Article(id=1241408715161661627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724947200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904501952, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904501952, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904501952, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904501952, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2220, endPage=2229, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408715568509121, articleId=1241408715161661627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in fish gastrointestinal tract of Nandu River on Hainan Island, columnId=1240689620866887794, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Emerging Contaminants, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a hot research topic in the environmental field, while few studies have reported the MPs pollution in the gastrointestinal tract of river fish in Hainan Island. In the present study, 222 freshwater fish specimens belonging to 35 species with different feeding habits were collected from 11 sampling sites located in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Nandu River. The pollution characteristics of MPs in the gastrointestinal tract of fish samples were analyzed. The results showed that MPs were detected in 94.5% of the fish gastrointestinal tracts, with an average abundance of (4.85±3.51)MPs per fish. The MPs in fish gastrointestinal tract were dominated by <1.0mm (73.3%) transparent (38.9%) fibers (60.6%), and were mainly composed of polypropylene (53.3%) and polyethylene (34.2%). The highest abundance of MPs was recorded in the gastrointestinal tract of filter-feeding planktivorous fish (7.00 per fish) and the lowest abundance was recorded in the gastrointestinal tract of insectivorous fish (2.57 per fish). From the upper to the lower reaches, the percentage of blue fragment MPs with size <1.0mm in the fish gastrointestinal tract was increasing, while the percentage of yellow/red fiber/film MPs with size >1.0mm was decreasing. This could be attributed to the increase of aquacultural activities, the usage of agricultural films, and a large amount of sewage and industrial wastewater in the lower reaches.

, correspAuthors=Tuan-tuan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-bo LIANG, Ru-yi JIANG, Zi-yang LIU, Kang XU, Sai WANG, Tuan-tuan WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408722195509740, articleId=1241408715161661627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=海南岛南渡江鱼胃肠道中微塑料特征, columnId=1240689621210820752, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=新污染物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在海南岛南渡江上、中、下游共11个位点采集具有不同摄食习性的淡水鱼类35种222条并进行胃肠道中MPs分析.结果显示,在94.5%的鱼胃肠道有检测出了MPs,平均丰度为(4.85±3.51)个/条.南渡江鱼胃肠道中MPs以<1.0mm(73.3%)的透明(38.9%)纤维(60.6%)为主,MPs主要由聚丙烯(53.3%)和聚乙烯(34.2%)组成.浮游植物食性鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度(7.00个/条)最高,水生昆虫食性鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度最低(2.57个/条).从南渡江上游至下游,鱼胃肠道中<1.0mm的蓝色纤维MPs占比不断增加,>1.0mm的黄色/红色碎片/薄膜MPs的占比不断降低,这可能与南渡江下游水产养殖活动、农膜的使用量、城市生活污水和工业废水的排放量增大有关.

, correspAuthors=王团团, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,讲师,
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梁鸿博(2003-),男,山东菏泽人,海南大学本科生,主要从事有关微塑料的研究..

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梁鸿博(2003-),男,山东菏泽人,海南大学本科生,主要从事有关微塑料的研究..

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梁鸿博(2003-),男,山东菏泽人,海南大学本科生,主要从事有关微塑料的研究..

