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In order to address the issues of complex processes and high infrastructure and operational costs in simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal, a heterotrophic nitrifying strain NP3 exhibiting simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capabilities was isolated from activated sludge in this study. Strain NP3 was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and its nitrogen and phosphorus removal characteristics and mechanisms were investigated. It was showed that strain NP3 was able to utilize ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite as the sole nitrogen source for efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal under aerobic conditions. The accumulation of intermediate products during the reaction process was minimal, and nitrogen and phosphorus were primarily removed through assimilation. The growth and metabolic rates followed the order: NH4+-N >NO2-N >NO3-N. Under the optimal growth conditions of sodium citrate as the carbon source, C/N=10, T=30℃, pH =7, and r=160r/min, the maximum removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate were almost 100%. Furthermore, successful amplification of denitrification and polyphosphate genes (nosZ, nirS, ppk) further confirmed the simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capability of strain NP3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the functional groups on the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) surface could adsorb different forms of phosphorus such as C-PO3/P-C, PO43-/HPO42-, acting as phosphorus transfer stations.31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results further indicated that there was a large effect of EPS on phosphorus fugitive morphology, with pyrophosphate being the main phosphorus species in the presence of EPS, whereas orthophosphate and orthophosphate diester were the major phosphorus forms after EPS extraction.

, correspAuthors=Lei YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-yan MENG, Lei YANG, Yu-cai LI, Sheng-jing ZHANG, Hao-qi LU, Pan LIANG, Yong-xiang REN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408720635228542, articleId=1241408715333628093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=异养硝化细菌Pseudomonas stutzeri strain NP3的同步脱氮除磷特性及代谢机制, columnId=1234106386565624579, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=水污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对同步脱氮除磷工艺流程复杂、基建与运行费用高等问题,从活性污泥中分离出一株兼具同步脱氮除磷能力的异养硝化细菌NP3,经16S rRNA鉴定为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri),并对其脱氮除磷特性及作用机制进行研究.结果表明,在好氧条件下,菌株NP3能够以氨氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为单一氮源进行脱氮除磷,反应过程中间产物积累较少,氮、磷主要以同化作用去除,其生长和代谢速率NH4+-N > NO2-N > NO3-N.在碳源为柠檬酸钠、C/N为10、温度为30℃、pH值为7、转速为160r/min的最佳生长条件下,该菌株最大氨氮和磷酸盐去除率均接近100%.同时,反硝化和聚磷功能基因(nosZ、nirS、ppk)的成功扩增,进一步证明菌株NP3具有同步脱氮除磷能力.此外,胞外聚合物(EPS)在磷去除中起到重要作用,去除占比达到45%以上. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析证实EPS的表面官能团可以吸附C-PO3/P-O、PO43-/HPO42-等不同形式的磷,充当磷转移站.31P核磁共振(NMR)结果进一步表明EPS对磷的赋存形态存在较大影响,其中焦磷酸盐是EPS存在时的主要磷物种,而正磷酸盐和磷酸二酯是提取EPS后的主要磷形式.

, correspAuthors=杨垒, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,副教授,
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孟红艳(2000-),女,河北沧州人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物处理理论与技术研究..

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孟红艳(2000-),女,河北沧州人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物处理理论与技术研究..

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孟红艳(2000-),女,河北沧州人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物处理理论与技术研究..

