示:暴雨洪水后地下水中Ca2+和HCO3-浓度均值上升9.75%~14.68%,Cl-,SO42-,F-,总Fe,总Mn浓度均值下降26%~86.92%,与地表水变化趋势相同,表明地下水水化学变化主要由受影响的地表水入渗引起.然而,地下水中K+,溶解氧(DO),氧化还原电位(Eh),NO3--N指标变化趋势与地表水相反,表明地下水水化学变化不仅仅是与地表水简单的物理混合.PHREEQC反向模拟结果表明,暴雨影响下地下水水化学演化受物理混合与稀释,矿物溶解沉淀,反硝化以及硫酸盐还原作用共同调节.具体而言,物理混合与稀释贡献为15.82%,在此基础上,硅酸盐矿物溶解增加Ca2+浓度,硅酸盐和蒸发岩矿物溶解与阳离子交换作用共同维持了Na+平衡,降雨入渗与有机质分解增加了HCO3-浓度,反硝化与硫酸盐还原作用使得NO3-和SO42-浓度降低.值得关注的是,特大暴雨加剧了首钢工业园附近高浓度Fe污染的稀释扩散,尽管稀释作用使Fe的超标浓度峰值由89.5mg/L降低至25.4mg/L,但Fe超标的数量却由1个增加至4个,比例达66.67%.同时,这一过程显著促进了地下水中Fe(Ⅱ)自养反硝化菌属的富集,提高了反硝化速率,显著降低了地下水中NO3--N的浓度.

永定河  /  “23·7”特大暴雨  /  地下水水质  /  反向模拟  /  微生物响应

To investigate the impact and mechanisms of the "23·7" heavy rainstorm event on groundwater quality in the Mentougou Plain area, the area at the foothills of the Yongding River was selected as the study area. By comparing the alterations in groundwater and surface water quality before and after the rainstorm, and integrating hydrogeochemical modeling with microbial characterization, we analyze the underlying causes. The results showed that the average concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO3- in the groundwater increased by 9.75% to 14.68%, while those of Cl-, SO42-, F-, total Fe, and total Mn decreased by 26% to 86.92% after the rainstorm, consistent with the trend in surface water. It suggested that the variation in groundwater chemistry was primarily driven by the infiltration of affected surface water. However, the trends in K+, dissolved oxygen (DO), redox potential (Eh), and NO3--N in groundwater are opposite to those in surface water, indicating that groundwater chemistry changes were not solely the result of simple physical mixing with surface water. The reverse simulation results using PHREEQC indicate that under the influence of the rainstorm, the evolution of groundwater chemistry is regulated by a combination of physical mixing and dilution, mineral dissolution and precipitation, denitrification, and sulfate reduction. Specifically, physical mixing and dilution account for 15.82% of the alterations. Based on it, the silicate minerals dissolution increases the Ca2+ concentration, while the dissolution of silicate and evaporite minerals, in combination with cation exchange, helps maintain Na+ balance. The infiltration of rainwater and the decomposition of organic matter increase the HCO3- concentration. The denitrification and sulfate reduction decrease NO3- and SO42- concentrations. Notably, the heavy rainstorm exacerbated the dilution and diffusion of high-concentration Fe contamination around the Shougang Industrial Park. Although dilution reduced the peak concentration of Fe exceeding the standard from 89.5mg/L to 25.4mg/L, the number of locations where Fe exceeded the standard increased from one to four, accounting for 66.67% of the total. Meanwhile, this process significantly promoted the enrichment of Fe(Ⅱ)-dependent autotrophic denitrifying bacteria in the groundwater, enhancing the denitrification rate and significantly reducing the concentration of NO3--N in the groundwater.

Yongding River  /  "23·7" heavy rainstorm  /  groundwater quality  /  inverse modeling  /  microbial response
马硕, 何宝南, 张学航, 何江涛, 龙翔云, 杨珊珊, 史芫芫. “23·7”暴雨对永定河出山口地下水水质的影响机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1973 -1984 .
