Article(id=1241408715979550918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730131200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904502148, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904502148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904502148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904502148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2197, endPage=2207, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408716914880719, articleId=1241408715979550918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Ecosystem degradation assessment of seagrass beds along the South China coast based on ecosystem collapse risk, columnId=1234106388083954308, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Environmental Ecology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accurately assessing the degradation status of seagrass bed ecosystems was essential for formulating effective protection and restoration decisions However, existing assessments of seagrass bed ecological degradation were primarily conducted from the health perspective, neglecting the endpoint of degradation and its critical levels during the degradation process. This study took ecosystem collapse as the endpoint of degradation and, from an ecological risk perspective, the assessment framework of the Red List of Ecosystems was drawn upon. Three main criteria—habitat range degradation, abiotic environmental degradation, and biological process degradation—were integrated to establish an assessment framework for seagrass bed ecosystem degradation. Fourteen seagrass bed distribution areas along the South China coast were selected for empirical study. The assessment results showed that the seagrass bed in Tangjiawan had reached an extremely degraded level. Eight seagrass beds, such as Zhelin Bay, were severely degraded (57%); the seagrass bed in Li'an Port was moderately degraded; and four seagrass beds, such as Liusha Bay, were slightly degraded (29%). Among the three major assessment criteria, biological processes were identified as the main manifestation of seagrass bed degradation along the South China coast. From the perspective of ecosystem collapse risk, a framework for assessing seagrass bed ecosystem degradation was constructed, providing a new perspective for evaluating the degradation status of seagrass beds and other ecosystems, and offering important decision-making support for ecosystem conservation and restoration.

, correspAuthors=Wei-wei YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling-yang FENG, Dian ZHANG, Bin CHEN, Zhi-yi KAN, Jin-lan LIN, Guang-cheng CHEN, Zhi-yuan MA, Qin-hua FANG, Wei-wei YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408719808950593, articleId=1241408715979550918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=基于生态系统崩溃风险的华南沿岸海草床生态系统退化评估, columnId=1234106388268503686, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=环境生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

准确评估海草床生态系统的退化状况是制定有效保护和修复决策的基础.然而,现有的海草床生态退化评估多从健康的角度开展,忽略了退化的终点及其在退化过程中的临界水平.以生态系统崩溃作为退化终点,从生态风险角度,借鉴生态系统红色名录评估框架,综合考虑生境范围退化、非生物环境退化和生物过程退化三大准则,建立了海草床生态系统退化评估框架.并以华南沿岸14个海草床分布区作为研究对象,进行了实证研究.评估结果显示,唐家湾海草床达到极度退化水平,柘林湾等8处海草床为严重退化(57%),黎安港海草床为中度退化,流沙湾等4处海草床轻度退化(29%).在三大评估准则中,生物过程是华南沿岸海草床退化的主要表现形式.本文从生态系统崩溃风险的角度出发,构建了海草床生态系统退化评估框架,为评估海草床乃至其他生态系统退化状态提供了新的视角,为生态系统保护与修复工作提供重要决策支持.

, correspAuthors=俞炜炜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,研究员,
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奉龄洋(2001-),女,四川遂宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事海洋生态评价研究..

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奉龄洋(2001-),女,四川遂宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事海洋生态评价研究..

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奉龄洋(2001-),女,四川遂宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事海洋生态评价研究..

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该图基于国家地理信息公共服务平台下载的审图号为GS(2024)650号的标准地图制作,底图无修改,下同

, figureFileSmall=IzL8CmF/kIJRuqI7As1I/A==, figureFileBig=77Ebzk/jg7NsHlZfgtuEkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408727983648841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Overall degradation assessment results of seagrass beds for each criterion, figureFileSmall=hUnq7CqY3W59KyfmurC8iQ==, figureFileBig=qMRdsg6bw7AIrVlxlcYdfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408728314998888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海草床各准则整体退化评估结果, figureFileSmall=hUnq7CqY3W59KyfmurC8iQ==, figureFileBig=qMRdsg6bw7AIrVlxlcYdfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408728440828024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comprehensive degradation assessment results of seagrass beds, figureFileSmall=FYrwN7xJ2dc/U1ncl/rjCg==, figureFileBig=gaysJaVF1g8JFw3IxBqlmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408728566657167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海草床综合退化评估结果, figureFileSmall=FYrwN7xJ2dc/U1ncl/rjCg==, figureFileBig=gaysJaVF1g8JFw3IxBqlmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408728692486299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Assessment framework for seagrass bed ecosystem degradation and connotation of collapse

