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The solid-phase extraction method and the thermal-optical method were combined to obtain different polar HULIS and the carbon content of HULIS (HULIS-C) in PM2.5 with high temporal resolution during the heavy pollution event in Xi'an. The light absorption characteristics of HULIS were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer equipped with a liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC), and the positive matrix factorization model (PMF) was used to analyze the sources of HULIS. At the same time, the source of HULIS is combined with the positive matrix factorization model (PMF). The results showed that the average mass concentration of neutral HULIS (HULIS-n) (6.6±2.6)µg/m3 was higher than that of acidic HULIS (HULIS-a) (3.7±3.5)µg/m3, accounting for approximately 30% and 18% of OC, respectively, indicating severe HULIS pollution during heavy pollution periods. The absorption coefficients (AAE, E2/E3, and MAE365) of HULIS-n were all greater than those of HULIS-a, suggesting that HULIS-n contains more conjugated and aromatic structures and has stronger light-absorbing properties, with a more significant impact on atmospheric visibility. The source analysis revealed clear differences in the contributions of HULIS-n and HULIS-a. The primary sources of HULIS-n included secondary sources, coal combustion, motor vehicle emissions., while the contributions of secondary sources and coal combustion were higher for HULIS-a.

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联合固相萃取法和热光法分别获取西安市重污染事件期间高时间分辨率PM2.5中不同极性的HULIS及其HULIS的碳含量(HULIS-C),并使用配备液体波导毛细管流通池(LWCC)的紫外-可见分光光度计分析HULIS的吸光特性,同时结合正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析对HULIS进行来源解析.结果表明,中性HULIS(HULIS-n)的平均质量浓度(6.6±2.6)µg/m3,高于酸性HULIS(HULIS-a)(3.7±3.5)µg/m3,分别约占OC的30%、18%,说明重污染期间HULIS的污染比较严重.HULIS-n的吸光系数(AAE、E2/E3和MAE365)均分别大于HULIS-a,表明HULIS-n比HULIS-a包含更多的共轭、芳香族结构且具有更强的吸光性,对大气能见度的影响也更为显著.污染源分析显示,HULIS-n和HULIS-a的源贡献存在明显差异.HULIS-n主要来源包括二次源、燃煤源、机动车源等,而HULIS-a的二次源和燃煤源贡献较高,机动车源和生物质燃烧源贡献为零,工业源贡献显著高于HULIS-n.

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* 责任作者,副教授,
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刘佳文(1999-),女,山西临汾人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气PM2.5中类腐殖质的特征及来源解析.发表论文1篇..

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刘佳文(1999-),女,山西临汾人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气PM2.5中类腐殖质的特征及来源解析.发表论文1篇..

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刘佳文(1999-),女,山西临汾人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气PM2.5中类腐殖质的特征及来源解析.发表论文1篇..

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重污染期间大气类腐殖质来源与光学特性研究
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刘佳文 1, 2 , 王启元 2 , 张倩 1, * , 王锦 2 , 李常艳 2 , 孙力 3, 4
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1789-1798
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1789-1798
重污染期间大气类腐殖质来源与光学特性研究
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刘佳文1, 2 , 王启元2, 张倩1, * , 王锦2, 李常艳2, 孙力3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.中国科学院地球环境研究所,陕西 西安 710061
  • 3.江苏省环境科学研究院,江苏省环境工程重点实验室,江苏 南京 210036
  • 4.南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏省大气环境监测与污染控制高技术重点实验室/江苏省大气环境与装备技术协同中心,江苏 南京 210044
  • 刘佳文(1999-),女,山西临汾人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大气PM2.5中类腐殖质的特征及来源解析.发表论文1篇..