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ArticleFig(id=1241408729623621894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715333628093, language=CN, label=图9, caption=菌株NP3的脱氮除磷代谢途径, figureFileSmall=CjhO/bTVNne87IE3WM7WWQ==, figureFileBig=6nxUAifQAfho3z5PfsJ+1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241408729783005467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715333628093, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physiological and biochemical characterization of strain NP3

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检测项目结果检测项目结果
V.P测定-亚硝酸盐还原试验+
吲哚-产氨试验-
甲基红-柠檬酸盐利用+
接触酶+明胶液化-
硝酸盐还原试验+H2S试验-
), ArticleFig(id=1241408729946583342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715333628093, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

菌株NP3的生理生化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目结果检测项目结果
V.P测定-亚硝酸盐还原试验+
吲哚-产氨试验-
甲基红-柠檬酸盐利用+
接触酶+明胶液化-
硝酸盐还原试验+H2S试验-
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异养硝化细菌Pseudomonas stutzeri strain NP3的同步脱氮除磷特性及代谢机制
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孟红艳 1, 2 , 杨垒 1, 2, * , 李玉彩 1, 2 , 张胜静 1, 2 , 路颢琪 1, 2 , 梁攀 1, 2 , 任勇翔 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1901-1910
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中国环境科学 | 水污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1901-1910
异养硝化细菌Pseudomonas stutzeri strain NP3的同步脱氮除磷特性及代谢机制
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孟红艳1, 2 , 杨垒1, 2, * , 李玉彩1, 2, 张胜静1, 2, 路颢琪1, 2, 梁攀1, 2, 任勇翔1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学,陕西省环境工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.西安建筑科技大学,西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 孟红艳(2000-),女,河北沧州人,西安建筑科技大学硕士研究生,主要从事污水生物处理理论与技术研究..

通讯作者:

* 责任作者,副教授,
Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal characteristics and metabolic mechanism of heterotrophic nitriying bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri Strain NP3
Hong-yan MENG1, 2 , Lei YANG1, 2, * , Yu-cai LI1, 2, Sheng-jing ZHANG1, 2, Hao-qi LU1, 2, Pan LIANG1, 2, Yong-xiang REN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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针对同步脱氮除磷工艺流程复杂、基建与运行费用高等问题,从活性污泥中分离出一株兼具同步脱氮除磷能力的异养硝化细菌NP3,经16S rRNA鉴定为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri),并对其脱氮除磷特性及作用机制进行研究.结果表明,在好氧条件下,菌株NP3能够以氨氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为单一氮源进行脱氮除磷,反应过程中间产物积累较少,氮、磷主要以同化作用去除,其生长和代谢速率NH4+-N > NO2-N > NO3-N.在碳源为柠檬酸钠、C/N为10、温度为30℃、pH值为7、转速为160r/min的最佳生长条件下,该菌株最大氨氮和磷酸盐去除率均接近100%.同时,反硝化和聚磷功能基因(nosZ、nirS、ppk)的成功扩增,进一步证明菌株NP3具有同步脱氮除磷能力.此外,胞外聚合物(EPS)在磷去除中起到重要作用,去除占比达到45%以上. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析证实EPS的表面官能团可以吸附C-PO3/P-O、PO43-/HPO42-等不同形式的磷,充当磷转移站.31P核磁共振(NMR)结果进一步表明EPS对磷的赋存形态存在较大影响,其中焦磷酸盐是EPS存在时的主要磷物种,而正磷酸盐和磷酸二酯是提取EPS后的主要磷形式.

异养硝化  /  好氧反硝化  /  同步脱氮除磷  /  胞外聚合物

In order to address the issues of complex processes and high infrastructure and operational costs in simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal, a heterotrophic nitrifying strain NP3 exhibiting simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capabilities was isolated from activated sludge in this study. Strain NP3 was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, and its nitrogen and phosphorus removal characteristics and mechanisms were investigated. It was showed that strain NP3 was able to utilize ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite as the sole nitrogen source for efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal under aerobic conditions. The accumulation of intermediate products during the reaction process was minimal, and nitrogen and phosphorus were primarily removed through assimilation. The growth and metabolic rates followed the order: NH4+-N >NO2-N >NO3-N. Under the optimal growth conditions of sodium citrate as the carbon source, C/N=10, T=30℃, pH =7, and r=160r/min, the maximum removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate were almost 100%. Furthermore, successful amplification of denitrification and polyphosphate genes (nosZ, nirS, ppk) further confirmed the simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capability of strain NP3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the functional groups on the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) surface could adsorb different forms of phosphorus such as C-PO3/P-C, PO43-/HPO42-, acting as phosphorus transfer stations.31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results further indicated that there was a large effect of EPS on phosphorus fugitive morphology, with pyrophosphate being the main phosphorus species in the presence of EPS, whereas orthophosphate and orthophosphate diester were the major phosphorus forms after EPS extraction.