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评估准则评估指标崩溃内涵评估方法
准则A面积丧失率面积完全丧失,丧失率100%
准则CC1:溶解氧-《海水水标准》和《海洋沉积物质量》作为参照标准
C2:悬浮物
C3:无机氮
C4:活性磷酸盐
C5:有机碳
C6:硫化物
准则DD1:海草总生物量变化率海草生物量完全消失,总生物量为0;海草总生物量变化率100%大型底栖动物生物量为0,变化率100%
D2:大型底栖动物生物量变化率
), ArticleFig(id=1241408728872841396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海草床生态系统退化评估框架与崩溃内涵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评估准则评估指标崩溃内涵评估方法
准则A面积丧失率面积完全丧失,丧失率100%
准则CC1:溶解氧-《海水水标准》和《海洋沉积物质量》作为参照标准
C2:悬浮物
C3:无机氮
C4:活性磷酸盐
C5:有机碳
C6:硫化物
准则DD1:海草总生物量变化率海草生物量完全消失,总生物量为0;海草总生物量变化率100%大型底栖动物生物量为0,变化率100%
D2:大型底栖动物生物量变化率
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729183219920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Graded value assignment for evaluation indicators under criterion C

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评估准则评估指标i赋值(xi)
12345
准则CC1:溶解氧(mg/L)>65~64~53~4<3
C2:悬浮物(mg/L)<55~1010~100100~150>150
C3:无机氮(mg/L)≤0.20.2~0.30.3~0.40.4~0.5>0.5
C4:活性磷酸盐(mg/L)≤0.0150.015~0.020.02~0.030.03~0.045>0.045
C5:有机碳≤2.0×10-22.0×10-2~3.0×10-23.0×10-2~4.0×10-2>4.0×10-2
C6:硫化物(mg/L)≤300300~500500~600>600
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729309049056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

准则C评估指标分级赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评估准则评估指标i赋值(xi)
12345
准则CC1:溶解氧(mg/L)>65~64~53~4<3
C2:悬浮物(mg/L)<55~1010~100100~150>150
C3:无机氮(mg/L)≤0.20.2~0.30.3~0.40.4~0.5>0.5
C4:活性磷酸盐(mg/L)≤0.0150.015~0.020.02~0.030.03~0.045>0.045
C5:有机碳≤2.0×10-22.0×10-2~3.0×10-23.0×10-2~4.0×10-2>4.0×10-2
C6:硫化物(mg/L)≤300300~500500~600>600
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729422295281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Degradation levels and thresholds for assessment indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评估准则评估指标未退化轻度退化中度退化严重退化极度退化崩溃参考来源
准则A面积丧失率(%)≤00~3030~5050~8080~100≥100[29]
准则C非生物环境退化指数I0~11~22~33~44~5≥5[18]
准则DD1:海草总生物量变化率(%)≤00~3030~5050~8080~100≥100[29]
D2:大型底栖生物生物量变化率(%)≤00~3030~5050~8080~100≥100[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729560707324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

评估指标退化等级与阈值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评估准则评估指标未退化轻度退化中度退化严重退化极度退化崩溃参考来源
准则A面积丧失率(%)≤00~3030~5050~8080~100≥100[29]
准则C非生物环境退化指数I0~11~22~33~44~5≥5[18]
准则DD1:海草总生物量变化率(%)≤00~3030~5050~8080~100≥100[29]
D2:大型底栖生物生物量变化率(%)≤00~3030~5050~8080~100≥100[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729753645336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Data sources and parameters of assessment indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查区域调查时间面积(hm2)海草生物量(gDW/m2)大型底栖生物生物量(g/m2)溶解氧(mg/L)悬浮物(mg/L)无机氮(µg/L)活性磷酸盐(µg/L)有机碳(%)硫化物(µg/L)来源
湛江流沙湾2020-07710.44189.3128.426.1218.5100.73.70.462[33755]
2002-10900118.81-------
珠海唐家湾2020-094.5613.562.56.31-1270420.6230[356]
2008-087.619.1234.52------
汕头义丰溪2020-08204.445.824.34.0312.831093.80.72130[357]
2017417.95-50.3------
潮州柘林湾2020-09378.44.421.45.955.93391120.4475.4[356]
2008-084015.3935.52------
北海铁山港2020-0753.99146.84-5.3237.380.810.20.178.1[1358-59]
2008113.272-------
防城港珍珠湾2020-0772.64344.9880.26.0317.878.83.90.2313.4[337]
2003-07150345.2-------
文昌高隆湾-长圮港2020-101860163.14159.97.0430.117615.60.2245[360-61]
20093158343.993.24------
琼海青葛-龙湾2020-10641.2244.2170.27.525.892.66.10.3130[360]
2009971578.4000242.41------
陵水新村港2020-06112.7181.823698.972.6407.70.2232[360-61]
200930456.4148.19------
陵水黎安港2020-06111.73102.2537.925.465.866.511.50.2271[360-61]
2009207191.2101.41------
海口东寨港2020-09168.7371.911.15.431021.99.90.3356[362-63]
2014286.46272.7854.53------
澄迈花场湾2020-0849.9680.8821.76.4513.260461.91.015.45[364]
200940--------
儋州黄沙湾2020-082.0146.47263.44.81.9899.112.40.260.93[3]
儋州儋州湾2020-0848933.51.576.2621.63--0.4-[5765]
2016-06102.87--------
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729938194734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715979550918, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