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* 责任作者,副教授,
Research on the sources and optical properties of atmospheric humic-like substances during heavy pollution periods
Jia-wen LIU1, 2 , Qi-yuan WANG2, Qian ZHANG1, * , Jin WANG2, Chang-yan LI2, Li SUN3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 2.Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
  • 3.Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Province Environmental Science Research Institute, Nanjing 210036, China
  • 4.Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Province Collaborative Center for Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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联合固相萃取法和热光法分别获取西安市重污染事件期间高时间分辨率PM2.5中不同极性的HULIS及其HULIS的碳含量(HULIS-C),并使用配备液体波导毛细管流通池(LWCC)的紫外-可见分光光度计分析HULIS的吸光特性,同时结合正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析对HULIS进行来源解析.结果表明,中性HULIS(HULIS-n)的平均质量浓度(6.6±2.6)µg/m3,高于酸性HULIS(HULIS-a)(3.7±3.5)µg/m3,分别约占OC的30%、18%,说明重污染期间HULIS的污染比较严重.HULIS-n的吸光系数(AAE、E2/E3和MAE365)均分别大于HULIS-a,表明HULIS-n比HULIS-a包含更多的共轭、芳香族结构且具有更强的吸光性,对大气能见度的影响也更为显著.污染源分析显示,HULIS-n和HULIS-a的源贡献存在明显差异.HULIS-n主要来源包括二次源、燃煤源、机动车源等,而HULIS-a的二次源和燃煤源贡献较高,机动车源和生物质燃烧源贡献为零,工业源贡献显著高于HULIS-n.

类腐殖质  /  雾霾  /  来源解析  /  污染成因

The solid-phase extraction method and the thermal-optical method were combined to obtain different polar HULIS and the carbon content of HULIS (HULIS-C) in PM2.5 with high temporal resolution during the heavy pollution event in Xi'an. The light absorption characteristics of HULIS were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer equipped with a liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC), and the positive matrix factorization model (PMF) was used to analyze the sources of HULIS. At the same time, the source of HULIS is combined with the positive matrix factorization model (PMF). The results showed that the average mass concentration of neutral HULIS (HULIS-n) (6.6±2.6)µg/m3 was higher than that of acidic HULIS (HULIS-a) (3.7±3.5)µg/m3, accounting for approximately 30% and 18% of OC, respectively, indicating severe HULIS pollution during heavy pollution periods. The absorption coefficients (AAE, E2/E3, and MAE365) of HULIS-n were all greater than those of HULIS-a, suggesting that HULIS-n contains more conjugated and aromatic structures and has stronger light-absorbing properties, with a more significant impact on atmospheric visibility. The source analysis revealed clear differences in the contributions of HULIS-n and HULIS-a. The primary sources of HULIS-n included secondary sources, coal combustion, motor vehicle emissions., while the contributions of secondary sources and coal combustion were higher for HULIS-a.

humic-like substances (HULIS)  /  haze  /  source apportionment  /  pollution cause
刘佳文, 王启元, 张倩, 王锦, 李常艳, 孙力. 重污染期间大气类腐殖质来源与光学特性研究. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1789 -1798 .
Jia-wen LIU, Qi-yuan WANG, Qian ZHANG, Jin WANG, Chang-yan LI, Li SUN. Research on the sources and optical properties of atmospheric humic-like substances during heavy pollution periods[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1789 -1798 .
大气中的棕色碳(BrC)在近紫外波长(300~400nm)处具有显著的吸光特性,并表现出明显的波长依赖性.随着波长从可见光区域到紫外光区域,其光吸收能力急剧增强,这一特性对辐射强迫和气候变化产生了重要影响[1-2].BrC是一种基于光学性质的定义,是所有吸光物质的总称.类腐殖质(HULIS)作为BrC的重要组分,因其在大气化学和气候影响中的关键作用而被广泛研究[3-4].HULIS是一类广泛存在于大气中的有机物,通常被认为是水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的疏水部分[5].HULIS在化学结构和光谱特性上类似于天然腐殖酸,但其平均分子量更小、芳香部分含量更低、表面活性更高[6-7].大气中的HULIS既可以直接通过一次排放源释放产生[6,8-9],也可以通过复杂的大气化学反应生成[10].HULIS在大气化学和气候系统中发挥着重要角色,尤其是其在雾霾现象中的吸光性,对环境和人类健康产生深远影响[11-13].