heterotrophic nitrification  /  aerobic denitrification  /  simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal  /  extracellular polymeric substances
孟红艳, 杨垒, 李玉彩, 张胜静, 路颢琪, 梁攀, 任勇翔. 异养硝化细菌Pseudomonas stutzeri strain NP3的同步脱氮除磷特性及代谢机制. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1901 -1910 .
Hong-yan MENG, Lei YANG, Yu-cai LI, Sheng-jing ZHANG, Hao-qi LU, Pan LIANG, Yong-xiang REN. Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal characteristics and metabolic mechanism of heterotrophic nitriying bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri Strain NP3[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1901 -1910 .
污水中的氮、磷导致水体富营养化,引发藻类过度繁殖、水质恶化以及水生态系统崩溃等问题.城镇污水处理厂脱氮除磷通常采用A2O工艺,但由于硝化、反硝化和聚磷过程的分离,该工艺存在能耗高、工艺复杂、稳定性差等问题[1].近年来,新型同步生物脱氮除磷技术备受关注,通过单一反应器可实现氮、磷高效去除,大幅减少处理流程、降低基建费用和运行成本,因此成为污水处理领域研究热点之一[2].
自20世纪80年代以来,研究人员已从不同环境条件下筛选出多种属的异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HN-AD)细菌,该类菌株生长速率快、增殖底物广泛、环境适应强,能够有效去除污水中的污染物[3].目前,部分HN-AD细菌已被证实具有高效的异养硝化、好氧反硝化和聚磷能力.菌株Pseudomonas stutzeri ADP19在NH4+-N和PO43−-P的初始浓度为100mg/L和20mg/L的条件下,其最大去除率分别为3.44和0.41mg/(L·h)[4].Huang等[5]人研究好氧反硝化菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa SNDPR-01在最佳条件下对氨氮和磷酸盐的去除率分别达到87%和97%,其脱氮途径为:NH4+→NH2OH→NO2→NO3→NO2→NO→N2O→N2.目前,研究人员针对HN-AD细菌脱氮除磷途径开展大量研究,但仍存在诸多分歧,特别是对于除磷机制的理解尚不明确.先前研究报道HN-AD细菌除磷主要是基于胞外聚合物(EPS)的吸附和细胞的同化作用.与传统生物除磷过程不同,菌株Bacillus subtilis GHSP10的除磷过程可以在完全好氧条件下完成,其能量来自于外部碳源的氧化[6].在连续的有氧循环中,菌株Diutina rugosa BL3可以实现高效除磷,去除的磷大部分储存在EPS中[7].有相关研究分析表明,在不同的初始磷浓度下,细胞和EPS对磷去除的贡献在55%~66%和34%~45%之间[5].EPS中富含羟基、羧基、磺酸盐等丰富的官能团,可以通过离子交换和氢键直接吸附磷,同时也可以分泌多种蛋白质酶参与生物除磷过程[8].然而,现有研究主要关注胞内磷的变化,对于EPS在除磷过程中的作用了解仍然不足.因此,加强HN-AD细菌脱氮除磷机制研究,对于丰富生物脱氮除磷理论知识,推动新型同步脱氮除磷工艺发展具有重要意义.
本研究从活性污泥中筛选出HN-AD菌株NP3,开展其菌株鉴定、脱氮除磷特性及影响因子分析,并通过功能基因、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和固体核磁共振技术(NMR)深入探析其脱氮除磷机制.
异养硝化培养基(g/L):(NH42SO4 0.47,C4H4Na2O4·6H2O 5.62,K2HPO4·3H2O 0.15,维氏盐溶液50.00mL,pH=7.0.
亚硝酸盐培养基(g/L):NaNO2 0.49,C4H4Na2O4·6H2O 5.62,K2HPO4·3H2O 0.15,维氏盐溶液50.00mL,pH=7.0.
硝酸盐培养基(g/L):KNO3 0.72,C4H4Na2O4·6H2O 5.62,K2HPO4·3H2O 0.15,维氏盐溶液50.00mL,pH=7.0.
维氏盐溶液(g/L):NaCl 2.50,MgSO4·7H2O 2.50,MnSO4·4H2O 0.05,FeSO4·7H2O 0.05.