Shuo MA, Bao-nan HE, Xue-hang ZHANG, Jiang-tao HE, Xiang-yun LONG, Shan-shan YANG, Yuan-yuan SHI. The impact mechanism of the "23·7" heavy rainstorm on groundwater quality at the Yongding River Foothills[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1973 -1984 .
随着全球气候变化,降雨及洪涝灾害事件频发[1].在中国,近50a来平均雨日总体呈下降趋势,但暴雨日数呈现增长趋势,这意味着干旱风险增加的同时,短时强降雨和城市内涝风险也在不断增加[2].洪水过境携带大量外源物质,在流入地表水系的同时也很可能渗入到地下水中,造成地下水各离子组分及水化学类型的变化[3],给地下水源饮用水安全及居民生命健康带来潜在威胁.相关研究模拟了洪涝灾害对大同盆地地下水水质的影响发现,洪涝期间包气带的蒸发及矿物淋滤作用增强,使得地下水中主要离子浓度增高[4].在农业用地区域,由于大量氮肥的使用,洪涝灾害后地下水中氮污染浓度普遍升高[5-7].与此同时,洪涝还会加剧沉积物中历史残留污染的再扩散[8].有研究显示[9],沙特阿拉伯wadi Baysh流域地下水主要组分在洪涝期间因稀释效应而降低,但Al,Cr和Mn等微量金属元素超标率增加,极可能是洪泛区残留有毒有害元素的再释放导致[10].
洪涝不但会影响地下水水质,也会对地下水环境中的微生物群落结构产生影响[11].通过对山东青岛大沽河流域下游地下水的研究,并采用渗透试验模拟雨洪水回灌地下过程,发现洪水前后微生物物种多样性降低,发生群落演替现象[12].一般来说,天然地下水中有机碳,氮,磷等含量较低,微生物活性较弱[13],而暴雨洪水所携带的营养元素渗入地下极有可能使地下水中微生物群落发生变化.因此,洪涝区微生物群落结构的变化能够有效反映暴雨洪水对地下水的潜在影响.
2023年7月31日~8月2日,北京市门头沟区遭遇极端洪涝灾害,门头沟流域全线洪水漫灌,河床冲垮,地下井水溢出,受灾严重.尽管如此,目前对该特大暴雨的影响研究主要集中在对地下水量的影响上[14],对地下水水质的影响还尚不明确.因此,本文以“23·7”特大暴雨影响较严重的永定河出山口门头沟山前平原作为研究对象,识别暴雨洪水影响下的地下水化学组分的变化特征,探究地下水水质变化的影响因素,解析控制机理,以期为门头沟平原区地下水污染风险管控提供理论依据.
研究区位于北京市门头沟区永定河出山口,三家店水库以下,至卧龙岗莲石桥一带.该区地形复杂,西北部为山地,东部则逐渐过渡为平原,域内地势切割严重,各山脊之间形成多个短小沟谷.主要汇水支沟包括黑河沟,中门寺沟,冯村沟,西峰寺沟,四条沟呈并列排布,从西北部的山区向东南方向延伸,最终汇入永定河.永定河不仅是京津冀区域的重要水源涵养地与生态屏障,更是生态廊道的重要组成部分.自2019年以来,为推进永定河综合治理与生态修复,实施了“引黄入京”工程,通过将黄河水引入永定河,与本地径流联合调度,从而实现水资源的优化配置.2020年,在生态补水工程的引水调蓄辅助下,永定河首次实现北京段全线通水[15],引黄水成为永定河生态补水的主力军.
研究区为典型的温带季风气候,夏季炎热多雨,冬季寒冷干燥,降水集中,年际变化量大.因此,研究区内河沟多为季节性河沟,在降雨量较低时河沟呈现干涸状态.研究区位于山前残坡积和冲洪积地带,地下水主要以孔隙水和裂隙水为主.研究区北部及西部的山区分布有富水性中等的碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙含水岩组,东部及南部则以第四系冲洪积地层为主,主要为松散岩类孔隙含水岩组,富水性较强.冲积平原区地下水主要来源于降雨入渗和河流的侧向补给,近年来黄河水的引入和再生水的利用也在地下水源涵养中发挥了重要作用,其排泄方式以侧向径流及人工开采为主.