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审图号:GS(2023)2762

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Information of each fish species in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鱼类种类拉丁文名称鱼类食性尾数(条)体长(cm)体重(g,湿重)出现位点
花身富丽鱼Parachromis managuensis甲壳类食性9126±3761.5±36.7N1,N5,N10
攀鲈Anabas testudineus甲壳类食性379±1718.7±10.9N1
间鱼骨Hemibarbus medius甲壳类食性12115±2027.8±16.3N1,N2,N5,N6
七丝鲚Coiliagrayi甲壳类食性369±159.8±6.9N2
南方白甲鱼Onychostoma gerlachi着生藻类食性12126±3433.1±11.8N1,N5,N6,N10
Cyprinidae碎屑食性9148±2967.1±37.3N1,N7,N11
点纹银鮈Squalidus wolterstorffi着生藻类食性359±57.1±0.9N1
马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens水生昆虫食性18115±2623.5±13.6N1,N2,N4,N5,N6,N8
尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus碎屑食性15101±2941.5±28.8N2,N5,N6,N7,N11
Hemiculter leucisculus碎屑食性9134±42.620.5±7.9N4,N5,N6
海南鲌Culter recurviceps中上层肉食性15130±4026.5±12.4N1,N4,N6,N8,N11
海南长臀鮠Cranoglanis multiradiatus甲壳类食性3161±42.555.6±27.2N8
大刺鳅Mastacembelus armatus甲壳类食性971±1110.9±4.8N1,N2,N11
云斑尖塘鳢Oxyeleotris marmorata底层肉食性15131±4371.9±51.5N1,N5,N8,N10,N11
大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus着生藻类食性683± 1513.0±5.4N10,N11
黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi着生藻类食性6169± 479.3±14.9N5,N11
Aristichthys nobilis浮游动物食性359±76.7±2.5N10
棕胡子鲇Clarias fuscus甲壳类食性6172±7338.5±20.4N6,N8
须鲫Setipinna taty碎屑食性12124±3457.5±38.1N4,N6,N11
蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus中上层肉食性388±3610.3±8.1N8
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix浮游植物食性3109±2019.3±1.1N6
棱鮻Liza carinata浮游动物食性367±46.9±0.8N7
大鳞鮻Liza macrolepis浮游动物食性380±310.8±0.9N7
汉氏棱鳀Thryssa hamiltonii浮游动物食性3111±831.3±15.7N7
六带鲹Caranx sexfasciatus中上层肉食性375±2318.6±10.1N7
脂眼鲱Etrumeus teres浮游动物食性3103±421.1±5.4N7
中华海鲇Arius sinensis甲壳类食性6120±11135.9±18.8N4,N7
斑鰶Konosirus punctatus浮游植物食性3100±1922.8±10.1N7
海南似鱎Toxabramis houdemeri碎屑食性3135±857.3±34.5N10
Carassius auratus碎屑食性6142±4106.7±6.3N5,N8
斑鳢Channa maculata底层肉食性3178±24106.7±34.9N10
泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus水生昆虫食性3168±1331.3±3.0N8
越南鱊Acheilognathus tonkinensis着生藻类食性3100±1922.7±10.1N4
海南黑鳍鳈Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis水生昆虫食性3106±1043.7±5.7N11
纹唇Osteochilus salsburyi碎屑食性359±76.7±2.5N6
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本研究中每种鱼的信息

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鱼类种类拉丁文名称鱼类食性尾数(条)体长(cm)体重(g,湿重)出现位点
花身富丽鱼Parachromis managuensis甲壳类食性9126±3761.5±36.7N1,N5,N10
攀鲈Anabas testudineus甲壳类食性379±1718.7±10.9N1
间鱼骨Hemibarbus medius甲壳类食性12115±2027.8±16.3N1,N2,N5,N6
七丝鲚Coiliagrayi甲壳类食性369±159.8±6.9N2
南方白甲鱼Onychostoma gerlachi着生藻类食性12126±3433.1±11.8N1,N5,N6,N10
Cyprinidae碎屑食性9148±2967.1±37.3N1,N7,N11
点纹银鮈Squalidus wolterstorffi着生藻类食性359±57.1±0.9N1
马口鱼Opsariichthys bidens水生昆虫食性18115±2623.5±13.6N1,N2,N4,N5,N6,N8
尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus碎屑食性15101±2941.5±28.8N2,N5,N6,N7,N11
Hemiculter leucisculus碎屑食性9134±42.620.5±7.9N4,N5,N6
海南鲌Culter recurviceps中上层肉食性15130±4026.5±12.4N1,N4,N6,N8,N11
海南长臀鮠Cranoglanis multiradiatus甲壳类食性3161±42.555.6±27.2N8
大刺鳅Mastacembelus armatus甲壳类食性971±1110.9±4.8N1,N2,N11
云斑尖塘鳢Oxyeleotris marmorata底层肉食性15131±4371.9±51.5N1,N5,N8,N10,N11
大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus着生藻类食性683± 1513.0±5.4N10,N11
黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi着生藻类食性6169± 479.3±14.9N5,N11
Aristichthys nobilis浮游动物食性359±76.7±2.5N10
棕胡子鲇Clarias fuscus甲壳类食性6172±7338.5±20.4N6,N8
须鲫Setipinna taty碎屑食性12124±3457.5±38.1N4,N6,N11
蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus中上层肉食性388±3610.3±8.1N8
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix浮游植物食性3109±2019.3±1.1N6
棱鮻Liza carinata浮游动物食性367±46.9±0.8N7
大鳞鮻Liza macrolepis浮游动物食性380±310.8±0.9N7
汉氏棱鳀Thryssa hamiltonii浮游动物食性3111±831.3±15.7N7