雾霾作为一种严重的大气污染事件,近年来在京津冀、汾渭平原、长三角等多个区域频繁出现,特别是在工业化和城市化快速发展的地区[14-17].由于地理位置和产业结构的特点,西安市在2023年168个重点城市中空气质量排名倒数第五,同样面临严重的雾霾问题[18].先前研究表明,在雾霾期间,HULIS的浓度增幅明显,通过吸收和散射太阳辐射,显著影响大气颗粒物(PM)的光学性质[11].HULIS的吸光性质与其分子结构密切相关,尤其是含有共轭双键和芳香环的化合物,使得HULIS在紫外和可见光区域具有较强的吸光能力[11-19].此外,HULIS分子结构还受到大气相对湿度、PM浓度和其他化学组成等影响,发生一系列老化演化反应,导致吸光增强或减弱.此外,由于当前对西安地区,特别是重污染期间HULIS的分子及吸光演化过程研究鲜有报道,导致重污染期间PM污染成因更为复杂难辨.
HULIS的来源复杂多样,包括生物质燃烧、化石燃料燃烧、工业排放、机动车尾气和二次生成过程等[6,8,10,16,20-21].虽然不同来源的HULIS贡献尚未被量化,但生物质燃烧已被证明是HULIS的主要来源之一[22]. 研究表明[23],冬季HULIS的主要来源是生物质燃烧,其对HULIS质量浓度的贡献达39%[22].在我国北方,冬季供暖需求导致煤炭燃烧也是HULIS的重要来源,其中煤炭烟气产生的HULIS-C占WSOC的45.5%[24].此外,车辆排放[25]和烟尘氧化[24-26]也被认为是HULIS的来源.此外,生物源前体物质(如异戊二烯、α-蒎烯)和人为源前体物质(如甲苯、萘、儿茶酚、乙二醛)通过气相、液相、非均相氧化反应也会促进BrC的形成.硝基芳香族化合物被鉴定为二次BrC的主要成分[27-29].前人研究表明,通过多环芳烃(PAHs)如萘和蒽的羟基化、醌衍生物的自氧化会形成复杂的HULIS[30].在重污染时期,这些来源的贡献比例可能会发生变化,从而影响HULIS的化学组成和光学特性.研究表明,在冬季清洁期HULIS主要受生物质燃烧影响,而污染期主要受二次反应影响[31].例如,生物质燃烧产生的HULIS通常含有较多的酚类和多环芳烃,而交通尾气则可能贡献更多的含氧和含氮的有机化合物[27].尽管目前对于HULIS的总体特征、来源及其示踪物的研究已经取得了一定的进展,但关于更进一步的两种极性HULIS,即中性HULIS(HULIS-n)和酸性HULIS(HULIS-a)的来源、形成机制、分子组成等方面的研究还远远不够.
为此,本研究以西安市2020年冬季污染时期为对象,开展HULIS的吸光性质及其来源分析.通过分析不同污染程度下、不同性质HULIS浓度水平及其光学特性演变特征,揭示其在大气污染过程中的作用机制.同时,结合化学组分特征并使用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)对HULIS进行来源解析,实现HULIS的来源定量.希望可以更好地理解HULIS-n和HULIS-a在大气中的行为,以及它们对环境污染的影响,从而为制定更有效的污染控制和环境保护策略提供科学依据.
采样地点位于关中国家野外站子观测场,采样位置距离地面约为10m.该区域为城市大气混合区域,周围环绕着教育、商业和住宅区,高峰期交通流量较大.采样点2km范围内有印刷、制药及机械制造企业,是典型的城市大气观测代表点.
