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This study aimed to investigate the mitigating effect and regulatory mechanism of humic acid (HA) on the physicochemical properties and pollutant treatment performance of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) under prolonged stress induced by graphene (G) and oxide graphene (GO). The results demonstrated that the optimal dosage of HA (10mg/L) significantly enhanced the physicochemical characteristics of AGS, and improved the pollutant treatment performance of the AGS reactor (R2 (1.0mg/L G) and R3 (1.0mg/L GO)). At the 75th day, in R3, there was an obviously increase in average particle size of AGS from 1224.1µm to 1407.5µm, while in R2it increased from 1313.0µm to 1461.3µm. Simultaneously, the enhancement of AGS physicochemical properties led to a respective increase of 2.3% and 7.6% in TN removal efficiency for R2 and R3. The introduction of HA resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase activity, catalase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity in R2 and R3. This suggested that HA can effectively bind with accumulated ROS within cells to further mitigate oxidative stress levels induced by G and GO. The addition of HA also effectively alleviated the excessive secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in AGS, resulting in a decrease in the content of aromatic proteins and tyrosine-like substances within EPS. Consequently, this led to a more compact and denser AGS particle structure in R2 and R3. Ultimately, the changes in Zeta potential of G and GO (before and after the addition of HA) indicate that the incorporation of HA can enhance the initial potential values of G and GO, thereby augmenting the repulsive effect between G/GO and microorganisms, reducing direct contact between microorganisms and G/GO, thus effectively mitigating the toxic effects exerted by G and GO on microorganisms.

, correspAuthors=Bing ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming ZHANG, Xue-li FENG, Wen-xin SHI, Bing ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408726008132479, articleId=1241408715547537600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=腐殖酸对好氧颗粒污泥系统的调控机理研究——以石墨烯和氧化石墨烯产生的毒性影响为例, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以受纳米材料石墨烯(G)和氧化石墨烯(GO)长期胁迫作用下的好氧颗粒污泥系统(AGS)为研究对象,探究投加适量腐殖酸(HA)对AGS理化特性和污染物处理性能的缓解作用及其机理.研究表明:经过适量浓度的HA (10.0mg/L)处理后,实验组R2 (1.0mg/L G)和R3 (1.0mg/L GO)中AGS的理化特性与系统的处理性能均得到了明显改善.其中,在整个实验期间(第0~75d),R3系统内的AGS平均粒径由1224.1µm增加至1407.5µm,R2系统内的AGS平均粒径由1313.0µm增加至1461.3µm. AGS理化特性的提升使得R2和R3系统内总氮去除率分别上升了2.3%和7.6%.通过投加HA,R2和R3系统内观察到活性氧含量、乳酸脱氢酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性均出现明显降低,这是由于HA可以与细胞内积累的活性氧相结合,进而降低G和GO胁迫下生物体内产生的氧化应激水平.此外,HA的引入减少了AGS中胞外聚合物(EPS)的过量分泌,并降低了EPS中芳香类蛋白质和酪氨酸类物质的含量,使得AGS呈现出更加致密紧凑的颗粒结构.最后,分析G和GO在HA投加前后Zeta电位的变化情况,结果表明投加适量HA提高了G和GO的初始电势值,增强了G/GO与微生物之间的排斥力作用,减少了微生物与G/GO之间的直接接触,进而有效缓解了G和GO对AGS微生物产生的毒性影响.

, correspAuthors=张冰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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张明(2001-),男,甘肃陇南人,重庆大学硕士研究生,主要研究污水处理与资源化利用.发表论文1篇..

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张明(2001-),男,甘肃陇南人,重庆大学硕士研究生,主要研究污水处理与资源化利用.发表论文1篇..

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Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis202242 (7):2113-2119., articleTitle=The“Cluster-Regression”COD prediction model of distributed rural sewage based on three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241408743976530310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=49, issue=16, pageStart=10147, pageEnd=10154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Chen Y, Ren C, Ouyang S, journalName=Environmental Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen YRen COuyang S,et al. Mitigation in multiple effects of graphene oxide toxicity in zebrafish embryogenesis driven by humic acid [J]. Environmental Science & Technology201549(16):10147-10154., articleTitle=Mitigation in multiple effects of graphene oxide toxicity in zebrafish embryogenesis driven by humic acid, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408736024130458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, awardId=52370029; 52270025, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370029; 52270025), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408726394008483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408726402397092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, companyId=1241408726394008483, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408726427562920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, companyId=1241408726394008483, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆大学环境与生态学院,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241408730919661982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Reactor structure diagram, figureFileSmall=exkpCOdF5YmpV0yvflzJJA==, figureFileBig=3l6Ggu8rwn0VQMhg7twFvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408731028713900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, language=CN, label=图1, caption=反应器装置示意

1.进水桶; 2.蠕动泵; 3.间歇式反应器; 4.曝气泵; 5.转子流量计; 6.曝气管; 7.电磁阀; 8.出水桶; 9.自动控制装置; 10.进水管; 11.出水管; 12.曝气管; 13.电子元件连接线