评估指标数据来源及参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查区域调查时间面积(hm2)海草生物量(gDW/m2)大型底栖生物生物量(g/m2)溶解氧(mg/L)悬浮物(mg/L)无机氮(µg/L)活性磷酸盐(µg/L)有机碳(%)硫化物(µg/L)来源
湛江流沙湾2020-07710.44189.3128.426.1218.5100.73.70.462[33755]
2002-10900118.81-------
珠海唐家湾2020-094.5613.562.56.31-1270420.6230[356]
2008-087.619.1234.52------
汕头义丰溪2020-08204.445.824.34.0312.831093.80.72130[357]
2017417.95-50.3------
潮州柘林湾2020-09378.44.421.45.955.93391120.4475.4[356]
2008-084015.3935.52------
北海铁山港2020-0753.99146.84-5.3237.380.810.20.178.1[1358-59]
2008113.272-------
防城港珍珠湾2020-0772.64344.9880.26.0317.878.83.90.2313.4[337]
2003-07150345.2-------
文昌高隆湾-长圮港2020-101860163.14159.97.0430.117615.60.2245[360-61]
20093158343.993.24------
琼海青葛-龙湾2020-10641.2244.2170.27.525.892.66.10.3130[360]
2009971578.4000242.41------
陵水新村港2020-06112.7181.823698.972.6407.70.2232[360-61]
200930456.4148.19------
陵水黎安港2020-06111.73102.2537.925.465.866.511.50.2271[360-61]
2009207191.2101.41------
海口东寨港2020-09168.7371.911.15.431021.99.90.3356[362-63]
2014286.46272.7854.53------
澄迈花场湾2020-0849.9680.8821.76.4513.260461.91.015.45[364]
200940--------
儋州黄沙湾2020-082.0146.47263.44.81.9899.112.40.260.93[3]
儋州儋州湾2020-0848933.51.576.2621.63--0.4-[5765]
2016-06102.87--------
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基于生态系统崩溃风险的华南沿岸海草床生态系统退化评估
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奉龄洋 1 , 张典 1, 2, 3 , 陈彬 1, 2 , 阚志毅 1, 2, 3 , 林金兰 4 , 陈光程 1, 2 , 马志远 1, 2 , 方秦华 3 , 俞炜炜 1, 2, *
中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025,45(4): 2197-2207
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中国环境科学 | 环境生态 2025, 45(4): 2197-2207
基于生态系统崩溃风险的华南沿岸海草床生态系统退化评估
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奉龄洋1 , 张典1, 2, 3, 陈彬1, 2, 阚志毅1, 2, 3, 林金兰4, 陈光程1, 2, 马志远1, 2, 方秦华3, 俞炜炜1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005
  • 2.福建省海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 3.厦门大学环境与生态学院,福建 厦门 361102
  • 4.广西壮族自治区海洋研究院,广西 南宁 530022
  • 奉龄洋(2001-),女,四川遂宁人,硕士研究生,主要从事海洋生态评价研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,研究员,
Ecosystem degradation assessment of seagrass beds along the South China coast based on ecosystem collapse risk
Ling-yang FENG1 , Dian ZHANG1, 2, 3, Bin CHEN1, 2, Zhi-yi KAN1, 2, 3, Jin-lan LIN4, Guang-cheng CHEN1, 2, Zhi-yuan MA1, 2, Qin-hua FANG3, Wei-wei YU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Protection and Restoration in Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 3.College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
  • 4.Guangxi Academy of Oceanology, Nanning 530022, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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准确评估海草床生态系统的退化状况是制定有效保护和修复决策的基础.然而,现有的海草床生态退化评估多从健康的角度开展,忽略了退化的终点及其在退化过程中的临界水平.以生态系统崩溃作为退化终点,从生态风险角度,借鉴生态系统红色名录评估框架,综合考虑生境范围退化、非生物环境退化和生物过程退化三大准则,建立了海草床生态系统退化评估框架.并以华南沿岸14个海草床分布区作为研究对象,进行了实证研究.评估结果显示,唐家湾海草床达到极度退化水平,柘林湾等8处海草床为严重退化(57%),黎安港海草床为中度退化,流沙湾等4处海草床轻度退化(29%).在三大评估准则中,生物过程是华南沿岸海草床退化的主要表现形式.本文从生态系统崩溃风险的角度出发,构建了海草床生态系统退化评估框架,为评估海草床乃至其他生态系统退化状态提供了新的视角,为生态系统保护与修复工作提供重要决策支持.