2023年7月31日~8月2日,受台风“杜苏芮”北上冷空气影响,京津冀地区尤以海河流域为主出现强降雨过程.此期间,研究区内黑河沟和中门寺沟为主的众多河沟发生洪涝灾害,门头沟老城区严重水淹.洪水通过各沟谷汇入永定河,向下游泄洪.因此,本文选取门头沟平原区永定河出山口一带作为研究区(图1).
研究区内共布设5个地表水采样点.除永定河河道外,“23·7”暴雨也于黑河沟及中门寺沟泄洪,为监测支沟汇入前后的水质变化,在支流汇入前设置S1,位于三家店水库,该水库为“引黄入京”工程设置于永定河北京段的拦河闸,无暴雨时主要为永定河山峡段本地水和引黄水.在黑河沟和中门寺沟汇入后设置S2.为监测支沟地表水变化,在黑河沟,中门寺沟,西峰寺沟与冯村沟交汇后分别设置S3,S4,S5.
研究区内共布设6个地下水采样井.暴雨后,地表水的入渗主要发生在渗透性较强的汇水区.基于此,在黑河沟和中门寺沟的汇水处分别布设了采样点G1和G2.此外,在汇水区域布设了4个采样点G3,G4,G5,G6,以监测汇水区的地下水变化.由于汇水区附近曾存在以首钢工业园区(简称首钢园)为主的历史污染源,这些点位也用于监测污染物的扩散.地下水采样井深度在44.5~78m,为浅层地下水.
所有地表和地下水样本均在2023年6月暴雨前和9月暴雨后同步采集,此外,在2023年8月采集了永定河中的暴雨洪水样品ERF.各采样点位置如图1所示.
地表水使用蠕动泵进行样品采集.采集地下水时,首先进行监测井的洗井工作,达到洗井标准后再进行样品采集.采样同时,同步利用Eureka-多功能水质参数仪进行现场指标的测试分析,包括水温,pH值,氧化还原电位(Eh),电导率(EC)和溶解氧(DO).室内测试指标包括:阳离子(Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+,K+),阴离子(HCO3-,CO32-,Cl-,SO42-和F-),氮素(NH4+-N,NO3--N和NO2--N),总铁与总锰(Fe,Mn)和总有机碳(TOC).其中,阴阳离子及铁锰分别采用离子色谱(IC)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)进行检测,总碱度(TA),CO32-和HCO3-使用自动电位滴定仪进行测试,氮素使用分光光度计测试,TOC使用TOC分析仪测试,所有样品当天运至实验室且在4℃条件下保存直至测试完成.
微生物样品通过真空抽滤方式将水体中微生物富集于0.22μm无菌滤膜上(Millipore,Billerica,MA).根据E.Z.N.A.® soil DNA kit (Omega Bio-tek,Norcross,GA,U.S.)方法进行微生物群落总DNA抽提,使用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的提取质量,使用NanoDrop2000测定DNA浓度和纯度,使用338F (5’-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3’)和806R (5’-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’)对16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行PCR扩增.利用Illumina公司的Miseq PE300/NovaSeq PE250平台进行测序.
Cl-作为一种保守示踪离子,在入渗过程中较少受到水化学及微生物作用的影响[16].因此,采用Cl-估算暴雨洪水与地下水的混合比例(式1),该计算比例表示永定河汇水河道内暴雨洪水入渗对地下水水化学变化的影响程度.假设暴雨洪水与地下水仅发生物理混合,获得地下水中其余各组分的理论浓度(式2)[16-17].
式中; M为暴雨洪水与地下水物理混合比例分数;CP为暴雨洪水后地下水Cl-浓度; CF为暴雨洪水前地下水Cl-浓度; CI为暴雨洪水时期永定河河道Cl-的输入浓度; CA为地下水中目标组分的计算浓度;CR为暴雨洪水时永定河河道目标组分的输入浓度;CG为暴雨洪水前地下水目标组分的背景浓度.该计算结果重点关注永定河汇水河道内暴雨洪水入渗对地下水的影响过程,忽略了面状降雨的直接入渗.