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R1: (a1~a3); R2: (b1~b3); R3: (c1~c3)

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Composition of the simulated municipal wastewater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要化合物组成浓度微量元素a化合物组成浓度(mg/L)
CH3COONa600.0mg COD/LZnSO4·7H2O50.0
NH4Cl60.0mg N/LNa2MoO4·2H2O60.0
K2HPO4KH2PO410.0mg P/LCoCl2·6H2O60.0
MgSO4·7H2O25.0mg Mg2+/LCuSO4·5H2O30.0
FeSO4·7H2O30.0mg Fe2+/LMnCl2·4H2O100.0
CaCl230.0mg Ca2+/LHBO350.0
微量元素a1.0mL/LAlCl350.0
NiCl240.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241408734992331591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟生活污水组成成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主要化合物组成浓度微量元素a化合物组成浓度(mg/L)
CH3COONa600.0mg COD/LZnSO4·7H2O50.0
NH4Cl60.0mg N/LNa2MoO4·2H2O60.0
K2HPO4KH2PO410.0mg P/LCoCl2·6H2O60.0
MgSO4·7H2O25.0mg Mg2+/LCuSO4·5H2O30.0
FeSO4·7H2O30.0mg Fe2+/LMnCl2·4H2O100.0
CaCl230.0mg Ca2+/LHBO350.0
微量元素a1.0mL/LAlCl350.0
NiCl240.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241408735151715158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Component labels, EEM locations, representative EEMs and spectral loadings for reoccurring PARAFAC components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分名称峰位置EEM图光谱负荷图
1Em:320~340
Ex:270~280
2Em:300~330
Ex:220~230
3Em:350~380
Ex:270~280
4Em:350~380
Ex:240~250/290~310
5Em:400~450
Ex:270~280/340~360
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三组反应器中EPS不同组分的组分名称、峰位置、对应的EEM图和光谱负荷图

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分名称峰位置EEM图光谱负荷图
1Em:320~340
Ex:270~280
2Em:300~330
Ex:220~230
3Em:350~380
Ex:270~280
4Em:350~380
Ex:240~250/290~310
5Em:400~450
Ex:270~280/340~360
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Zeta potential changes of nanomaterials G and GO before and after HA dosing

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样品名称GG + HAGOGO + HA
Zeta电位(mV)-14.63 ± 0.47-16.67 ± 0.32-11.67 ± 0.45-14.47 ± 0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1241408735759889291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715547537600, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

HA投加前后G和GO的Zeta电位变化

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样品名称GG + HAGOGO + HA
Zeta电位(mV)-14.63 ± 0.47-16.67 ± 0.32-11.67 ± 0.45-14.47 ± 0.65
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腐殖酸对好氧颗粒污泥系统的调控机理研究——以石墨烯和氧化石墨烯产生的毒性影响为例
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张明 , 冯雪丽 , 时文歆 , 张冰 *
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1995-2007
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1995-2007
腐殖酸对好氧颗粒污泥系统的调控机理研究——以石墨烯和氧化石墨烯产生的毒性影响为例
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张明 , 冯雪丽, 时文歆, 张冰*
作者信息
  • 重庆大学环境与生态学院,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400044
  • 张明(2001-),男,甘肃陇南人,重庆大学硕士研究生,主要研究污水处理与资源化利用.发表论文1篇..

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* 责任作者,副教授,
The regulatory mechanism of humic acid on aerobic granular sludge under prolonged exposure to graphene and oxide grapheme
Ming ZHANG , Xue-li FENG, Wen-xin SHI, Bing ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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以受纳米材料石墨烯(G)和氧化石墨烯(GO)长期胁迫作用下的好氧颗粒污泥系统(AGS)为研究对象,探究投加适量腐殖酸(HA)对AGS理化特性和污染物处理性能的缓解作用及其机理.研究表明:经过适量浓度的HA (10.0mg/L)处理后,实验组R2 (1.0mg/L G)和R3 (1.0mg/L GO)中AGS的理化特性与系统的处理性能均得到了明显改善.其中,在整个实验期间(第0~75d),R3系统内的AGS平均粒径由1224.1µm增加至1407.5µm,R2系统内的AGS平均粒径由1313.0µm增加至1461.3µm. AGS理化特性的提升使得R2和R3系统内总氮去除率分别上升了2.3%和7.6%.通过投加HA,R2和R3系统内观察到活性氧含量、乳酸脱氢酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性均出现明显降低,这是由于HA可以与细胞内积累的活性氧相结合,进而降低G和GO胁迫下生物体内产生的氧化应激水平.此外,HA的引入减少了AGS中胞外聚合物(EPS)的过量分泌,并降低了EPS中芳香类蛋白质和酪氨酸类物质的含量,使得AGS呈现出更加致密紧凑的颗粒结构.最后,分析G和GO在HA投加前后Zeta电位的变化情况,结果表明投加适量HA提高了G和GO的初始电势值,增强了G/GO与微生物之间的排斥力作用,减少了微生物与G/GO之间的直接接触,进而有效缓解了G和GO对AGS微生物产生的毒性影响.