采样时间为2019年12月31日~2020年1月7日.使用切割头为PM2.5、流量为1.13m3 /min的大流量采样器(TE-6070,Tisch,NY,USA),每个样品的采集时间为4h,1d采集6个样品,采样时段分别为凌晨0:00~4:00、4:00~8:00、8:00~12:00、12:00~16:00、16:00~20:00、20:00~24:00.按照污染阶段划分后(详见2.1节),2019年12月31日00:00~2020年1月1日04:00为清洁期;2020年1月1日08:00~2020年1月2日12:00为污染上升阶段;2020年1月2日16:00~2020年1月5日04:00为污染高峰阶段;2020年1月5日08:00~2020年1月6日20:00为污染消散阶段.其中HULIS的分离提取及吸光特性的研究时段为2020年1月1日~1月6日.在采样前,将石英纤维过滤膜在800℃的马弗炉中预烘烤5h以去除残留的含碳物质,然后在恒温恒湿箱中放置24h后进行称量.使用微量天平(LA130S-F赛多利斯电子天平)称量PM2.5质量,初次称量后,再在恒温恒湿箱中放置24h进行第二次称量,直到两次称量误差小于0.002g.装载样品的滤膜被包裹在已烘烤的铝箔中,并储存在冰箱中,直到进一步分析.采样期间同步收集现场空白,并按照与PM2.5样品相同的程序进行保存和分析.
取部分样品滤膜,加入5mL超纯水,超声萃取30min,然后使用0.22μm四聚氟乙烯滤头(PTFE)过滤,得到水溶性有机物(WSOM).使用0.01mol/L HCl将WSOM的pH值调节至约7,然后通过Oasis HLB柱(OasisHLB,30μm,60mg/cartridge; Waters,Milford,MA,USA)进行净化.最后一滴液体滴完后,用超纯水淋洗柱子,再使用氮气流干燥.干燥后,用2%氨甲醇溶液洗脱吸附物质,得到中性的类腐殖质(HULIS-n);将上一步柱子流出液体收集,并用0.1mol/L HCl调节pH值至约2,通过另一个Oasis HLB柱(Oasis HLB,30μm,60mg/cartridge; Waters,Milford,MA,USA)净化,经超纯水淋洗和氮气流干燥后,用甲醇洗脱吸附物质,得到酸性的类腐殖质(HULIS-a).提取分离得到的HULIS利用氮气吹干,避光保存于2~5℃的冰箱中,测试前用超纯水重新溶解.
将HULIS样品复溶至500μL,取出20μL样品,注射到空白滤膜上,使用美国DRI Model 2001A型热/光碳分析仪对类腐殖质碳(HULIS-C)进行定量分析.HULIS-C定义为: HULIS-C=OC1+OC2+OC3+OC4+OP.此外,本研究中将中性和酸性的HULIS样品中的碳浓度分别统一表示为HULIS-n和HULIS-a.
采用USB2000+UV-vis光谱仪测量HULIS在紫外可见区的光吸收,该光谱仪配备了100cm长的液体波导毛细管池(LWCC-3100,World Precision Instruments,Sarasota,FL,USA).仪器的检出限为0.01Mm-1.使用公式(1)计算样品的吸收系数(babs_λ):
式中:A700为样品在700nm处的吸光度,Mm-1,用于校准基线偏差;V1为提取样品所用的溶剂体积,mL;Va为样品的空气采样体积,m3L为光学路径的长度,1m.
利用Ångström指数(AAE)表征HULIS的光吸收能力与波长的关系[6]:
式中:babs_λ为样品的光吸收系数,Mm-1K为常数.
HULIS单位质量的光吸收能力可以用365nm处的质量吸收效率(MAE)值(m2/g)来表征:
式中:babs_λ是对应波长λ nm处的吸收系数,Mm-1CHULIS是样品的HULIS浓度,μg/m3.