以上3种培养基均调至pH值7.0,电导率10~11μS/cm,浊度0.6~0.7NTU.
通过梯度稀释和平板划线法从活性污泥中分离目标菌株,经纯化后,测试各类型单菌落的异养硝化和聚磷能力.筛选出具有较高同步硝化反硝化除磷能力(SNDPR)的菌株,并采用甘油冷冻法保存.对纯化后的菌株进行革兰氏染色,并对其菌体形貌和生理生化特性进行分析.采用上海生工生物技术有限公司的细菌基因组提取试剂盒提取DNA并进行PCR扩增,正反向引物分别为27F:5'-AGAGTTT-GATCCTGGCTCTAG-3'和1492R:5'-GGTTACCT-TGTTACGACTT-3'.同时,对反硝化和聚磷过程相关功能基因(nirS、nosZ和ppk)进行PCR扩增,具体PCR引物和反应条件参考菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa YZN-001[9].将扩增PCR产物送至上海生工科技股份有限公司进行测序分析.所得序列与GenBank中已登录的16S rDNA序列进行核苷酸同源性比较,应用MEGA 10.0软件构建该菌株的系统发育树.
分别以NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N为单一氮源,探究菌株NP3的脱氮除磷性能.将1mL活化后的菌液接种在99mL无菌BM培养基中,在30℃和160r/min的条件下摇床培养48h.培养过程中,每隔4h取样测定菌体生长吸光度(D600)、TN、NO3-N、NO2-N、NH4+-N和PO43-P的浓度变化.同时,气态氮测定采用橡胶塞密封锥形瓶,使用1000μL气密注射器定期采集N2O、O2和N2[10].为了分析磷在不同组分中的分布,通过改进的加热法提取EPS[11].然后分别分析上清液、EPS、细胞内、细胞膜中总磷的浓度.
为考察碳源、温度、pH值、C/N比和转速对菌株NP3脱氮除磷性能的影响,在初始NH4+-N浓度为100mg/L,PO43-P浓度为20mg/L的条件下进行了单因素摇瓶试验.以柠檬酸钠、乙酸钠、葡萄糖和蔗糖为碳源;将温度设定为10,20,30,37℃;pH值调整为5,6,7,8,9和10;C/N比为2,5,10和15;摇床转速分别为80,120,160和200r/min.上述试验均在250mL锥形瓶中接种1mL细菌悬浮液和99mL无菌培养基中进行.除单因素调整外,其他因素保持不变,反应24h后取样测定氮、磷浓度和D600.
将完整的菌体和提取EPS后的菌体混合液冷冻干燥成粉末后,采用XPS分析细菌在提取EPS前后表面官能团的变化,利用31P核磁共振测定细菌在提取EPS前后磷的类型变化.XPS全谱能量范围选择1200~0eV,使用C1s=284.8eV结合能作为能量标准进行电荷校正,对C1s、N1s、O1s、P2p跃迁采集了高分辨率光谱,测试参数如下:扫描周期为2周,范围为200μm,能量步长为0.05eV.运用Avantage软件进行数据分析.NMR使用85% H3PO4作为外部标准,通过与标准化物种比较化学位移,从而确定不同的磷物种.使用MestNova 9.0软件对检测光谱进行积分来计算峰面积.
NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TN和PO43--P浓度均采用标准方法测定; D600采用吸光度法测定;N2O、O2和N2采用气相色谱法(GC)测定.所有试验均一式三份,结果表示为平均值±标准差.菌株NP3的生长特征采用logistic模型拟合,如式(1)[12]所示;NH4+-N和PO3--P降解采用一级动力学模拟,如式(2)[13]所示.
式中: y为某时刻D600值;t是反应时间,h;abk均为Logistic生长方程常数;e为自然常数.
式中:S为某时刻氮、磷浓度,mg/L;t是反应时间,h;kb是动力学常数;e为自然常数.
菌株NP3的菌落为圆形,直径约1.5mm,呈黄色,表面光滑,凸起,不透明,革兰氏染色为阴性.通过扫描电镜观察,细胞形态为杆状,大小约为(0.4~0.5)μm×(1.0~1.5)μm,无鞭毛(图1).该菌株能够还原硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,但不具有产氨能力(表1).