海草床生态系统  /  退化评估  /  生态系统崩溃  /  生态系统红色名录

Accurately assessing the degradation status of seagrass bed ecosystems was essential for formulating effective protection and restoration decisions However, existing assessments of seagrass bed ecological degradation were primarily conducted from the health perspective, neglecting the endpoint of degradation and its critical levels during the degradation process. This study took ecosystem collapse as the endpoint of degradation and, from an ecological risk perspective, the assessment framework of the Red List of Ecosystems was drawn upon. Three main criteria—habitat range degradation, abiotic environmental degradation, and biological process degradation—were integrated to establish an assessment framework for seagrass bed ecosystem degradation. Fourteen seagrass bed distribution areas along the South China coast were selected for empirical study. The assessment results showed that the seagrass bed in Tangjiawan had reached an extremely degraded level. Eight seagrass beds, such as Zhelin Bay, were severely degraded (57%); the seagrass bed in Li'an Port was moderately degraded; and four seagrass beds, such as Liusha Bay, were slightly degraded (29%). Among the three major assessment criteria, biological processes were identified as the main manifestation of seagrass bed degradation along the South China coast. From the perspective of ecosystem collapse risk, a framework for assessing seagrass bed ecosystem degradation was constructed, providing a new perspective for evaluating the degradation status of seagrass beds and other ecosystems, and offering important decision-making support for ecosystem conservation and restoration.