好氧颗粒污泥  /  石墨烯  /  氧化石墨烯  /  胞外聚合物  /  氧化应激反应  /  Zeta电位

This study aimed to investigate the mitigating effect and regulatory mechanism of humic acid (HA) on the physicochemical properties and pollutant treatment performance of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) under prolonged stress induced by graphene (G) and oxide graphene (GO). The results demonstrated that the optimal dosage of HA (10mg/L) significantly enhanced the physicochemical characteristics of AGS, and improved the pollutant treatment performance of the AGS reactor (R2 (1.0mg/L G) and R3 (1.0mg/L GO)). At the 75th day, in R3, there was an obviously increase in average particle size of AGS from 1224.1µm to 1407.5µm, while in R2it increased from 1313.0µm to 1461.3µm. Simultaneously, the enhancement of AGS physicochemical properties led to a respective increase of 2.3% and 7.6% in TN removal efficiency for R2 and R3. The introduction of HA resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase activity, catalase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity in R2 and R3. This suggested that HA can effectively bind with accumulated ROS within cells to further mitigate oxidative stress levels induced by G and GO. The addition of HA also effectively alleviated the excessive secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in AGS, resulting in a decrease in the content of aromatic proteins and tyrosine-like substances within EPS. Consequently, this led to a more compact and denser AGS particle structure in R2 and R3. Ultimately, the changes in Zeta potential of G and GO (before and after the addition of HA) indicate that the incorporation of HA can enhance the initial potential values of G and GO, thereby augmenting the repulsive effect between G/GO and microorganisms, reducing direct contact between microorganisms and G/GO, thus effectively mitigating the toxic effects exerted by G and GO on microorganisms.

