Article(id=1241408715102941370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729785600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904501938, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904501938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904501938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904501938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241408710791189399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1777', pageEnd='2368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904500911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904624658, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241409229878259748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, issueId=1241408710791189399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1844, endPage=1857, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241408715958579397, articleId=1241408715102941370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=EN, title=Vertical distribution and transport characteristics of dust aerosols in the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert, columnId=1234106386020365051, journalTitle=China Environmental Science, columnName=Air Pollution Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The seasonal vertical distribution of aerosols in the southern margin of the Taklamakan Desert was analysed using aerosol LiDAR data from the Minfeng meteorological station from June 2023 to May 2024, and the HYSPLIT backward trajectory model was employed to identify the transport paths of aerosols at different altitude layers. Finally, the vertical distribution of aerosols and their transport paths at different stages of dust pollution are analysed by taking a dust pollution event as an example. The results show that: ①The dust aerosols can be lifted up to a maximum height of 3~4km (4.4~5.4km above sea level) above the ground surface, which is comparable to the average elevation of the Tibetan Plateau (>4km), and suggests the possibility of transport of dust aerosols from the study site to the outside of the Tarim Basin. ②The extinction coefficients of the four seasons show a decreasing trend with height in the vertical direction, and the maximum values are all located at the low altitude of 150m. The highest values are found in spring (0.69km-1, 0.20), followed by winter (0.52km-1, 0.18) and summer (0.40km-1, 0.16), and the lowest values are found in autumn(0.25km-1, 0.11). ③The dust aerosols are mainly affected by the east-west transport, except for the 1500 and 3000m altitude layers in winter which are affected by the westerly transport, the 500, 1500 and 3000m altitude layers in the rest of the seasons are affected by the northeasterly and westerly transport at the same time. ④The extinction coefficients carried by the northeasterly jet are significantly higher than those carried by the westerly jet at different altitudes in all seasons, making the northeasterly jet the main dust transporting jet. ⑤The study of a dust pollution event shows that the extinction coefficient of the near-surface aerosols is greater than 1km-1, the depolarization ratio exceeds 0.3, and the vertical trend is decreasing with height during the dust pollution process. The northeastern airflow in the Tarim Basin is the main transport airflow for dust aerosols during this dust event.

, correspAuthors=Qing HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-jing LI, Qing HE, Hai-liang ZHANG, Yue-yue XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241408724024226468, articleId=1241408715102941370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, language=CN, title=塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输特征, columnId=1234106388364981004, journalTitle=中国环境科学, columnName=大气污染与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输特征,利用2023年6月~2024年5月塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘民丰气象观测站的气溶胶激光雷达资料,分析了该地区气溶胶的季节垂直分布特征.并结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式识别了不同高度层气溶胶的传输路径.最后以一次沙尘污染事件为例,分析了沙尘不同阶段气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输路径.结果表明:①沙尘气溶胶最高可抬升到距地面3~4km(海拔4.4~5.4km)高度,与青藏高原的平均海拔(大于4km)相当,这也表明了研究点的沙尘气溶胶可能传输到塔里木盆地外部.②四季消光系数与退偏振比值在垂直方向上均呈现出随高度升高而逐渐递减的变化趋势,且最大值都位于低空150m高度上,表现为春季(0.69km-1,0.20)最高,冬季(0.52km-1,0.18)和夏季(0.40km-1,0.16)次之,秋季(0.25km-1,0.11)最低.③沙尘气溶胶主要受东西两路气流传输的影响,除冬季1500和3000m 2个高度层受西风气流输送影响外,其余各季节500,1500和3000m高度层均同时受东北气流和西风气流影响.④各季节不同高度层上,东北气流所携带的消光系数值均显著高于西风气流,因此东北气流为主要的沙尘传输气流.⑤对一次沙尘污染事件的研究表明,在沙尘污染过程中,近地面气溶胶消光系数大于1km-1,退偏振比值大于0.3,并且在垂直方向上呈现出随高度升高而逐渐递减的变化趋势.塔里木盆地内的东北气流为此次沙尘事件中沙尘气溶胶的主要输送气流.

, correspAuthors=何清, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 责任作者,研究员,
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李晶晶(1998-),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士,主要从事大气污染与防治相关研究.发表论文3篇..

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李晶晶(1998-),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士,主要从事大气污染与防治相关研究.发表论文3篇..

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李晶晶(1998-),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士,主要从事大气污染与防治相关研究.发表论文3篇..