经过16S rRNA测序比对,初步确定菌株NP3为假单胞菌属,将菌株NP3与同源性较高的假单胞菌和其他异养硝化菌属进行系统发育分析(图2),NP3与Pseudomonas stutzeri YZN-001的相似度极高[9],进一步确定菌株NP3为施氏假单胞菌(序列号: MG917742.1).此外,成功扩增并测序了nirS(序列号: PP061276),nosZ(序列号:PP061275)和ppk(序列号: PP061274)基因的完整序列,其中nirS编码亚硝酸盐还原酶,负责将亚硝酸盐还原为一氧化氮(NO);nosZ编码一氧化氮还原酶,负责将NO还原为N2ppk编码多磷酸激酶,负责催化三磷酸腺苷(ATP)末端磷酸转化为Poly-P,保持细菌细胞中Poly-P的稳定性,进一步证实了NP3具有好氧反硝化和聚磷能力.
图3a所示,菌株NP3的生长经历了4h的停滞阶段后进入对数增长期,在32h时达到稳定,D600增长到1.21.同时,NH4+-N浓度从100mg/L迅速降至0mg/L,NH4+-N平均去除速率为3.13mg/(L·h),远高于菌株Pseudomonas tolaasii Y-11(2.04mg/(L·h))[14]Vibrio diabolicus SF16(2.29mg/(L·h))[10].在8~12h内,NH4+-N最大去除速率达到5.74mg/(L·h).PO43--P的浓度变化与NH4+-N相似,32h内也几乎完全去除,最大去除速率为1.10mg/(L·h). NH4+-N和PO43--P降解趋势一致,表明NH4+-N的去除和P的积累是同步进行的.此外,由于衰亡菌体内源代谢的影响,NH4+-N和PO43--P的浓度略有增加[12].在反应过程中,没有检测到NO2--N,NO3--N最终积累量为16.62mg/L,该结果与菌株Acinetobacter sp. T1的异养硝化特性一致[15].
图3b所示,在培养过程中,随着O2的消耗,N2含量在48h内从0增加到1.22mg.仅检测到极少量的N2O,在8h时达到最大值0.82μg,体现出NP3菌株的环境友好性,有利于温室气体的控逸.氮平衡分析表明,约64.33%的NH4+-N被同化为胞内氮,12.17%转化为气态氮,其余转化为硝化中间产物.磷平衡分析表明,在反应结束时,溶液中的大部分磷逐渐转化至细胞膜、细胞内和EPS区域.大约17%的磷转移至细胞质中,30%的磷存在于细胞膜中,48%的磷吸附在EPS中,进一步表明EPS在磷去除中占重要作用.一些好氧除磷菌株,如Shewanella sp. CF8-6[11]Diutina rugosa BL3 [7]Seudomonas aeruginosa strain SNDPR-01[5]也主要在EPS中积累磷酸盐,占40%~70%.
菌株NP3的好氧反硝化能力如图4所示.当以硝酸盐为唯一氮源时,菌株适应期较长,培养24h后,菌株快速增殖,D600在40h达到峰值1.08,最大生长速率为0.08mg/(L·h).NO3--N的消耗与细胞生长速度密切相关,在48h内从105mg/L降至10.68mg/L,去除率约89.82%,最大去除速率为5.02mg/(L·h),高于菌株Exiguobacterium mexicanum strain SND-01(3.63mg/(L·h))[16].同时,PO43--P最大去除速率在8~12h内达到0.89mg/(L·h).整个反应过程中,未出现NO2--N的积累,TN的降解趋势与NO3--N几乎一致,TN最终去除率为89.82%.此现象与菌株Pseudomonas sp. JQ-H3[17]Vibrio sp. Y1-5[18]的研究结果相同.