aerobic granular sludge (AGS)  /  graphene (G)  /  oxide graphene (GO)  /  extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)  /  oxidative stress response  /  Zeta potential
张明, 冯雪丽, 时文歆, 张冰. 腐殖酸对好氧颗粒污泥系统的调控机理研究——以石墨烯和氧化石墨烯产生的毒性影响为例. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1995 -2007 .
Ming ZHANG, Xue-li FENG, Wen-xin SHI, Bing ZHANG. The regulatory mechanism of humic acid on aerobic granular sludge under prolonged exposure to graphene and oxide grapheme[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1995 -2007 .
好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)是在选择压的驱动作用下,由污泥微生物不断黏附、凝聚而形成的颗粒状污泥聚集体[1].与絮体污泥相比,AGS具有沉降性能好、抗冲击负荷能力强以及污染物去除效率高等优势特征[2].AGS独特的分层结构使颗粒中不同的功能菌群随着颗粒内部溶解氧梯度呈现出不同的生态位分布,这使得AGS即使只在一个反应器中也可以实现同步硝化反硝化过程[3].同时,AGS中存在大量的胞外聚合物(EPS),这些物质将微生物紧密黏合,从而增强了AGS在运行过程中的稳定性,使得AGS反应器具有优异的生物质保留率[4].这些特点显著提升了污水生物处理技术的经济效益.因此,AGS技术被认为是“21世纪最有发展前景的污水生物处理技术之一”.
石墨烯(G)是一种由碳原子构成的二维同素异形体的纳米材料[5].氧化石墨烯(GO),作为石墨烯的一种衍生物,是由排列成六边形网络的单层碳原子构成的碳纳米材料[6].G和GO具有优良的导电性和机械强度,且成本低廉易于加工.因此,它们在半导体制造、环境修复治理和生物医学等各个领域的应用不断增加[7].然而,随着G和GO的广泛应用,它们将会不可避免地被释放到水体环境中,并最终伴随污水进入污水处理厂[8].通过对美国旧金山地区污水处理厂中纳米材料浓度的调查[9],结果显示其检测到的纳米材料主要由G和GO组成,且出水浓度达到了0.2~0.5μg/L.
在AGS技术推广和应用的过程中,G和GO会进入以AGS技术为核心的污水处理厂,从而对AGS的理化特性和系统处理性能产生一定影响.据研究报道[10],在浓度为95.0mg/L的GO持续暴露7d后,AGS反应器中化学需氧量(COD)的去除率由93.5%降至73.7%,氨氮(NH4+-N)的去除率由99.5%降至81.9%.另有研究发现,G和GO会对AGS微生物产生慢性毒性,并且相比于G,GO会对微生物产生更严重的毒害作用[11].具体而言,在持续暴露于1.0mg/L的G和GO下,AGS微生物氧化应激水平显著增加.相较于对照组,投加G和GO的反应器中活性氧(ROS)含量分别上升了48.9%和66.2%,导致AGS微生物的细胞膜受到严重损害,进而影响了亚硝酸盐还原酶和硝酸盐还原酶的活性,使得总氮(TN)去除率明显降低0.然而,目前的研究几乎只关注于G和GO对AGS系统产生的负面影响,而关于采用何种调控方案缓解G和GO对AGS系统运行过程中产生的不利影响尚未报道.
腐殖酸(HA)是一种天然存在的有机大分子化合物,广泛分布于土壤、煤炭以及自然水体中[12].HA的主要元素组成包括碳、氢、氧,还可能含有氮和硫等元素[13].由于其含有多种官能团,如羧基、酚基和氨基等[14],HA具有较高的反应活性,能够吸附在纳米材料表面,改变其表面特性和分散性,从而阻止纳米材料与微生物之间的直接接触[15].同时,HA作为一种抗氧化剂可以与微生物体内积累的ROS相结合[16],有助于缓解其对微生物产生的毒性影响[17].然而,HA是否可以缓解G和GO对AGS微生物产生的毒性影响进而恢复AGS的理化性质和系统处理效能尚需进一步探究.
因此,本研究首先采取批次实验确定HA的最佳用量,在此基础上,分析最适浓度HA投加前后,受G和GO长期胁迫作用的AGS的理化特性(包括沉降性能、颗粒粒径以及颗粒形态变化)、污染物去除效能、AGS微生物氧化应激水平和EPS含量与组成等方面的变化情况,以及HA投加前后,G和GO表面Zeta电位的变化规律,揭示了HA对该系统的缓解机理.研究结果可为AGS污水处理技术的实际应用提供进一步的理论指导.
本实验装置主体为三组规格完全相同的间歇式反应器(图1),分别标记为对照组R1 (未投加G或GO)、实验组R2 (持续投加1.0mg/L G)和实验组R3(持续投加1.0mg/L GO).三组反应器的接种污泥均取自当地污水处理厂曝气池中的活性污泥,其平均粒径为79.3μm,污泥容积指数(SVI30)为73.4mL/g,反应器中接种的污泥混合液悬浮固体浓度(MLSS)均为3.95g/L.在本次实验正式开展前,三组反应器均已经过85d的持续运行.至第85d (即本研究的第0d),相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和R3的AGS理化特性和TN去除率显著下降.具体而言,相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和R3的颗粒粒径和TN去除率分别下降了175.0μm、264.8μm和6.6%、17.8% (图3(b)图5(a-c),第0d数据).因此,为了探究投加HA缓解G和GO长期胁迫对AGS不利影响的作用效果,在确定好HA的最适用量后(详见结果部分2.1节),从第85d起(即本研究的第0d)正式开展实验.
