Article(id=1241408717200093399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904502438, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904502438, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904502438, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904502438, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2112, endPage=2121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408717636301030, articleId=1241408717200093399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Multi-scenario simulation of landscape ecological risk assessment in Huaihai Economic Zone, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking Huaihai Economic Zone as an instance, the spatio-temporal evolution of land use were analyzed from 2003 to 2023. On this basis, the spatio-temporal heterogeneity and spatial agglomeration of landscape ecological risk were identified for different historical periods and scenarios by combining PLUS model, spatial statistical method and ecological risk assessment model. The results indicate the following: (1) The land use types in Huaihai Economic Zone were mainly cultivated land and construction land. The overall land use pattern has not changed much in the past 20years. Concretely, it mainly manifested as the transformation of cultivated land into construction land. (2) The landscape ecological risk index (LERI) firstly increased and then decreased. In addition, the index was high in the east but low in the west of the study area. Furthermore it was relatively high in the north but low in the south. (3) The Moran's I index of the LERI decreased first and then increased. However, the local spatial agglomeration were mainly 'high-high' and 'low-low' patterns. (4) The LERI under the three scenarios of natural development, economic priority and ecological protection were 0.2470, 0.2451 and 0.2489, respectively. Under the ecological protection scenario, high ecological risk area accounts for the largest proportion across the whole regions. In contrary, the area of low ecological risk area accounts for the largest proportion in the scenario of economic development.

, correspAuthors=Bao-jie LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bao-jie LI, Xin-ying DU, Shuai CHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408721851576784, articleId=1241408717200093399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=淮海经济区景观生态风险多情景模拟, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以淮海经济区为例,分析了该区2003~2023年土地利用时空演化特征,借助PLUS模型、空间统计方法和景观生态风险评价模型识别了不同时期、情景下的景观生态风险时空分异和空间集聚特征.结果表明:(1)淮海经济区土地利用类型以耕地和建设用地为主,20a间土地利用格局整体变化不大,主要表现为耕地向建设用地的转变;(2)景观生态风险指数呈先增加而后降低的变化趋势,空间分布上呈“东高西低,北高南低”的格局;(3)景观生态风险Moran's I指数呈先降低而后增加的变化趋势,局部空间集聚特征以“高-高集聚”和“低-低集聚”为主;(4)自然发展、经济优先和生态保护3种情景下的景观生态风险指数分别为0.2470、0.2451和0.2489.生态保护情景下高生态风险区的面积占比最大;经济优先情景下低生态风险区的面积占比最大.

, correspAuthors=李保杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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李保杰(1979-),男,江苏丰县人,副教授,博士,主要从事土地利用变化与生态效应等方面的研究.发表论文20余篇..

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李保杰(1979-),男,江苏丰县人,副教授,博士,主要从事土地利用变化与生态效应等方面的研究.发表论文20余篇..

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李保杰(1979-),男,江苏丰县人,副教授,博士,主要从事土地利用变化与生态效应等方面的研究.发表论文20余篇..

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Nanchang: East China University of Technology,2022., articleTitle=Scenario simulation of land use change and landscape ecological risk research in Wuhan based on PLUS model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408729841725728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(PAPD), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241408729984332086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, awardId=2022SJYB1146, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏高校哲学社会科学研究项目(2022SJYB1146), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408722208092656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408722233258482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, companyId=1241408722208092656, language=EN, country=null, 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figureFileBig=s0cJDGnWCGwy+npCAOV2yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408726356259740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2003~2023年景观生态风险等级转移图, figureFileSmall=1v24n3SZ+PnRLxCnSuzy8A==, figureFileBig=s0cJDGnWCGwy+npCAOV2yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408726599529402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatial distribution map of landscape ecological risk from 2003 to 2023, figureFileSmall=KBhRKv/a31v+KahhtC2y7Q==, figureFileBig=XB4nJzPYMCMoJKK2nCEk9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408726834410445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2003~2023年景观生态风险空间分布, figureFileSmall=KBhRKv/a31v+KahhtC2y7Q==, figureFileBig=XB4nJzPYMCMoJKK2nCEk9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408726985405408, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同情景下景观生态风险分布, figureFileSmall=tP7sepg/2W2tWQUeJTR1Zg==, figureFileBig=EBStkaVFn2CvKPPH1e3NkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408727916539970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Land use conversion cost matrix of each scenario

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变量自然发展情景经济优先情景生态保护情景
x1x2x3x4x5x6x1x2x3x4x5x6x1x2x3x4x5x6
x1111101111101111101
x2111101111101011100
x3111101001000111001
x4111101111101011100
x5111111111111111111
x6111101000001111101
), ArticleFig(id=1241408728243695714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各情景土地利用转换成本矩阵