六带鲹Caranx sexfasciatus中上层肉食性375±2318.6±10.1N7
脂眼鲱Etrumeus teres浮游动物食性3103±421.1±5.4N7
中华海鲇Arius sinensis甲壳类食性6120±11135.9±18.8N4,N7
斑鰶Konosirus punctatus浮游植物食性3100±1922.8±10.1N7
海南似鱎Toxabramis houdemeri碎屑食性3135±857.3±34.5N10
Carassius auratus碎屑食性6142±4106.7±6.3N5,N8
斑鳢Channa maculata底层肉食性3178±24106.7±34.9N10
泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus水生昆虫食性3168±1331.3±3.0N8
越南鱊Acheilognathus tonkinensis着生藻类食性3100±1922.7±10.1N4
海南黑鳍鳈Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis水生昆虫食性3106±1043.7±5.7N11
纹唇Osteochilus salsburyi碎屑食性359±76.7±2.5N6
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海南岛南渡江鱼胃肠道中微塑料特征
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梁鸿博 1, 2 , 姜如易 1, 2 , 刘子扬 1, 2 , 许康 1, 2 , 王赛 2 , 王团团 3, *
中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025,45(4): 2220-2229
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中国环境科学 | 新污染物 2025, 45(4): 2220-2229
海南岛南渡江鱼胃肠道中微塑料特征
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梁鸿博1, 2 , 姜如易1, 2, 刘子扬1, 2, 许康1, 2, 王赛2, 王团团3, *
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学海洋科学与工程学院,海南 海口 570228
  • 2.海南大学南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室,海南 海口 570228
  • 3.海南大学生态学院,海南 海口 570228
  • 梁鸿博(2003-),男,山东菏泽人,海南大学本科生,主要从事有关微塑料的研究..

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* 责任作者,讲师,
Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in fish gastrointestinal tract of Nandu River on Hainan Island
Hong-bo LIANG1, 2 , Ru-yi JIANG1, 2, Zi-yang LIU1, 2, Kang XU1, 2, Sai WANG2, Tuan-tuan WANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Marine Sciences and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
  • 3.College of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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在海南岛南渡江上、中、下游共11个位点采集具有不同摄食习性的淡水鱼类35种222条并进行胃肠道中MPs分析.结果显示,在94.5%的鱼胃肠道有检测出了MPs,平均丰度为(4.85±3.51)个/条.南渡江鱼胃肠道中MPs以<1.0mm(73.3%)的透明(38.9%)纤维(60.6%)为主,MPs主要由聚丙烯(53.3%)和聚乙烯(34.2%)组成.浮游植物食性鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度(7.00个/条)最高,水生昆虫食性鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度最低(2.57个/条).从南渡江上游至下游,鱼胃肠道中<1.0mm的蓝色纤维MPs占比不断增加,>1.0mm的黄色/红色碎片/薄膜MPs的占比不断降低,这可能与南渡江下游水产养殖活动、农膜的使用量、城市生活污水和工业废水的排放量增大有关.

微塑料(MPs)  /  海南岛  /  南渡江  /  鱼胃肠道  /  食性

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a hot research topic in the environmental field, while few studies have reported the MPs pollution in the gastrointestinal tract of river fish in Hainan Island. In the present study, 222 freshwater fish specimens belonging to 35 species with different feeding habits were collected from 11 sampling sites located in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Nandu River. The pollution characteristics of MPs in the gastrointestinal tract of fish samples were analyzed. The results showed that MPs were detected in 94.5% of the fish gastrointestinal tracts, with an average abundance of (4.85±3.51)MPs per fish. The MPs in fish gastrointestinal tract were dominated by <1.0mm (73.3%) transparent (38.9%) fibers (60.6%), and were mainly composed of polypropylene (53.3%) and polyethylene (34.2%). The highest abundance of MPs was recorded in the gastrointestinal tract of filter-feeding planktivorous fish (7.00 per fish) and the lowest abundance was recorded in the gastrointestinal tract of insectivorous fish (2.57 per fish). From the upper to the lower reaches, the percentage of blue fragment MPs with size <1.0mm in the fish gastrointestinal tract was increasing, while the percentage of yellow/red fiber/film MPs with size >1.0mm was decreasing. This could be attributed to the increase of aquacultural activities, the usage of agricultural films, and a large amount of sewage and industrial wastewater in the lower reaches.