seagrass bed ecosystems  /  degradation assessment  /  ecosystem collapse  /  red list of ecosystems
奉龄洋, 张典, 陈彬, 阚志毅, 林金兰, 陈光程, 马志远, 方秦华, 俞炜炜. 基于生态系统崩溃风险的华南沿岸海草床生态系统退化评估. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2197 -2207 .
Ling-yang FENG, Dian ZHANG, Bin CHEN, Zhi-yi KAN, Jin-lan LIN, Guang-cheng CHEN, Zhi-yuan MA, Qin-hua FANG, Wei-wei YU. Ecosystem degradation assessment of seagrass beds along the South China coast based on ecosystem collapse risk[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2197 -2207 .
海草是生长于潮间带和潮下带的单子叶植物,单种或多种海草成片生长形成海草床[1].海草床在全球海域的分布面积不足0.2%,却贡献了海洋总固碳量10%~15%[2],与红树林、盐沼共同组成三大滨海蓝碳生态系统.此外,海草床在防浪固堤、净化水质方面发挥了重要作用,并为儒艮、海龟等多种海洋珍稀动物提供了重要栖息地和食物来源[3].然而沿岸人类活动和极端天气对海草床造成了严重破坏.自1980年以来,全球海草床的消失速度高达110km2/a,目前约三分之一的海草床已经消失[4],我国近岸海域也有超过80%的海草床不复存在[5].海草床大面积丧失造成了物种多样性减少、生态系统固碳能力和缓解气候变化能力降低[6].海草床生态系统的丧失和退化已成为全球关注焦点[7-9],《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《生物多样性公约》、“联合国生态系统恢复十年(2021-2030年)”等多个国际政策框架和公约呼吁各国采取积极的海洋生态保护修复政策[10-11],海草床的保护和修复显得尤为紧迫.
准确评估生态系统退化状况是制定有效保护和修复决策的基础.现有评估方法主要分为指示物种法和指标体系法两大类[12].前者虽简单易行[13-14],但仅从物种层面难以全面反映整个生态系统变化情况.后者则能从不同层面选取多项反映生态系统状态的指标,更加系统评估生态系统状况[15-16].PSR(压力-状态-响应)及其概念衍生模型,例如DPSIR(驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应)模型是目前运用最广泛的指标体系模型[17-18],其实质是对人地关系的适应、反应与响应的评估[19],无法突出生态系统整体性与系统性的特征[20],模型关键变量也未考虑生态退化过程中的临界水平[19].生态系统崩溃通常被视为生态系统退化的终点[21-22],生态系统退化一旦超过临界水平,便可能导致生态系统崩溃[23-24].当一个生态系统崩溃时,不仅意味着物种灭绝风险的增强,还代表着生态系统服务功能的丧失[25].因此,将生态系统崩溃纳入生态系统退化评估,根据退化临界值识别接近崩溃的生态系统,不仅能从整体性与系统性的角度确定生态系统退化程度,还有助于识别退化过程中的预警信号,预测生态系统发生崩溃的风险和潜在类别[26-27],从而避免生态系统结构的不可逆破坏和功能的永久性丧失.
目前最常用的生态系统崩溃风险评估方法是世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)提出的生态系统红色名录[21,28].生态系统红色名录在给予评估准则和变量指标明确定义的基础上,还考虑了生态系统崩溃阈值和风险类别[29].该框架已在国家[30-31]、区域[32]、地方[33]等尺度上应用,覆盖全球多种生态系统类型.当前的海草床生态系统退化研究侧重于人类活动与海草床生态系统之间的相互关系,而未重视压力胁迫下海草床面临生态系统崩溃的潜在风险和类别.本研究旨在从生态系统崩溃角度出发,借鉴生态系统红色名录评估框架和标准,构建海草床生态系统退化评估框架,并在华南沿岸进行实证评估,识别华南沿岸海草床退化现状,预测海草床生态系统发生崩溃的风险,以期为海草床生态修复保护决策提供科学依据.
研究区域选择中国华南沿海地区,包括广东、广西、海南三省14个海草床分布区(图1).该区域海草物种多样性丰富,属于全球海草分布的印度洋-太平洋热带海草分布区[34].据统计华南沿海共有海草4科9属15种,约占中国海草总数(22种)的68%,其中,海南海域种数最多(14种),广东次之(11种),广西较少(8种)[3,35].研究区域内设立了多个海草相关的保护区和监测站,如广东湛江雷州海草县级保护区、广西合浦国家级儒艮自然保护区、海南陵水新村港与黎安港海草特别保护区以及北海市海草科学监测站[36].目前华南沿岸已完成较系统的海草资源普查[1,37-38],与上世纪九十年代相比,海草床急剧萎缩[5],一些历史出现的海草种(如全楔草和毛叶喜盐草)在相应区域未再发现[35].
生态系统红色名录包括5个准则:准则A(生境范围退化)和准则B(生境限制分布)评估生态系统崩溃的空间症状,准则C(非生物环境退化)和准则D(生物过程退化)评估生态系统崩溃的功能症状,准则E(威胁定量分析)通过风险评估定量模型量化崩溃风险[28,39].其中,准则B在评估分布不连续或数据量较少的特定生态系统类型时存在局限性[40-41],准则E在当前缺乏普适性的定量评估模型且应用并不广泛[42-43].结合研究区域海草床的实际分布特征,本研究海草床生态系统退化评估框架选择3个准则,即准则A(生境范围退化)、准则C(非生物环境退化)和准则D(生物过程退化).