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变量自然发展情景经济优先情景生态保护情景
x1x2x3x4x5x6x1x2x3x4x5x6x1x2x3x4x5x6
x1111101111101111101
x2111101111101011100
x3111101001000111001
x4111101111101011100
x5111111111111111111
x6111101000001111101
), ArticleFig(id=1241408728369524851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Land use change in Huaihai Economic Zone from 2003 to 2023

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地类2003年2013年2023年变化率(%)
面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)2003~2013年2013~2023年2003~2023年
耕地76403.2179.9672955.9576.3570225.9673.49-4.51-3.74-8.09
林地1298.961.361221.501.281507.961.58-5.9623.4516.09
草地1237.311.29906.700.95660.910.69-26.72-27.11-46.59
水域3103.033.253769.233.943404.593.5621.47-9.679.72
建设用地13499.0914.1316689.9917.4719754.2820.6723.6418.3646.34
未利用地13.410.0111.650.011.320.00-13.13-88.66-90.15
), ArticleFig(id=1241408728545685643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2003~2023淮海经济区土地利用变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地类2003年2013年2023年变化率(%)
面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)2003~2013年2013~2023年2003~2023年
耕地76403.2179.9672955.9576.3570225.9673.49-4.51-3.74-8.09
林地1298.961.361221.501.281507.961.58-5.9623.4516.09
草地1237.311.29906.700.95660.910.69-26.72-27.11-46.59
水域3103.033.253769.233.943404.593.5621.47-9.679.72
建设用地13499.0914.1316689.9917.4719754.2820.6723.6418.3646.34
未利用地13.410.0111.650.011.320.00-13.13-88.66-90.15
), ArticleFig(id=1241408728705069214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Area and proportion of different ecological risk levels from 2003 to 2023

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年份低生态风险区较低生态风险区中生态风险区较高生态风险区高生态风险区
面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)
2003383.8840.17139.8914.64254.4226.63112.3911.7664.976.80
2013325.3134.04197.0420.62259.4027.15104.8010.9769.007.22
2023377.2439.48196.5620.57228.5723.92102.9110.7750.275.26
), ArticleFig(id=1241408728864452786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2003~2023年不同生态风险等级的面积与占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份低生态风险区较低生态风险区中生态风险区较高生态风险区高生态风险区
面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)
2003383.8840.17139.8914.64254.4226.63112.3911.7664.976.80
2013325.3134.04197.0420.62259.4027.15104.8010.9769.007.22
2023377.2439.48196.5620.57228.5723.92102.9110.7750.275.26
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729199997137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Area and proportion of local spatial autocorrelation types from 2003 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份高-高集聚区高-低集聚区低-低集聚区低-高集聚区
面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)
2003114.5211.990.470.0555.255.782.130.22
2013114.0511.941.900.2053.825.633.560.37
2023176.6518.4955.255.7897.9310.2555.725.83
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729304854751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2003~2023年局部空间自相关类型面积与占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份高-高集聚区高-低集聚区低-低集聚区低-高集聚区
面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)
2003114.5211.990.470.0555.255.782.130.22
2013114.0511.941.900.2053.825.633.560.37
2023176.6518.4955.255.7897.9310.2555.725.83
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729413906671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Area and proportion of each ecological risk level under different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景低生态风险区较低生态风险区中生态风险区较高生态风险区高生态风险区
面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)
经济优先427.5144.74161.4716.90220.7523.1095.5610.0050.265.26
自然发展413.2843.25170.7217.87221.2223.15100.3010.5050.035.24
生态保护379.1439.68190.1619.90231.1824.19103.6210.8451.455.38
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729564901630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408717200093399, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同情景下各生态风险等级的面积与占比

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情景低生态风险区较低生态风险区中生态风险区较高生态风险区高生态风险区
面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)面积(km2)占比(%)
经济优先427.5144.74161.4716.90220.7523.1095.5610.0050.265.26
自然发展413.2843.25170.7217.87221.2223.15100.3010.5050.035.24
生态保护379.1439.68190.1619.90231.1824.19103.6210.8451.455.38
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淮海经济区景观生态风险多情景模拟
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李保杰 * , 杜欣颖 , 褚帅
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(4): 2112-2121
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(4): 2112-2121
淮海经济区景观生态风险多情景模拟
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李保杰* , 杜欣颖, 褚帅
作者信息
  • 江苏师范大学地理测绘与城乡规划学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 李保杰(1979-),男,江苏丰县人,副教授,博士,主要从事土地利用变化与生态效应等方面的研究.发表论文20余篇..