microplastics (MPs)  /  Hainan Island  /  Nandu River  /  fish gastrointestinal tract  /  feeding habits
梁鸿博, 姜如易, 刘子扬, 许康, 王赛, 王团团. 海南岛南渡江鱼胃肠道中微塑料特征. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2220 -2229 .
Hong-bo LIANG, Ru-yi JIANG, Zi-yang LIU, Kang XU, Sai WANG, Tuan-tuan WANG. Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in fish gastrointestinal tract of Nandu River on Hainan Island[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 2220 -2229 .
微塑料(MPs)是指直径小于5mm的微小塑料[1],可能在环境中持续存在数十年甚至数百年[2-4].据估计,每年约有245t MPs进入全球水域[5],导致MPs广泛分布于各类水环境中.鱼类是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,具有较高的食用价值和经济价值.由于MPs体积微小且外形与食物相似,因此容易被鱼类有意或无意摄入[6].已有研究表明,MPs会影响水生生物的身体和行为特征以及生理功能,包括游泳速度的降低、肠道阻塞、消化不良、器官破坏、免疫系统减弱等,甚至导致器官衰竭和死亡[7-9],还会将MPs富集的某些有毒物质引入水生生物食物网[10].因此,评估鱼胃肠道中MPs的污染情况及其潜在风险至关重要.
目前关于河流生态系统中鱼胃肠道中MPs污染现状的研究主要集在黄河、珠江、北江等流域[11-14],关于海南岛重点河流鱼胃肠道中MPs污染的研究较少.南渡江是海南岛最大河流,发源于海南省白沙黎族自治县南峰山,流经白沙县、琼中县、儋州市、澄迈县、屯昌县、定安县和海口市,最后于海口市三联社区汇入琼州海峡,全长333.8km,总落差703m.随着海南自贸港的建设,海南岛重点河流及滨海环境的生态环境问题日益突出.已有研究在海南岛重点河流及滨海生态系统的地表水/海水和沉积物中检出不同程度的重金属[15]、MPs[16]、抗生素[17]和农药[18]污染.虽然已有研究报道南渡江地表水和鱼胃肠道内MPs的污染现状[19],然而,关于鱼食性及空间分布对鱼胃肠道内MPs丰度及特征的影响还未有报道.本研究旨在弄清海南岛南渡江鱼胃肠中MPs的污染现状,明确不同食性鱼类摄入MPs的差异,探讨不同位点对鱼胃肠道MPs的丰度和特征的影响.本研究的主要创新点在于探索鱼食性对鱼胃肠道MPs丰度的影响.研究结果将为海南岛南渡江鱼胃肠道中MPs的污染现状及渔业资源的保护提供重要的数据支持和理论依据.
在南渡江的上、中、下游共选取了包括城镇居民区、自然流域区在内的11个采样点(图1),于2021年7~9月用拖网(6m宽,4cm网眼)在采样点进行鱼类样本采集,采集的所有鱼类样品立刻运回实验室并进行冷冻储藏.由于N3和N9两位点(已用灰色标出)采集到的鱼类样本较少,胃肠道样品不够用于MPs分析,因此本研究不包括N3和N9两个位点鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度和特征数据.每种鱼的信息见表1.