当以亚硝酸盐为唯一氮源时,菌株的适应期缩短,16h后D600快速增加.反应48h后,约92.68%的NO2--N被去除,平均去除速率为2.26mg/(L·h),高于菌株Pseudomonas sp.yy7(0.76mg/(L·h))[19]Bacillus methylotrophicus strain L7 (0.24mg/(L·h))[20].同时,PO43--P的最终去除效率为88.56%,最大去除速率在24~28h内达到1.03mg/(L·h).通常,NO2--N会对微生物产生毒害作用,尤其在高浓度条件会严重抑制反硝化过程[21].然而,菌株NP3在NO2--N初始浓度为117mg/L时,仍能快速增殖,表现出良好的好氧反硝化能力.结合培养过程中NO3--N的积累,推测菌株NP3通过将部分NO2--N转化为NO3--N,消除NO2--N的毒性以实现自我保护[22].此外,24h后出现NH4+-N的迅速积累,这可能是通过亚硝酸盐的异化还原产生的[23].TN的最终去除率为71.02%,略低于以NH4+-N和NO3--N作为单一氮源时的去除效率.
总之,NP3菌株可以使用NH4+-N,NO3--N和NO2--N作为唯一的氮源,并表现出高效的异养硝化-好氧反硝化性. Logistic和一级动力学模型可以较好地模拟NP3菌株的生长(图5a)和氮磷降解特性(图5b图5c).相比而言,NP3对氮源的利用顺序为NH4+-N > NO2--N > NO3--N,对应最大D600值分别为1.21,1.11,1.07,表明菌株异养硝化能力优于好氧反硝化能力.
图6a和6b所示,柠檬酸钠是最佳碳源,在24h内,菌株生长迅速,氨氮和磷的去除率分别达到89.24%和99.89%.当以乙酸钠作为碳源时,氨氮去除效率没有显著变化,磷的去除率降至79.60%.同时,氮平衡分析表明去除氨氮主要转化为内源氮和NO3--N,N2占比仅为10.37%.当使用葡萄糖和蔗糖为碳源时,菌株生长和营养物质去除明显受到抑制,氨氮去除效率仅为53.44%和5.32%,磷去除效率为58.70%和4.70%.以上结果表明,在NP3的异养硝化过程中,有机酸优于糖类,可能是由于有机酸分子量小且结构简单,更容易参与三羧酸循环为细胞提供能量[24].
C/N对菌株NP3异养硝化的影响如图6c和6d所示,菌株在较高C/N比条件下表现出更高的生物量和脱氮除磷效率.当C/N比为2时,菌株NP3生长速率缓慢,在24h内仅去除了34.92%的氨氮和45.15%的磷.随着C/N比从5增加到10,氨氮和磷的去除率分别从66.44%和69.95%增加到89.24%和99.89%.当C/N比超过10后,去除效率有所下降,可能是因为过量的碳源抑制了微生物生长和反硝化过程的电子传递.在菌株Acinetobacter calcoaceticus TY1[25]Pseudomonas stutzeri ADP-19[4]中也发现了类似的现象.整个反应过程中,氮同化率变化不大,保持在57.53%~72.25%之间,但在C/N=2时,N2转化率较高,为19.73%.综合考虑成本效益,C/N=10为最佳工艺条件.
菌株NP3在20~37℃下生长迅速,脱氮除磷效果良好(图6e和6f).当温度为10℃,低温直接影响了菌株生长和功能酶的活性,氮、磷去除率受到显著抑制,未检测到硝化产物.经比较,30℃是菌株NP3脱氮除磷的最适温度,氨氮和磷的最终去除率分别为89.24%和99.89%,这一结果与先前对Acinetobacter sp. FYF8[26]Pseudomonas balearica UFV3[27]的研究结果一致.当温度增至37℃时,D600值降低,除磷效率下降明显,但脱氮效果稳定.结果表明,菌株NP3和大部分HN-AD细菌一样,适宜在温暖的环境下生长繁殖,并不适应于寒冷地区.