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Journal of Climate201932(3):749-767., articleTitle=Influence of dynamic and thermal forcing on the meridional transport of Taklimakan Desert dust in spring and summer, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241408732911956620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715102941370, awardId=2021xjkk030501, language=CN, fundingSource=第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk030501), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241408733062951583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715102941370, awardId=42030612, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(42030612), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241408724519154383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715102941370, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241408724527542992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1234093305789726721, articleId=1241408715102941370, companyId=1241408724519154383, language=EN, country=null, 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图中灰色底纹表示沙尘暴时段

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塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输特征
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李晶晶 1, 2 , 何清 1, * , 张海亮 1 , 徐月月 1, 2
中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025,45(4): 1844-1857
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中国环境科学 | 大气污染与控制 2025, 45(4): 1844-1857
塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输特征
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李晶晶1, 2 , 何清1, * , 张海亮1, 徐月月1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所,新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠气象国家野外科学观测研究站,中国气象局塔克拉玛干沙漠气象野外科学试验基地,新疆沙漠气象与沙尘暴重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
  • 2.新疆师范大学地理科学与旅游学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830054
  • 李晶晶(1998-),男,贵州贵阳人,硕士,主要从事大气污染与防治相关研究.发表论文3篇..

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* 责任作者,研究员,
Vertical distribution and transport characteristics of dust aerosols in the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert
Jing-jing LI1, 2 , Qing HE1, * , Hai-liang ZHANG1, Yue-yue XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China
  • 2.College of Geography and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20
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为了探究塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输特征,利用2023年6月~2024年5月塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘民丰气象观测站的气溶胶激光雷达资料,分析了该地区气溶胶的季节垂直分布特征.并结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式识别了不同高度层气溶胶的传输路径.最后以一次沙尘污染事件为例,分析了沙尘不同阶段气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输路径.结果表明:①沙尘气溶胶最高可抬升到距地面3~4km(海拔4.4~5.4km)高度,与青藏高原的平均海拔(大于4km)相当,这也表明了研究点的沙尘气溶胶可能传输到塔里木盆地外部.②四季消光系数与退偏振比值在垂直方向上均呈现出随高度升高而逐渐递减的变化趋势,且最大值都位于低空150m高度上,表现为春季(0.69km-1,0.20)最高,冬季(0.52km-1,0.18)和夏季(0.40km-1,0.16)次之,秋季(0.25km-1,0.11)最低.③沙尘气溶胶主要受东西两路气流传输的影响,除冬季1500和3000m 2个高度层受西风气流输送影响外,其余各季节500,1500和3000m高度层均同时受东北气流和西风气流影响.④各季节不同高度层上,东北气流所携带的消光系数值均显著高于西风气流,因此东北气流为主要的沙尘传输气流.⑤对一次沙尘污染事件的研究表明,在沙尘污染过程中,近地面气溶胶消光系数大于1km-1,退偏振比值大于0.3,并且在垂直方向上呈现出随高度升高而逐渐递减的变化趋势.塔里木盆地内的东北气流为此次沙尘事件中沙尘气溶胶的主要输送气流.

沙尘气溶胶  /  气溶胶激光雷达  /  垂直分布  /  HYSPLIT模式  /  民丰

The seasonal vertical distribution of aerosols in the southern margin of the Taklamakan Desert was analysed using aerosol LiDAR data from the Minfeng meteorological station from June 2023 to May 2024, and the HYSPLIT backward trajectory model was employed to identify the transport paths of aerosols at different altitude layers. Finally, the vertical distribution of aerosols and their transport paths at different stages of dust pollution are analysed by taking a dust pollution event as an example. The results show that: ①The dust aerosols can be lifted up to a maximum height of 3~4km (4.4~5.4km above sea level) above the ground surface, which is comparable to the average elevation of the Tibetan Plateau (>4km), and suggests the possibility of transport of dust aerosols from the study site to the outside of the Tarim Basin. ②The extinction coefficients of the four seasons show a decreasing trend with height in the vertical direction, and the maximum values are all located at the low altitude of 150m. The highest values are found in spring (0.69km-1, 0.20), followed by winter (0.52km-1, 0.18) and summer (0.40km-1, 0.16), and the lowest values are found in autumn(0.25km-1, 0.11). ③The dust aerosols are mainly affected by the east-west transport, except for the 1500 and 3000m altitude layers in winter which are affected by the westerly transport, the 500, 1500 and 3000m altitude layers in the rest of the seasons are affected by the northeasterly and westerly transport at the same time. ④The extinction coefficients carried by the northeasterly jet are significantly higher than those carried by the westerly jet at different altitudes in all seasons, making the northeasterly jet the main dust transporting jet. ⑤The study of a dust pollution event shows that the extinction coefficient of the near-surface aerosols is greater than 1km-1, the depolarization ratio exceeds 0.3, and the vertical trend is decreasing with height during the dust pollution process. The northeastern airflow in the Tarim Basin is the main transport airflow for dust aerosols during this dust event.

dust aerosols  /  LiDAR  /  vertical distribution  /  HYSPLIT model  /  Minfeng
李晶晶, 何清, 张海亮, 徐月月. 塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输特征. 中国环境科学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1844 -1857 .