实验装置总高度为100cm,内径10cm,高径比为7,有效体积为5.5L.通过自动控制装置对蠕动泵、曝气泵、电磁阀的开关进行控制,实现进水、曝气、排水过程自动化,曝气量由转子流量计控制,在反应器底部放置圈状纳米曝气管以保证曝气均匀.
反应器采用缺氧/好氧交替运行的周期循环模式,运行周期为4h,包括进水8min,厌氧60min,曝气161~169min,沉降2~10min,排水1min.反应器体积交换比为50%,表观气速为2.5cm/s,曝气段溶解氧控制为7.0~7.5mg/L.
实验采用人工配制的模拟生活污水作为反应器进水,其水质组成详见表1.实验所用纳米材料(G和GO)购自苏州碳丰石墨烯科技有限公司.投加时为防止其聚集,将G和GO悬浮于合成污水中,并在250W,40kHZ的条件下超声处理30min.
本研究通过批次实验确定HA的最佳用量,具体实验流程如下:在实验开始前,分别从反应器R1、R2和R3中取相同生物量(MLSS均为2.0g/L)的AGS混合液分别置于若干(13个)体积相同的锥形瓶中.其中,对照组的接种污泥取自反应器R1,实验组的接种污泥分别取自反应器R2和R3(各6个).HA溶液投加梯度设置为0.0,5.0,10.0,20.0,50.0,100.0mg/L,分别向接种反应器R2和R3污泥的锥形瓶中投加对应浓度的HA溶液.随后,将所有锥形瓶置于恒温振荡器中(25℃,150r/min)持续培养1h.培养结束后,测定不同锥形瓶中AGS内部微生物产生ROS的最终含量,其结果以相对于对照组锥形瓶中ROS含量的比值百分数进行表示.最终,将批次实验中ROS含量降低最明显、用量最合理的HA投加浓度作为反应器R2和R3中HA的最佳投加量.此外,为确保反应器R2和R3中HA的持续投加,本次研究在人工配水阶段向模拟生活污水中投加相应浓度的HA溶液,使其随反应器进水一同进入系统中.
MLSS、SVI30、COD、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N等指标按照标准方法进行测定[18].污泥微观形态采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,ZEISS Gemini 300,德国)观察.污泥粒径分布采用Malvern 3000激光粒度仪分析.
根据文献中描述的方法[19]提取污泥中的紧密结合型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)和松散结合型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS).主要步骤为:取适量体积的污泥混合液,4000r/min离心10min,随后加入70 ℃的质量比为0.05%的NaCl溶液进行离心,上清液即为LB-EPS,剩余污泥再次用0.05%的NaCl溶液补充至原体积,水浴加热30min后离心取上清液为TB-EPS.EPS样品中蛋白质(PN)和多糖(PS)的含量分别采用BCA试剂盒(Sigma-Aldrich)和苯酚-硫酸法进行测定[20].采用三维荧光光谱仪(FP-6500,日本JASCO公司)记录EPS样品的激发-发射矩阵光谱图(EEM)并分析EPS中荧光类物质的组成成分.由于EPS的组成成分复杂,荧光光谱会发生严重重叠[21].本研究采用平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)将EEM荧光光谱图分离为独立的荧光组分,以消除数据叠加带来的影响,详细分析方法见余华荣等[22]的研究.
活性氧(ROS)含量、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性根据文献中报道的研究方法进行测定[11].
采用Zeta电位表征HA调控前后G和GO表面电势的变化情况,具体流程如下:取10mL G和GO的悬浮液,采用0.1mol/L NaCl溶液将悬浮液稀释至OD546为0.1,采用Zeta电位仪(Zetarsizer Nano ZS90)分析测定样品的Zeta电位.
本研究中分析测试重复3次,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)检验结果的显著性(P<0.05).采用SPSS软件进行统计学分析(IBM SPSS统计软件26.0).
图2所示,投加低浓度HA (5.0mg/L)对实验组R2和R3中ROS的相对含量未产生显著影响(P>0.05);当HA投加浓度为10.0mg/L时,实验组R2和R3中ROS的相对含量显著降低(P<0.05),其比值百分数分别为对照组R1的112.9%和111.2%;随着HA投加浓度增加(20.0~50.0mg/L),实验组R2中ROS的相对含量持续下降,但实验组R3中ROS的相对含量并未发生明显改变(P>0.05);特别地,当HA投加浓度为100.0mg/L时,尽管实验组R2中ROS的含量为对照组R1的85.4%,但实验组R3中ROS的含量相对于R1的比值百分数却达到了123.4%,并未产生显著的缓解效果.
如上所述,综合考虑试验结果和试剂成本,本研究HA最佳用量为10.0mg/L.
实验开始前,经过G和GO的持续暴露(85d),AGS的理化特性出现明显恶化,实验初期(第0d),相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和R3中AGS的沉降性能(SVI30)和平均粒径明显降低,按数值大小排序分别为:R3(74.1mL/g)>R2(65.9mL/g)>R1(57.9mL/g)和R1(1488.0μm)>R2(1313.0μm)>R3(1224.1μm).为探究HA能否缓解上述负面影响,本研究在投加10.0mg/L HA后,对三组反应器中AGS的沉降性能(SVI30)、生物量(MLSS)以及平均粒径的变化情况进行分析(图3(a-c)).