基于SPSS27软件进行的Q型系统聚类旨在分类讨论地下水受暴雨洪水影响情况与趋向性,参与聚类的指标包括:室内测试各离子指标,TDS,pH值,TH,TA.数据中总硬度(TH)采用Ca2+,Mg2+毫克当量浓度之和乘以50计算获得(以CaCO3计),旨在反映地下水的水质硬度特征.总碱度(TA)是指水中所有能中和酸的物质的浓度总和.
基于PHREEQC软件进行的水文地球化学模拟旨在识别潜在的水文地球化学作用,该软件基于元素守恒原理,可定量计算多种水文地球化学反应[18].其中反向模拟功能(INVERSE-MODELING)能够计算从初始水溶液到最终水溶液的成分差异及过程中矿物与气体的物质的量转移量.这一功能被广泛应用于地下水迁移路径上的水化学模拟[19]以及地表到地下水的入渗过程[20].在本研究中,通过反向模拟确定暴雨洪水入渗过程中平衡相的物质的量转换量,以解释水文地球化学变化过程.所有计算均基于phreeqc. dat数据库进行.
微生物测序后利用RDP classifier[21]http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/,version 2.2)对每条序列进行物种分类注释,比对Silva 16S rRNA数据库(v138),设置比对阈值为70%.Alpha多样性指数计算,群落Bar图,典范对应分析(CCA),群落Heatmap图,样本差异性检验均使用Majorbio云平台(www.majorbio.com)分析作图.
图2绘制了研究区内暴雨洪水前地表水(SF)、暴雨洪水后地表水(SP)、暴雨洪水前地下水(GF)和暴雨洪水后地下水(GP)化学组分箱型图.从图中可以看出,暴雨前后,地表水水质指标变化显著,pH值,Eh,TH,TA,Ca2+,HCO3-,NO3--N明显上升,TDS,TOC,Mg2+,Na+,K+,Cl-,SO42-,F-显著下降.与地表水变化趋势相似,暴雨洪水前后地下水中pH值,TH,TA,Ca2+,HCO3-也显著上升,而TDS,TOC,Cl-,SO42-,F-显著下降.除此之外,由于地下水采样点比较分散,暴雨前各采样点水质指标受到影响因素较多,很多指标箱型图浓度范围比较宽,暴雨后,指标箱型图浓度范围明显变窄,说明这些指标可能受雨洪水影响较大,这些指标主要包括:TOC,SO42-,NO2--N,Mn和F-.初步分析发现,暴雨洪水前后地表和地下水中Mg2+浓度分别呈现显著下降或无明显变化特征,而暴雨及其影响下的地表和地下水中Ca2+均上升,因此,地下水TH的升高主要受Ca2+浓度上升的影响.对于显著下降的组分,Cl-平均浓度由159.05mg/L下降至116.48mg/L,下降比例约26.76%.Cl-作为一种保守的示踪离子,在入渗过程中几乎不受任何生物地球化学作用影响,由此判断暴雨洪水对地表和地下水均存在显著的稀释效应.受此效应的影响,地表及地下水中F-浓度也普遍降低,部分点位F-浓度甚至降低至检出限以下.相较于Cl-,暴雨洪水后SO42-平均浓度下降更加显著,由205.42mg/L下降至104.58mg/L,下降比例约49.09%,表明SO42-的浓度变化除受到稀释作用影响外,还存在其它影响要素.在对洪涝后江西乐安河沿岸地下水的变化分析中,SO42-浓度由34.35mg/L降低至31.69mg/L,下降比例为7.74%[6],这进一步表明本研究区内可能存在其他作用影响SO42-浓度.
值得注意的是,暴雨影响下地表和地下水除了一些相似变化趋势外,部分指标也存在一些完全相反的变化(图2).例如:地表水中K+浓度下降,而地下水中K+浓度上升;地表水中DO,Eh和NO3--N上升,而地下水中DO,Eh和NO3--N浓度下降;地下水中TOC浓度整体降低,但G2,G4,G6点TOC浓度上升.由此可见,暴雨洪水入渗后与地下水的相互作用不只是简单的物理混合,还伴随着其它水文地球化学作用的发生,如DO,Eh和NO3--N所表现出的氧化还原条件的变化.