Jing-jing LI, Qing HE, Hai-liang ZHANG, Yue-yue XU. Vertical distribution and transport characteristics of dust aerosols in the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert[J]. China Environmental Science, 2025 , 45 (4) : 1844 -1857 .
沙尘气溶胶是沙漠表面的沙尘粒子和尘土被大风吹起后,悬浮在大气中的各种固体颗粒混合物,主要来源于干旱和半干旱区的风蚀以及随风扬起的过程[1-3].沙尘气溶胶是大气气溶胶的主要成分之一,在气溶胶和云相互作用中扮演着重要的角色.沙尘气溶胶垂直分布和光学特性对于研究气溶胶对气候的影响非常重要,其不仅能影响大气的垂直加热进而改变大气热力结构,还决定了气溶胶在不同云微物理过程中的间接效应[4-7].因此,对沙尘气溶胶垂直分布的研究是十分有必要的.
以往对沙尘气溶胶的垂直探测多使用系留气球和铁塔,系留气球负载能力强,监测高度高且成本较低[8-9],但无法实现长时间连续性观测.铁塔以固定高度间隔内放置多台监测仪器,在观测时长与连续性方面优势明显[10-11],但观测高度受限.近年来,无人机以较强的便携性、机动性和较低的成本而被广为使用,其在短时间多角度的垂直观测上具有较为明显的优势[12-14],但是其飞行高度受限,且同样无法实现长时间连续性的观测.相较之下,激光雷达则可实现长时间序列上对整层大气气溶胶的垂直分布特征进行连续观测[15-16].激光雷达是一种基于主动遥感的探测工具,主要以红外探路者卫星CALIPSO和地基激光雷达的使用最为广泛.其中CALIPSO卫星可以覆盖大面积区域,观测并反演出区域整个面上的气溶胶垂直特性[17-18].但由于卫星观测受天气、卫星运行轨迹和观测距离等因素影响,使得观测结果的时间连续性和空间精度等方面都较为受限[19-21].相比于CALIPSO卫星,地基激光雷达则可实现全天候多时段的对一个地区的气溶胶特性进行连续观测,其不仅可以测量气溶胶的垂直分布,还能根据测量得到的偏振值,判断粒子的球形特征,从而分辨气溶胶的大致种类[22-24].近年来,地基激光雷达已成为气溶胶观测与研究的重要工具.有学者基于长时间地基观测资料分析区域气溶胶的垂直分布[25-26],也有学者重点分析典型污染天气过程中气溶胶的特性[27-28].但目前地基激光雷达在干旱地区特别是沙尘高发区的观测研究较少.
塔克拉玛干沙漠为中国最大的沙漠,亚洲最大的沙尘源区.同时作为仅次于撒哈拉沙漠的世界第二大流动沙漠,塔克拉玛干沙漠常年处于一个不断移动的状态,其总体的移动趋势是自北向南,往昆仑山脉北缘推进.而民丰地区则位于塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘,昆仑山脉北侧,整体的地貌特征为南高北低,包含了三大地貌单元,从高到低依次是南部的昆仑山脉、中部的冲积扇平原和北部的塔克拉玛干沙漠.在此特殊地理环境的影响下,使得来自塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙尘在途经民丰的过程中会受到南部昆仑山脉的阻挡,导致污染物传输到此后大量堆积不易扩散,并且在气流与大风的加持下,沙尘会被席卷至数千米的高空,从而引发大规模沙尘污染[29-30].同时相关研究也表明,民丰为塔克拉玛干沙漠南部沙尘污染最为严重的地区[31-32].但目前该区域的研究仍局限于单一的沙尘个例分析[33-34],缺乏沙尘长时间序列观测的相关报道.
基于此,本文以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘民丰为研究区.首先利用民丰气象观测站2023年6月~2024年5月的气溶胶激光雷达资料,分析了研究区沙尘气溶胶消光系数和退偏振比的季节垂直变化特征.并结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式识别了不同高度层气溶胶的传输路径与来源.最后以该地区2024年4月13~20日发生的一次典型沙尘污染事件为例,分析了沙尘污染过程中气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输路径.有助于加深对沙尘重污染地区气溶胶垂直分布与传输的认识,以期为沙漠地区防沙治沙与跨区域联防联控提供一定的参考依据.
地基激光雷达架设于民丰气象观测站(82.69°E,37.07°N),海拔为1409m,四周场地开阔,无重大人为污染源与强排放源,观测条件较好.民丰气象观测站位于新疆维吾尔自治区南部,塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘,昆仑山脉北侧(图1).该地属典型的温带荒漠型气候,夏季炎热,冬季寒冷,降水稀少,太阳辐射强,年平均沙尘天气超过200d,是中国风沙灾害最频繁的地区[35-37].因此在此地开展激光雷达观测与试验具有重要的科学价值与实践意义.