图3(a)所示,实验初期(0~40d),三组反应器中的SVI30均呈现出持续下降的变化趋势.至第40d,三组反应器的SVI30按数值大小排序有:R1 (58.8mL/g)> R3 (45.0mL/g) > R2 (32.4mL/g).其中,R2和R3系统内AGS的SVI30由第0d的65.9和74.1mL/g分别下降至32.4和45.0mL/g.与此同时(0~40d),随着污泥沉降性能的提升,三组反应器的生物量也均呈现出持续上升的变化趋势(图3(b)).其MLSS含量按平均值大小排序有:R3(3.8g/L)>R2(2.7g/L)>R1(2.4g/L).分析认为,HA作为一种外源性有机物,其投加可为实验组R2和R3提供碳源,从而促进异养微生物的生长,使其相较于对照组R1获得了更高的生物量.随着生物量的不断增加,最终在选择压的驱动下,R2和R3系统内污泥沉降性能也得到了提升.之后,R2和R3系统内的MLSS含量开始下降,且从第50d起,实验组R2和R3中MLSS含量均小于对照组R1.分析认为,HA含有大量的活性官能团,如醇羟基、酚羟基和羧基等,可以通过氢键和静电引力与G和GO产生吸附作用[15],从而阻碍G和GO与细菌的直接接触,减少了微生物在G和GO表面的附着位点和生长空间,使得相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和R3中MLSS含量均出现明显下降.最终,生物量的减少导致反应器内的SVI30也均呈现出上升趋势(图3(a)).
整个实验期间,R2和R3系统内的AGS平均粒径均呈现出先上升随后趋于稳定的变化趋势(图3(c).相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和R3更加优异的沉降性能使其仅在第10d即可获得较大的粒径.其中,R3系统内的AGS平均粒径由1224.1μm增加至1407.5μm,R2系统内的AGS平均粒径由1313.0μm增加至1461.3μm,随后二者均保持在(1455.2± 30.6)μm之间.
本研究采用SEM进一步观察实验末期(第75d)三组反应器中AGS微观形态的变化情况.如图4所示,三组反应器中的AGS均呈现出较为光滑且规则的颗粒状结构.相较于R1中大量生长繁殖的丝状菌,R2中AGS表面附着的丝状菌则较为稀疏,且相互缠绕构成了AGS的骨架结构,这为细菌的生长提供了更多的附着位点[23],同时,大量杆状菌附着在丝状菌表面,使得污泥结构更加致密紧凑;R3中AGS表面稀疏附着的丝状菌则被微生物分泌的EPS紧密包裹在AGS表面,有利于提高颗粒结构的稳定性[24].根据SEM的结果以及上述污泥理化特性变化的情况,表明,相较于对照组R1,经过G和HA以及GO和HA的持续作用,实验组R2和R3中获得了更加规则、致密的AGS. Zhang等[11]在有关G和GO对AGS系统影响的研究中报道,G (1.0mg/L)或GO(1.0mg/L)的长期胁迫会促使AGS表面生长大量的丝状菌,导致反应器中AGS的沉降性能恶化.然而,本次研究结果显示,相较于对照组R1,投加HA的实验组R2和R3中AGS表面丝状菌的分布明显较为稀疏.因此,投加HA能够对受G和GO胁迫作用的AGS系统产生一定的积极作用.
图5(a~c)可知,三组反应器中NH4+-N的去除率均达到了100.0%,并且出水NO2--N浓度均低于1.0mg/L.之前的研究报道,在1.0mg/L G和GO持续95d的胁迫作用下,反应器内NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率均稳定在100.0%左右,未受到有毒污染物影响[11].以上结果说明投加适量HA不会对AGS系统的硝化反应过程产生不利影响.三组反应器中出水以NO3--N为主,其平均浓度分别为22.3 (R1)、21.9 (R2)和25.1mg/L (R3).特别地,在R3系统内,相较于实验初期(第0d)NO3--N的出水浓度(30.0mg/L),在实验末期(第75d),其出水浓度降低至24.9mg/L.分析认为,投加HA提高了R3系统内进水COD浓度(图6),较高的碳源有利于提升AGS的反硝化能力[25],从而增强了NO3--N的去除率.
在TN去除率方面,对照组R1中的TN去除率始终稳定在58.0%~64.0%.实验初期(第0~20d),实验组R2和R3中的TN去除率明显升高,随后稳定维持在60.0% (R2)和58.0% (R3)附近.相较于R2和R3系统内第0d TN的去除率,投加HA后,其去除率由60.0% (R2)和50.4% (R3)分别提高至62.3%和58.0%.结合2.2节的研究结果,分析认为,投加HA使得AGS理化特性明显上升.其中,AGS平均粒径的增加有助于AGS内部厌氧/缺氧区域的分层更加明显,从而提升了TN的去除率[26].
Zhang等[11]研究结果报道,1.0mg/L G和GO的持续暴露(95d)对AGS反应器中COD的去除率未产生影响.类似地,在本研究中,尽管HA作为一种含碳有机物,其引入反应器后会导致R2和R3系统内进水COD浓度有所提高,但是三组反应器中COD的去除率始终稳定维持在92.0%~ 95.0%,未产生显著差异(P>0.05) (图6).结合AGS理化特性方面的变化情况(图3(b-c)),分析认为相较于对照组R1(平均粒径为1330.8 μm),实验组R2和R3中的AGS具有更大的污泥粒径(R2和R3平均粒径分别为1450.1和1460.2 μm)以及更多的生物量(R1、R2以及R3在反应器进行期间平均生物量分别为: 2.2、2.7和3.6g/L) (图4).因此,这些结果表明相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和实验组R3中的AGS可能具有更加丰富的微生物群落,使得其呈现出优良的COD去除率.