借鉴Michael等人的研究[33,44],本研究将“崩溃”定义为海草床生态系统中植被栖息地或关键生物群彻底丧失,即海草床生态系统受到威胁后,其面积、生产力或生物多样性完全丧失.准则A旨在量化海草床生态系统面积的退化情况,可直观反映生态系统受威胁状况.准则C侧重于评估海草床生态系统中关键环境要素的退化程度[45].准则D主要评估海草床生态系统中生物间相互作用过程的关键变量[46].针对以上3个评估准则,本研究遴选了9个评估指标(表1).准则A采用海草床面积丧失率来表征[43],准则C选取与海草生长和繁殖密切相关的环境参数,包括溶解氧[33]、悬浮物、无机氮[47]、活性磷酸盐[48]、沉积物有机碳[49]和硫化物[50].准则D采用海草床生态系统的生产力和生物多样性来表征[33],分别选取海草总生物量变化率和大型底栖动物生物量变化率2个指标.
生态系统红色名录以所有指标评估结果中最高风险类别作为该生态系统总体风险状态[29,43],然而准则C所表征的海草床生态系统对环境变化的响应通常存在滞后效应和累积效应[51].考虑到不同海草种类对环境因素变化适应的差异性,同时为避免对生态系统综合退化等级的高估.准则C以《海水水质标准》(GB 3097-1997)[52]、《海洋沉积物质量》(GB 18668-2002)[53]作为参照标准(表2),根据海水水质和沉积物分类等级和阈值对环境指标实测结果进行赋值,从第一类到劣四类分别由1到5进行赋值,数值越高表示环境质量越低.利用《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》(GB/T 42631-2023)[54]的水环境健康指数的计算公式计算非生物环境退化指数,划分非生物环境整体退化等级(表3).
式中: I表示非生物环境退化指数,n表示准则C评估指标个数, xi表示评估指标i的赋值.
准则D同为多指标准则,但其评估指标可单独反映生物间相互作用退化情况[29],因此遵循最大风险原则识别准则D的整体退化等级.海草床生态系统退化程度的综合评判同样采用最大风险原则,以各准则整体退化等级中最高等级作为评估区域的综合退化评估结果[45].借鉴生态系统红色名录的濒危等级及划分阈值[29],将海草床生态系统退化划分为未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、严重退化、极度退化和崩溃6个等级(表3).
退化评估所需数据来源于专著[1,3]、调查报告、官方公报以及学术文献等[37,55-65],内容包括海草分布面积、总生物量、水环境和底质环境等参数(表4).时间跨度为现状和历史两期,其中现状数据主要集中于2020年.对部分评估区域在某些指标上缺失数据的情况,则不对该区域进行缺失数据指标的评估.
除海南儋州黄沙湾海草床由于缺乏历史数据无法评估外,其余13个评估区的数据均满足准则A的评估要求.准则A评估结果表明(图2a),海南陵水新村港(63%)、广西防城港铁山港(52%)和北海珍珠湾(52%)、广东汕头义丰溪(51%)4处海草床严重退化,广东珠海唐家湾(40%)、海南文昌高隆湾-长圮港(41%)、琼海青葛-龙湾(33%)、陵水黎安港(46%)和海口东寨港(41%)5处海草床退化程度为中度,广东湛江流沙湾(21%)评估为轻度退化.广东潮州柘林湾、海南澄迈花场湾和澄迈儋州湾的海草床均为未退化.
准测C整体退化等级评估结果显示(图2b),广东的唐家湾、柘林湾和义丰溪为该准则下退化等级最高的区域,均为中度退化.10个评估区处于轻度退化,大部分分布于广西和海南沿岸.海南的新村港为未退化.
各区域沉积物有机碳和硫化物均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,而水体评估要素出现了不同程度的退化.其中,无机氮含量介于21.9~1270μg/L,4个评估区出现污染,唐家湾和花场湾无机氮浓度仅满足劣四类海水水质标准,义丰溪和柘林湾满足第三类海水水质标准.活性磷酸盐含量介于3.7~112μg/L,5个评估区出现污染情况,义丰溪、柘林湾和花场湾活性磷酸盐浓度仅达到劣四类海水水质标准,唐家湾和高隆湾-长圮港分别满足第四类和第二类海水水质标准.溶解氧浓度介于4.03~8.97mg/L,义丰溪和黄沙湾符合第三类海水水质标准,柘林湾、铁山港、黎安港和东寨港海草床区域均符合第二类海水水质标准,其余区域均未退化.悬浮物浓度除柘林湾、新村港、黎安港、东寨港以及黄沙湾符合第一二类海水水质标准外,其余区域均出现不同程度污染,浓度最高的区域是铁山港(37.3mg/L).
准则D整体退化等级评估结果表明(图2c),唐家湾海草床退化最严重,为极度退化.义丰溪、柘林湾、高隆湾-长圮港、青葛-龙湾以及东寨港属于严重退化.黎安港和珍珠湾分别为中度和轻度退化,流沙湾、铁山港和新村港为未退化.海草的总生物量变化率介于-666%~92%,5个评估区出现退化问题,唐家湾为极度退化(92%),东寨港(79%)和义丰溪(52%)为严重退化,柘林湾(39%)为中度退化,青葛-龙湾(29%)属于轻度退化.与历史数据相比,新村港、黎安港和高隆湾-长圮港海草床的海草总生物量有所增长,其中新村港海草总生物量增长幅度最大(-666%).大型底栖动物生物量变化率范围为-104%~73%,7处海草床呈现退化状况,其中柘林湾(71%)、高隆湾-长圮港(52%)、青葛-龙湾(57%)和东寨港(73%)属于严重退化,黎安港(46%)为中度退化,唐家湾(29%)、珍珠湾(1%)为轻度退化.铁山港、流沙湾和新村港海草床的大型底栖生物生物量相对历史数据有所增加,铁山港变化幅度最大(-104%).