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* 责任作者,副教授,
Multi-scenario simulation of landscape ecological risk assessment in Huaihai Economic Zone
Bao-jie LI* , Xin-ying DU, Shuai CHU
Affiliations
  • School of Geography & Geomatics and Urban-Rural Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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以淮海经济区为例,分析了该区2003~2023年土地利用时空演化特征,借助PLUS模型、空间统计方法和景观生态风险评价模型识别了不同时期、情景下的景观生态风险时空分异和空间集聚特征.结果表明:(1)淮海经济区土地利用类型以耕地和建设用地为主,20a间土地利用格局整体变化不大,主要表现为耕地向建设用地的转变;(2)景观生态风险指数呈先增加而后降低的变化趋势,空间分布上呈“东高西低,北高南低”的格局;(3)景观生态风险Moran's I指数呈先降低而后增加的变化趋势,局部空间集聚特征以“高-高集聚”和“低-低集聚”为主;(4)自然发展、经济优先和生态保护3种情景下的景观生态风险指数分别为0.2470、0.2451和0.2489.生态保护情景下高生态风险区的面积占比最大;经济优先情景下低生态风险区的面积占比最大.

景观生态风险  /  PLUS模型  /  多情景模拟  /  淮海经济区

Taking Huaihai Economic Zone as an instance, the spatio-temporal evolution of land use were analyzed from 2003 to 2023. On this basis, the spatio-temporal heterogeneity and spatial agglomeration of landscape ecological risk were identified for different historical periods and scenarios by combining PLUS model, spatial statistical method and ecological risk assessment model. The results indicate the following: (1) The land use types in Huaihai Economic Zone were mainly cultivated land and construction land. The overall land use pattern has not changed much in the past 20years. Concretely, it mainly manifested as the transformation of cultivated land into construction land. (2) The landscape ecological risk index (LERI) firstly increased and then decreased. In addition, the index was high in the east but low in the west of the study area. Furthermore it was relatively high in the north but low in the south. (3) The Moran's I index of the LERI decreased first and then increased. However, the local spatial agglomeration were mainly 'high-high' and 'low-low' patterns. (4) The LERI under the three scenarios of natural development, economic priority and ecological protection were 0.2470, 0.2451 and 0.2489, respectively. Under the ecological protection scenario, high ecological risk area accounts for the largest proportion across the whole regions. In contrary, the area of low ecological risk area accounts for the largest proportion in the scenario of economic development.