本研究使用的是中国无锡中科光电公司生产的YLJ1型气溶胶激光雷达,该雷达主要由激光发射系统、回波信号接收系统、分光系统以及数据采集系统4个部分组成.激光发射系统主要由Na:YAG激光器构成,通过种子注入和晶体倍频技术,可以高光谱纯度输出三个波段(355,532和1064nm)的激光.回波信号接收系统是通过卡塞格林望远镜来接收大气气溶胶粒子的回波光信号.分光系统是将卡塞格林望远镜收集汇聚后的回波光信号进行分离.整个分光系统由8个通道组成,利用分光片和窄带滤光片分别获取米氏/瑞利散射信号(355,532和1064nm)、532nm垂直偏振和平行偏振信号、氮气的振动拉曼散射信号(387和607nm)、水汽的振动拉曼散射信号(407nm).最后回波信号进入到数据采集系统中,近红外光1064nm回波信号由雪崩二极管(APD)接收,其余信号均由光电倍增管(PMT)接收,经光电转化后进行采集和存储,并通过专用数据服务器进行计算.雷达最大探测高度30km,探测盲区约为150m,时间分辨率为5min,空间垂直分辨率为15m.本研究主要采用仪器系统中532nm处的消光系数与退偏振比两项参数数据,气溶胶消光系数是表征大气散射和吸收能力的重要光学参数,其值越高则说明气溶胶浓度越高,污染越严重.消光系数通过Fernald法[38]反演得到,Fernald法的激光雷达的方程可以表示为:
式中:Pr)为距离r处的激光雷达后向散射回波信号;Pt为激光发射功率;k为激光雷达系统常数;βar)和βmr)分别为距离r处气溶胶粒子和大气分子的后向散射系数;αar)和αmr)分别为距离r处气溶胶粒子和大气分子的消光系数.根据Fernald法,进一步推出高度r处的气溶胶消光系数为:
式中: Sa = αar)/βar),Sa取决于入射激光波长、大气气溶胶粒子的尺寸谱分布和折射率,数值一般在0~90之间.假设它们是常数,即大气气溶胶粒子的大小谱和化学成分不随海拔高度的变化而变化,消光和散射特性仅因其数量密度的变化而变化.对于532nm波长,Sa=50[39-40].Sm=αmr)/βmr),根据瑞利散射理论,Sm一般取8π/3.
退偏振比为后向散射信号的垂直分量与水平分量之比,其可以表征气溶胶粒子的形状特征,退偏振比越高说明气溶胶的形状越不规则[41].退偏振比的方程式可表示为:
式中:Prsr)和Prpr)分别为垂直通道和平行通道在距离r处的后向散射回波功率;ksKp分别为垂直通道和平行通道的增益常数比;k = kp/ks.
本研究选用的激光雷达消光系数与退偏振比数据的时间跨度为2023年6月~2024年5月,数据在正式使用前已经过质量控制,剔除了无效值与缺测值,并删除了云层出现时段的数据,以消除云层对气溶胶分析的影响.
HYSPLIT模式全称为混合单粒子拉格朗日综合轨迹模式,是由美国国家海洋大气管理局(NOAA)的空气资源实验室(ARL)和澳大利亚气象局(BOM)联合研发的专业模式,该模式拥有完整的输送、扩散和沉降过程[42-43],目前在大气污染物传输路径与来源研究方面已得到了广泛的应用.气流轨迹聚类分析就是根据气流的移动速度、方向和空间相似度,对到达受点的所有气流轨迹进行分类组合,以便于判断不同方向,不同时间段主导气流的来源以及传输距离[44].本研究利用基于HYSPLIT模式的TrajStat软件[45]进行后向气流轨迹的计算,以民丰气象观测站(82.69°E,37.07°N)为模拟受点,计算到达模拟受点的每日0:00、6:00、12:00、18:00(北京时)4个时间点的48h后向气流轨迹,并利用TrajStat软件中的欧式聚类算法(Euclidean distance)对所有气流轨迹按季节进行聚类.季节划分依据常用的气象标准,3~5月为春季,6~8月为夏季,9~11月为秋季,12月~次年2月为冬季.
本研究所使用的地面气象和颗粒物观测数据由新疆维吾尔自治区气象局提供,气象数据包含风向、风速、气温、相对湿度、水平能见度,颗粒物数据包含PM2.5和PM10浓度,这些数据用于监视和判定2024年4月13日~20日的沙尘污染过程.气象和颗粒物观测仪器均安装于民丰气象观测站内,并由民丰气象站的工作人员负责维护,气象和颗粒物数据的分辨率均为1h,在正式使用前已经过质量控制.
本研究对沙尘污染等级的划分依据中华人民共和国《沙尘天气等级》(GB/T 20480-2017)[46],将此次沙尘污染过程划分为浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴4个等级.其中无风或风速小于等于3m/s,水平能见度小于10km定义为浮尘;风速大于3m/s,水平能见度在1~10km定义为扬沙;水平能见度小于1km定义为沙尘暴;水平能见度小于500m定义为强沙尘暴.