E2/E3E250/E365)是HULIS溶液在250nm的吸光度(A250)和365nm吸光度(A365)的比值,常用来评估天然有机物的腐殖化程度.计算公式如下[24]:
水溶性离子(Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+)和左旋葡聚糖采用Metrohm 940型离子色谱仪(IC,Metrohm,Switzerland)进行定量分析.取2.01cm2直径的滤膜,放入离心管中加入8mL超纯水,超声2次,每次超声30min,然后放入摇床继续振荡60min后进行检测.利用DOSINO梯度洗脱程序(100mmol/L NaOH 22min+200mmol/L NaOH 10min)进行样品中糖类的分离及分析柱的清洗.同时,用Magic Net软件进行谱图分析,分别得到水溶性离子和左旋葡聚糖组分的质量浓度.测定10个样品,进行一次复检,每20个样品进行一次空白校准,确保标准曲线的相关性达到0.999以上.PM2.5中是二次无机离子组分(NO3-、SO42-和NH4+,SIA)主要来自于前体物的二次转化[32-33],通常使用硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)来表征SO2及NO2的二次转化效率[34-35].计算公式如下:
元素(Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Br、Sr、Pb等)通过能量色散X射线荧光分析仪(ED-XRF)(Epsilon4,PANalytical B.V.,the Netherlands)对采集的石英滤膜样品进行定量分析.当样品受到X射线照射时,样品中的元素会激发并发射出特征X射线,这些射线的能量与元素的种类和浓度直接相关.通过对这些X射线的能量进行测量,可以准确地识别和定量分析样品中的元素.分析过程中,每8个样品中随机抽取1个样品进行复检,以验证分析的一致性和可靠性.
有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)使用美国DRI Model 2001A型热/光碳分析仪分析.使用IMPROVE_A(Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment)热/光学反射(TOR)协议,分析了4个OC组分(OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4)和3个EC组分(EC1、EC2、EC3).根据IMPROVE_A协议,将OC定义为OC=OC1+OC2+OC3+OC4+OP,EC定义为EC=EC1+EC2+EC3-OP.空白滤膜与样品采用相同的方法处理,每10个样品中选取1个样品进行复检.一次有机碳(POC)和二次有机碳(SOC)的量化对区分气溶胶的来源至关重要.由于SOC不可直接测量获得,因此使用EC示踪法来估算POC和SOC,并采用最小相关系数法(MRS)来计算OC/EC最小比值,具体公式如下[36-37]:
式中:OC、EC分别为有机碳、元素碳浓度,(OC/EC)min为采样期间OC和EC浓度最小比值.
本研究中采用PMF模型计算西安市HULIS-C浓度的一次排放源.正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型是一种广泛用于颗粒物来源解析的数学受体模型[16,31,34].模型输入组分浓度的不确定度计算方法如下:
(1)如果该组分浓度小于等于仪器检测限(MDL),则使用公式:
(2)如果该组分浓度大于MDL,则使用公式:
PMF模型输入数据包括HULIS-n、HULIS-a、SOC、EC、K+、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Br、Sr、Pb.为确定最佳来源数量及解析结果,进行5~7个因子的多次运行,综合考虑Q值、残差、源谱及源贡献占比,最终确定6个因子的解析方案为最优解.
图1所示,根据空气质量指数(AQI)值,将整个污染事件划分为4个阶段:清洁期(AQI<100)、污染发展阶段(100<AQI<150)、污染高峰阶段(AQI>150)和污染消散阶段(AQI<100).在整个污染事件期间,PM2.5质量浓度为196μg/m3,高于《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)的二级标准(75μg/m3),AQI值基本超过100且持续24h以上,表明采样期间西安PM2.5污染严重.PM2.5以3.29μg/(m3·h)的速率上升,各组分浓度也相应增加.粉尘(31.5%)和有机物(28.8%)是PM2.5的主要化学组分.由于O3浓度的增加,大气氧化性增强,导致SOR和NOR升高.SO42-、NO3-和NH4+分别以1.38,3.13和1.81μg/(m3·h)的速率上升,并在污染高峰阶段达到峰值NO3-和PM2.5的增长速率相似,且在污染期间观察到有较高的NO3-/SO42-比值,表明移动源排放是此次污染事件的重要因素.此外,采样期间OC/EC、POC和SOC分别为4.2,13.9和9.6μg/m3,表明西安冬季PM2.5不仅源于高浓度的一次排放污染物,还受到二次生成的影响.