landscape ecological risk  /  PLUS model  /  multi scenario simulation  /  Huaihai Economic Zone
李保杰, 杜欣颖, 褚帅. 淮海经济区景观生态风险多情景模拟. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2112 -2121 .
Bao-jie LI, Xin-ying DU, Shuai CHU. Multi-scenario simulation of landscape ecological risk assessment in Huaihai Economic Zone[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2112 -2121 .
景观生态风险是指自然或人为干扰对景观格局与生态环境相互作用中产生的不利影响[1].其能够较好地反映景观格局对生态过程和功能的影响,通过对景观生态风险等级构成及其变化的分析,可解释和预测生态环境健康程度以及潜在风险压力,有助于分析区域生态环境的变化趋势,为土地利用与生态风险管控提供理论依据和指导建议[2-3].
景观生态风险的概念起源于20世纪90年代,到目前为止,已取得丰富的研究成果.研究对象一般为人类活动强度较高的区域或生态脆弱区[4-11];研究内容从景观生态风险时空演化特征拓展至景观生态风险驱动机制分析[12]、景观生态风险对植被净初级生产力(NPP)变化的影响[13]、景观生态风险与土地利用的响应关系[14]、基于景观生态风险的生态网络预测[15]、生态风险与生态系统服务价值关联分析[16]、生态风险尺度效应[17]等.对区域未来景观生态风险的研究是景观生态风险评价的重要方向,可为政府部门制定有效的环境保护措施提供参考,相关学者借助PLUS[18]、FLUS[19]、CA-Markov[20]、Clue-S等模型[21]开展景观生态风险的情景模拟,其中PLUS模型基于土地扩张分析策略和多类型随机种子的元胞自动机(CA)模型,可更好地挖掘土地扩张的驱动因素并预测景观斑块级演化,被广泛应用于国内外土地利用情景模拟研究中[22-23].目前景观生态风险的评价日趋完善,但现有的研究主要聚焦于流域、高原和山地等生态脆弱区,相较而言,针对省际边缘区经济合作组织的相关研究较少,且鲜有根据景观生态风险评价结果提出分区优化策略的相关研究,针对当前经济区的发展趋势,开展景观生态风险评价是目前亟待解决的问题之一.
淮海经济区作为我国典型的省际边缘区经济合作组织,东承沿海经济带、西启中原经济区、南临长三角城市群、北接京津冀城市群,发挥着重要的桥梁和纽带作用,为区域经济协调发展提供了重要保障.然而该区土地资源利用程度较高,再加上地下水的过度开采,导致水位下降,出现湿地锐减、植被退化和生态景观破坏等一系列问题,伴随着区际合作日趋紧密,社会经济持续发展,生态保护和经济发展间的矛盾日益突出.因此,基于2003、2013、2023年3期土地利用数据,借助GIS格网法、景观生态风险评价模型和空间统计等方法,探究淮海经济区景观生态风险时空演变规律,借助PLUS模型对未来多情景下的景观生态风险演变趋势及其差异进行分析,以期为淮海经济区生态风险防控和区域协调发展提供科学依据.
图1所示,淮海经济区位于黄淮平原中东部,2018年《淮河生态经济带发展规划》中明确指出淮海经济区包括:山东省(菏泽市、济宁市、枣庄市和临沂市)、江苏省(徐州市、连云港市和宿迁市)、安徽省(宿州市和淮北市)、河南省(商丘市),总面积约9.6万km2.研究区地形以平原为主,中北部山区自北而南有沂山、蒙山、尼山3条主要山脉,其余的丘陵山地零星分布在研究区中南部,分布有林地、草地和未利用地等,由于地质条件较差,水土流失较严重,导致土地退化,生态环境较为脆弱;区内河流有京杭运河、废黄河、沂河、东鱼河、沭河等,微山湖、骆马湖和洪泽湖为研究区主要的湖泊,湿地大都分布在上述区域周围,为研究区主要的水源涵养区,应加强对上述区域的生态保护;气候类型为温带季风气候,年降水量590~930mm,年均温13.2~16.1℃,雨热同期,水热条件较好,是中国粮食主产区之一.由各市统计数据可知,2023年末研究区常住人口6520.76万人,城镇化率58.84%,GDP为4.28万亿元.