图2为2023年夏季~2024年春季民丰气象站激光雷达观测的沙尘气溶胶垂直分布的逐时变化.从时间分布上看,春夏季的沙尘气溶胶消光系数高值区较秋冬季分布更多且更为集中.这主要与沙尘天气发生频率有关,春夏季为塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙尘天气的多发期,沙尘过程中携带的大量沙尘粒子是造成气溶胶浓度急剧升高的主要原因[47].从垂直分布上看,夏季、秋季和春季沙尘气溶胶最高可抬升到距地面3~4km(海拔4.4~5.4km)高度,而冬季最高则只能抬升到距地面2~3km(海拔3.4~4.4km)高度.这主要是由于沙漠地区冬季气温低,太阳辐射强度弱,加之静稳天气居多,抑制了边界层的发展,使得大部分气溶胶被限制在较低的边界层内难以向高空扩散[48].值得一提的是,夏季、秋季和春季沙尘气溶胶层的最高抬升高度(距地面3~4km,海拔4.4~5.4km)与青藏高原的平均海拔(大于4km)相当.高海拔的沙尘气溶胶可在高空西风的推动下向东传输到青藏高原甚至更远的地方,这也说明了研究点的沙尘气溶胶完全可能输送到塔里木盆地外部.
通过前文的分析可知,沙尘气溶胶最高可上升到距地面3~4km高度,因此本研究重点分析距地面0~4km高度内的气溶胶分布.图3为气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比的季节平均垂直廓线,由图可知,四季消光系数与退偏振比值整体呈现出随高度升高而逐渐递减的变化趋势.这表明了随着高度的增高,沙尘气溶胶浓度及其粒子形状的不规则程度将逐渐降低.同时,四季消光系数与退偏振比的最大值均出现于低空150m高度上,这可能是由于大颗粒的气溶胶粒子易于沉降并集聚在低层大气,从而使得低空沙尘浓度普遍高于高空[49].为了进一步分析垂直方向上不同高度层沙尘气溶胶的变化特征,将0~4km大气划分为0~1km,1~2km,2~3km和3~4km 4个高度层,并分别计算各高度层沙尘气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比的平均值(图4).由图4可知,不同高度层上,沙尘气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比均值随季节的变化趋势一致.0~1km范围内表现为春季(0.37km-1,0.15)>冬季(0.29km-1,0.13)>夏季(0.24km-1,0.12)>秋季(0.11km-1,0.07),1~2km范围内表现为春季(0.17km-1,0.09)>夏季(0.16km-1,0.08)>冬季(0.07km-1,0.04)>秋季(0.06km-1,0.04),2~3km范围内表现为夏季(0.10km-1,0.06)>春季(0.08km-1,0.05)>秋季(0.04km-1,0.03)>冬季(0.01km-1,0.01),3~4km范围内表现为夏季(0.07km-1,0.03)>春季(0.02km-1,0.02)>秋季(0.01km-1,0.01)>冬季(0.003km-1,0.007).总结来看,0~2km范围内气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比均为春季(0.27km-1,0.12)最高,秋季(0.09km-1,0.06)最低.而在2~4km范围内则是夏季(0.09km-1,0.05)最高,冬季(0.007km-1,0.009)最低.这主要是由于在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘,一年中以春季的沙尘天气最为频繁,同时又加之沙尘粒子易沉降的属性,使得沙尘天气中大量沙尘粒子向低空集聚.因此在0~2km范围内,春季沙尘气溶胶的浓度与粒子的不规则程度均为最高.而夏季对流旺盛,垂直扩散能力强,边界层高度也为一年中最高,沙尘气溶胶会被扩散至高空[50-52].因此在2~4km范围内,沙尘气溶胶浓度与粒子的不规则程度则为夏季最高.
由于民丰气象观测站周围没有重大人为污染源与强排放源,所以考虑其本地气溶胶污染可能受外源气流传输的影响较大.因此本研究利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式结合气溶胶消光系数来探究不同高度层气溶胶的输送来源.首先利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式计算到达民丰气象观测站的距地面500(低层)、1500(中层)和3000m(高层)3个高度层的后向气流轨迹并进行聚类,接着统计各气流聚类在总气流中的比例(图5).随后将500,1500和3000m 3个高度层的气溶胶消光系数数据与同高度的气流聚类结果相结合,再进行统计和计算,以定量分析民丰气象观测站各季节不同气流聚类上气溶胶消光系数的贡献情况(图6).