综合退化评估结果显示,华南沿岸14个海草床评估区均出现不同程度的退化.其中,极度退化和中度退化的评估区最少(1个,占比7%),严重退化的评估区最多(8个,占比57%),其次为轻度退化(4个,占比29%).广东的唐家湾海草床退化最严重,属于极度退化;严重退化的评估区包括广东的义丰溪和柘林湾、广西的铁山港和珍珠湾、海南的高隆湾-长圮港、青葛—龙湾、新村港和东寨港;海南的黎安港属于中度退化;广东的流沙湾、海南的花场湾、黄沙湾和儋州湾海草床退化程度较轻,为轻度退化(图3).
华南沿岸海草床退化程度呈现显著的空间差异,广东中部的唐家湾海草床退化最为严重,其次是广东东部的柘林湾、义丰溪和广西的铁山港、珍珠湾以及海南东部的高隆湾-长圮港、青葛-龙湾、新村港、黎安港和东寨港海草床退化情况较为严重,退化程度相对较轻的区域包括广东雷州半岛西部的流沙湾以及海南西北沿岸的儋州湾、黄沙湾以及花场湾海草床.除华南沿岸外,我国黄渤海海草床生态系统也出现严重面积退化问题.例如,胶州湾芙蓉岛海草床由19世纪80年代的1334hm2退化至今仅有零星分布[66-67],生境分布极度退化,接近崩溃状态.山东黄河口从2015年到2021年有超过1000hm2日本鳗草床受互花米草入侵和台风影响迅速退化[5].与黄渤海海草床相比,现有华南沿岸海草床生态系统的退化程度略低,但其海草优势种个体更小、抵抗力和恢复力更弱、退化驱动因素更复杂,且华南沿岸开发强度更高、气候变化影响更大.华南沿岸海草床生态系统整体退化情况可能更为严重,受威胁风险更大.
华南沿岸海草床生态系统极度和严重退化区域退化主要表现在准则A和准则D上,这可能与人类活动强度、海草种类及其多样性等因素有关.根据准则A确定综合退化等级的评估区有6处,人类活动和台风等极端天气是导致这些区域海草床大面积丧失的主要原因.其中,义丰溪、铁山港、唐家湾等海草床内普遍存在挖贝、耙螺、拖网捕捞、高压水枪捕打沙虫等捕捞活动,对海草植被及其底质生境造成了严重破坏[68-69].台风和风暴潮是影响华南沿海地区海草床最主要的极端天气事件.台风和风暴潮发生时不仅会对海草造成直接的破坏,其后的暴雨与洪水等生态灾害会削弱海草根系的固定能力,或通过改变海水盐度和pH值影响海草正常生长[5,38].例如,高隆湾-长圮港、青葛-龙湾海草床面积退化严重可能是2020年台风“浪卡”正面袭击琼海市所导致的,新村港海草床仅出现面积退化问题,也可能与台风“鹦鹉”过境后暴雨有关.
根据准则C评估结果,高营养盐负荷的海水是导致唐家湾极度退化、义丰溪和柘林湾严重退化的主要因素之一.营养盐是海草生长繁殖必不可少的因子,但长时间的高营养负荷也会对其产生负面影响[47].华南沿岸海草床大多数分布于河口和海湾,周围遍布海水养殖场.有文献表明[57,63,69-70],这种特殊的地理位置已经造成华南沿岸海草床周边区域无机氮和活性磷酸盐浓度长期超标,海草床也因此受到严重影响.唐家湾海草床中间有一条长期携带生活污水的水沟,生活污水通过水沟直接排放到海草床区域[56],造成营养盐浓度升高,营养盐浓度过高对海草生长产生抑制作用[71].义丰溪同样受富营养化的严重影响,但义丰溪海草床面积较大,且位于广东南澳候鸟省级自然保护区的外围保护地带,因此其退化等级比唐家湾低.而柘林湾海草床拥有全国最大的海水网箱养殖示范基地,污染排放标准较严格,具有生态化养殖等环境良好型养殖方式[72],因此其退化等级也低于唐家湾.
根据准则D确定综合退化等级的海草床评估区数量最多,主要表现为海草总生物量和底栖生物量的下降.其中,位于珠江三角洲经济区的唐家湾海草床,是所有评估区中退化程度最高的,也是周边人口密度、GDP最高的区域.珠江三角洲经济区聚集了广东省54%的人口和80%的经济总量[73],沿海频繁的经济活动对海草床生物过程带来了负面影响.此外,海草总生物量大幅度减少还与海草种类及其多样性有一定联系.例如,唐家湾海草床仅有贝克喜盐草一种海草.贝克喜盐草个体十分纤小易被沉积物覆盖,经常出现地表植被完全消失,一段时间后重新生长再消失的现象[74].而文昌高隆湾-长圮港、陵水新村港和黎安港海草床的海草种类比较丰富,拥有海菖蒲、泰来草、圆叶丝粉草等中大型海草种类,这些评估区域的海草总生物量均未出现退化现象.评估生物过程退化的另一指标大型底栖生物生物量也受海草种类和生物量的影响[75],例如东寨港海草床海草种类较少、海草床面积和总生物量均出现退化,其底栖生物量也处于严重退化状态.
处于极度或严重退化且海草优势种濒危等级较高的区域应该优先开展修复工作.本研究中极度退化的唐家湾、严重退化的义丰溪和柘林湾海草床优势种为IUCN评级为易危的贝壳喜盐草,严重退化的高隆湾-长圮港、青葛-龙湾和新村港海草床优势种为易危的海菖蒲和泰来草.上述区域应优先开展海草床修复工作.虽然大规模海草床修复仍存在移植成本较高、幼苗存活率较低等问题[76],但贝克喜盐草、海菖蒲和泰来草等物种已在小范围内完成移植实验[77-78].
区域破坏性渔业捕捞与水体富营养化是华南沿岸海草床退化主要原因.对于富营养化严重的唐家湾、义丰溪、柘林湾以及花场湾海草床应尽快开展源头污染控制等修复措施,提高陆源污水治理,完善日常监测体系.同时还需严格控制柘林湾、长圮港等海草床周边虾塘养殖场的规模和密度,管控养殖企业入海污染物排放.针对义丰溪、铁山港、唐家湾等受渔业捕捞严重影响的海草床区域,建议相关监管部门加强对当地不合理渔业捕捞的监管执法力度,规范渔业捕捞行为,大力宣传、普及海洋保护的重要性,提高当地居民的保护意识.