将鱼类样品从冰箱中取出,用蒸馏水冲洗干净鱼的表面,用手术刀和镊子仔细地取出胃肠道并称重.用剪刀将每条鱼的胃肠剪碎后,分别放入1000mL的干净烧杯中[20].根据全部胃肠道的重量(湿重),按KOH(干重):胃肠质量(湿重)=3:1的比例将10%的KOH溶液加入到烧杯中使其能覆盖住胃肠样品,用铝箔覆盖在烧杯上,放入恒温水浴锅(LC-WB-6力辰科技)中60℃消解24h,消解过程中每隔6h晃动烧杯,以便加速消解[21].消解完全后,加入一定量盐酸溶液(15%)中和KOH使消解液呈中性.对于上清液,采用0.45µm的玻璃纤维滤纸(G/GF,47mm Ø,Whatman)过滤,玻璃纤维滤膜放入培养皿中待测;对于消解液中泥沙等不溶物,添加饱和氯化锌溶液进行浮选,浮选得到的上清液再采用0.45µm的玻璃纤维滤纸过滤,玻璃纤维滤膜放入培养皿中待测.
借助体式显微镜对玻璃纤维滤膜上的MPs样品进行镜检,并记录检出MPs的尺寸、颜色、形状.采用体式显微镜计数MPs时需满足以下标准:(1)看不到细胞或有机结构,(2)纤维整段厚度相同,末端不应变细,(3)彩色的MPs颜色分布均匀,(4)纤维没有被分割,或显示为扭曲的扁平丝带,(5)MPs没有光泽[22-23].使用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪鉴定MPs成分,应用OMNIC软件分析光谱,并与Knowitall数据库进行比对,匹配度大于75%的聚合物即被认定为MPs材质.
在样品采集、提取和鉴定过程中,操作人员穿戴丁腈手套和纯棉实验服,佩戴纯棉口罩以避免人为MPs污染.在显微镜观察和傅立叶变换红外光谱仪测定前,对体式显微镜和光谱仪的样品支架进行仔细清洗和检查,同时作空白对照以排除实验室潜在污染.在各空白对照中均没有检测到MPs,说明实验过程没有受到MPs污染.实验中同时设置对照组,结果显示本研究对鱼胃肠MPs的预处理、观察和鉴定方法均有效.
应用ArcMap 10.8软件绘制位点图,采用Excel 2021对实验数据进行处理,采用Origin 2.0绘制鱼胃肠道中不同尺寸、颜色、形态MPs的丰度图和百分比图等,采用SPSS软件统计不同位点鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度差异的显著性.
本研究在共计11个位点中采集到35种222条鱼,在94.5%的鱼胃肠道中共检出1077个MPs,鱼胃肠MPs的平均丰度为(4.85±3.51)个/条.大量研究表明,在鱼胃肠道中经常可以检测到MPs,南渡江鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度低于北江(5.6个/条)[24]、珠江(7.0个/条)[24]、伊朗卡拉苏河(8.2个/条)[25]鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度,高于葡萄牙蒙德古河(1.67个/条)[26]、英吉利海峡(1.90个/条)[27]、泰国乌博拉塔纳水库(2.9个/条)鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度[28].这表明,南渡江鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度处于中等水平.Chen等[19]研究了南渡江水体和鱼胃肠道中MPs的污染特征,发现鱼胃肠道中MPs的检出率为90.5%,丰度为(3.20±2.60)个/条,略低于本研究中鱼胃肠道中MPs的检出率(94.5%)和丰度(4.85±3.51个/条),这说明南渡江鱼胃肠道中MPs污染现状不容忽视.
不同物种的鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度差异较大,MPs丰度较高的物种有黄尾鲴(11.50±8.25)个/条、海南鲌(8.44±1.17)个/条和蒙古鲌(7.83±0.71)个/条;MPs丰度较低的个体有(1.56±0.19)个/条、大鳍鱊(1.67±1.41)个/条和间(2.44±1.39)个/条.按重量计算,胃肠道中MPs丰度较高的个体有黄尾鲴(0.55±0.63)个/g、大刺鳅(0.43±0.477)个/g和鲮(0.27±0.35)个/g,丰度较低的个体有(0.010±0.006)个/g、间(0.021±0.016)个/g和花身富丽鱼(0.029±0.024)个/g.这种差异是因为鱼的大小和体重会影响胃肠道中MPs的丰度[11].