结合图5图6可知,除冬季1500和3000m 2个高度层外,其余各季500,1500和3000m 3个高度层上到达民丰气象观测站的后向气流轨迹总体可以分为东西两路.在500m高度层,夏季(85.87%,0.32)、秋季(52.47%,0.13)和春季(73.65%,0.33)均为东北路径气流的比例最高,同时气流所携带的消光系数值也最高,这表明了来自东北路径上的气流为夏秋春季500m高度层的主要气溶胶传输气流.而冬季的东北路径气流比例虽然仅为24.73%,但是其所携带的消光系数值却最高,达到了0.34,这同样表明了在冬季500m高度层东北气流为主要的气溶胶传输气流.而冬季西风路径上的气流1(0.15)和气流2(0.19)所携带的消光系数值虽然低于东北路径上的气流3(0.34),但是二者气流比例之和达到了75.28%,因此西风路径气流对冬季气溶胶传输的影响也不容忽视.从1500m高度层到3000m高度层,冬季已没有东北路径气流,气流均来自西风路径,并且随着高度的升高,夏季、秋季和春季的东北路径气流比例大幅度下降,而相应的西风路径气流比例持续升高并占主导.到3000m高度层上,夏季、秋季和春季的东北路径气流比例仅为30.43%,15.93%和13.39%,而西风路径气流比例则达到了69.57%,84.07%和86.61%.塔里木盆地地处北半球中纬度并主要受西风环流控制,盆地四周均被高大山系阻挡,由于盆地西部的帕米尔高原存在缺口,部分西风会通过缺口进入盆地内部,而来自北疆的西风受天山山脉阻挡沿山运行途经吐鲁番盆地灌入塔里木盆地内部形成东风[53].而民丰位于盆地南缘受昆仑山脉阻挡,致使东西两路气流在此交汇辐合上升[54],并且随着高度的上升,气流受地形的影响逐渐减少,因此海拔高度越高,西风气流的比例就越高.同时,虽然东北路径气流随着高度的升高比例逐渐降低,但是其所携带的消光系数值仍显著高于西风气流,这也进一步说明了东北路径上的气流易携带更多的气溶胶,对研究点的大气污染更为严重.总的来说,气流对气溶胶的传输随着高度的升高逐渐减弱(图6).到达研究点的东西两路气流中,东路主要来自塔克拉玛干沙漠东北部,在运行途中易将沙漠内的沙尘气溶胶传输至研究点.西路主要来自中亚地区和塔里木盆地西部,中亚地区荒漠化严重且重工业发达,而塔里木盆地西部绿洲集中人口较多,因此气流在运行途中也易携带沿途的各类型气溶胶向研究点输送.
据新疆维吾尔自治区气象局报道,2024年4月13日夜间~14日下午,受大规模气旋与冷锋的影响,塔克拉玛干沙漠发生了开年以来最严重的一次沙尘暴天气,沙漠周边各城镇均受到不同程度的影响.而塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的民丰位于沙尘上游区域,距离沙尘暴源地较近,污染最为严重.沙尘暴过后连续的浮尘与扬沙更是持续了5d,直至4月20日沙尘才逐渐消散.这次长时间的沙尘污染事件对当地的空气质量造成了极其严重的破坏,因此本研究以此次沙尘事件为例,基于激光雷达观测数据,并结合地面气象观测数据、颗粒物浓度数据和HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,分析沙尘污染过程中气溶胶的垂直分布及其传输路径.
地面气象要素与颗粒物浓度的实时变化是监视沙尘天气发生发展与消散的重要依据,因此本研究利用激光雷达观测数据,并结合地面气象观测数据与颗粒物浓度数据分析2024年4月13日~20日沙尘污染事件.图7为本次污染期间民丰气象站观测到的近地面气温、相对湿度、风速、能见度与PM2.5和PM10浓度的时间变化序列,图8为污染期间气溶胶消光系数和退偏振比在垂直方向上的时间变化序列.结合图7图8可知,整个污染期间不同时段,地面气象要素、颗粒物浓度和气溶胶在水平和垂直方向上的分布均存在着显著的差异.在沙尘天气到来之前,地面PM2.5与PM10浓度最低值分别为48.2和138.6μg/m3,PM2.5/PM10为0.35,能见度最高可达19.1km,消光系数与退偏振比总体位于0~0.15km-1和0~0.1,说明该时段大气整体较为清洁,以球形气溶胶粒子为主.4月13日15:00开始,PM2.5和PM10浓度、风速与相对湿度快速升高,能见度与气温持续降低,气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比分别增大至0.2~0.7km-1和0.2~0.35,气溶胶层最高可达距地面2.5km左右高度,说明该时段已有高浓度不规则的气溶胶粒子输入.到13日21:00,PM2.5与PM10浓度分别超过487.1和3274.2μg/m3,PM2.5/PM10低于0.1,能见度开始低于900m,风速高于4m/s,沙尘暴来袭.此时气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比分别升高至0.60~4.98km-1和0.2~0.4,气溶胶层上升至距地面3km左右高度.14日4:00,PM2.5和PM10浓度已达到本次过程峰值,分别为772.5和12219.6μg/m3,比值为0.06,能见度降至400m,风速升至10.1m/s,沙尘暴等级上升为强沙尘暴.此时气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比均升高至本次过程峰值,分别为1.2~5.0km-1和0.3~0.6,但是气溶胶层高度下降至距地面600m左右,这说明了沙尘粒子已经发生沉降并集聚,浓度升高.至14日15:00,PM2.5与PM10浓度已分别降至272.7和1385.1μg/m3,能见度升至1500m,沙尘暴结束.但是从15日4:00开始,PM2.5与PM10浓度大幅提升,能见度再次降至1000m以下,风速升至6m/s以上,第二次沙尘暴来袭,并持续至当日11:00.第二次沙尘暴持续时间与强度都小于第一次,期间气溶胶消光系数和退偏振比分别为0.6~4.2km-1和0.2~0.4,气溶胶层高度为距地面500m左右.沙尘暴结束后,能见度呈波动式缓慢上升,PM2.5与PM10浓度中间虽有小幅度回升但总体稳步下降,污染状况由沙尘暴转变为浮尘和扬沙.期间气溶胶消光系数和退偏振比已降至0.2~0.4km-1和0.2~0.3,污染状况较之前明显好转.直至20日14:00,PM2.5与PM10浓度已分别将至55.1和200.6μg/m3以下,能见度开始突破10km,本次持续了7d的沙尘污染天气基本结束.