观测期间HULIS-n和HULIS-a的浓度分别为(6.6±2.6)和(3.7±3.5)μg/m3.与同等污染水平的地区相比,西安市的HULIS-C浓度(10.3±4.7)μg/m3高于河北省[38](7.4±3.4)μg/m3和常州市[17](4.2±1.6)μg/m3.这种差异主要归因于采样点的地理位置、气象条件以及污染物的来源.与西安市历史上其他污染事件相比,本次观测期间的HULIS浓度明显更高[18],可能与雾霾期间二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成和积累有关.总体而言,雾霾事件的发生会促进HULIS的累积和生成.
图2所示,在清洁期、污染发展阶段及污染消散阶段,HULIS-C与OC的浓度变化趋势保持一致.然而,在污染高峰阶段HULIS-C的浓度较低且变化不明显,这可能是由于此次污染主要由粉尘和有机物质的快速增长引起,而这些因素并不能直接促进HULIS的生成.粉尘和有机物质的快速增长虽然不能直接生成HULIS,但它们可以通过大气化学反应间接促进HULIS的生成,比如粉尘作为碱性成分,可以中和SOA中的酸性物质,这可能对有机物质的氧化路径和产物造成影响[39];而有机物质可以在光化学和氧化过程中生成多种SOA,从而产生HULIS的前体物质或HULIS[40].与白天相比(图3),污染期间的夜间HULIS平均浓度偏高,大约是白天平均浓度的1.2倍,这表明西安在夜间面临更为严重的HULIS污染.这种现象可能与夜间边界层高度降低、大气稳定度增强有关,在这些因素的共同作用下,污染物的垂直扩散受到限制,最终导致HULIS浓度在近地面累积作用加强,在夜间达到高峰[41].
基于化学组分的特征,PMF模型最终确定了6个主要的HULIS来源:生物质燃烧源、机动车源、工业源、燃煤源、扬尘源以及二次源.图4展示了HULIS的源谱图以及各个来源的贡献比例.
在源谱图中,因子1显示出K+、EC和Br的高贡献率,这些物质通常与生物质燃烧活动有关[42].因此,将这一因子归类为生物质燃烧源.本文还进行了外部验证如图5所示,结果表明生物质燃烧源与PM2.5中左旋葡聚糖浓度之间的线性拟合显示出很高的相关性(r=0.82,P<0.01),这进一步证实了因子1作为生物质燃烧源的合理性.因子2中,Se和As作为煤炭燃烧的典型指示物[43-44],贡献率较高,因此被定义为燃煤源.因子3中,Ca、Ti、Fe、Sr等土壤元素的明显贡献表明该因子与扬尘源相关[45-46].因子4中,Ni、Co、Cr的贡献率较高,这些元素通常与工业过程有关,特别是Ni和Co与工业相关的煤炭燃烧有关[47],而Cr是冶金工业的重要示踪物[48],因此该因子被定义为工业源.因子5中,EC和Zn的贡献明显,Zn作为车辆润滑油的主要添加剂和轮胎橡胶硫化的活性剂,在车辆行驶及刹车过程中会产生[49],因此该因子被定义为机动车源. 同样,机动车源与NOx的线性拟合结果也显示出良好的相关性(r=0.63,P<0.01),这表明将因子5定义为机动车源是合理的.因子6中,SOC作为二次有机物的示踪物,其显著的贡献表明该因子为二次源.在污染期间,HULIS-n和HULIS-a的源贡献差异显著.对于HULIS-n,二次源(24.98%)和燃煤源(22.83%)是主要的贡献者,机动车源(15.8%)和扬尘源(12.59%)也有一定比例.相比之下,HULIS-a中二次源的贡献大幅提升至31.15,表明二次反应在HULIS-a形成中更为重要.燃煤源的贡献高达29.99%,约占总贡献的三分之一,显示了燃煤在HULIS-a污染中的关键作用.扬尘源在两者中的贡献相对接近,但工业源在HULIS-a中的贡献显著增加至26.39%,远高于HULIS-n的15.24%,这表明工业排放对HULIS-a污染的影响更为深远.值得注意的是,HULIS-a中机动车源和生物质燃烧源的贡献不明显,这与HULIS-n的情况形成强烈对比.已有研究[50]指出,HULIS-n主要来源于直接排放,具有较强的共轭性;相反,HULIS-a则与二次形成和老化的物种密切相关.本文补充了对生物质燃烧和机动车排放的论证,采用了OC1+OP2来表征生物质燃烧的影响[51-52],而EC1、EC2和EC3组分则分别代表汽油车和柴油车的影响[53-54].