南渡江鱼类胃肠道中检出MPs尺寸包括<0.5mm、0.5~1.0mm、1.0~2.0mm、2.0~3.0mm、3.0~4.0mm、4.0~5.0mm,不同尺寸MPs占比分别为52.3%、21.0%、14.3%、6.8%、3.4%、2.2%(图2),在所有观察到的MPs中最小尺寸为57 µm.观察到的MPs包括5种不同的颜色,透明、蓝色、黑色、黄色和红色,占比分别是38.9%、22.5%、18.9%、11.6%、8.1%(图2).MPs的形状包括纤维、碎片和薄膜,占比分别是60.6%、25.3%、14.1%(图2).上述结果表明,鱼类胃肠道中MPs以<1.0mm(73.3%)的透明(38.9%)纤维(60.6%)为主.这与珠江[24]、北江[24]的研究结果一致,与葡萄牙蒙德古河口[26]、泰国乌博拉塔纳水库[28]、伊朗卡拉苏河[25]和Chen等[19]对南渡江的研究结果不同.葡萄牙蒙德古河口鱼胃肠道内MPs以4~5mm(30.0%)蓝色(47.0%)纤维(96.0%)为主,泰国乌博拉塔纳水库鱼胃肠道内MPs以<0.5mm(66.4%)蓝色(51.0)纤维(98.2%)为主,伊朗卡拉苏河河鱼胃肠道中MPs以<0.025mm(60%)纤维(63%)为主,这种差异主要与研究区域MPs的污染来源有关.Chen等的研究中,南渡江鱼胃肠道中MPs以> 0.5mm(64.5%)的纤维(80%)为主,与本研究结果略有不同.
在鱼胃肠道检出的1077个MPs中,本文根据不同形态占比选取了120个MPs进行傅立叶变换红外光谱分析,其中包括纤维72个(60.0 %),碎片30个(25.0%),薄膜18个(15%).傅立叶变换红外光谱结果显示,鱼胃肠道中观察到的MPs成分有聚丙烯(PP)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚酰胺(PA)、聚氯乙稀(PVC)和人造纤维丝,占比分别为53.3%、34.2%、4.2%、3.3%和6.7%,表明鱼胃肠道中MPs主要由PP(53.3%)和PE(34.2%)组成.这与英国莱茵河的研究结果类似[29],与Chen等对南渡江的研究结果不同.Chen等对南渡江的研究发现,鱼胃肠道中MPs以PET(36%)和人造纤维丝(21%)为主.这种差异可能与两次研究设置的采集点位、采集的鱼类物种不同有关,也侧面反应了南渡江MPs污染来源的复杂性.此外,本文还发现MPs的材质与形状有关,84.3%的纤维MPs为PP,72.9%的碎片和薄膜MPs为PE.
本课题组对鱼胃肠内含物进行解剖和分析,根据食物组成结果,将鱼类食性划分为中上层肉食性鱼类、底层肉食性鱼类、甲壳食性鱼类、水生昆虫食性鱼类、浮游植物食性鱼类、浮游动物食性鱼类、着生藻食性鱼类和碎屑食性鱼类[31].不同食性鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度不同,从大到小依次为:浮游植物食性(7.00个/条)>中上层肉食性鱼类(5.92个/条)≈碎屑食性(5.23个/条)≈底层肉食性鱼类(5.13个/条)≈着生藻类食性(5.13个/条)>甲壳类食性(4.56个/条)≈浮游动物食性(4.27个/条)>水生昆虫食性(2.57个/条)(图3图4).这表明,浮游植物食性鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度最高,肉食性鱼类(包括中上层肉食性鱼类和底层肉食性鱼类)、碎屑食性鱼类、着生藻类食性次之,甲壳类食性、浮游动物食性较少,水生昆虫食性鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度最低.