为了更直观的反映沙尘污染期间气溶胶的垂直分布信息,分别选取4月13日2:00(污染前),14日4:00(重污染),和20日20:00(污染消散)3个时间点的气溶胶消光系数和退偏振比数据绘制垂直廓线,如图9所示.在4月13日2:00沙尘污染发生前,此时气溶胶消光系数和退偏振比值均较低,并且在垂直方向上的变化趋于一条直线,说明此时大气整体较为清洁[图9(a,d)]. 4月14日4:00沙尘暴来袭,近地面消光系数与退偏振比值分别增大至5km-1和0.49,气溶胶层高度也达到了距地面1km左右,这表明了此时不规则气溶胶粒子已到达并被强风抬升,污染加重[图9(b,e)]. 4月20日20:00,近地面消光系数与退偏振比已分别将至0.006km-1和0.15,并且在垂直方向上的变化幅度不大,污染逐渐消散[图9(c,h)].
综上所述,气溶胶激光雷达能够很精准的捕捉沙尘天气过程中气溶胶粒子的浓度与形状变化,反映气溶胶在垂直方向上的升降特征.在沙尘天气发生前后,气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比值均较低,并且在垂直方向上的变化幅度不大.在沙尘污染过程中,近地面气溶胶消光系数大于1km-1,退偏振比值大于0.3,并且在垂直方向上呈现出随高度升高而逐渐递减的变化趋势.这与前人对塔克拉玛干沙漠西部[55]、中部[56]和东部[57]地区的观测研究所得结论一致.
沙源、大风和不稳定的大气层结是形成沙尘暴3个不可缺少的条件,其中风则是沙尘暴中沙尘气溶胶传输的重要媒介.图10为本次沙尘污染过程中两次沙尘暴期间的近地面风向风速与污染玫瑰图,由图可知,在两次沙尘暴期间,近地面主要吹东北风,频率达75%[图(10a)]. 并且随着风速的增大,PM10浓度逐渐升高[图10(b)]. 这说明了在两次沙尘暴期间,近地面沙尘颗粒主要由东北方向输入.较小风速区间的沙尘气溶胶可能来源于临近的沙尘源,而较大风速区间浓度更高的沙尘气溶胶则可能是由外源气流输送.因此为了进一步探究外源沙尘气溶胶可能的传输路径,本研究使用后向轨迹模式,依据两次沙尘暴发生时激光雷达探测到的气溶胶层高度(600和800m),分别选取100,300和600m(第一次沙尘暴)以及100,500和800m(第二次沙尘暴),计算3个不同高度层沙尘暴发生时的后向气流轨迹(图11).由图11可知,两次沙尘暴时刻,3个高度层的气流运行轨迹一致.第一次沙尘暴发生时,气流来源于塔克拉玛干沙漠中部,起初向东北方向运行,然后发生偏转后自东北向西南携带沙漠内的沙尘气溶胶进入民丰[图11(a)]. 而第二次沙尘暴发生时,气流来源于新疆以北地区,途经吐鲁番盆地绕道后灌入塔里木盆地,气流轨迹长速度快,沿途经过塔克拉玛干沙漠,也能携带沙漠内的沙尘气溶胶进入民丰[图11(b)]. 综上所述,近地面风玫瑰图与后向轨迹模拟的不同高度气流运行方向一致,这也表明了塔里木盆地内的东北气流为沙尘气溶胶的主要输送气流.