通过对比HULIS-n和HULIS-a与这些组分的相关性,发现HULIS-a与生物质燃烧、机动车源的关系并不显著(生物质燃烧:r=0.323,P>0.05机动车:r=-0.085,P>0.05),而HULIS-n则显示出较好的相关性(生物质燃烧:r=0.469,P<0.01机动车:r=0.345,P<0.05).综合以上分析可以得出结论,机动车尾气和生物质燃烧排放的有机物确实具有不同的化学特征,这些特征可能不利于HULIS-a的形成.因此,实际检测到的HULIS-a浓度可能过低,导致在模型中被忽略或低估.HULIS-n和HULIS-a的污染源贡献存在明显差异,这对于制定针对性的污染控制和减排策略具有重要意义.
图6展示了整个观测期间中不同来源对HULIS贡献的时间序列变化.在污染上升阶段,HULIS-n和HULIS-a的来源显示出相似的增长趋势,燃煤源、二次源、生物质燃烧源和机动车源的贡献明显上升.随着污染水平的下降,工业源的贡献显著增加,这可能是受到人为活动及周边环境影响.扬尘源在这段时间内逐渐减少,并在一次短暂的降雨之后达到最低水平.两种极性HULIS的来源不同,还可能与其分子组成的差异有关.由于分离环境的不同,分离出来的两种物质组成差异较大.当pH值为2时,更有利于羧基和羰基的分离,因此分离出的HULIS-a中会存在较多的低分子量羧酸和醇,而HULIS-n则含有更丰富的芳香族和脂肪族基团.机动车尾气通常会排放出较多的高分子量羧酸,特别是芳香性酸,而工业活动会产生较多相对低分子量的化合物,比如菲和芘型多环芳烃的降解产物[25,27].这与本研究的结果相一致.此外,HULIS中二次源均发生了明显变化.主要是因为在短暂降雨期间,随着相对湿度快速增长,大气中的有机物质与氧化基团发生反应,促进HULIS前体物的生成.当相对湿度超过70%时,大气老化过程可能是HULIS的潜在化学来源[22].例如萘及其衍生物通过与大气中的·OH反应形成1-萘酚[30].
HULIS-n和HULIS-a的来源时间序列变化显示了不同污染源对两者贡献的差异.HULIS-n受到更多种类污染源的影响,而HULIS-a则在某些时段显示出与特定污染源(如工业排放)的关联.这些变化趋势可能与日常人类活动、气象条件和化学转化过程有关.
HULIS作为WSOC中重要的吸光组成,其吸光特性显著.在光学特性分析中,Ångström吸收指数(AAE)和质量吸收效率(MAE)是两个关键参数.其中,AAE值主要用于揭示物质吸收特性与波长及颗粒物本身特性之间的复杂联系[55].本研究中,HULIS-n和HULIS-a的AAE值分别为(5.0±0.9)和(6.4±1.8).HULIS-n的AAE值略低于HULIS-a,结果表明HULIS-a在波长和PM本身特性之间的联系更为复杂,且具有更高的光吸收效率.HULIS在365nm处的MAE值常用于量化单位质量下HULIS的吸光能力强弱[6].本研究中,HULIS-n和HULIS-a的MAE365值分别为(1.2±1.0)和(0.7±1.1)m2/g,结果表明HULIS-n在365nm处拥有更强的吸收能力,可能是由于其含有更多的芳香族化合物和较大分子量的化合物.此外发现,随着污染程度的加剧,HULIS的MAE365值逐渐升高,并在污染高峰阶段达到峰值.有研究表明,生物质燃烧产生的HULIS的MAE365变化范围为0.9~2.6m2/g,且经过二次老化过程的HULIS,其MAE365值会有所增加.HULIS-n和HULIS-a源解析结果中也表现出二次源对污染水平上升的显著影响.HULIS-n和HULIS-a在污染高峰期间二次源的浓度贡献均为污染上升阶段的1.64倍,其贡献分别为26%和35%.相比之下,由燃煤和机动车尾气排放产生的HULIS的MAE365值通常较低[6-56-58].图7提供了观测期间HULIS的MAE365值的时间序列图.可以发现,污染高峰阶段HULIS-n和HULIS-a均展现出较高的MAE365值,且HULIS-n具有相对更强的吸光能力.在污染上升阶段和污染消散阶段,HULIS主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气排放,而在污染高峰阶段,HULIS的形成则更多依赖于二次过程.