从水化学类型来看,暴雨洪水前后研究区水化学类型发生显著变化(图3图5).Piper三线图显示,暴雨洪水前,三家店水库地表水为SO4·Cl-Na·Mg型,黑河沟(S3)为SO4-Mg·Ca型,中门寺沟(S4)为Cl·HCO3-Na·Ca型.支沟汇入后,永定河河道为SO4·Cl·HCO3-Na·Mg型水.暴雨洪水后,除S3点外的地表水均转变为HCO3·Cl-Ca·Na型水,HCO3-和Ca2+占比达40%.S3点转变为SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg型,亦表现出HCO3-和Ca2+含量显著上升的特征.Stiff图中更加清晰显示了这一变化(图5),暴雨洪水后,S1,S2,S4,S5图形匀称,形状相似,表明水化学组成趋于一致.
与地表水相比,地下水水化学类型变化具有明显趋向性,尤其是阴离子,但不同地理位置也存在一定差异.为有效刻画这一差异,采用系统聚类方法对暴雨洪水前后的地下水采样点进行分类.结果显示,暴雨洪水前,研究区地下水主要分为三类(图4(a)).第一类为G1,G2,G5点,这一类别地下水Stiff图的形状相对平缓,主要阳离子组分为Ca2+,主要阴离子组分为HCO3-和SO42-.第二类为G3和G6点,该类点地下水表现为低Ca2+和高Na+,G6点Na+占比达42.65%,与永定河河水表现出相似性.第三类为G4点,该点Stiff图呈明显的不对称性,其中Cl-在阴离子中的占比达到71.44%,这一特征表明G4可能已经受到首钢园历史钢铁产业污染的影响.与暴雨洪水前相比,暴雨洪水后聚类结果增至四类(图4(b)).值得注意的是,尽管Stiff图显示暴雨洪水后G2点的水化学特征与G1点相似,但在暴雨洪水后的系统聚类结果中,G2点仍被单独划分为一类.数据比对发现,暴雨洪水后G2点的NH4+-N浓度异常升高,达到3.05mg/L.此前对暴雨洪水后氮组分变化的报道多为硝氮浓度的增加[22].此外,G4向G3和G6类靠拢,暴雨洪水可能削弱了该点由首钢园带来的影响.
整体来看,暴雨洪水后,Piper图中阳离子三角区内点趋向于Ca2+端元,阴离子三角区内点趋向于HCO3-+CO32-端元,平行四边形区域内点向左下方移动,呈现SO42-含量占比降低,Ca2+和HCO3-含量占比上升趋势.除了G3和G4点外,其他点位的水化学类型向HCO3-Ca型水方向趋近.
对于研究区内的污染组分Fe和Mn来说,暴雨洪水前,首钢园附近G4点地下水中Fe浓度高达89.5mg/L,远超《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)[23]中Ⅲ类水限值(0.3mg/L),明显受到首钢园历史污染影响[24].暴雨洪水后下降至25.4mg/L,初步判断暴雨洪水对该点位Fe超标问题有改善趋势.然而事实上,与暴雨洪水前仅G4一个超标点位相比,暴雨洪水后Fe超标点位明显增多,G2,G3,G5,G6点位Fe浓度由未检出分别上升至0.69,5.54,5.69和0.38mg/L(图5),超标率由16.67%增加至66.67%,由此可见,暴雨洪水虽然削减了Fe超标的峰值,但明显增大了扩散范围,并增加了Fe超标的数量.图5中G3和G4点位在暴雨洪水期间趋于一致的地下水位上升特征有效支撑了这一认识,暴雨洪水和地下水的混合效应在这过程中发挥了重要作用,加剧了首钢园历史污染扩散.同样的现象也出现在印度Adyar河地下水中,其地下水中有害微量金属元素浓度在地表径流的影响下升高[25].奎河河岸带地下水在洪水后Fe,Mn平均质量浓度分别升高11%和22%[3].Fe和Mn组分常伴随出现[26],与Fe相似,暴雨洪水的混合效应使Mn浓度也有所下降,G3和G4点位分别由1.77和1.95mg/L下降为0.17和0.3mg/L,但即便如此,也仍处于超标状态(Ⅲ类水≤0.1mg/L).