鱼类摄入MPs的丰度与鱼类食性的关系目前存在两种不同看法.有研究认为,鱼类主要通过呼吸过滤和捕食过程被动摄入MPs,许多鱼类在发育过程中会改变食性,且鱼胃肠道能有效排出MPs,MPs只能在鱼胃肠道内短暂存在,因此鱼类摄入MPs的丰度和食性没有关系[8,32].然而,也有部分研究认为,摄食类型能影响鱼胃肠道中MPs的丰度,但不同研究所得出的结论并不相同.例如,在渤海湾捕获的商业鱼类中,碎屑食性鱼类、肉食性鱼类和底栖动物食性鱼类胃肠道中MPs丰度显著高于浮游食性和杂食性鱼类胃肠道中MPs丰度[11].也有学者对巴西两个热带河口鱼胃肠道中MPs进行研究,发现鱼肠道中MPs丰度与鱼类食性(藻类食性、浮游动物食性、底栖动物食性和杂食性)之间没有关系[33].本研究中,浮游植物食性鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度最高,肉食性、碎屑食性、着生藻类食性、甲壳类食性、浮游动物食性鱼类也较高,与已报道研究结果均不同[11,33].这是因为鱼类摄入MPs的过程比较复杂,除了食性因素外,鱼胃肠道内MPs的丰度还与觅食区或栖息地MPs污染现状[34]、食物本身MPs的丰度[35]、鱼的捕食频率、生理结构(体型、胃肠道结构)、摄食方式[33]等有关.
浮游植物食性鱼类和浮游动物食性鱼类均为滤食性鱼类,主要通过鳃耙过滤水中微小的浮游生物、细菌、有机碎屑等.由于MPs密度小,会悬浮在水中,易于被滤食性鱼类摄入,导致在浮游植物食性和浮游动物食性鱼类胃肠道中检出较高丰度的MPs(4.27~7.00个/条).相比于浮游动物食性鱼类(4.27个/条),浮游植物食性鱼类更易于摄入在水环境能保持相对静止稳定的MPs,进而表现出更高的MPs丰度(7.00个/条).相比与大尺寸浅色MPs,滤食性鱼类更易于过滤与浮游植物和浮游动物尺寸接近的深色小尺寸MPs,所以浮游植物食性和浮游动物食性鱼类胃肠道中检出的<1mm(81.3%~88.1%)的黑色MPs(37.5%~50.0%)占比远大于其他食性(64.8%~72.7%和14.3%~19.5%)鱼类(着生藻类食性鱼类除外).其次,MPs具有较强的疏水性[36],还带有一定量的负电荷,容易与水中的有机碎屑相互聚集,从而被一些碎屑食性鱼类误食,导致碎屑食性鱼胃肠道中也检出较高丰度的MPs(5.23个/条).此外,有研究发现MPs可以沿着食物链传递,并具有生物蓄积效应,导致营养水平较高的肉食性鱼胃肠道中积累更多的MPs[37].团队其他成员测定了鱼肌肉的稳定性碳、氮同位素值并计算获得鱼类的营养级水平[31].然而,相关性分析结果显示(图5),不同鱼胃肠道中MPs的丰度与物种的营养级水平之间没有显著相关性,这与渤海的研究结果一致[11].这再次说明鱼类摄入MPs的机制比较复杂,营养级水平可能不是唯一影响因素.
南渡江上游(N1~N4)、中游(N5~N7)、下游(N8~N11)鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度分别为(3.4 ± 3.0)个/条、(4.0 ± 3.0)个/条和(7.0 ± 3.9)个/条;当以个/g为单位表示时,南渡江上游、中游、下游鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度分别为(0.25 ± 0.44)个/g、(0.13 ± 0.19)个/g和(0.32 ± 0.34)个/g(图3图6),呈现出从上/中游到下游鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度不断增加的趋势,这与英国泰晤士河的研究结果相似[29].这是因为南渡江的上/中游地区森林覆盖率高,工业和旅游业少,经济不发达,MPs污染水平较低;下游工业和旅游业多,经济较为发达,人口密集,城市化程度高,MPs的输入量不断增加,进而导致鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度增加[19].有研究报道,每年约有3353万t工业、农业和家庭废水排入南渡江下游[15],导致水体中MPs污染水平较高,因此鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度也较高.