研究表明,HULIS在250nm处的吸收与芳香化合物结构的密度相关,而在365nm处的吸收则更多地反映了多共轭或聚合物结构的特性[59].E2/E3比值常用来评估天然有机物的腐殖化程度,与HULIS的芳香度或相对分子质量成反比[24,59].本研究中,HULIS-a(8.7±4.0)的E2/E3比值是HULIS-n(3.2±2.2)的2.8倍,这进一步支持了HULIS-n含有较高含量的芳香族化合物和较大分子量的结论[59].
综上所述,HULIS-n和HULIS-a在光学性质方面存在差异,这些差异可能与它们的分子组成、来源和环境条件有关.其中,HULIS-n可能含有更多的芳香族化合物和较大的分子量,使得其在365nm波长处有高吸收能力,而HULIS-a则在不同波长范围内显示出更高的吸光效率. 虽然本研究对HULIS的吸光特性和来源进行了分析与定量表征,但HULIS在不同气象条件下的变化,以及其与其他污染物的相互作用还需要进一步的探索.
3.1 观测期间PM2.5浓度超过空气质量二级标准,污染严重.主要以粉尘(31.5%)和有机物(28.8%)组成.随着O3浓度的增加,大气氧化性增强,导致二次污染物(SO42-、NO3-和NH4+)的浓度显著上升,特别是NO3-与PM2.5增长速率相似,且比值较高,这表明移动源排放是此次污染事件的重要因素.不利的气象条件和冬季高排放叠加是引发此次严重污染事件的主要原因.
3.2 雾霾事件的发生促进了HULIS的累积和生成.HULIS与OC浓度变化趋势一致,但在污染高峰期HULIS-C浓度较低,可能因为粉尘和有机物质不能直接促进HULIS的生成.而夜间HULIS浓度较高,可能受到夜间边界层高度降低的影响.
3.3 基于HULIS及各化学组分数据,使用PMF模型确定了HULIS的6个来源,分别为生物质燃烧源、燃煤源、扬尘源、工业源、机动车源和二次源.两种极性HULIS的来源略有不同,可能与其分子组成的差异有关.但都以二次源和燃烧源为主要贡献源,机动车源和工业源的贡献次之,最后是扬尘源.
3.4 HULIS-n的吸光系数(AAE、E2/E3和MAE365)均分别大于HULIS-a的AAE、E2/E3和MAE365,表明HULIS-n比HULIS-a包含更多的共轭、芳香族结构和更高的平均相对分子质量,且具有更强的吸光性.尤其是在污染时期,通过二次形成的过程产生的物质具有更强的吸光能力.
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0802501)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2022ZDLSF06-07)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0802501)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2022ZDLSF06-07)
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    1.西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2.中国科学院地球环境研究所,陕西 西安 710061
    3.江苏省环境科学研究院,江苏省环境工程重点实验室,江苏 南京 210036
    4.南京信息工程大学环境科学与工程学院,江苏省大气环境监测与污染控制高技术重点实验室/江苏省大气环境与装备技术协同中心,江苏 南京 210044

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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