菌株NP3可以在较宽的pH值范围内(6~9)快速生长并去除营养物质(图6g和6h).当pH=7时,菌株的生物量最高,氨氮和磷的最终去除率分别达到了89.24%和99.89%.当pH值升至9时,脱氮除磷效果略有下降,但仍保持在较高水平,24h内氨氮和磷酸盐去除率分别为79.82%和89.81%,表明即使是在弱碱性条件下菌株NP3也能表现出良好的脱氮除磷效果,优于先前报道的Acinetobacter calcoaceticus TY1(6~8)[25]Pseudomonas stutzeri T13(6~8)[28]等菌株.当pH<6时,菌株NP3的生长速度和脱氮除磷效率降低,主要原因是极端酸性条件阻碍了菌株的代谢和生长,表明菌株NP3更倾向于中性、弱碱性环境.在不同的pH值条件下,氮转化形式没有太大差异,同化作用为主要氮去除途径,NH4+-N转化为内源氮占比在67.23%~86.63%之间.
通过调节转速来评估溶解氧对菌株NP3异养硝化性能的影响.在不同的转速条件下,微生物的生长和脱氮除磷效率均表现良好(图6i和6j).随着转速从80r/min(DO=4.3mg/L)增加到120r/min (DO=5.7mg/L),在24h内,磷酸盐的去除效率从88.15%增加到90.50%,氨氮去除率则从84.90%提高至85.21%.当转速为160r/min(DO=6.5mg/L)时,菌株NP3的细胞生长量最高,D600值达到1.42,氨氮和磷的去除率分别为89.24%和99.89%.这可归因于提高的转速加快了氧分子与氨氮的传质速率,并促进了细菌与底物之间的接触[29].当转速继续提高到200r/min (DO= 6.2mg/L)时,菌株NP3的营养物去除效率没有进一步提高,微生物生长速度略有下降,可能是转速过高会产生过量的自由基,容易破坏菌体组织,对细菌不利[4].
综上所述,菌株NP3的最佳生长和异养硝化条件:以柠檬酸钠为碳源,C/N=10,温度为30℃,pH=7,转速为160r/min(DO=6.5mg/L).此时的氮平衡分析结果表明,在24h内,去除的NH4+-N中约71.40%通过同化作用转化为胞内氮,10.21%转化为气态氮,其余转化为硝态氮.
对NP3细菌细胞进行XPS分析发现,总谱中缺失了Na和Si元素,C1s、O1s、N1s和P2p峰的形状发生了不同程度的变化(图7).图中清楚地显示了C1s分为三个峰:在281.99eV处的峰归属于C=C基团;在284.70eV处的峰与脂质或氨基酸侧链的C-(C,H)基团有关,即C-(C,H),其占最大比例(59.05%);在288.37eV处的峰来自醇和酰胺的氧或氮键合的碳,即C-(O,N)[30].提取EPS后,C=C和C-(C,H)基团的含量分别从23.43%和59.05%降至13.69%和56.24%,C-(O,N)基团的含量则从17.52%增加到30.07%,这是细胞内碳源合成和降解的结果[31].O1s也分解为三个峰:在529.11eV处的峰是与一个碳或两个碳结合的氧,即C-O/C-O-C,占到40.17%;在531.71eV处的峰由C=O或-OH基团如羧酸酯、羰基、酯或酰胺形成;在535.21eV处的峰归属于O=C-OH基团[32].提取EPS后,C-O/C-O-C和O=C-OH基团的含量都有所下降,C=O/-OH基团的含量有显著的升高,说明氧原子周围的电子密度发生了改变,在EPS提取的过程中存在离子交换[33].N1s分为两个峰:在398.92eV处的峰来自于C-N或N=N基团,在402.77eV处的峰来自于N-Na基团.提取EPS后,N-Na基团消失,出现了归属于-NH2/-NH+基团的新峰.与此不同,提取EPS前,P2p仅在133.09eV处存在来自于磷酸盐基团的特征峰,即PO43-/HPO42-.提取EPS后,在132.94eV处的峰发现有与碳和氧结合的磷,即C-PO3/P-O,源自DNA、RNA和磷脂[34],占到91.02%,说明胞内有机磷占主要部分,用于细菌生长代谢.
通过分析NP3细菌提取EPS前后的XPS数据,可以确定EPS表面的官能团可以吸附各种不同形态的磷,通过膜蛋白转移到细菌细胞中,用于细菌生长.此外,磷在EPS和细胞中会不断迁移,磷含量也在时刻发生变化,说明EPS可以储存磷,在细菌除磷过程中发挥着重要作用.