为进一步阐明暴雨洪水影响下地下水水化学组分的变化过程及原因,使用PHREEQC软件中的INVERSE-MODELING模块进行水文地球化学反向模拟,揭示暴雨洪水入渗引起地下水化学成分变化的水文地球化学作用.选取暴雨洪水前较少受到外界影响的G5作为代表性点位,开展暴雨洪水和地下水从简单的物理混合到形成最终地下水的水化学演化过程研究,包括矿物溶解沉淀,阳离子交换以及氧化还原等.
根据暴雨洪水与暴雨洪水前G5点地下水(G5F)物理混合入渗的计算结果(CA)与暴雨洪水后G5点地下水实测结果(G5P)的比较,判断潜在的水文地球化学过程(图6).结果表明,G5点处暴雨洪水与地下水物理混合比例约为15.82%,多数离子(K+,Na+,Mg2+,Cl-)理论浓度与实际浓度吻合较好,充分说明了物理混合的存在.此外,还有部分指标理论计算与实测结果不一致.Ca2+和HCO3-差值为正,表明除物理混合外,还有其它水岩相互作用增加了地下水中Ca2+和HCO3-浓度.SO42-和NO3-差值为负,表明除稀释作用外,还存在其它水文地球化学作用加剧SO42-和NO3-在地下水中的消耗.
为厘清影响Ca2+,HCO3-,SO42-和NO3-变化的潜在水文地球化学作用,基于矿相平衡原理开展矿物溶解沉淀,阳离子交换及氧化还原的模拟研究.依据研究区地层介质实测结果设置矿物相,其成分与前人测试结果基本一致[27].在此过程中,以CaX2和NaX作为平衡相探讨地下水中可能存在的阳离子交换作用,以有机质(CH2O),H2S,N2和CO2作为平衡相探讨潜在的硫酸盐还原及反硝化作用.
模拟结果显示(表1),方解石(-1.478)和白云石(-0.077)的毫摩尔迁移值为负,表明在暴雨洪水后碳酸盐矿物发生沉淀,由此看出,Ca2+的增加并不是由碳酸盐岩溶解引起.钙长石(1.200),钠长石(0.789),钾长石(0.021)呈现正毫摩尔迁移值,表明硅酸盐矿物在暴雨洪水后发生溶解,使地下水中Ca2+含量增加,同时暴雨洪水使水体溶解了更多CO2[28],导致地下水中的HCO3-浓度增加,因此方解石的饱和指数增加,具有更强的沉淀趋势.硅酸盐和蒸发岩矿物的溶解增加了地下水中Na+和K+浓度,这有效解释了地表水中K+浓度降低,而地下水中K+浓度增高的现象.钠长石与岩盐溶解虽然增加了地下水中Na+浓度,但地下水中Na-Ca交换过程使水中Na+置换了固相中Ca2+[29],导致地下水中Na+浓度降低,最终Na+浓度维持平衡.
N2(-0.105)和H2S(-0.653)的负摩尔迁移值表明系统内有N2和H2S的释放,进一步说明了地下水中存在反硝化作用及硫酸盐还原作用.地下水整体处于还原环境,硫酸盐还原过程将SO42-还原成H2S并产生CO2和OH-[30].此外,G5点位Fe浓度由未检出增加至5.69mg/L,为自养反硝化过程提供了电子供体,促进了反硝化细菌将硝酸盐还原为N2的过程[31].在上述过程中,异养菌消耗了环境中的有机物(CH2O),导致总有机碳(TOC)浓度的降低幅度(35.93%)超出物理混合比例所预测的值.有机质分解产生CO2(CH2O+H2O=CO2+4H++4e-),溶解的CO2与水反应生成碳酸(H2CO3),进一步解离成HCO3-和H+(CO2+H2O⇌H2CO3⇌HCO3-+H+),从而增加了地下水中的HCO3-浓度.