通过叠加研究区内保护区分布以及对现有海草床保护现状的定性分析,海洋保护区内的海草床重视程度还有待提升.例如,铁山港、珍珠湾、东寨港以及高隆湾-长圮港海草床均位于海洋保护区内,但只有珍珠湾海草床所在的北仑河口国家级自然保护区和高隆湾-长圮港海草床所在的麒麟菜省级自然保护区将海草床生态系统列为保护对象.在现有海草床保护区内,可能由于人类干预或财政支持不足等原因对人类活动的管理非常少[79].新村港和黎安港海草床虽位于海草特别保护区内,但周围仍存在大量鱼排虾塘养殖威胁着海草床[80],应积极开展海草床保护成效评估,提高海草保护区的管护质量.此外,在海草床生态系统的保护和修复工作中,应从区域整体性和系统性角度出发,充分考虑生态系统的连通性,将周围的红树林、珊瑚礁等生态系统一并纳入保护,形成大面积的滨海湿地保护区[69],以满足生态保护修复及区域生态安全的整体性需求.
钟超等[69]通过现场调研与资料分析广东海草床现状发现,流沙湾海草床十年间面积仅略微下降,而柘林湾、唐家湾和义丰溪受海水捕捞与养殖影响出现严重的退化问题.徐布欣等[70]对比三期海草床调查数据发现,海南文昌海草床面积2012年到2020年下降了41%,呈明显退化趋势.Hu等[79]综合生境适宜性和人类活动压力将海南陵水、临高和广西合浦等高适宜性中压力区域识别为海草床潜在修复优先区.本研究综合海草床退化状况和优势种濒危等级也将陵水新村港海草床列为优先修复区,其余区域由于优势种濒危等级较低,未被列入其中.本研究海草床退化评估结果与华南沿岸海草床实际退化状况以及历史研究结果基本吻合,说明评估框架和指标选取科学合理.
本研究以生态系统崩溃作为退化终点,从生态风险的角度构建海草床生态系统退化评估框架.不仅能从整体性与系统性的角度评估生态退化状态,还能根据退化临界值识别生态系统崩溃风险与潜在类别.目前常用的生态临界值确定方法主要有统计分析和模型模拟两种,这两种方法都是基于大量野外数据获取[23],海草床资源调查难度系数较高,相关研究非常少.而生态系统红色名录评估框架刚好弥补了这一空缺,在给予评估准则和变量指标明确定义的基础上,确定了崩溃阈值和风险类别,为海草床生态系统崩溃风险评估提供了标准化方法,同时也为其他滨海湿地生态系统退化评估提供了新的视角.
本研究仍存在一定的局限性.例如,现有的华南沿岸海草床分布数据不完整,当前评估结果不足以说明整个区域的退化情况;评估指标数据有待完善,包括海草资源长期历史资料的缺失,和生态系统红色名录部分评估方法的亟需改进;准则C的环境指标根据国家标准划分退化阈值存在不足,最科学合理的方法是利用环境阈值划分退化等级,但目前环境阈值相关研究还未有一致结果.尽管存在不足,但本研究建立的评估方法可为后续研究提供基本框架.在后续研究中可以结合实地调查或利用遥感解译等方式提取现有海草床面积等指标数据作为补充,利用物种分布模型以及资源量预测模型等开展更加精细化的空间评估,还可以通过Meta分析或多因子交互建模获取海草环境阈值,更新非生物环境退化评估.此外,本研究仅利用两期数据进行评估,缺少长时间的监测数据,可能无法充分反映海草床的长期变化和趋势,今后需要在区域长期监测工程的基础上,跟踪海草床的时空变化趋势.
4.1 从生态系统崩溃风险角度,借鉴IUCN生态系统红色名录,综合生境范围退化、非生物环境退化以及生物过程退化三大准则建立了海草床生态系统退化评估框架,并选取面积丧失率、溶解氧、悬浮物、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、沉积物有机碳和硫化物、海草总生物量以及大型底栖生物生物量9个参数作为评估指标.
4.2 海草床生态系统退化评估框架应用于华南沿岸14处海草床.评估结果显示,广东中部的唐家湾海草床退化最严重,为极度退化;其次是广东东部的柘林湾、义丰溪和广西的铁山港、珍珠湾以及海南东部的高隆湾-长圮港、青葛-龙湾、新村港和东寨港海草床处于严重退化;海南黎安港海草床为中度退化;退化程度较轻的是广东雷州半岛西部的流沙湾以及海南西北沿岸的儋州湾、黄沙湾以及花场湾海草床.极度和严重退化区域受人类活动强度、海草种类及其多样性等因素影响主要在生境范围和生物过程表现出较高的退化.
4.3 从海草床退化状况、优势种濒危等级、驱动因素以及现有保护空缺角度,提出华南沿岸海草床保护修复建议.优势种濒危等级高且退化严重的唐家湾、义丰溪、柘林湾、高隆湾-长圮港、青葛—龙湾和新村港海草床应优先开展海草修复移植工作.唐家湾、义丰溪、柘林湾、铁山港、长圮港及花场湾海草床受到海水富营养化的威胁,需加强控制源头污染.海洋保护区内的铁山港和东寨港海草床的重视程度有待提升,应积极开展海草床保护成效评估,提高海草保护区的管护质量.
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFF0802203)
  • 科技基础资源调查专项(2023FY100804)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-29
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国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFF0802203)
科技基础资源调查专项(2023FY100804)
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    1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005
    2.福建省海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005
    3.厦门大学环境与生态学院,福建 厦门 361102
    4.广西壮族自治区海洋研究院,广西 南宁 530022

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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