为深入了解细菌的磷代谢途径,通过31P NMR光谱分析了提取EPS前后细菌中磷的赋存类型.如图8所示,提取EPS前,细菌的31P NMR光谱中观察到两种信号:磷酸盐(24.99×10-6)和焦磷酸盐(-4.03×10-6).其中,焦磷酸盐是主要磷形式,占提取磷的99.36%.这与XPS中磷基团分析一致.提取EPS后,细菌的31P NMR光谱同样显示有两种形式的磷:正磷酸盐(6.17×10-6)和正磷酸盐二酯(-2.84×10-6[35],分别占提取磷的47.10%和52.90%.据报道,主要以磷酸盐形式存在(如铁和钙结合的无机磷),是活细菌的主要营养素[36].磷酸二酯是磷脂、磷酸盐、核糖核酸(RNA)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的主要化合物,用于遗传物质的合成[37].此结果与其他已报道菌株略有不同,在菌株Diutina rugosa BL3的EPS中存有正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯、焦磷酸盐和多磷酸盐[7],而菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa SNDPR-01在EPS中只检测到磷酸单酯[5].
现有研究表明异养硝化菌大致有两种不同的脱氮途径:一种是在好氧条件下能将NH4+-N转化成NO2--N和NO3--N,然后再将产生的NO2--N和NO3--N作为电子受体从而达到脱氮作用[38];另一种途径则是在好氧的条件下先将NH4+-N转化成NH2OH,然后直接转化成气态氮[4].本研究中,基于菌株NP3对不同氮源的利用转化、中间产物的生成规律以及功能基因(nirsnosz)的成功表达,推测菌株NP3脱氮过程经历了完整的硝化和反硝化过程,即脱氮途径为NH4+→NH2OH→NO2-→NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O→N2图9).
此外,结合XPS和核磁共振数据结果,推断出EPS可能的磷转化机制(图9):在需氧的条件下,由于EPS中含有大量带电官能团,废水中大部分的磷(正磷酸盐)易于被EPS所吸附[39].EPS吸附的磷进一步通过细胞膜上的转运蛋白转移到细胞中,用于细菌的快速生长,其中对数阶段下通过PHA的降解以ATP的形式提供能量[6].同时,在细胞质中,正磷酸盐被转化为膜磷脂、磷酸二酯等不同形式的磷,而EPS中正磷酸盐也可以转化为焦磷酸盐和其他磷酸盐形式.此外,随着代谢废物的排泄或细胞自溶,细胞中的磷可能会重新释放到EPS中.当细菌进入衰退期后,为满足细胞的营养需求,部分磷会重新返回到细胞中,能量来自于糖原降解产生的ATP[40].在细菌除磷过程中,EPS充当中间转移站,PHA和糖原是能量来源,未来仍需进一步研究在除磷过程中PHAs与糖原相互作用的机制以及能量代谢途径.
3.1 从活性污泥中分离筛选出一株高效HN-AD菌株NP3,鉴定为施氏假单胞菌属.同时,该菌株成功扩增功能基因ppknirsnosz,表明分离菌株具有同步的脱氮和聚磷能力.
3.2 在不同氮源(氨氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐)条件下,菌株NP3均展现出优异的HN-AD能力.NP3的最佳生长和脱氮除磷条件为:柠檬酸钠为碳源,C/N=10,温度为30℃,pH=7,转速为160r/min,此时氨氮和磷酸盐最高去除率分别为89.24%和99.89%.
3.3 结合X射线光电子能谱和31P核磁共振的磷形态特征,表明胞外聚合物(EPS)具有吸附多种形态的磷并将其转移到细菌细胞中的能力,同时EPS在细菌的磷代谢过程中扮演着储存和迁移磷的关键角色.
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52300216; 52270169)
  • 西安建筑科技大学前沿交叉领域培育专项(X20230076)
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11
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国家自然科学基金项目(52300216; 52270169)
西安建筑科技大学前沿交叉领域培育专项(X20230076)
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    1.西安建筑科技大学,陕西省环境工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    2.西安建筑科技大学,西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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