综上所述,物理混合,碳酸盐矿物沉淀,硅酸盐与蒸发岩矿物溶解,阳离子交换,反硝化与硫酸盐还原作用是暴雨洪水入渗条件下地下水水化学演化的关键影响因素.其中,Ca2+浓度的增加源于硅酸盐矿物的溶解,HCO3-浓度的上升由降雨入渗和CH2O的分解引起,而反硝化和硫酸盐还原作用则导致NO-3和SO42-浓度的下降.此外,对于差值基本吻合的Na+来说,硅酸盐与蒸发岩矿物的溶解共同增加了Na+和K+浓度,而阳离子交换作用则使Na+浓度降低,从而维持了Na+的平衡.
为验证地下水系统中SO42-,NO3-和Fe等组分的变化过程,本文基于微生物对环境因子变化的响应特征,对其成因进行了进一步解析.在暴雨洪水前后共12个地下水样品中,测序共获得质控后序列684317个,优化序列平均长度419bp.经物种注释,微生物分属于48个门,162个纲,376个目,563个科,900个属.本次测序样本的覆盖率均在99%以上,测序结果能够较好的反映样本的真实情况[32].
微生物群落结构特征(图7(a))显示,洪水事件后微生物群落结构特征发生变化.暴雨洪水前后地表和地下水中变形菌门(Proteobacteria),髌骨菌门(Patescibacteria),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota),放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和硫还原菌门(Desulfobacterota)是数量最多的5个门类,其中,变形菌门丰度在G3点和G4F占比达90%,为绝对的优势物种,此外,各样品间也存在一定差异.在暴雨洪水后,G1,G2,G4,G6点位变形菌门丰度占比降低,但G3和G5点位变形菌门丰度分别上升1.44%和20.64%.Alpha多样性分析可反映样本中物种组成的丰富度和多样性,Chao指数反映物种组成的丰富度,其数值越高,表明群落丰富度越高.Shannon指数反映细菌群落的多样性水平,Shannon值越大,群落多样性越高[33].在暴雨洪水后,地下水Chao和Shannon指数均呈现增长趋势(除G2外),表明暴雨洪水后的样本细菌群落丰富度更高,群落多样性增加,发生群落演替现象(图7(b~c)).
为探究引起微生物群落变化的主要离子组分,对离子组分与功能属进行典范对应分析(CCA).结果显示(8(a)),研究区内微生物特征与水化学特征具有明显相关性,Fe,Mn,Cl-,NO3--N和SO42-在微生物群落结构演化中起到了关键作用.研究区地下水多为还原环境,Fe主要以Fe2+形式存在,在适宜含Fe(Ⅱ)条件下,有利于unclassified-f-GallionellaceaeSulfuritaleaGallionella等反硝化菌属的富集[34].作为首钢园区污染的典型组分,Fe,Mn,Cl-揭示了园区污染对环境及微生物生态的显著影响.在CCA分析中,这三者箭头方向一致且角度接近,表明它们对微生物群落影响模式相似,反映了它们在调控微生物功能和群落结构中的共同作用.
群落Heatmap图也进一步显示(图8(b)),具有反硝化作用的unclassified-f-GallionellaceaeGallionellaSulfuritalea在研究区内地下水中丰度占比较高,尤其在受首钢园污染影响的G3和G4点.其中unclassified-f-GallionellaceaeGallionella菌属在Fe(Ⅱ)自养体系中被发现,Gallionellaceae具有铁自养反硝化能力[35]Sulfuritalea具有硫自养反硝化能力[36],一定程度上反映了对NO3-的影响潜力.