从南渡江上/中游(N1~N7)至下游(N8~N11),鱼胃肠道中<1.0mm的MPs占比从68.7%增加至77.8%,蓝色MPs的占比从19.8%增加为30.3%,纤维MPs占比从61.0%增加为68.1%;与此相反,鱼胃肠道中>1.0mm的MPs的占比从31.3%降低为22.2%,黄色和红色MPs占比从23.8%降低为13.1%,碎片和薄膜MPs的占比从40.9%降低为33.8%(图6).以上结果表明,鱼胃肠道中MPs的污染特征呈现空间变化,从南渡江上/中游至下游,鱼胃肠道中<1.0mm的蓝色纤维MPs占比不断增加,>1.0mm的黄色/红色碎片/薄膜MPs的占比不断降低,这反应了南渡江上/中游和下游MPs污染来源的差异.这种差异与南渡江下游水产养殖活动增多、农膜/农用塑料容器的使用量[41]以及城市生活污水和工业废水的排放量[39-40]的增加有关.水产养殖活动中常用的栅栏、船只、浮标、网笼、不渗透膜、喂料器、氧合器和包装材料等是环境中MPs的主要来源之一[38].南渡江下游水流流速快,水动力条件强,易于MPs的碎裂和降解,导致下游水环境中小尺寸(< 1.0mm)MPs占比增多,鱼胃肠道中小尺寸MPs占比增加[42].研究结果显示,海洋鱼类更容易将食物与蓝色MPs混淆,导致胃肠道中检出MPs以蓝色为主[43].本研究中,从南渡江上/中游到南渡江下游,鱼胃肠道中蓝色MPs的占比增加10.5%,一方面可能与下游易于误食蓝色MPs的鱼类增多有关,另一方面可能与下游的渔业活动较为频繁有关,钓鱼用蓝色绳索是蓝色MPs的主要来源[43].
本研究共采集到35种鱼类,只有6种鱼(间、南方白甲鱼、马口鱼、尼罗罗非鱼、海南鲌、云斑尖塘鳢)在≥4个位点出现,本文分析了这6种鱼胃肠道中MPs随位点的变化趋势(图7).结果显示,从南渡江上游到南渡江下游,只有南方白甲鱼胃肠道中MPs呈现不断增加的趋势(图7).南方白甲鱼为着生藻类食性,主要摄食着生藻,从南渡江上游到下游,其胃肠道中MPs的丰度不断增加,表明着生藻中富集的MPs在不断增加.先前研究报道,从南渡江上游到下游,水体中MPs的丰度在不断增加[19].这表明,着生藻类能较好的指示水环境中MPs的污染现状.有研究也发现,水环境中的固着生物膜和着生藻能有效地指示水环境中全氟化合物(PFASs)的污染现状[44].
3.1 与其他研究地区相比,鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度处于中等水平.鱼胃肠道中MPs主要以<1.0mm的透明纤维为主.
3.2 浮游植物食性鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度最高,肉食性、碎屑食性、着生藻类食性鱼类次之,甲壳类食性、浮游动物食性鱼类较少,水生昆虫食性鱼类胃肠道中MPs丰度最低.
3.3 鱼胃肠道中MPs的丰度与摄食类型、觅食区或栖息地MPs污染现状、食物本身MPs的丰度、鱼的捕食频率、生理结构(体型、胃肠道结构)、摄食方式等有关.
3.4 从南渡江上游至下游,鱼胃肠道中MPs丰度不断增加,<1.0mm的蓝色纤维MPs占比不断增加,这与河流下游近岸陆源输送MPs增多且下游水动力条件较强有关.
  • 国家自然科学基金(42367054)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2401301)
  • 海南省重点研发计划(ZDYF2022SHFZ034; ZDYF2022SHFZ032)
  • 海南省自然科学基金(421QN195; 421QN196)
  • 海南省环境保护专项资金项目
  • 海南大学协同创新中心项目(XTCX2022HYC11)
  • 海南大学南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室开放项目(MRUKF2023005)
  • 海南大学科研启动基金(KYQD(ZR)-21033)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(42367054)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD2401301)
海南省重点研发计划(ZDYF2022SHFZ034; ZDYF2022SHFZ032)
海南省自然科学基金(421QN195; 421QN196)
海南省环境保护专项资金项目
海南大学协同创新中心项目(XTCX2022HYC11)
海南大学南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室开放项目(MRUKF2023005)
海南大学科研启动基金(KYQD(ZR)-21033)
作者信息
    1.海南大学海洋科学与工程学院,海南 海口 570228
    2.海南大学南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室,海南 海口 570228
    3.海南大学生态学院,海南 海口 570228

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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