图7(a)所示,经过G和GO的长期胁迫,R2和R3系统内的ROS含量相较于R1,其比值百分数分别上升了48.9%和66.2% (第0d).这说明G和GO的长期存在会导致AGS微生物积累大量的ROS. Huang等[27]研究报道,随着生物体内ROS的积累,其产生的超氧阴离子和含氧自由基会导致微生物氧化应激水平显著上升,从而对微生物的正常生理功能产生严重影响.然而,投加适量HA后,整个实验期间R2和R3系统内的ROS平均含量分别为对照组R1的94.3%和95.0%.相较于实验组R2和R3中第0d时微生物体内ROS的含量,实验末期(第75d),R2和R3中微生物体内产生的ROS含量分别下降了47.0%和76.0%.这些结果表明投加适量HA可以显著降低AGS微生物体内积累的ROS含量(P<0.05).结合Zhao等[15]研究结果,分析认为HA作为一种抗氧化剂可以与细胞内产生的ROS相结合,通过减少ROS在细胞内的积累,进一步缓解G和GO对AGS微生物造成的毒性影响.
图7(b)所示,作为一种反映细胞膜完整性的指标[28],实验组R2和R3中LDH酶的活性从第15d起恢复至较低水平(<0.5U/g MLSS),此后稳定在0.11~0.32U/g MLSS之间.相较于实验初期(第0d)AGS中LDH酶的活性(R2为3.38U/g MLSS,R3为4.0U/g MLSS),投加适量HA后,其活性产生了显著差异(P<0.05). Zhang等[11]研究表明,在G和GO的长期胁迫下(95d),AGS内部微生物的细胞膜受到严重损害,导致反应器脱氮性能受到抑制.然而,本次研究通过投加适量浓度的HA显著降低了G和GO对AGS微生物细胞膜产生的不利影响(图7(b)),使得实验组R2和R3的TN去除率相较于实验初期(第0d)分别提升了2.3%和7.6%.以上结果说明,通过投加适量HA减少了AGS微生物体内ROS的含量,AGS微生物中细胞生物膜受到活性氧物质的胁迫也得到了缓解,从而使LDH酶在后续实验过程中表现出较低的活性,最终使得AGS反应器的污染物去除性能得到改善.
CAT酶和SOD酶是生物体内抵抗氧化应激的重要防御系统[29-30].其中,SOD酶在将超氧自由基转化为过氧化氢的过程中发挥重要作用[31],而CAT酶则可将其产生的过氧化氢进一步代谢为分子氧和水[32].与ROS含量的变化情况类似(图7(a),从第0d起,相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和R3中CAT酶和SOD酶的相对活性也在整个反应器运行期间呈现出先下降随后保持稳定(100.0%±18.8%)的变化趋势(图7(c-d).这表明通过HA与AGS微生物体内的ROS相结合,有效避免了因AGS微生物氧化应激水平上升而对生物膜产生的不利影响[27],有助于维持微生物正常的生理功能,进而提升了AGS的理化特性和处理性能.
EPS主要来源于细胞分泌、细胞代谢、细胞死亡以及废水中吸附的有机物,AGS分泌大量EPS对保护AGS微生物免受外部有毒污染物的毒害作用至关重要[33].如图8(a)所示,实验初期(第0~35d),对照组R1中总EPS含量相对稳定,保持在90.6~103.2mg/g MLSS,而投加HA的实验组R2和R3中总EPS含量呈现出明显下降的变化趋势.其中,R2系统内的总EPS含量从101.4mg/g MLSS降至73.6mg/g MLSS,R3系统内的总EPS含量从130.1mg/g MLSS降至73.9mg/g MLSS. Zhang等[11]研究报道,经过1.0mg/L G和GO持续95d的胁迫作用后,AGS系统内的总EPS含量相较于实验初期(第0d)分别上升了20.0mg/g MLSS和27.8mg/g MLSS.结合前述AGS微生物氧化应激水平的变化情况(详见2.4节),分析认为,通过投加适量浓度的HA,AGS微生物的氧化应激水平明显降低,这说明HA有效缓解了G和GO对AGS产生的胁迫作用,使得AGS无需分泌过量的EPS即可抵御G和GO产生的毒性影响.从第35d起,对照组R1中EPS含量出现明显降低,而实验组R2和R3中的EPS含量保持相对稳定.直至实验结束(第75d),三组反应器中总EPS含量分别为75.8 (R1),65.0 (R2)和79.9mg/g MLSS (R3),期间未出现显著差异(P>0.05).结合三组反应器均呈现出优异的COD去除率(>90.0%),分析认为相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和R3中更高浓度的进水COD,使其系统内的AGS微生物具有更加充足的营养物质来源以维持EPS含量的相对稳定[30].
三组反应器中,LB-EPS含量相对稳定,TB-EPS是总EPS含量中的主要成分(图8(a-c)).特别是在实验初期(第0~35d),R2和R3系统内的TB-PN含量出现明显的下降趋势,分别从57.9和78.2mg/g MLSS降至42.1和43.5mg/g MLSS.之后(第45~75d),三组反应器中TB-PN的含量均未产生明显变化.研究报道,在G和GO的影响下,AGS会分泌大量的PN以抵御其对AGS产生的毒性影响[11].结合本实验中AGS微观形态以及氧化应激水平的变化情况,分析认为,投加适量浓度的HA主要缓解了AGS对TB-PN的大量分泌.
采用三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)对三组反应器中不同时期收集的LB-EPS和TB-EPS样品进行组分分析,结果如图910所示.提取的EPS样品中均存在两个吸收峰,分别是代表芳香族蛋白质物质的峰A(Ex/Em为220~230/300~350nm)[34]和酪氨酸类物质的峰B (Ex/Em为270~280/300~350nm)[35].这两种蛋白质作为颗粒污泥EPS的主要成分[36],有利于AGS的形成和对有毒污染物的抵抗.研究表明,相较于实验初期(第5d)AGS样品中EPS的荧光强度,尽管投加HA使得实验组R2和R3中峰A和峰B发生了蓝移,但其代表的物质成分并未产生明显差异.这表明HA引入后仅改变了EPS组分的含量,对EPS的主要组成不会产生影响.