地基激光雷达在沙尘气溶胶垂直探测方面优势明显,其可以实现全天候不间断的工作,弥补了常规观测方式在观测高度与精度方面的不足.本研究首次利用一整年的地基激光雷达资料分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘民丰沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布,提供了该区域沙尘气溶胶的垂直结构及其光学信息.有助于加深对该区域沙尘污染与垂直传输的认识,同时也能为未来学者开展相关领域的研究提供一定的理论基础和参考依据.
研究发现,民丰沙尘气溶胶最高可抬升到距地面3~4km(海拔4.4~5.4km)高度.Zhang[56]和Dong[57]等学者分别于2019年夏季与2020年秋季对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地和东部进行了观测,发现两地沙尘气溶胶最高分别可上升到海拔6km与5km左右高度.以上结论均表明了塔克拉玛干沙漠沙尘气溶胶的最高抬升高度几乎超过青藏高原的平均海拔(大于4km)高度.如此高海拔的沙尘气溶胶完全可在高空西风的推动下向东传输到青藏高原甚至更远的地方.已有学者[58-63]通过多源卫星与再分析资料结合模式模拟了塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙尘向盆地外部的传输路径及其分布,但是其研究缺乏实测数据支撑,精度也有待验证.而塔里木盆地南缘紧邻青藏高原北坡,地理位置最为特殊.但是受观测站点限制,本研究仅分析了民丰单一站点的沙尘气溶胶分布.同时在传输路径方面仅结合HYSPLIT模式分析了沙尘气溶胶可能的输送来源,而未分析其外部传输特征,因此关于沙漠南缘地区沙尘气溶胶的具体传输机制仍有待进一步研究.
未来研究团队将全面扩大对沙漠南缘沿线重点区域的激光雷达布设与组网,重点使用多站点激光雷达观测数据结合卫星及再分析资料并辅以多种模式,以加强对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘地区沙尘气溶胶的分布及其传输的潜在机制研究.
4.1 沙尘气溶胶垂直分布的结果显示,夏季,秋季和春季沙尘气溶胶最高可抬升到距地面3~4km(海拔4.4~5.4km)高度,与青藏高原的平均海拔(大于4km)相当,高海拔的沙尘气溶胶可在高空西风的推动下向东传输到青藏高原甚至更远的地方,这也说明了研究点的沙尘气溶胶完全可能输送到塔里木盆地外部.而冬季受大气边界层高度的限制,沙尘气溶胶最高则只能抬升到距地面2~3km(海拔3.4~4.4km)高度.四季消光系数与退偏振比值均呈现出随高度升高而逐渐递减的变化趋势,且最大值都出现于低空150m高度上,由高到低分别为春季(0.69km-1,0.20)、冬季(0.52km-1,0.18)、夏季(0.40km-1,0.16)和秋季(0.25km-1,0.11).0~2km范围内气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比均为春季(0.27km-1,0.12)最高,秋季(0.09km-1,0.06)最低.而在2~4km范围内则是夏季(0.09km-1,0.05)最高,冬季(0.007km-1,0.009)最低.
4.2 沙尘气溶胶在不同高度层的传输路径结果显示,民丰的沙尘气溶胶主要受东西两路气流传输的影响.夏季,秋季和春季的沙尘气溶胶在距地面500,1500和3000m 3个高度层上主要受东北气流和西风气流输送的影响.而冬季的沙尘气溶胶仅在500m的高度上受东北气流和西风气流影响,在1500和3000m高度上则全部受西风气流影响.受塔里木盆地地形的制约,各季节500m低空东北气流的占比更高,而往中高空气流受盆地地形的影响逐渐减弱,因此到1500和3000m高度上则是西风气流占比更高.从气流轨迹结合消光系数的结果来看,500,1500和3000m 3个高度层上东北气流所携带的消光系数值均显著高于西风气流,这也表明了东北气流为民丰的主要沙尘传输气流,而西风气流占比也较高,因此其影响也不容忽视.
4.3 对研究区2024年4月13日~20日沙尘污染事件中沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布、传输路径及其来源进行分析.结果显示,在沙尘天气发生前后,气溶胶消光系数与退偏振比值均较低,并且在垂直方向上的变化幅度不大.在沙尘污染过程中,近地面气溶胶消光系数大于1km-1,退偏振比值大于0.3,并且在垂直方向上呈现出随高度升高而逐渐递减的变化趋势.风玫瑰图与后向气流轨迹的结果表明,塔里木盆地内的东北气流为此次沙尘事件中沙尘气溶胶的主要输送气流.
  • 第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk030501)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42030612)
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2025年第45卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2024-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-25
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第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk030501)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42030612)
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    1.中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所,新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠气象国家野外科学观测研究站,中国气象局塔克拉玛干沙漠气象野外科学试验基地,新疆沙漠气象与沙尘暴重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002
    2.新疆师范大学地理科学与旅游学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830054

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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