本研究采用的数据主要包括:土地利用、地形、气温、降水、交通网络和社会经济数据等.土地利用数据源自武汉大学CLCD地表覆被数据集(https://zenodo.org/record/4417809),空间分辨率为30m,根据研究区实际情况,将数据重分类为耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地和未利用地共6类.在研究区随机选取300个样点,结合天地图影像通过目视解译与原数据进行交叉验证,精度满足本研究应用需要;研究区行政区划、河流水系等数据源自国家基础信息中心(https://www.webmap.cn);地形等数据源自地理空间数据云(https://www.gscloud.cn/);气温、降水等数据源自中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn/);交通网络数据源自OSM数据集(https://www.openstreetmap.org);人口数据源自LandScan数据库(https://landscan.ornl.gov);社会经济数据源自各市统计年鉴.由于数据来源不同,分辨率和坐标系不同,为确保数据的空间一致性,将数据重采样为30m,坐标系统一转换为WGS_1984_UTM_zone_50N坐标系.
(1)PLUS模型PLUS模型是在传统FLUS模型的基础上构建的改进CA模型,该模型耦合了用地扩张分析策略(LEAS)和基于多类随机斑块种子的CA模型(CARS),可高效挖掘各类土地变化驱动因素、处理斑块级土地利用变化,实现复杂驱动因素影响下精细尺度的土地利用变化模拟.LEAS模块通过将2期土地利用数据进行叠加,提取2期间各地类的扩张部分;在发生变化的栅格单元中随机采样,得到不同地类训练数据集,借助随机森林计算各驱动因子对各地类扩张的贡献度,进而获得各地类的发展概率,采用高程、坡向、坡度、距水系距离、土壤类型、年均气温、年均降水量、GDP、人口、距铁路距离、距公路距离、距行政中心的距离共12个因子作为土地利用变化驱动因子.根据研究区土地利用转移规律和各地类的扩张能力,确定耕地、林地、草地、水域、未利用地和建设用地的邻域权重为0.52、0.10、0.05、0.20、0.01和0.90.(邻域权重越接近1表示该地类的扩张能力越强)
(2)土地利用情景设置 参考各市国土空间规划、国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和前人研究成果,设置自然发展、经济优先和生态保护3种情景预测2033年研究区土地利用空间格局.根据不同情景设定土地利用转换成本矩阵,在转换成本矩阵中,0表示地类间无法转换,1表示可以转换.各情景土地利用转换成本如表1所示.
(3)精度验证 为确保PLUS模型适用于淮海经济区土地利用情景模拟,采用Kappa系数对模拟结果进行精度验证.以2013年土地利用数据为基础,基于2003~2013年土地利用扩张概率,借助PLUS模型模拟得到2023年土地利用数据,并与2023年实际的地类数据进行对比,得到Kappa值为0.8225,精度满足本研究应用需要.
(1)景观生态风险评价单元划分 参考前人研究成果,评价单元的面积一般为研究区平均斑块的2~5倍[24],结合研究区特点和数据处理工作量等,将研究区划分为5km×5km格网单元,将外围面积不足格网单元1/2的删除,得到3820个评价单元.
(2)景观生态风险指数构建 以景观生态学相关理论为基础,参照已有成果[25],借助景观干扰度指数、景观损失度指数和景观脆弱度指数构建景观生态风险评价模型,公式如下:
式中:ERIi为格网单元i的景观生态风险指数;N为格网单元中景观类型的数量;A为格网单元的面积;Ai为格网单元中第i类景观类型的面积;Si为格网单元中第i类景观的干扰度指数;Fi为格网单元中第i类景观的脆弱度指数.景观干扰度指数(Si)和景观脆弱度指数(Fi)的计算方法见文献[26-27].
空间统计分析通过对地理要素或现象的分布规律进行研究,揭示其空间关联性和异质性.在生态学研究中,有助于理解生态系统中各种生物和环境因素的空间分布模式,从而更好地理解生态系统的整体结构和功能.通过生态风险的空间统计分析,可以揭示生态风险的分布规律和影响因素,为生态风险管控对策的制定提供依据.
(1)地统计分析模型 景观生态风险作为典型的区域化变量具有随机性和结构性,具有空间异质性规律,可借助地统计中的半变异函数对景观生态风险的空间分异规律进行研究,公式为:
式中:rh)为半变异函数;h为样本间的距离;Nh)为样本间距离为h时样本数量;Zxi)和Zxi+h)为景观生态风险在位置xixi+h的值.借助ArcGIS10.8中的克里金插值法,结合半变异函数对景观生态风险进行插值,得到不同时期景观生态风险分布图.由于不同时期景观生态风险取值范围不同,故采用手动分类法对景观生态风险进行等级划分.分类方法如下:低风险区<0.2308,0.2308≤较低风险区<0.2508,0.2508≤中等风险区<0.2757,0.2757≤较高风险区<0.3057,高风险区≥0.3057.
(2)空间自相关分析 根据地理学第一定律即相近事物的属性具有相似的趋势或取值,为探究研究区景观生态风险的空间集聚特征,引入空间自相关分析进行探讨.空间自相关分析是描述相邻格网单元景观生态风险在空间上的集聚特征,包括全局和局部空间自相关.全局空间自相关从整个研究区的尺度对生态风险的空间集聚特征进行分析,其取值介于(-1,1)之间,大于0时,区域生态风险呈正相关,等于0时,生态风险呈不相关;小于0时,生态风险呈负相关.局部空间自相关是描述局部生态风险的相关性特征,当局部空间自相关系数大于0时,为景观生态风险的高-高集聚区或低-低集聚区;小于0时,为景观生态风险的高-低集聚区或低-高集聚区.全局和局部空间自相关的计算公式如下:
式中:xixj为格网单元ij的景观生态风险指数值为格网单元景观风险指数的平均值;S2为景观生态风险指数的均方差;wij为景观生态风险指数的空间权重矩阵.
2003~2023年淮海经济区土地利用变化如表2所示,耕地和建设用地为研究区主要的土地利用类型,二者占研究区总面积的90%以上.土地利用类型按面积由大到小排序依次为耕地、建设用地、水域、林地、草地和未利用地.各地类表现出不同的变化趋势,耕地呈逐年减少的趋势,3个年份的占比分别为79.96%、76.35%和73.49%;建设用地呈逐年增加的趋势,面积占比分别为14.13%、17.47%和20.67%;水域的占比均在3.50%上下波动,主要为研究区大型湖泊或河流,如:骆马湖、微山湖和洪泽湖等;林地和草地的占比相对较小,主要分布在鲁南丘陵一带,3个年份的面积占比均低于2%;未利用地的面积占比最小,3个年份的面积占比均在0.01%波动.就各地类的变化率而言,2003~2023年间未利用地减幅最大,为90.15%,其次是草地,为46.59%;建设用地增幅最大,为46.34%,其次是林地,为16.09%.
图2所示,20a间耕地转出的面积最大,为9236.64km2,其中2003~2013年转出4153.04km2,转变为建设用地的面积为3176.48km2,2013~2023年耕地转出5083.60km2,转变为建设用地面积为4248.88km2.由此可知,研究区新增建设用地的主要来源为耕地; 2003~2013年建设用地转变为耕地的面积为19.84km2,2013~2023年建设用地转变为耕地的面积为1328.84km2,表明随着农村居民点整治的持续推进,越来越多农村居民点复垦为耕地; 20a间林地转变为耕地的面积分别为183.44和132.08km2,主要分布在鲁南丘陵一带;草地持续向耕地转移,2个时段分别转移346.20和304.92km2,分布格局大致与林地向耕地转移的区域一致.
2003~2023年淮海经济区景观生态风险指数呈先小幅增加而后降低的变化趋势,即风险指数从0.2529增至0.2547,而后降至0.2486.由不同生态风险等级的统计结果(表3)可知:研究区以低、较低生态风险为主,3个年份的面积总占比均超过50%.高生态风险、中等生态风险和较低生态风险等级的占比呈先增加而后降低的变化趋势,如:高生态风险等级的占比从6.80%增加至7.22%,而后降低至5.26%;低生态风险等级的占比呈先降低后增加的变化趋势,即从40.17%降低至34.04%,最后增加至39.48%.从不同生态风险等级的面积变化幅度来看,2003~2013年较低生态风险等级面积增幅最大,为40.85%;2013~2023年高生态风险等级的面积减幅最大,为27.15%.
图3所示,2003~2023年不同生态风险等级的转移情况以相邻生态风险等级间的相互转移为主要特征,表明研究区生态风险整体波动不大.2003~2013年68.52%的区域生态风险等级没有发生转移,16.87%的区域生态风险等级呈升高趋势,主要从低生态风险升高至较低、中等生态风险等级;14.52%的区域生态风险呈下降趋势,主要从中等生态风险等级向较低生态风险等级转移.2013~2023年65.66%的区域景观生态风险等级没有发生转移,21.49%的区域生态风险等级呈下降趋势,主要表现为中等生态风险向较低、低生态风险等级转移,其次是较低生态风险等级向低生态风险等级转移.
由2003~2023年景观生态风险空间分布图(图4)可以看出,研究区生态风险呈“东高西低,北高南低”的分布格局.高生态风险区主要分布在东北、西南一线,且集中在东北部,较高生态风险区主要分布在高生态风险区的外围,上述区域以林地、草地和少量耕地为主,受人类活动扰动较大,景观破碎度较高;中等景观生态风险区主要分布在研究区东南部,主要景观类型为耕地、建设用地和水域等,由于土地开发强度较大,河网纵横交错,使得景观斑块相对较破碎;低生态风险区主要分布在研究区西部,土地利用类型主要为耕地,耕地景观斑块较大,破碎度较低.
2003~2013年,高生态风险区略有扩散,分布在枣庄市东北部、临沂市西部和北部,主要是毁林开荒等原因所致;东南部的中等生态风险区呈减少趋势,而西部的中等生态风险区呈扩散趋势,使研究区中等生态风险整体呈增加趋势;2013~2023年间,高生态风险区呈减少趋势,分布在临沂市北部和西部,主要是由于当地政府实施了退耕还林工程,加大了林地保护力度,使林地和草地等景观斑块的平均面积增大,形状更规整,景观风险指数有所降低;研究区东南部中等生态风险区面积持续减少且大都转移为较低、低生态风险区;研究区西部的中等、较低生态风险区的面积持续减少,大都转移为低生态风险区.