图9图10可知,酪氨酸类物质峰B的荧光强度变化是导致样品荧光光谱发生改变的主要因素.整个实验期间(0~75d),相较于对照组R1中LB-EPS以及TB-EPS的酪氨酸类物质峰B的荧光强度,实验组R2和R3中LB-EPS和TB-EPS组分中酪氨酸类物质峰B的荧光强度明显逐渐减弱.Zhang等[32]研究报道,在AGS系统中,酪氨酸类物质的大量分泌对于抵抗有毒污染物的毒性影响发挥重要作用.结合R2和R3系统内EPS组分中PN整体含量的变化情况(图8(b-c)),在HA投加前期(第5d),由于G以及GO的长期毒性影响,相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和R3具有更高的初始TB-PN和LB-PN含量.随着HA的持续投加(第0~35d),相较于R1,实验组R2和R3中PN含量出现了明显降低(图8).结合实验组R2和R3中EPS组分的酪氨酸类物质峰B荧光强度的减弱,这说明投加适量浓度的HA有效缓解了G和GO对AGS产生的胁迫作用,降低了AGS对酪氨酸类物质的大量分泌.
为了进一步揭示EPS样品的主要组成成分,基于3D-EEM荧光光谱分离出的独立组分具体组成详见表2.组分1、组分2和组分3的Ex/Em峰值分别在270~280/320~340nm、220~230/300~330nm和270~280/350~380nm处,其分别表示酪氨酸、芳香族蛋白质和色氨酸[37].组分4峰值Ex/Em在240~250/350~380nm和290~310/350~380nm处,代表色氨酸和芳香类物质.组分5在Ex/Em处具有270~280/400~450nm和340~360/400~450nm两个峰,代表腐殖酸和富里酸[38].
反应器中污泥EPS组分的荧光强度值(FI)如图11所示.从第5d起,实验组R2和R3中组分1的荧光强度显著降低(P<0.05).同时,从第35d起,实验组R2和R3中五种组分的荧光强度值均小于对照组R1.这与前述酪氨酸类物质峰B的变化结果一致.对于组分2、组分3、组分4和组分5而言,其在三组反应器运行期间均无显著差异(P>0.05).通过分析投加适量HA后AGS中EPS含量与组成的变化情况,研究表明投加适量HA有效控制了EPS中PN组分的大量分泌,降低了PN组分中酪氨酸类物质的含量,结合这些物质在抵御有毒污染物过程中发挥的作用,进一步说明投加适量HA可以有效缓解G和GO对AGS产生的毒性影响.
Zhang等[17]研究报道,HA可以作为微生物和GO之间的物理屏障,避免微生物与纳米材料直接接触.因此,本实验对HA投加前后G和GO表面的Zeta电位变化情况进行了分析(表3).数据显示HA投加后G + HA和GO + HA表现出比G和GO更高的电势值.这表明HA的投加可以通过增强G和GO所带的负电荷,增强了其与微生物之间的排斥作用,从而减少了G和GO与细胞之间的直接接触,降低了G和GO对AGS产生的毒性影响[39].
根据Zhang等[11]研究报道,在AGS系统中,G和GO的长期胁迫(95d)使得AGS内部的微生物氧化应激水平显著上升,进而抑制了AGS反应器中TN的去除率.本研究在投加HA后,R2和R3系统内AGS微生物中ROS含量下降,抗氧化酶活性降低,AGS的颗粒粒径及沉降性能得到了明显改善.同时,相较于第0d,在实验末期(第75d),实验组R2和R3的TN去除率也分别提升了2.3%和7.6%.结合上述HA投加后G和GO表面Zeta电位的变化情况,分析认为投加适量浓度的HA后,G和GO与微生物之间的排斥力作用得到增强,从而缓解了G和GO对AGS产生的胁迫作用.HA与AGS微生物产生的ROS相结合进一步降低了AGS微生物氧化应激水平,减少了AGS对EPS相关组分的大量分泌.最终,在HA的调控作用下,AGS的理化特性和反应器的处理性能得到了明显改善.
3.1 投加适量浓度的HA改善了AGS系统内颗粒污泥的理化特性及反应器的运行性能.相较于对照组R1,实验组R2和R3中AGS的沉降性能和颗粒粒径得到了明显提升.整个实验期间反应器R1、R2和R3中污泥平均粒径分别为1330.8,1450.1和1460.2μm.随着AGS理化特性的恢复,实验组R2和R3系统内TN的去除率分别提高了2.3%和7.6%.同时,研究结果表明适量投加HA不会对AGS系统的COD去除率产生不利影响.
3.2 HA对AGS内部微生物的氧化应激水平具有显著的缓解效果.在实验组R2和R3中,相较于第0d AGS微生物的ROS含量,适量投加HA后,其ROS水平分别下降了47.0%和76.0%.分析认为这是HA通过与AGS内部微生物体内产生的ROS相结合,进而降低了AGS微生物体内的氧化应激水平,进而减少了LDH酶、CAT酶和SOD酶的活性,最终缓解了G和GO对AGS微生物产生的毒性影响.
3.3 HA的投加缓解了污泥TB-EPS中酪氨酸类物质的大量分泌.结合污泥理化性能的恢复以及反应器性能的提升,这说明适量投加HA缓解了G和GO对AGS产生的负面影响,加强了AGS结构的稳定性,并且提高了反应器对TN的处理性能.
3.4 HA的投加增强了G和GO表面的Zeta电势值,提高了G和GO表面的负电荷含量.结合AGS内部微生物氧化应激水平的缓解,分析认为这是HA的引入增强了G和GO与微生物之间的排斥作用,进而减少了其与细胞之间的直接接触,最终缓解了G和GO对AGS微生物造成的损伤.
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370029; 52270025)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-25
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52370029; 52270025)
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    重庆大学环境与生态学院,三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室,重庆 400044

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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