具体到暴雨洪水前后Fe浓度显著变化的G4和G5点.暴雨洪水前G4点受首钢园污染影响,Fe浓度为89.5mg/L,该点Fe(Ⅱ)自养反硝化菌属unclassified-f-GallionellaceaeGallionella富集(图8(b)图9(a),较高浓度的Fe会抑制NO3--N降解速率,但不影响体系脱氮能力[34].暴雨洪水后,随着G4点Fe浓度下降至25.4mg/L,该点位的自养反硝化菌属丰度降低,异养反硝化菌属unclassified-f-Rhodocyclaceae(7.22%)和硫还原菌属Desulfobacterium (9.08%)丰度显著上升(图8(b)图9(a)).暴雨洪水后,G4点TOC浓度由1.12mg/L上升至1.38mg/L,且体系还原条件加深,硫还原菌偏向C含量增加与还原环境中富集[36],生物可利用C的输入使得硫还原和异养反硝化菌属富集[35].G3和G5点Fe浓度在暴雨洪水后由未检出分别上升至5.54和5.69mg/L,反硝化菌属unclassified-f-GallionellaceaeGallionellaSulfuritalea丰度显著上升(图8(b)图9(b)).Fe(Ⅱ)是自养反硝化菌的重要电子供体,这些菌群能够利用Fe(Ⅱ)作为电子供体进行代谢反应.尤其暴雨洪水事件促使了Fe污染的扩散,并导致额外的NO3--N的引入,这进一步促进了还原环境的地下水中Fe(Ⅱ)自养反硝化菌属的富集,使G3和G5点NO3--N浓度显著下降.对法国Garonne洪泛区研究同样发现,地下水NO3-浓度主要受河水稀释地下水的影响(解释了NO3-方差的54%),但也受反硝化作用的影响(解释了NO3-方差的14%)[37].同时G5点位的硫还原菌属Desulfobacterium和异养反硝化菌属unclassified-f-Rhodocyclaceae丰度上升(图8(b)).G5点位的微生物响应特征进一步证明了PHREEQC的模拟结果中硫酸盐还原与反硝化过程的存在及TOC的消耗.此外,在3.1分析中发现的G2点NH4+-N浓度的异常升高可能与固氮菌属Bradyrhizobium丰度增加(2.37%)有关(图8(b).
总体来看,研究区内地下水中Fe浓度的增加,以及暴雨洪水入渗导致额外的NO3--N输入,使得体系内Fe(Ⅱ)自养反硝化菌属富集增强,反硝化降解速率提高,地下水NO3--N浓度因此降低.而永定河河道流速快,限制了浮游植物的繁殖,反硝化作用较弱[16],这解释了暴雨洪水后地表水中NO3--N浓度增加而地下水NO3--N浓度降低这一现象.此外,暴雨洪水后部分点位的TOC浓度增加,伴随着还原条件的加深,这些点位硫还原菌属的丰度上升,导致地下水中SO42-的消耗量增大.
3.1 “23·7”特大暴雨前后地表及地下水水质对比结果表明,暴雨对地表和地下水水质产生显著影响,表现为,暴雨后地下水中Ca2+和HCO3-浓度均值上升9.75%~14.68%,Cl-,SO42-,F-,Fe,Mn浓度均值下降26%~86.92%,与地表水变化趋势相同.而地下水中K+,NO3--N,DO,Eh指标变化与地表水趋势相反,进一步说明这种影响不仅仅是与地表水简单的物理混合.
3.2 水文地球化学分析表明,暴雨影响下地下水水化学演化受物理混合与稀释,矿物溶解沉淀,反硝化以及硫酸盐还原作用共同调节.其中,物理混合与稀释贡献为15.82%,在此基础上,硅酸盐矿物溶解增加Ca2+浓度,硅酸盐和蒸发岩矿物溶解与阳离子交换作用共同维持了Na+平衡,降雨入渗与有机质分解增加了HCO3-浓度,反硝化与硫酸盐还原作用使得NO3-和SO42-浓度降低.
3.3 特大暴雨加剧了首钢工业园附近高浓度Fe污染的稀释扩散,尽管使Fe的超标浓度峰值由89.5mg/L降低至25.4mg/L,但Fe超标的数量却由1个扩散至4个,比例达66.67%.然而这却促进了地下水中Fe(Ⅱ)自养反硝化菌属的富集,提高了反硝化速率,显著降低了地下水中NO3--N的浓度.
  • 北京市地下水污染风险源分类分级管控项目(HCZB-2023-ZB0078)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11
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北京市地下水污染风险源分类分级管控项目(HCZB-2023-ZB0078)
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    1.水利部地下水保护重点实验室(筹),北京 100083
    2.中国地质大学(北京)水资源与环境学院,北京 100083
    3.北京市生态环境保护科学研究院,北京 100037

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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