2003、2013和2023年研究区景观生态风险全局Moran's I指数为0.5162、0.4894和0.5297,表明研究区景观生态风险指数呈显著正相关关系,即生态风险在空间上相互关联、相互影响,高生态风险区的周围风险值也高,低生态风险区的周围风险值也低.全局Moran's I指数呈先降低而后增加的趋势,即研究区景观生态风险指数的空间趋同性呈先减弱后增强的变化趋势.
表4可知,研究区景观生态风险指数的局部空间集聚特征以高-高集聚、低-低集聚为主,均呈略微降低而后大幅增加的趋势,即高-高集聚区的面积从114.52km2小幅降低至114.05km2,最后增至176.65km2;低-低集聚区的面积从55.25km2小幅降低至53.82km2,最后增至97.93km2.高-低集聚区和低-高集聚区均呈先小幅增加而后大幅增加趋势.
图5可以看出,高-高集聚区主要分布在研究区东北部,即临沂市北部、西部和济宁市东部,低-低集聚区主要呈簇状散落在研究区西部.2003~2013年间,低-低集聚区呈萎缩趋势,主要分布在济宁市西北部、菏泽市东部、南部和商丘市中部;高-高集聚区呈小幅萎缩趋势,主要分布在济宁市东部和临沂市西北部;2013~2023年低-低集聚区呈大幅扩张趋势,尤其研究区西部较明显,即菏泽市和商丘市的西部,但相较于2003年更为分散,高-高集聚区呈扩张趋势,但更趋于集中,主要分布在临沂市北部、枣庄市东北部和济宁市东部等.
自然发展、经济优先和生态保护3种情景下的景观生态风险分布如图6所示,3种情景下的景观生态风险指数分别为0.2470、0.2451和0.2489.相较于2023年:经济优先情景下低生态风险区的增幅最大,为13.33%,生态保护情景下,低生态风险区的增幅最小,仅为0.50%;3种情景下较低生态风险区均呈减少趋势,其中经济优先情景下较低生态风险区减幅最大,为17.85%,生态保护情景下较低生态风险区的减幅最小,为3.26%;经济优先情景和自然发展情景下中等生态风险区均呈减少趋势,减幅分别为3.42%和3.22%,仅生态保护情景下小幅增加,增幅为1.14%;经济优先情景和自然发展情景下较高生态风险区的减幅分别为7.14%和2.54%,生态保护情景下的增幅为0.69%;各情景下高生态风险等级的面积变化不大,仅生态保护情景下的面积增幅为2.35%.
表5所示,生态保护情景下高生态风险区的占比最大,为5.38%,其次是经济优先情景,为5.26%,自然发展情景下的占比最小,为5.24%,主要分布在临沂市北部、西部,济宁市东部和枣庄市东北部;3种情景下,较高生态风险区的占比基本一致,均在10%~11%之间;生态保护情景下中等生态风险区的占比最大,为24.19%,其余2种情景下中等生态风险的占比均在23%左右,主要分布在研究区东部、东南部,尤其在连云港南部、宿迁市西南部和宿州市南部较为集中;生态保护情景下较低生态风险区的占比最大,为19.90%,经济优先情景下较低生态风险区的占比最小,为16.90%,主要分布在中等生态风险区的外围,呈簇状分布在研究区东部、南部;经济优先情景下低生态风险区的占比最大,为44.74%,由于该情景下重视发展经济,配套的建设用地不断增加,填充了城镇周边不规则区域,建设用地斑块变得更大、更为规整,自然发展情景下次之,为43.25%,生态保护情景下的占比最小,为39.68%,由于该情景下加强生态用地的保护,使建设用地和耕地等受人类扰动较大的地类受到约束,无法合并为较大或者规整的斑块.
2003~2023年间,研究区景观生态风险指数呈先增加而后降低的变化趋势,主要是由于2003~2013年间,城镇建设用地处于无序扩张状态,农田、草地等生态用地被随意破坏,导致景观斑块变得不规则、破碎等,使区域景观生态风险增大;而2013年后,完善的土地政策和生态保护制度,城镇建设用地的集约化利用水平提高,使城镇建设用地趋于规整,随意占用耕地的现象逐渐减少,耕地破碎化程度降低,使研究区景观生态风险指数有所下降,与文献[1828]等的结论一致;研究区景观生态风险呈正的空间相关关系,表明生态风险在空间上呈现出一定的相似性,生态风险的局部空间自相关特征呈现出以“高-高集聚”和“低-低集聚”为主的集聚模式,进一步验证了研究区景观生态风险存在一定的空间集聚效应,研究结论与文献[29]一致,研究区景观生态风险的空间集聚特征与景观生态风险的空间分布高度一致,“高-高集聚”区主要集中在临沂市北部、西北部的山地丘陵地区,表明上述地区景观生态风险等级高,相邻的区域也高,主要是由于各类景观纵横交错,景观破碎度较高,且分布有未利用地和草地,生态环境较为脆弱;“低-低集聚”区主要成片状分布在研究区西部,表明上述地区景观生态风险等级低,相邻的区域也低,主要是由于上述地区耕地覆盖度较高且趋于连片发展,受人类活动的扰动相对较少,生态系统相对稳定,上述结论与文献[30]一致.
3种情景中,生态保护情景下高、较高生态风险区的面积占比最大,与文献[31]等的结论一致,主要由于该情景下,限制了林地、草地等生态用地的转出,上述生态用地主要分布在临沂市北部和西北的山地丘陵,分布较为零散,短时间内难以开发为大规模的林区和草场,导致景观斑块形状不规则;其次由于生态用地的转出受到了限制,制约了建设用地的扩张,使得建设用地的景观分离度和损失度偏大,从而导致该情景下高、较高生态风险面积占比最大;而自然发展和经济优先情景下,均为了保障经济发展,允许其他地类,包括附近的生态用地转变为建设用地,使建设用地连片发展、趋于规整,景观分形维数、破碎度均有所下降,景观斑块更稳定,因而上述2种情景下高、较高生态风险区的面积占比相对较小.
为了获取研究区未来景观生态风险空间分异特征,选取了广泛使用且能够从中尺度精确模拟图斑级变化的PLUS模型,结果表明PLUS模型模拟的Kappa系数较高.模型虽然对关键参数给出了默认值,但在实际使用中需对参数进行调整优化,选取适合本研究区的参数以提升模拟精度,与文献[18,27,31]等的结论一致,然而土地利用变化是自然环境和社会经济等诸多因子综合作用的结果,本研究在开展土地利用情景模拟时仅选取了12个驱动因子,在一定程度上降低了模拟精度,其次,由于政策因素等因子无法量化,导致预测的结果可能与实际有一定的偏差;此外,文章借助格网单元对景观生态风险的时空分异特征进行分析,由于人为格网单元的划分,使同一格网单元内的景观生态风险的差异被忽略,而格网单元间的差异在一定程度上被夸大,使研究结论与实际可能有一定的偏差.景观生态风险评价仅从景观结构如:破碎度指数、分维指数等开展风险评价研究,忽略了生态风险是自然、社会和经济综合作用的结果,景观生态风险仅表示生态风险的某一方面,当地政府可以根据景观生态风险的变化调整相关政策和措施,以促进区域协调发展.
景观生态风险能够准确剖析区域生态环境存在的问题,进而为区域生态风险管控对策的制定提供依据.为实现研究区生态环境与社会经济可持续发展目标,现结合生态风险等级进行分区,提出如下对策:高、较高生态风险区,应以综合管控、系统治理为原则,尤其是临沂北、西北的山区,应加强荒山治理、植树造林,严格防控毁林造田,推进水土保持林的建设,进而提高林地、草地等的生境质量,发挥其生态效益,严控建设用地的无序扩张,以期改善其高风险的现状;中等生态风险区,应以协调发展为原则,加强区域土地整理,降低景观分离度、破碎度,以提高生态系统的稳定性,协调建设用地与生态用地间的关系,用“绿色发展”理念构建现代农业新格局,力争转变为较低、低生态风险区;较低、低生态风险区应以保障区域生态风险不升高的前提下适度开发为原则,在城镇的开发建设过程中注意保护林地、草地等生态用地,在重点生态功能区周边构建缓冲带,以降低人为干扰导致的生态风险升级.
4.1 2003~2023年研究区主要的土地利用类型为耕地和建设用地,耕地呈逐年减少的趋势,占比均在73%以上;建设用地呈逐年增加的趋势,占比均在14%以上,其余地类的占比相对较少;20a间耕地转出的面积最多,共转出9236.64km2,其中转变为建设用地的面积最多,为7425.36km2.
4.2 2003~2023年研究区景观生态风险指数从0.2529小幅增加至0.2547,而后降低至0.2486;景观生态风险以低、较低等级为主.空间上呈“东高西低,北高南低”的分布格局,高生态风险区主要分布在东北、西南一线,中等生态风险区主要分布在研究区东南部;低生态风险区主要分布在研究区西部.
4.3 2003~2023年研究区景观生态风险Moran's I指数呈先降低而后增加的变化趋势;景观生态风险指数的局部空间集聚特征以“高-高集聚”、“低-低集聚”为主.2003~2013年间,生态风险指数的“低-低集聚”和“高-高集聚”区均呈小幅减少的趋势,而2013~2023年间均呈大幅增加的趋势.
4.4 研究区自然发展、经济优先和生态保护3种情景下的景观生态风险指数分别为0.2470、0.2451和0.2489.生态保护情景下高生态风险区的面积占比最大,自然发展情景下的占比最小;生态保护情景下中等生态风险区的面积占比最大,经济优先情景下低生态风险区的面积占比最大.
  • 江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(PAPD)
  • 江苏高校哲学社会科学研究项目(2022SJYB1146)
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
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江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(PAPD)
江苏高校哲学社会科学研究项目(2022SJYB1146)
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    江苏师范大学地理测绘与城乡规划学院,江苏 徐州 221116

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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